Alexander III, Pope (Papal States) : All Data

Alexander III was a Pope who reigned over the Papal States from 1159 to 1181. During his tenure, he faced several significant conflicts, including the Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines. These wars, which lasted from 1173 to 1183, were a series of power struggles between the supporters of the Pope (Guelphs) and the Holy Roman Emperor (Ghibellines). Alexander III played a crucial role in these conflicts, supporting the Guelphs and asserting the authority of the Papal States. His reign was marked by his efforts to maintain the independence and influence of the papacy amidst political turmoil and power struggles in medieval Italy.