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Were an archipelago of fourteen islands in the southeastern Aegean Sea that included Rhodes and nearby islands. The archipelago was ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Italy after the Italo-Turkish War of 1912.
Establishment
April 1912: On the 28th, Astypalaia (It. Stampalia) was occupied by Italian forces.
May 1912: The first Italian landing in Rhodes took place on May 4, when 8,000 men under the command of General Giovanni Ameglio landed in the bay of Kalitea about 10 km from the capital Rhodes, reached in the evening. The Turkish garrison of city withdrew during the night and surrendered the following morning.
May 1912: On May 9, 1912, Italian cruiser Duca degli Abruzzi occupied Calchi, taking the garrison prisoner.
May 1912: Ships of the Italian 1st and 2nd divisions occupied Karpathos (It. Scarpanto) and Kasos (It. Caso), while other units of the same divisions with simultaneous action, seized Nisyros (It. Nisiro), Tilos (It. Piscopi), Kalymnos (It. Calimno), Leros (It. Lero), and Patmos (It. Patmo).
May 1912: On May 16, during the battles of Psithos, Italian destroyers Nembo and Aquilone occupied the island of Leipsoi (It. Lisso).
May 1912: Italian R.N. Pegasus took possession of the island of Symi.
May 1912: Italian R.N. Napoli occupies the island of Kos.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were two wars fought in southeastern Europe in 1912-1913 during which the states of the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia) first conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace from the Ottomans and then clashed with each other over the division of the conquered lands.
1.1.First Balkan War
Was a war fought in southeastern Europe where the states of the Balkan League (Kingdom of Bulgaria, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Montenegro and Kingdom of Serbia) conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace (virtually all remaining territories of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans) from the Ottomans.
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1.1.1.Aegean Front
Was the Aegean front of the First Balkan War.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
2.1.World War II (Balkan Theatre)
Was the theatre of conflict of World War II that took place in the Balkans.
2.1.1.Dodecanese campaign
Was the battle between Germany and Great Britain for the control of the Italian Dodecanese after Italy's surrender on 8 September 1943.
September 1943: Battle of Rhodes.
September 1943: On the date of the armistice, the Italian command in Rhodes ordered not to initiate hostile acts against the Germans, an order which on 12 September changed into surrendering arms to the former ally. Scarpanto was occupied by German forces.
September 1943: The military vicissitudes of the island of Caso were brief: the small garrison of the Italian army (a company and a battery with 75/27 guns) and the lookout and signaling stations of the navy surrendered to the Germans on 12 September.
October 1943: Germans overrun Kos Island whic was the site of the only Allied air base in the Aegean.
October 1943: On 7 October a small group of German officers landed in Calino offering unconditional surrender which was immediately accepted.
October 1943: Between the night of 14 and 15 October, a British vessel offered to transfer the personnel of Piscopi to Castelrosso, who gladly accepted. The island was later occupied by the Wehrmacht.
October 1943: On the morning of 22 October Luftwaffe planes bombed the island of Stampalia with almost zero anti-aircraft reaction, followed by a drop of Fallschirmjäger at Maltezana simultaneously with a landing of men on the west coast. By noon the German forces were in control of the island.
November 1943: Altered by the unexpected resistance of the Anglo-Italians, General Kleemann ordered the Luftwaffe to proceed with the bombardment of the island of Simi. To avoid losing the entire garrison during another battle, on the night of 11 October Corradini and Lapraik gave the order to evacuate the island and head towards Castelrosso. The German pilots, unaware of all this, continued to hit the island until November 2, when troops landed on the island and realized what had happened.
November 1943: The Germans complete the occupation of the Island of Leros.
November 1943: When the Anglo-Italian garrison of Leros was defeated on 17 November 1943, the men on Patmos embarked for the coast of Turkey and were subsequently interned.
Disestablishment
September 1943: Battle of Rhodes.
September 1943: On the date of the armistice, the Italian command in Rhodes ordered not to initiate hostile acts against the Germans, an order which on 12 September changed into surrendering arms to the former ally. Scarpanto was occupied by German forces.
September 1943: The military vicissitudes of the island of Caso were brief: the small garrison of the Italian army (a company and a battery with 75/27 guns) and the lookout and signaling stations of the navy surrendered to the Germans on 12 September.
October 1943: Germans overrun Kos Island whic was the site of the only Allied air base in the Aegean.
October 1943: On 7 October a small group of German officers landed in Calino offering unconditional surrender which was immediately accepted.
October 1943: Between the night of 14 and 15 October, a British vessel offered to transfer the personnel of Piscopi to Castelrosso, who gladly accepted. The island was later occupied by the Wehrmacht.
October 1943: On the morning of 22 October Luftwaffe planes bombed the island of Stampalia with almost zero anti-aircraft reaction, followed by a drop of Fallschirmjäger at Maltezana simultaneously with a landing of men on the west coast. By noon the German forces were in control of the island.
November 1943: Altered by the unexpected resistance of the Anglo-Italians, General Kleemann ordered the Luftwaffe to proceed with the bombardment of the island of Simi. To avoid losing the entire garrison during another battle, on the night of 11 October Corradini and Lapraik gave the order to evacuate the island and head towards Castelrosso. The German pilots, unaware of all this, continued to hit the island until November 2, when troops landed on the island and realized what had happened.
November 1943: The Germans complete the occupation of the Island of Leros.
November 1943: When the Anglo-Italian garrison of Leros was defeated on 17 November 1943, the men on Patmos embarked for the coast of Turkey and were subsequently interned.
Selected Sources
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.139
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.147
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Dodecanese
