This article is about the specific polity Timurid Empire and therefore only includes events related to its territory and not to its possessions or colonies. If you are interested in the possession, this is the link to the article about the nation which includes all possessions as well as all the different incarnations of the nation.
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Was a Turco-Mongol empire that dominated Greater Iran in the early 15th century, comprising modern-day Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, the South Caucasus, as well as parts of contemporary Pakistan, North India and Turkey.
Establishment
January 1364: Following his death in 1363, Timur and Amir Husayn took over Transoxiana.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Military campaigns of Timur (or Tamerlane), a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia.
January 1365: Ilyas Khoja, a powerful ruler in Moghulistan, attacked the famous conqueror Timur in 1364 near the Syr Darya river. After defeating Timur, he proceeded to besiege the city of Samarkand, a key strategic location in Central Asia.
January 1366: Ilyas Khoja of Moghulistan suffered harsh attrition due to an epidemic so that he was forced to retreat from Transoxania.
January 1371: The two main parts of the Chagatai Khanate were defeated by Timur (Tamerlane) (1336-1405), who founded the Timurid Empire.
January 1371: After capturing the city, Timur executed Khabul Shah, the Husayn's puppet Khan of Western Chagatai and installed Suurgatmish on the throne of Khan as his puppet. This made Timur the main power in Mawarannahr and Western Chagatai Khanate.
January 1380: The Sufid dynasty, ruled by Pir Hossein, gained independence from the Ilkhanate in c. 1361. However, their rule was short-lived as they were conquered by Timur of the Timurid Empire in 1379. Timur was a powerful conqueror known for his military campaigns in the 14th century.
January 1382: Tamerlan ruled over much of Persian Khorasan by 1381.
January 1382: Sarbadar ruler Khwaja Ali-yi Mu'ayyad submits to Timur.
January 1384: This independence of the Mihrabanids was ended by Timur, who invaded Sistan in 1383.
January 1388: The Timurids captured Isfahan in 1387.
May 1393: Muzaffarids (Iran) conquered by the Timurid Empire.
January 1397: Timur supported a rebellion in 1382 by the maliks of Herat. Ghiyas-uddin Pir 'Ali and his family were executed around 1383, and Timur's son Miran Shah destroyed the revolt. That same year, a new uprising led by a Shaikh Da'ud-i Khitatai in Isfizar was quickly put down by Miran Shah. The remaining Karts were murdered in 1396 at a banquet by Miran Shah. The Karts therefore came to an end.
1.1.Tokhtamysh-Timur war
Was a war between the Golden Horde and the Timurid Empire.
January 1384: After the death of Abu Sa'id in 1335, the last ruler of the Ilkhanid Dynasty, a power vacuum emerged in Persia. Persia's vulnerability led to military incursions from Persia's neighbours. In 1383 Timur started his military conquest of that country. In 1385 he captured Herat, Khorasan and all of eastern Persia.
1.1.1.Timur's invasions of Georgia
Was the military invasion of Georgia by the Timurid Empire.
January 1386: After having overrun Azerbaijan and Kars, Timur marched into Georgia.
November 1386: Tamerlan occupied Tbilisi and captured the Georgian king Bagrat V.
November 1386: Timur, the founder of the Timurid Empire, marched against Tbilisi, which was fortified by the Georgian king Bagrat V. The city fell on November 21, 1386, and King Bagrat V was captured and forcibly converted to Islam.
June 1387: When Timur was informed that Tokhtamysh, Khan of the Golden Horde, was approaching Iran, he temporarily withdrew from the territories he had occupied in Georgia.
January 1395: Once the Golden Horde was defeated, Timur returned to attack Georgia again. In 1394, he dispatched four generals to the province of Samtskhe, with orders to apply the Islamic law of ghaza. The same year, Timur in person punished the mountainous Georgian communities in the Aragvi Valley whom the Zafarnama calls Kara-Kalkanlik, and returned via Tbilisi to Shekki upon hearing of yet another offensive by Tokhtamysh.
January 1396: In 1395 the desperate Georgians allied themselves with Sidi Ali of Shekki and inflicted a crushing defeat on the invading armies of Miran Shah, a son of Timur, who was besieging Alindjak (near Nakhichevan), and captured the Jalayirid prince Tahir, who was shut up in it.
June 1400: In the spring of 1400, Timur moved back to destroy the Georgian state once and for all. He demanded that George VII should hand over the Jalayirid Tahir. George VII refused and met Timur at the Sagim River in Lower Kartli, but suffered a defeat and retreated deeper into the country.
July 1400: Tamerlan laid siege to Gori where the king of Georgia had entrenched.
January 1401: By the 14th century the newly established Avar Khanate managed to maintain independence from the Mongols.
January 1401: The Shamkhalate of Tarki originated "no later than XIV-XV centuries".
September 1403: In 1403, the fortress of Birtvisi was taken by the Timurid Empire, making the Kingdom of Georgia a vassal state. Despite this, Georgia maintained its independence and Christian identity under the rule of King George VII and the Timurid Empire.
January 1404: Timur sent his army to plunder and clear the frontier regions of Georgia and set out in pursuit of the retreating king George VII as far as Abkhazia.
January 1406: Timur's invasions of Georgia.
1.2.Timurid invasion of India
Were the military campaigns of Timur in India.
January 1398: In 1397, Multan, a city in present-day Pakistan, was besieged by Pir Muhammad, the grandson of the famous conqueror Tamerlane. The territory of Multan ultimately fell under the control of the Timurid Empire as a result of this siege.
September 1398: In 1398, the famous conqueror Timur, also known as Tamerlane, invaded the north Indian subcontinent by crossing the Indus River. This marked the beginning of the Timurid Empire's expansion into the region, which included present-day Pakistan and North India.
November 1398: Timurid forces firstly sacked Tulamba and then Multan by October of 1398.
December 1398: Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Tughlaq was the ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty in Delhi, Mallu Iqbal was a nobleman allied with him, and Timur was the founder of the Timurid Empire. Timur invaded Delhi in 1398, defeating Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Tughlaq and leaving the city in ruins after sacking it.
1.2.1.Sack of Delhi
Sack of the capital of the Delhi Sultanate by the Timurid Empire.
January 1399: Timur conquered Delhi.
February 1399: Timur left Delhi.
1.3.Timurid invasion Anatolia
Was a Timurid campaign in Anatolia, which was occupied for several years.
September 1400: In August 1400, the Turko-Mongol conqueror Tamerlane, also known as Timur, attacked and plundered the city of Sebaste, which is now known as Sivas. This event was part of Tamerlane's campaign to expand the Timurid Empire in Anatolia.
December 1400: Timur's forces took Aleppo in November 1400.
January 1401: Under the pretext of defending the Muslim lords of Anatolia, Tamerlane began the invasion of Armenia and eastern Anatolia.
January 1401: In 1400, the Timurid Empire, led by the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur, occupied the Levant region, which includes present-day countries like Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan. This expansion marked a significant moment in the history of the Timurid Empire's conquests in the Middle East.
January 1401: After taking Aleppo, Timur continued his advance where he took Hama, along with nearby Homs and Baalbek.
January 1402: In 1400-1401 the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur, also known as Tamerlane, conquered Aleppo, Damascus and eastern Anatolia.
January 1402: Timurid troops invaded Syria.
January 1402: Under the pretext of defending the Muslim lords of Anatolia, Tamerlane began the invasion of Armenia and eastern Anatolia.
June 1402: In the spring of 1402, Tamerlan advanced into central Anatolia.
January 1403: In 1402, the Aq Qoyunlu Turkomans, a tribal confederation, gained control of Diyar Bakr in present-day Turkey after being granted the territory by Timur, a powerful Central Asian ruler. This marked the beginning of Aq Qoyunlu's expansion in the region.
January 1403: After the Battle of Ankara were the Ottoman army was defeated by Timur, the Beylik of Erzincan was re-established.
January 1403: The Beylik of the Sarukhanids is re-established.
January 1403: After the passage of Tamerlane in Anatolia in 1402 and the ensuing period of troubles, the Beylik of Aydin was able to reaffirm its independence.
January 1403: After the Battle of Ankara were the Ottoman army was defeated by Timur, the reign of the Karamanids was re-established.
January 1403: After 1402, Tamerlane restored the beylik to Menteşoğlu İlyas Bey.
January 1404: Fortunately for the Ottoman dynasty, in 1403 Tamerlane returned with his army to Samarkand, because he wanted to conquer China.
January 1404: In 1403, the Timurids, led by Timur (Tamerlane), occupied the Levant, which was previously controlled by the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. Timur was a powerful Central Asian ruler known for his military conquests and establishment of the Timurid Empire.
1.3.1.Battle of Ankara
Was a battle between the forces of the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I and the Emir of the Timurid Empire, Timur. The battle was a major victory for Timur, and it led to the Ottoman Interregnum.
July 1402: Timurid decisive victory against the Ottomans in the Battle of Ankara (1402).
Civil war broke out among the sons of Sultan Bayezid I upon his death in 1403.
March 1403: Muhammad formed a kingdom at Amasya.
March 1403: İsa Çelebi established himself as an independent ruler at Bursa.
Expansion during the rule of Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty.
3.1.Persian-Uzbek wars
Were a series of conflicts between the Uzbek Shaybanids and Safavid Iran of Persia fought between 1502 and 1510.
January 1508: Much of the Central Asian lands was overrun by the Uzbeks of Muhammad Shaybani who conquered the key cities of Samarkand and Herat in 1505 and 1507 (nominal end of the timurid empire).
January 1407: Timur died in 1405 and Khan Edigu took advantage to seize Khwarezm.
April 1408: In 1408, Qara Yusuf, ruler of the Kara Koyunlu Turkic tribal confederation, defeated Shah Rukh, the ruler of the Timurid Empire, captured Baghdad, and successfully repulsed the Timurids from western Persia, including the Caucasus region and Iraq.
January 1411: In 1410 Armenia fell under the control of the Kara Koyunlu.
January 1415: In 1414, Shah Rukh of the Timurids conquered Khwarezm.
January 1415: In 1414, Multan's Khizr Khan, a governor under the Tughlaq dynasty, captured Delhi from Daulat Khan Lodi, establishing the short-lived Sayyid dynasty. This marked the beginning of the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.
January 1429: Abu'l-Khayr Khan founded the Uzbek Khanate.
January 1448: Jahan Shah made peace with the Timurid Shahrukh Mirza. However, this soon fell apart. When Shahrukh Mirza died in 1447, the Kara Koyunlu Turkomans annexed portions of Iraq and the eastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula as well as Timurid-controlled western Iran.
January 1451: Peshawar was an important regional centre under the Lodi Empire.
January 1466: The state of Bikaner was founded in 1465.
December 1467: After the defeat of Jahan Shah, the Timurid ruler Abu Sa'id Mirza helped Jahan Shah's son by taking control of Baghdad and territories around the Persian Gulf in 1467.
February 1469: Uzun Hasan then ambushed and captured Abu Sa'id at the Battle of Qarabagh.
January 1470: In the late 15th century the Timurid sultan of Herat, Husayn Bayqarah, appointed Dhu'l-Nun Beg Arghun as governor of Kandahar. Dhu'l-Nun Beg soon began to ignore the authority of the central government in Herat.
January 1474: Aq Qoyunlu expanded into Iran as far east as Khorasan.
January 1480: Arghun conquest of Baluchistan's Pishin, Shal and Mustang.
January 1503: Peaceful submission of Kabul to the Arghun Dynasty.
January 1505: Timurid conquest of Kabul.
January 1505: Babur besieged and took the city of Kabul in 1504.
Disestablishment
January 1508: Much of the Central Asian lands was overrun by the Uzbeks of Muhammad Shaybani who conquered the key cities of Samarkand and Herat in 1505 and 1507 (nominal end of the timurid empire).
Selected Sources
Ducas: Historia turco-bizantina 1341-1462, XXII [6]
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.139
Timurid Empire
