M23
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The March 23 Movement is a rebel military group that is for the most part formed of ethnic Tutsi.
Establishment
July 2012: On 6 July 2012, M23 attacked and took the town of Bunagana less than a kilometer from the border with Uganda.
July 2012: On 8 July, the rebels captured Rutshuru.
July 2012: By 10 July, they were 40 kilometers from the city of Goma. The towns of Rubare and Ntamugenga had also reportedly fallen to the rebels.
November 2012: On 18 November, it was reported that Congolese troops and the administration were leaving Goma in a hurry as M23 was at the gates of the city.
November 2012: M23 forces entered the city of Goma on 20 November. M23 forces moved in two columns past Sake, eventually capturing most of Goma as well as a nearby border post with Rwanda.
November 2012: M23 forces began advancing towards the town of Bukavu, capital of South Kivu state on 21 November.
December 2012: On 1 December, M23 rebels pulled out of Goma. The city was again under Congolese army control.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Is a series of wars in the Democratic Republic of the Congo that started shortly after its independence from Belgium in 1960. The conflicts, that continue to this day, mainly consist of revolts against the central government caused by local ethnic secessionist movements.
1.1.M23 rebellion
Fighting in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), that occurred between the March 23 Movement and government forces. The rebellion was part of continued fighting in the region after the formal end of the Second Congo War in 2003.
October 2013: In late October, the Congolese army captured two towns from M23 rebels: Kiwanja and Buhumba
October 2013: In October 2013, Congo told the UN that the movement was virtually finished after being pushed back from its key position at Mount Hehu and Rumanagabo, north of Goma, to an enclave near Rwanda. Congo also re-captured Kiwanja and Rutshuru and discovered mass graves.
October 2013: On 30 October, the first town seized by the rebels in 2012 was stormed by UN-backed Congolese troops as the rebels abandoned Bunagana.
November 2013: The government claimed to have defeated the rebels, as the group said it is ending its rebellion and would disarm and demobilise its forces in order to pursue a political solution.
1.2.M23 offensive (2022)
27 March 2022 - present: In late March 2022, the rebel March 23 Movement (M23) launched an offensive in North Kivu (in the Democratic Republic of the Congo).
March 2022: In the night of 27 March 2022, M23 rebels launched a new offensive in North Kivu, first attacking the villages of Tshanzu and Runyoni in the Rutshuru Territory from their strongholds at the surrounding hills.
March 2022: M23 captured several villages, including Mugingo, Gasiza, Chengerero, Rugamba, Kibote, Baseke and Kabindi.
April 2022: The M23 fighters temporarily retreated back to their mountain bases.
May 2022: M23 overran Kibumba on 18 May.
June 2022: On 29 June, the DRC Armed Forces (FARDC) captured Kabindi and Chengerero.
June 2022: M23 captured Bunagana.
June 2022: M23 captured the town of Tshengerero and the villages of Bugusa, Kabindi and Rangira.
June 2022: By 18-19 June, the frontline had stabilized along the Rutshuru-Bunagana axis.
June 2022: The M23 focused on Bikenge, Ruvumu, Shangi, and Bukima, overrunning the villages.
June 2022: Pro-government forces, consisting of the military and police, counter-attacked, and retook the villages of Nkokwe, Ruvumu, Rugarama, Rutakara, Ntamugenga and Rutsiro.
October 2022: on 23 October M23 group captured the town of Ntamugenga killing five soldiers
October 2022: The M23 offensive continued along the RN2 highway leading to M23 capturing the towns of Rubare, Kalengera, and Kako.
October 2022: On 29 October M23 rebels took control of Rutshuru and Kiwanja.
November 2022: By 15 November 2022, M23 had pushed to the towns of Rugari and Tongo.
January 2023: M23 captured several villages and the town of Nyamilima near the Ugandan border.
January 2023: On 27 January, M23 captured the city of Kitshanga.
February 2023: M23 seized the village of Mushaki on February 24, forcing civilians to flee,
February 2023: M23 took the town of Rubaya and its coltan mines.
February 2023: The next day, the town of Mweso also fell to the rebels.
April 2023: On 10 April, M23 rebels completely retreated from the Bwito chiefdom in Rutshuru.
October 2023: Meanwhile, fighting continued to close in on the city of Goma, with clashes taking place 20 kilometers from the city.
October 2023: On 26 October, the M23 rebels launched an offensive on Bambo, seizing the town.
February 2024: M23 seized the town of Shasha.
February 2024: M23 seized the towns of Kihindo, Kituva, Bukobati, and Nyamubingwa, and was in control of the Goma-Minova road by 5 February.
January 2025: M23 Rebels seize the town of Masisi.
Selected Sources
https://www.barrons.com/news/rwanda-backed-m23-rebels-seize-key-town-in-east-dr-congo-sources-4ea8285c
