Muslim conquest of the Levant
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Was a 634-638 CE invasion of Byzantine Syria by the Rashidun Caliphate. .
Chronology
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Conquest of Syria from the Byantines by the Rashidun Caliphate.
September 634: The city of Damascus was besieged for 30 days by the Rashidun Caliphate in 634. It was conquered by the Muslim forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, a prominent military commander and companion of the Prophet Muhammad.
January 635: The Rashidun Caliphate needed six years to conquer the entire Arabian Peninsula (628-634).
April 634: Arab commander ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ conquers Elat.
May 634: Abū ʿUbayda and Shuraḥbīl continued their march and in early May 634 they reached the region between Bosra and al-Jābiya.
June 634: Khalid was then immediately dispatched to the Syrian front. The leader moved from Hira, Iraq, at the beginning of June 634. After crossing the desert, Khalid's army arrived on the Syrian front at Tadmur (Palmyra), in central Syria, at the beginning of June.
July 634: Battles of Qaryatayn and Ḥuwwārīn.
July 634: The Muslims, led by the Rashidun Caliphate, defeated the Byzantines in the battle of Ajnadayn on July 30, 634. The battle was a significant victory for the Muslims, led by the military commander Khalid ibn al-Walid, against the Byzantine Empire.
January 635: Battle of Fahl.
Conquest of northern Syria from the Byzantines by the Rashidun Caliphate.
November 635: In 635, the military commander Khalid ibn al-Walid, leading the Rashidun Caliphate forces, conquered the territories of Shayzar, Afamiya, and Matar al-Hamz.
April 636: After a two-month siege, Emesa was conquered in March 636 by the Muslims.
August 636: In the 7th century, during the Muslim conquest of the Levant, the Tanukhids fought with the Romans against the Muslims, including in the Battle of Yarmouk. After Yarmouk, their status as foederati ended.
August 636: The Ghassanids remained a vassal state of the Byzantines until their rulers were overthrown by the Muslims in the conquest of Syria-Palestine, at the time of the second Caliph ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb in the 7th century, which ended with the Islamic victory in the battle of the Yarmuk. It was in this battle that 12,000 Ghassanid Arabs were defeated by the Muslims of Khālid b. al-Walid.
Conquest of Palestine from the Byzantines by the Rashidun Caliphate.
November 635: In 635, the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab, conquered Palestine, Jordan, and southern Syria, excluding Jerusalem and Caesarea. This marked a significant expansion of Muslim territory in the region.
Consolidation of the Rashidun Caliphate conquests in the Levant.
July 637: Khalid defeated a large Byzantine force in the Battle of Hazir near the fortress of Qinnasrin and then the city of Hazir surrendered to Khalid.
October 637: The taking of the Azaz fortress in 637 was a significant military victory for the Rashidun Caliphate, led by the renowned military commander Khalid ibn al-Walid. The fortress was a strategic stronghold in the region, and its capture played a crucial role in the expansion of the caliphate's territory.
October 637: Antioch was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of the Iron Bridge.
November 637: In October 637, Aleppo surrendered, since it no longer had any hope of an arrival of reinforcements from Constantinople.
November 637: Then it was the turn of the remaining cities dominated by the Byzantines along the Mediterranean coast: Latakia, Jabla and Tartus.
November 637: Khalid was then sent to conquer north-eastern Syria up to Manbij and the Euphrates.
Conquest of southern Anatolia from the Byzantines by the Rashidun Caliphate.
September 638: In the summer of 638, the Rashidun Caliphate, led by the military commander Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, made significant conquests in Anatolia, capturing territories including Tarsus, Marash, and Malatya. These conquests expanded the caliphate's influence in the region.
November 638: The action unleashed fierce reactions from the Caliphate, and the Jazīra, the last base of the Eastern Roman Empire in the Near East, was conquered that same year.
November 638: By 638, much of Anatolia was under the control of the Caliphate.
January 639: In order to buy time in the preparation of his defenses it was essential to keep the Muslim troops busy in Syria, for this purpose he pushed the Christian Arabs of the Jazira to take up arms against the Muslims. Spurred on by the same religious faith, these Arabs set about crossing the Euphrates and invading northern Syria from the east.
January 639: Soon the Christian Arabs realized that they were trapped because their territory was about to be invaded and at the same time reinforcements were arriving for the Muslims besieged in Emesa. Therefore they decided to return to the Jazīra.
Conquest of Cyprus, Crete and Rhodes by the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 650: The Rashidun Caliphate, led by the Muslim commander Muawiya, launched a successful military campaign from their bases in Syria. They conquered Cyprus and Crete in 649, followed by the island of Rhodes. This expansion marked the further spread of Islam in the Mediterranean region.
