Second Italian War of Independence
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Was the second of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence. It was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of France against the Austrian Empire. It resulted in the Sardinian annexion of Austrian ruled Lombardy, as well as the annexion of several Italian polities in Central Italy.
Chronology
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May 1859: The advance on Turin in 1859 was led by Austrian General Ludwig von Benedek, who commanded the 7th Army Corps. The occupation of Vercelli was part of Austria-Hungary's military campaign during the Second Italian War of Independence.
June 1859: Battle of Magenta.
June 1859: Battle of Melegnano (1859).
July 1859: The Franco-Sardinian fleet took possession of the island of Lussino in the Gulf of Kvarner and 3,000 men landed, joyfully welcomed by the population who waved the two tricolors. Subsequently, the Austrian military also withdrew from the island of Cres.
March 1860: On March 24, 1860, the Treaty of Turin was signed by which the Kingdom of Sardinia, recognizing the provisions of the alliance treaty to France, ceding the region of Savoy and the city of Nice.
May 1859: Battle of Montebello (1859).
May 1859: In 1859, during the Second Italian War of Independence, the Austrian 2nd Army, led by Field Marshal Ferencz Gyulai, halted their advance and concentrated near Mortara in response to the growing threat posed by the French and Piedmontese forces.
May 1859: Battle of Palestro.
March 1860: The Duchy of Parma is annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia through the plebiscite.
June 1859: One of the bloodiest battles of the 19th century, the Battle of Solferino on June 24, 1859, marked an important step forward in the unification of Italy. The defeat of Austria by the Piedmontese and French troops eventually led to territorial concession of Austria to the Kingdom of Sardinia.
Was an armistice that ended the Second War of Italian Independence. Italy annexed Lombardy from Austria, but had to cede Savoy and Nice to France.
July 1859: Armistice of Villafranca: Austria-Hungary ceded Lombard to the Kingdom of Sardinia (nominally, it was ceded to France which then transferred the region to Sardinia). Austrian and Savoy troops also left militarly occupied territories.
Selected Sources
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.331
