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Was a historical duchy that existed from the late Middle Ages to the Late Modern era within the Holy Roman Empire.
Establishment
January 1236: At the Imperial Diet of 1235 in Mainz, as part of the reconciliation between the Hohenstaufen and Welf families, Henry's grandson, Otto the Child, transferred his estates to Emperor Frederick II and was enfeoffed in return with the newly created Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, which was formed from the estates transferred to the Emperor as well as other large areas of the imperial fisc.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a conflict that broke out in 1519 between the Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim and the principalities of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Calenberg.
1.1.Treaty of Quedlinburg
Was the treaty that ended the Hildesheim Diocesan Feud. The Prince-Nishopric of Hildesheim lost large territories to Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.
May 1523: In the "Quedlinburger Rezess" of May 13, 1523, after lengthy negotiations, large territorial cessions to Braunschweig were decided. This meant a great gain for the princes of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel. The Bishopric of Hildesheim was left with only four of the original 22 provinces (Peine, Steuerwald, Marienburg and the cathedral provost) as well as the cities of Hildesheim and Peine.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
2.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
2.1.1.Danish Period
Was the second main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of Denmark.
April 1625: The Danish king occupied the towns of Verden and Nienburg, which belonged to the Lower Rhine-Westphalian imperial district.
May 1629: In 1629 Denmark signed the Peace of Lübeck with the Catholic League and withdrew from the war. The treaty restored to Christian IV of Denmark his pre-war possessions, and obliged him to cede his claims to Lower Saxon bishoprics, to discontinue his alliances with the North German states, and not to interfere with further imperial affairs in the future.
2.1.2.Swedish Period
Was the third main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of Sweden.
March 1633: The Swedish troops of Georg von Braunschweig-Lüneburg capture the city of Hameln.
April 1633: Count Peter Melander of Holzappel's Hessians take Paderborn.
2.1.3.Franco-Swedish Period
Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.
2.1.3.1.North German Front (Sweden)
Was the north German front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
November 1637: After the death of Swedish King Ferdinand II, his son and successor Ferdinand III brought the Swedish troops back to Pomerania, leaving the territories occupied by Sweden in Germany.
December 1643: In 1643 Swedish general Torstensson invaded Moravia for the second time.
January 1644: In 1643, when the Torstensson War broke out, the Swedish military focused entirely on Denmark and thus enabled an imperial offensive to Jutland.
June 1648: In May 1648, there was the last major field battle of the Thirty Years' War between French-Swedish and Imperial-Bavarian armies near Augsburg.
2.1.4.Peace of Westphalia
Were a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War. Catholics and Protestants were redefined as equal in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire. There were major territorial adjustments. In particular, France, Sweden and Brandenburg had major territorial gains, and several religious territories of the Holy Roman Empire were secularized.
October 1648: With the Peace of Westphalia Sweden received Western Pomerania (henceforth Swedish Pomerania), Wismar, and the Prince-Bishoprics of Bremen and Verden as hereditary fiefs. Sweden evacuated the remnant territories it had occupied in the Holy Roman Empire.
January 1649: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire at the time of Thirty Years' War.
January 1649: Walkenried Abbey is secularised and suppressed.
January 1271: In 1270 the Dassel County sold western areas of its county in Solling to the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.
January 1303: The County of Wölpe was to Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg Otto the Strict in 1302 for 6,500 silver marks.
January 1304: Dannenberg is sold to Lüneburg.
January 1319: From 1318 Otto of Brunswick owned the castle and the town of Calvörde.
January 1321: In 1320 the county of Lüchow came into the possession of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg through a sale.
January 1379: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the XIV century.
January 1409: Peace was concluded in 1408. Hermann VII von Everstein engaged his only four-year-old daughter Elisabeth to Otto IV von Braunschweig-Lüneburg, son of Duke Bernhard I, and gave Aerzen as a dowry. The county with Polle Castle was handed over to the Dukes of Brunswick.
January 1410: From 1409 onwards, the noble lords of Homburg left the Welfs a prosperous and vital territory after inheritance and through the marriage of the widow of the last Homburg lord to Duke Otto von Grubenhagen (1415).
January 1478: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the XV century.
January 1513: Hoya is acquired by Brunswick-Lüneburg.
January 1520: Hoya county is restored.
January 1548: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire at the time of the Reformation.
January 1572: When Dietrich IV von Plesse died in 1571, Landgrave Wilhelm IV of Hesse-Kassel took over the rule of Plesse as a fief.
January 1583: The Hoya County is acquired by the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg. The cause was the extinction of the ruling dynasty.
January 1586: The Diepholz County is acquired by the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg. The cause was the extinction of the ruling dynasty.
January 1594: In 1593 the county of Hohnstein passed to Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.
January 1633: Hohnstein County falls to Brunswick.
January 1635: Klettenberg falls to the Bishopric of Halberstadt.
January 1644: In 1643 the disputes between the Hildesheim monastery and the Dukes of Brunswick and Lüneburg were settled with the Hildesheim main recess. The Great Monastery fell back to the Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim.
September 1689: With the death of Duke Julius Francis in 1689 the Lauenburg line of the House of Ascania became extinct in the male line.
January 1701: Wildeshausen came to the Electorate of Hanover in 1700.
August 1705: In 1705, the effective separation of Braunschweig occurred after the union of Calenberg and Lüneburg. This led to the territory going to the Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Principality, which was ruled by Duke Rudolph Augustus.
August 1705: Effective separation of Braunschweig after the union of Calenberg and Braunschweig-Lüneburg in 1705.
Disestablishment
January 1787: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the XVIII century.
Selected Sources
Dreißigjähriger Krieg. Austria Forum. Retrieved on 30 march 2024 on https://austria-forum.org/af/AustriaWiki/Drei%C3%9Figj%C3%A4hriger_Krieg
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 30-31
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 34-35
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 38-39
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 42-43
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 46-47
Matthias Blazek: An Himmelfahrt brannten elf Dörfer: Vor 500 Jahren wurde in Quedlinburg das Ende der Hildesheimer Stiftsfehde besiegelt. Sachsenspiegel, Cellesche Zeitung vom 20. und 27. Mai 2023
Schmidt, G. (2006): Der Dreißigjährige Krieg, Munich (Germany), p. 65
Spindler, M. (2017): Geschichte Schwabens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts, Munich (Germany), p. 266
Westfälischer Friede - Vertrag von Osnabrück, https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Westf%C3%A4lischer_Friede_%E2%80%93_Vertrag_von_Osnabr%C3%BCck
Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
