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Was an ancient civilization centered in Persia, the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq. Elam was part of the early urbanization of the Near East during the Chalcolithic period.
Establishment
January 2699 BC: Elam was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq. The Old Elamite period began around 2700 BC.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was the military compaign against Ur of Lugal-Anne-Mundu, king of the city-state of Adab in Sumer.
January 2499 BC: Lugal-Anne-Mundu (king of the city-state of Adab in Sumer) subjugated the "Four Quarters of the world" (the entire Fertile Crescent region, from the Mediterranean to the Zagros Mountains). His empire is said to have included the provinces of Elam, Marhashi, Gutium, Subartu, the "Cedar Mountain land" (Lebanon), Amurru or Martu, "Sutium" and the "Mountain of E-anna".
January 2459 BC: Following the death of Adab King Lugal-Anne-Mundu, his Empire collapsed and most of the subjected cities regained their independence.
The military campaign of Sargon of Akkad resulted in the conquest of most of the Sumerian polities. Sargon's state is sometimes identified as the first empire in recorded history.
January 2299 BC: Sargon of Akkad, defeated the Elamite King Luh-ishan and subjected Susa.
Was the invasion of Elam by Sargon, King of the Akkadian Empire.
January 2269 BC: Akkadian King Sargon invaded Elam before 2270 BC.
February 2269 BC: The Awan King of Elam revolted against Akkad.
The Elamites invaded the Neo-Sumerian Empire and conquered it.
January 1939 BC: By 1940 BC the Neo-Sumerian Empire had collapsed at the hands of the Elamite Kingdom.
King Siwe-Palar-Khuppak of Elam conquered Eshnunna.
January 1764 BC: Iwe-palar-huppak of Elam captured Eshnunna.
Military campaigns of Babylonian King Hammurabi.
January 1759 BC: The Babylonian armies conquered the states of northern Mesopotamia..
6.1.Elamite attack on Babylon
The Kingdom of Elam invaded the Kingdom of Babylon.
February 1762 BC: In order to consolidate its position, Elam tried to start a war between Hammurabi's Babylonian kingdom and the kingdom of Larsa.
February 1762 BC: In order to consolidate its position, Elam tried to start a war between Hammurabi's Babylonian Kingdom and the Kingdom of Larsa.
March 1762 BC: Hammurabi and the King of Larsa made an alliance and were able to crush the Elamites.
6.2.Hammurabi's invasion of Elam
After defeating the invading Elamites, Babylon invaded Elam.
January 1761 BC: In 1763/1762 BC, Hammurabi invaded and annexed the city of Eshnunna.
Nebuchadnezzar I, King of Babylon, conquered Elam.
January 1103 BC: Victory of the Babylonian ruler Nebuchadnezzar I over Elam.
Military campaigns of Assyrian king Ashurbanipal.
January 652 BC: Tempti-Khumma-In-Shushinak (664-653 BC) attacked Assyria, but was defeated and killed by Ashurbanipal following the battle of the Ulaï in 653 BC and Susa itself was sacked and occupied by the Assyrians.
January 645 BC: Assyrian king Ashurbanipal conquered Susa, the capital of Elam.
January 639 BC: The last Elamite king, Khumma-Khaldash III, was captured in 640 BC by Ashurbanipal, who annexed and destroyed the country.
Military campaign of Median king Cyaxares.
January 611 BC: Elam, already largely destroyed and subjugated by Assyria, thus became easy prey for the Median dominated Iranian peoples, and was incorporated into the Median Empire.
February 2299 BC: The Awan King of Elam revolted against Akkad.
January 2198 BC: The Elamites sacked Ur and occupied the region militarly for the next 20 years.
January 2182 BC: The Elamite forces left Ur and its surrounding regions after ca. 20 years of occupation.
January 2046 BC: The Elamite state extended into northern Iran, and possibly even as far as the Caspian Sea.
January 2046 BC: The military campaigns of Shulgi (King of the Third Dynasty of Ur or Neo-Sumerian Empire) resulted in victories in the region of Upper Tigris and Western Zagros (Arbeles, Simurrum, Lullubum, Kimash, etc.), and Elam (Anshan).
January 2003 BC: In 2004 BC, the Elamites, allied with the people of Susa and led by king Kindattu, the sixth king of Simashki, managed to sack Ur.
January 1931 BC: An Amorite named Gungunum established an independent dynasty in Larsa. To legitimize his rule, Gungunum also captured the city of Ur.
January 1919 BC: The Elamites left the region of Ur after a long military occupation.
January 1899 BC: After the end of the Shimashki dynasty, the Elamite Kingdom lost control of northern Iran.
January 1319 BC: The Kassite king of Babylon Kurigalzu II temporarily occupied Elam around 1320 BC.
February 1319 BC: The Kassite king of Babylon Kurigalzu left Elam after a short military occupation.
January 1154 BC: The Elamites under king Shutruk-Nahhunte, after sacking Babylon, entered into a protracted war with Assyria. They briefly took the Assyrian city of Arrapkha.
February 1154 BC: Assyrian ruler Ashur-Dan I retook Arrapkha from the Elamites.
January 769 BC: Beginning of the Neo-Elamite period .
February 652 BC: Tempti-Khumma-In-Shushinak was the ruler of Elam who attacked Assyria but was defeated and killed by Ashurbanipal in 653 BC. As a result, Susa was sacked and occupied by the Assyrians.
February 645 BC: After devastating Susa, the Assyrian army left the Elamite capital.
January 615 BC: The Assyrian Empire began to unravel after the death of Ashurbanipal in 627 BC, descending into a series of bitter internal civil wars which also spread to Babylonia. The Iranian Medes, Parthians, Persians and Sagartians, who had been largely subject to Assyria since their arrival in the region around 1000 BC, quietly took full advantage of the anarchy in Assyria, and in 616 BC freed themselves from Assyrian rule.
Disestablishment
January 611 BC: Elam, already largely destroyed and subjugated by Assyria, thus became easy prey for the Median dominated Iranian peoples, and was incorporated into the Median Empire.
Selected Sources
Frayne, Douglas. Sargonic and Gutian Periods. p. 22.
Middleton, John (2015). World Monarchies and Dynasties. Routledge. p. 79
New York Times Encyclopedic Almanac, New York Times, Book & Educational Division., 1970, p. 564
RIME 1.01.08.01 composite (P450160). Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. Retrieved on 29 March 2024 on https://cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/search?layout=full&id=P450160
Elam
