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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Portuguese Mozambique
People's Republic of Mozambique
Republic of Mozambique
Establishment
January 1501: The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama reached the Island of Mozambique in 1498, establishing a trade route to India. By 1500, the Portuguese had gained control of the island and the port city of Sofala, solidifying their presence in the region.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a succession crisis caused by the death of the King of Portugal without heirs. The conflict saw two main claimants to the Portuguese throne: António, Prior of Crato, proclaimed in several towns as King of Portugal, and his first cousin Philip II of Spain, who eventually succeeded in claiming the crown, reigning as Philip I of Portugal.
October 1580: Philip II of Spain succeeded in claiming the Portuguese crown, reigning as Philip I of Portugal.
Was a revolution organized by the Portuguese nobility and bourgeoisie sixty years after the crowning of Philip I (Philip II of Spain), the first "dual monarch", that ended the Iberian Union.
November 1640: A revolution organized by the nobility and bourgeoisie on 1 December 1640, sixty years after the crowning of Philip I (Philip II of Spain), the first "dual monarch", ended the Iberian Union between Portugal and Spain.
The Angoche Sultanate was incorporated into Portuguese Mozambique.
January 1911: The Angoche Sultanate was extinguished by Portuguese colonial government and annexed to Mozambique.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
4.1.World War I African Theatre
Was the African Theatre of World War I.
4.1.1.East African campaign
Was a series of battles and guerrilla actions during World War I, which started in German East Africa (GEA) and spread to portions of Mozambique, Rhodesia, British East Africa, Uganda, and Belgian Congo.
4.1.1.1.German Invasion of Portuguese East Africa
Was the German invasion of Portuguese Mozambique during World War I.
November 1917: German conquest of Ngomano.
July 1918: German conquest of Namacurra.
July 1918: German conquest of Namirrue.
September 1918: German conquest of Numarroe.
4.1.1.2.British intervention in Portuguese East Africa
Was the British intervention in Portuguese Mozambique against German forces during World War I.
January 1918: British conquest of Port Amelia.
April 1918: British conquest of Medo.
May 1918: British conquest of Korewa.
July 1918: British conquest of Quelimane.
July 1918: British conquest of Mozambique.
4.1.1.3.Surrender of German East Africa
After the surrender of Germany in Europe, the troops of General Lettow-Vorbeck in German East Africa surrendered.
November 1918: When German general Lettow-Vorbeck received a telegram announcing the signing of the armistice by Germany, he agreed to a cease-fire. He marched his force to Abercorn and formally surrendered to the Entente on 25 November 1918. All the territories occupied by German forces in eastern Africa were freed, and the German colonies occupied.
4.2.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
June 1919: The Treaty of Versailles transferred the Kionga Triangle, a 1,000 km2 territory south of the Rovuma River from German East Africa to Mozambique.
Was an armed conflict between the guerrilla forces of the Mozambique Liberation Front or FRELIMO and Portugal. The war officially started on September 25, 1964, and ended with a ceasefire on September 8, 1974, resulting in a negotiated independence in 1975.
June 1975: Ceasefire and independence of Mozambique after the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon.
January 1516: In 1515, the Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha established control over the coast of actual Mozambique, including Sofala and Kilwa. This marked the expansion of Portuguese influence in southeast Africa, as they sought to establish trade routes and control over valuable resources in the region.
January 1531: By the 1530s, small groups of Portuguese traders and prospectors seeking gold penetrated the interior regions of Mozambique, where they set up garrisons and trading posts at Sena and Tete.
January 1751: Before 1750 Kitangonya sheikhdom was established.
January 1754: The Sankul sheikhdom established.
January 1825: In southern Mozambique, not far from Delagoa Bay, where Soshanganenote had preceded them and was in the process of establishing his kingdom. He consolidates the organization of his kingdom, which he names Gaza after his grandfather's name.
January 1825: Nguni armies, Southern (Xhosa) and especially Northern Nguni (Zulu, Swazi, Shangani, Gaza, Matabele or Ndebele, and Ngoni) people who speak related Bantu languages and inhabit southeast Africa from Cape Province to southern Mozambique, began to migrate to Mozambique from what is now South Africa. One Nguni chief, Nxaba, established a short-lived kingdom inland from Sofala.
January 1827: In 1826, several Nguni groups joined the Gaza Empire ruled by Soshangane.
October 1886: Territorial change based on available maps.
October 1886: The governments of Great Britain and Germany negotiated a delimitation of their spheres of interest and, on October 29, 1886, agreed on a division of East Africa into zones of interest, whereby Germany was assigned the southern part and Great Britain the northern part (today's Kenya).
November 1895: In 1884-1885, European powers divided Africa into "spheres of influence" at the Berlin conference. In this "division of Africa", the lands which correspond to the current Mozambique belong to the Portuguese, who attack the kingdom of Gaza in order to consolidate their "effective occupation". Gungunhana fiercely resists but is ultimately defeated. The kingdom disappeared in 1895 after the Battle of Coolela, won by the Portuguese who thus ensured their hegemony over all of Mozambique.
December 1895: The state of AmaGaza is extinguished by Portuguese colonial government.
January 1903: What remained of the state of Karanga was annexed by Portugal in 1902.
January 1907: The Kitangonya Sheikdom was annexed by the Portuguese colonial government to Mozambique.
January 1911: The Angoche Sultanate was extinguished by Portuguese colonial government and annexed to Mozambique.
January 1917: The Portuguese increased efforts for occupying the interior of the colony of Mozambique after the Scramble for Africa, and secured political control over most of its territory in 1918.
January 1918: The Kingdom of Mambo a Chidima ruled independently of Portugal until 1917 when Mambo Chioko, the last king of the dynasty, was killed in battle against the Portuguese.
November 1990: Machel's successor Joaquim Chissano implemented sweeping changes in the country, starting reforms such as changing from Marxism to capitalism, and began peace talks with RENAMO. The new constitution enacted in 1990 provided for a multi-party political system, market-based economy, and free elections.
Selected Sources
Fernández Álvarez, M. (1998): Felipe II y su tiempo, cuarta edición, p. 523
Strachan, H. (2001): The First World War: To Arms. Vol. I, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 641
The Great War in East Africa. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 21 April 2021 on https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:World_War_I_in_East_Africa.jpg
de Oliveira Marques , A. H. R.(1972): History of Portugal, Columbia University Press, p. 322-325
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