Herakleia/Trachis
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Was an Ancient Greek Polis (city-state) in central Greece.
Establishment
January 499 BC: The year of foundation of the polity of Herakleia/Trachis is based on peer group of similar polities in the same region (Phersu Atlas assumption).
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire and Greek city-states.
1.1.Second Persian invasion of Greece
Was an unsuccesful military campaign waged by Achaemenid King Xerxes I that sought to conquer all of Greece.
September 480 BC: The Battle of Thermopylae was fought in 480 BC between the Achaemenid Persian Empire under Xerxes I and an alliance of Greek city-states led by Sparta under Leonidas I. Persia gained control of Phocis, Boeotia, and Attica after defeating the Greek forces.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Herakleia/Trachis.
Was an ancient Greek war fought between Athens and Sparta and their respective allies for the hegemony of the Greek world.
January 425 BC: The Malian Gulf falls under the hegemony of Sparta.
Was a conflict in ancient Greece which pitted Sparta against a coalition of city-states comprising Thebes, Athens, Corinth and Argos, backed by the Achaemenid Empire.
January 394 BC: During the Corinthian War Herakleia/Trachis revolted against Sparta.
Expansion of Macedonia under King Philip II.
4.1.Philip II's campaign in Greece (Fourth Sacred War)
Was the military campaign of Macedonia king Philip II in Greece during the Fourth Sacred War.
August 338 BC: Philip II of Macedon advanced into Boeotia in an attempt to march on Thebes and Athens.
January 337 BC: The battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) was fought in 338 BC, in Boeotia, between Macedonia under Philip II and an alliance of city-states led by Athens and Thebes. The battle ended with a decisive victory of the Macedonians. Philip had no intention of conquering any territory and soon the Macedonian armies left southern Greece. After the battle, Macedon established hegemony over the majority of Southern Greece (except Sparta).
January 272 BC: c. 273 BC the Aetolian League expanded to Hypata.
Disestablishment
January 234 BC: The Oitaians, the Ainians, and the Malians became members of Aetolian League in 235 BC.
Selected Sources
Cawkwell, G. (1978): Philip II of Macedon, London (UK), p. 142
Cawkwell, G. (1978): Philip II of Macedon, London (UK), pp. 147-166
Herodotus, The Histories, IX.66
Holland, T. (2006): Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West, London (UK), pp. 276–281
