mutapa

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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.

The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:

Kingdom of Mutapa

Kingdom of Mutapa (Portugal)

Kingdom of Mutapa (Rozwi Empire)

Establishment

January 1431: Nyatsimba Mutota was a warrior prince who founded the Kingdom of Mutapa in the early 15th century.

Chronology

Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation

1. Portuguese Restoration War

Was a revolution organized by the Portuguese nobility and bourgeoisie sixty years after the crowning of Philip I (Philip II of Spain), the first "dual monarch", that ended the Iberian Union.

November 1640: A revolution organized by the nobility and bourgeoisie on 1 December 1640, sixty years after the crowning of Philip I (Philip II of Spain), the first "dual monarch", ended the Iberian Union between Portugal and Spain.

2. Further events (Unrelated to Any War)

January 1481: The empire of Mutapa had reached its full extent by the year 1480 a mere 50 years following its creation.

January 1481: Matope's armies overran the kingdom of the Manyika as well as the coastal kingdoms of Kiteve and Madanda.

January 1516: In 1515, the Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha established control over the coast of actual Mozambique, including Sofala and Kilwa. This marked the expansion of Portuguese influence in southeast Africa, as they sought to establish trade routes and control over valuable resources in the region.

January 1531: By the 1530s, small groups of Portuguese traders and prospectors seeking gold penetrated the interior regions of Mozambique, where they set up garrisons and trading posts at Sena and Tete.

January 1569: In 1561, a Portuguese Jesuit missionary managed to make his way into the Mwenemutapa's court and convert him to Christianity. This did not go well with the Muslim merchants in the capital, and they persuaded the king to kill the Jesuit only a few days after the former's baptism. This was all the excuse the Portuguese needed to penetrate the interior and take control of the gold mines and ivory routes. After a lengthy preparation, an expedition of 1,000 men under Francisco Barreto was launched in 1568. They managed to get as far as the upper Zambezi, but local disease decimated the force.

January 1573: As local diseases decimated their force, the Portuguese left Mutapa.

January 1630: In 1629 the Mwenemutapa attempted to throw out the Portuguese. He failed and in turn he himself was overthrown, leading to the Portuguese installation of Mavura Mhande Felipe on the throne. Mutapa signed treaties making it a Portuguese vassal and ceding gold mines, but none of these concessions were ever put into effect. Mutapa remained nominally independent, though practically a client state.

January 1651: The Barotse, also known as the Lozi people, established their kingdom along the Zambezi River in the 17th Century. By 1650, their territory extended from Southern Rhodesia to the Congo and from Angola to the Kafue River.

January 1676: A local leader, Changamire Dombo, developed a military force which became, in the 1670s, predominant on the north-eastern plateau of Zimbabwe.

January 1695: Vassalage to the Rozwi Empire from 1663 until the Portuguese return in 1694.

January 1696: In 1695, Changamire Dombo overran the gold-producing kingdom of Manyika and took his army east and destroyed the Portuguese fair-town of Masikwesi.

January 1713: In 1712, yet another coveter of the throne invited the Rozwi back to put him on the throne and kick out the Portuguese. This they did, and Mutapa again came under the control of the Rozwi Empire.

January 1721: The Rozwi quickly lost interest in Mutapa, as they sought to consolidate their position in the south. Mutapa regained its independence around 1720. By this time, the kingdom of Mutapa had lost nearly all of the Zimbabwe plateau to the Rozwi Empire.

January 1741: Mbire state founded.

Disestablishment

January 1760: The Mwenemutapa died in 1759, sparking yet another civil war for the throne. This one was more destructive than its predecessors and Mutapa never recovered. The "winners" ended up governing an even more reduced land from Chidima.