Kingdom of Gwynedd

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Was a Welsh kingdom that emerged in sub-Roman Britain in the 5th century. The kingdom was able to conquer several nearby polities and became the Principality of Wales in 1216.

Establishment

January 451: The Kingdom of Gwynedd was a Roman Empire successor state that emerged in sub-Roman Britain in the 5th century whose first king was Cunedda Wledig ap Edern (Cunedda the Imperator) (c. 450-c. 460).

Chronology

Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation

1. End of Roman rule in Britannia and Armorica

The inhabitants of Britannia and Armorica expelled the Romans.

2. Norman invasion of Wales

The Norman invasion of Wales began shortly after the Norman conquest of England under William the Conqueror.

January 1099: Anglesey was a crown dependency of Gwynedd from 1098 to 1099.

3. Further events (Unrelated to Any War)

January 856: The independence of Powys ended when Merfyn Frych, ruler of Gwynedd, married Nest, sister of king Cyngen. Upon the latter's death in 855, Merfyn Frych and Nest's son Rhodri inherited the kingdom, which was governed as if it were a part of Gwynedd.

January 1042: Gruffydd defeated Hywel of Deheubart in the Battle of Pencader (1041).

January 1046: The last known ruler of Brycheiniog was Gryffydd ap Elisedd (d. c. 1045). At this point the kingdom was divided into three areas, which were part of Deheubarth.

January 1048: Gruffydd ap Rhydderch of Gwent was able to expel Gruffydd ap Llywelyn from Deheubarth in 1047 and became king of Deheubarth himself.

January 1056: Glywysing and Gwent were conquered by Gruffydd ap Llywelyn in about 1055.

January 1058: Now recognized as King of Wales, Gwynedd claimed sovereignty over the whole of the country - a claim which was recognised by the English.

August 1063: Following Gruffydd's death his realm was divided again into the traditional kingdoms.

January 1100: Anglesey, crown dependency from 1098 to 1099, reverted to Kingdom of Gwynedd as of lack of settlements.

January 1198: On his death in 1197 Rhys redivided his kingdom among his several sons and none of them ever again rivalled his power. By the time Llywelyn the Great won the wars in Gwynedd, in the first half of the 12th century, lords in Deheubarth merely appear among his clients.