Xiongnu Confederation
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Was a tribal confederation of nomadic tribes originated in Mongolia. It was first mentioned after a battle with the ancient Chinese polity of Zhao in 245 BC. The Xiongnu were at war with the Han Dynasty for a cenutry before being defeated and largely absorbed by the Chinese.
Establishment
January 244 BC: The Xiongnu Confederation was a confederation of nomadic tribes in present-day Mongolia that we only hear about since 245 BC after a battle against the state of Zhao.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of military campaigns launched in the late 3rd century BC by the Qin state against the other six major Chinese states, leading to the unification of China under the Qin dynasty.
1.1.Conquest of Dai
Was a military campaign by the Qin Dynasty that led to the conquest of the state of Dai.
November 228 BC: Prince Jia, King Qian's elder brother, escaped from Handan and went to Dai (within present-day Yu County in northwestern Hebei), where, with help from some Zhao remnants, he declared himself the King of Dai.
Was a military campaign of the Qin Dynasty against the Xiongnu.
January 214 BC: In 215 BC, Qin Shi Huangdi ordered General Meng Tian to set out against the Xiongnu tribes. Meng Tian succeeded in defeating the Xiongnu, driving them from the Ordos and seizing their homeland.
Was a series of military battles fought between the Han Empire and the nomadic Xiongnu confederation.
January 127 BC: In 128 BC, General Wei Qing, a prominent military leader of the Han Dynasty, led 30,000 men to battle against the Xiongnu tribes in the regions north of Yanmen. The Han Dynasty emerged victorious, expanding their territory and solidifying their power in the region.
February 127 BC: In -127 BC, following the victory at Yanmen, General Wei Qing of the Han Dynasty expanded the territory by conquering regions north of Yanmen from the Xiongnu Confederation. This military success solidified Wei Qing's reputation as a skilled military leader.
January 126 BC: General Wei Qing captured the Ordos Desert region from the Xiongnu in 127 BC.
January 126 BC: In 127 BC the Xiongnu invaded Liaoxi, killing its governor.
December 126 BC: In the autumn of 126 BC, the Xiongnu raided Dai.
January 125 BC: In -126, General Wei Qing of the Han Dynasty led 30,000 men into Mongolia, defeating the Xiongnu forces of the Tuqi King. They captured 15,000 men and 10 tribal chiefs in the battle.
January 125 BC: End of Xiongnu raid in Dai.
January 125 BC: Establishment of Karashr (Karaxhr).
January 125 BC: In 126 BC, the Xiongnu Confederation, led by the powerful leader Modu Chanyu, dispatched three separate forces of 30,000 soldiers each to launch raids on the territories of Dai, Dinxiang, and Shang. This military campaign was part of the Xiongnu's expansionist efforts in the region.
January 125 BC: In 126 BC, the Chinese envoy, Zhang Qian described Loulan as a fortified city near Lop Nur.
February 125 BC: General Wei Qing advanced from Gaoque into Mongolia with 30,000 men and inflicted defeat to the Xiongnu forces of the Tuqi King and captured 15,000 men along with 10 tribal chiefs.
February 125 BC: In 126 BC, the Xiongnu, a nomadic confederation from Central Asia, sent three forces of 30,000 troops each to raid the territories of Dai, Dinxiang, and Shang. The Han Dynasty, led by Emperor Wu, eventually defeated the Xiongnu and expanded their territory.
January 123 BC: The Han court, led by Emperor Wu of Han, sent expeditions into Mongolia in 124 BC with over 100,000 troops. This was part of their efforts to expand their territory and establish control over the region, ultimately leading to the incorporation of Mongolia into the Han Dynasty.
February 123 BC: The Han court, led by Emperor Wu of Han, sent expeditions into Mongolia in 124 BC to confront the Xiongnu Confederation. The Xiongnu were a powerful nomadic group that posed a threat to Han territory in northern China. The Han military campaigns aimed to assert control over the region and protect their borders.
January 122 BC: During the spring of 123 BC, General Wei Qing, a prominent military leader of the Han Dynasty, led an army to Mongolia to launch an offensive against the Xiongnu, a nomadic confederation that posed a threat to the Han Dynasty's northern borders.
February 122 BC: During the spring of 123 BC, General Wei Qing, a prominent military leader of the Han Dynasty, led an army to Mongolia to launch an offensive against the Xiongnu Confederation, a powerful nomadic empire that posed a threat to Han China's northern borders.
January 120 BC: Chinese general Huo Qubing expelled the Xiongnu from the Qilian Mountains in 121 BC.
January 119 BC: The earliest mention of the Shule is around 120 BC, by Western Han Chinese when they were exploring their borders.
January 118 BC: In 119 BC the Han attacked the heart of Xiongnu territory.
January 118 BC: The Battle of Mobei in 119 BC was a military conflict between the Han Dynasty of China and the Xiongnu nomadic empire. The Han forces, led by General Wei Qing and his nephew Huo Qubing, invaded the northern regions of the Gobi Desert in present-day Orkhon Valley.
February 118 BC: The Battle of Mobei in 119 BC was a significant military conflict between the Han Dynasty of China and the Xiongnu Confederation in the northern regions of the Gobi Desert. The Han forces were led by Emperor Wu of Han, while the Xiongnu were under the leadership of their chanyu, Laoshang.
January 110 BC: In 111 BC, the Han Dynasty, led by Emperor Wu, successfully defended the Hexi Corridor from a large invasion force consisting of Qiang and Xiongnu warriors. This victory helped maintain Han control over the strategic corridor and prevented incursions into Chinese territory.
February 110 BC: In -110 BC, the Han Dynasty successfully defended the Hexi Corridor from a large Qiang-Xiongnu allied force. This victory was a significant achievement for the Han Dynasty, led by Emperor Wu, in maintaining control over the strategic corridor in northwest China.
January 100 BC: The Han empire, under the rule of Emperor Wu, expanded its territory by bringing the states of Loulan, Jushi, Luntai, Dayuan, and Kangju into tributary submission between 108 and 101 BC. This expansion helped solidify Han Dynasty's power and influence in the region.
January 71 BC: In 72 BC, the joint forces of the Wusun and Han invaded the territory of the Luli King of the Right. Around 40,000 Xiongnu people and many of their livestock were captured before their city was sacked after the battle.
February 71 BC: In 72 BC, the joint forces of the Wusun and Han invaded the territory of the Luli King of the Right. Around 40,000 Xiongnu people and many of their livestock were captured before their city was sacked after the battle.
January 59 BC: From roughly 115 to 60 BC, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC.
January 35 BC: After Zhizhi Chanyu (r. 56-36 BC) had inflicted serious losses against his rival Huhanye Chanyu (r. 58-31 BC), Huhanye and his supporters debated whether to request military protection and become a Han vassal. In 53 BC, Huhanye decided to do so and surrendered to the reign of the Han empire. The Han forces besieged and defeated the forces of Zhizhi Chanyu, and afterwards beheaded him.
February 35 BC: After Zhizhi Chanyu (r. 56-36 BC) had inflicted serious losses against his rival Huhanye Chanyu (r. 58-31 BC), Huhanye and his supporters debated whether to request military protection and become a Han vassal. In 53 BC, Huhanye decided to do so and surrendered to the reign of the Han empire. The Han forces besieged and defeated the forces of Zhizhi Chanyu, and afterwards beheaded him.
January 26: During the winter 10 to 11 AD, Han official Wang Mang amassed 300,000 troops along the northern frontier, which forced the Xiongnu to launch a large-scale attack in the Tarim Basin.
February 26: The Xiongnu forces left the Tarim Basin after a raid against Han official Wang Mang.
January 49: The Xiongnu confederation fell apart in the Northern Xiongnu and Southern Xiongnu.
3.1.Han invasion of the Xiongnu
Xiongnu invaded what is now Shanxi province, where they defeated the Han forces at Baideng in 200 BC.
January 199 BC: Xiongnu invaded what is now Shanxi province, where they defeated the Han forces at Baideng in 200 BC.
February 199 BC: Xiongnu invaded what is now Shanxi province, where they defeated the Han forces at Baideng in 200 BC.
January 199 BC: After the departure of the Seleucid army, the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, under the rule of King Euthydemus I and his son Demetrius I, experienced maximal northern expansion on the map around -200. This expansion marked a significant period of territorial growth and influence for the kingdom.
January 149 BC: Donghu was destroyed by the Xiongnu in 150 BC.
January 99 BC: Buyeo existed as an independent polity from before the late 2nd century BC.
Disestablishment
January 49: The Xiongnu confederation fell apart in the Northern Xiongnu and Southern Xiongnu.
