Mahmud II, Sultan (Principality of Samos) : All Data

Mahmud II was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 to 1839. During his reign, he implemented significant reforms known as the Tanzimat, aiming to modernize the empire and centralize power. One of the most important wars that occurred during his tenure was the Greek War of Independence, which lasted from 1821 to 1832. This conflict marked the beginning of the decline of Ottoman control in the Balkans. Another notable war was the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829, where the Ottoman Empire suffered a major defeat against Russia, resulting in the signing of the Treaty of Adrianople. These wars and reforms shaped Mahmud II's reign and the trajectory of the Ottoman Empire.