Pandya Kingdom
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Was an ancient Tamil dynasty of South India, and among the three great kingdoms of Tamilakam, the other two being the Cholas and the Cheras.
Establishment
January 249 BC: The Pandyas were one of the three chiefly lines of the early historic south India - the Cheras, Pandyas and Cholas - were known as the mu-vendar ("the three vendars"). They traditionally based at their original headquarters in the interior Tamil Nadu (Karur, Madurai and Uraiyur respectively). The powerful chiefdoms of the three ventar dominated the political and economic life of early historic south India. The frequent conflicts between the Chera, the Chola and the Pandya are well documented in ancient (the Sangam) Tamil poetry.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
1. Events
January 149 BC: The Cheras of the early historical period (c. second century BC - c. third century AD) are known to have had their original centre at Karur in interior Tamil Nadu and harbours at Muchiri (Muziris) and Thondi (Tyndis) on the Indian Ocean coast (Kerala).
January 151: The early Pandyas, along with the Cheras and the Cholas, were eventually displaced by the Kalabhra dynasty.
January 591: The Pandya kingdom was revived by king Kadungon (r. 590-620 CE) towards the end of the 6th century CE. In the Velvikudi inscription, a later copper-plate, Kadungon appears as the "destroyer" of the "anti-Brahmanical" Kalabhra kings.
January 751: A contrast with the Pandyas of Madurai over control of the Kongu region ended in a Ganga defeat.
February 751: A wedding between a Ganga princess and Rajasimha Pandya's son resulted in the Gangas retain control over the contested Kongu region.
January 766: In c. 765 AD, Pandya king Jatila Paranthaka/Nedum Chadayan Varaguna I (r. 765-815 AD) sacked port Vizhinjam by defeating the Vel chieftain (the Vel Mannan, who might have been related to the Ay family) and took possession of the Ay-Vel country.
January 801: Present-day central Kerala probably detached from Kongu Chera kingdom around 8th-9th century AD to form the Chera Perumal kingdom (c. 9th- 12th century AD).
January 801: Varagunavarman I was a ruler of the Pandya Kingdom in southern India. He invaded the Pallava country in 800 AD, conquering the Kongu region in western Tamil Nadu and Venadu in southern Kerala. This expansion of territory strengthened the Pandya Kingdom's influence in the region.
February 801: Varagunavarman I was a ruler of the Pallava Dynasty, a powerful dynasty in South India during the 8th and 9th centuries. Kongu was a region in western Tamil Nadu, and Venadu was located in southern Kerala. The invasion and conquest of these territories by Varagunavarman I expanded the Pallava Dynasty's influence and control in the region.
February 801: Varagunavarman I invaded the Pallava country, conquered the Kongu country (western Tamil Nadu) and Venadu (south Kerala).
January 802: King Srimara Srivallabha (r. 815-62 CE) sailed to Sri Lanka, subjugated king Sena I, and sacked his capital Anuradhapura.
January 816: In the 9th century, as a result of the encroachment of the Pandyas and Chera/Perumals, the ancient Ay territory was partitioned into two portions. Venad (the country of the Vel people) with its base at Kollam came under influence of the Chera-Perumal kingdom while the Ay kingdom, or what was left of it, with its base at Vizhinjam came under the influence of the Pandya ruler Srimara Srivallabha (r. 815-862).
January 851: In the middle of the 9th century, the Pandyas had managed to advance as far as Kumbakonam (north-east of Tanjore on the Kollidam river).
February 851: In 851, the Pandyas advanced to Kumbakonam, a city located northeast of Tanjore on the Kollidam river. The territory was then taken over by the Mutharayars, a powerful ruling dynasty in the region during that time.
January 886: The second Chola King, Aditya I, caused the demise of the Pallava dynasty and defeated the Pandyan dynasty of Madurai in 885, occupied large parts of the Kannada country, and had marital ties with the Western Ganga dynasty.
January 886: The Kongu country, located in present-day Tamil Nadu, was conquered by the Chola Dynasty.
January 926: Parantaka I conquered Sri Lanka (known as Ilangai).
January 1213: Parakrama Pandyan II was a Pandyan king who invaded the Kingdom of Polonnaruwa in the thirteenth century and ruled from 1212 to 1215 CE.
January 1216: The Pandyan Dynasty is forced to leave Malaya Rata and Ruhuna.
January 1216: The widely accepted view is that the Kingdom of the Aryacakravarti dynasty in Jaffna began in 1215 with the invasion of a previously unknown chieftain called Magha, who claimed to be from Kalinga in modern India. He deposed the ruling Parakrama Pandyan II, a foreigner from the Pandyan Dynasty who was ruling the Kingdom of Polonnaruwa at the time with the help of his soldiers and mercenaries from the Kalinga. After the conquest of Rajarata, he moved the capital to the Jaffna peninsula which was more secured by heavy Vanni forest.
January 1226: The Hoysalas extended their foothold in areas known today as Tamil Nadu around 1225.
January 1251: Jatavarman Sundara I ascended the Pandya throne in 1251 CE. He led his army to the Chola country (even as far as Nellore), to Sri Lanka and to south Kerala.
January 1259: Sri Lanka was invaded by Pandya ruler Jatavarman Sundara I in 1258.
January 1261: The Pandya attacked the Hoysalas in the Kaveri and captured the fort of Kannanur Koppam.
January 1261: Jatavarman Sundara I of the Pandyan Dynasty subdued Chola ruler Rajendra III around 1258-1260 CE.
January 1291: The Khalji or Khilji dynasty was a Muslim dynasty which ruled large parts of the Indian subcontinent between 1290 and 1320. It was founded by Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji and became the second dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate of India.
January 1310: Northern Sri Lanka remained under Pandya control until c. 1308-09 CE.
January 1313: By 1312 the Pandya control over south Kerala was also lost.
Disestablishment
January 1331: The Tughluqs under Ulugh Khan annexed the former Pandya dominions to the sultanate as the province of Ma'bar. Most of south India came under the sultanate rule and was divided into five provinces - Devagiri, Tiling, Kampili, Dorasamudra and Ma'ba.
