This article is about the specific polity Kingdom of Pergamon and therefore only includes events related to its territory and not to its possessions or colonies. If you are interested in the possession, this is the link to the article about the nation which includes all possessions as well as all the different incarnations of the nation.
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Was a Kingdom that emerged from the Macedonian Empire after the Wars of the Diadochi. It was nominally a vassal of the Seleucids, but in practice it was independent. After the Battle of Sardis in 263 BC it cut all ties to the Seleucids. Like most of the Hellenistic Kingdoms in the Eastern Mediterranean, it was later inglobated in the Roman state.
Establishment
January 262 BC: After the battle of Sardis, Pergamon ceased to be a vassall of the Seleucid Empire.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a battle between the Kingdom of Pergamon and the Seleucid Kingdom near the city of Sardis, in ancient Lydia.
Was a war between the Kingdom of Pergamon and the Seleucid Kingdom where Pergamon gained control over all of Seleucid Asia Minor north of the Taurus Mountains.
January 228 BC: In the Battle of the Harpasus in Caria in 229 BC. Attalus won a decisive battle and Antiochus left to start a campaign in Mesopotamia. He gained control over Seleucid territories in Asia Minor north of the Taurus Mountains.
January 227 BC: Pergamon was again attacked by the Gauls together with their ally Antiochus Hierax, the younger brother of Seleucus II Callinicus, and ruler of Seleucid Asia Minor from his capital at Sardis. Attalus defeated the Gauls and Antiochus at the battle of Aphrodisium and again at a second battle in the east. Pergamon gained control over all of Seleucid Asia Minor north of the Taurus Mountains.
January 219 BC: Within two years he recovered the lost territories and forced Attalus within the walls of Pergamon.
Was the rebellion of Seleucid General Ahaoios II in Asia minor.
3.1.Seleucid reconquest of Asia minor (221 BC)
The Seleucid Kingdom reconquered a part of the territories of rebel General Ahaios II.
January 220 BC: Achaeus, who had accompanied Seleucus III, assumed control of the army. He was offered and refused the kingship in favor of Seleucus III's younger brother Antiochus III the Great, who then made Achaeus governor of Seleucid Asia Minor north of the Taurus. Within two years Achaeus had recovered all the lost Seleucid territories, "shut up Attalus within the walls of Pergamon", and assumed the title of king.
3.2.Pergamon invades the Kingdom of Ahaios
The Kingdom of Pergamon invaded the domains of rebel general Ahaios II.
January 217 BC: After a period of peace, in 218 BC, while Achaeus was involved in an expedition to Selge south of the Taurus, Attalus, with some Thracian Gauls, recaptured his former territories. However Achaeus returned from victory in Selge in 217 BC and resumed hostilities with Attalus.
January 217 BC: Attalus recaptured his former territories with the help of some Thracian Gauls.
Were a seris of conflicts between the Roman Republic and Antigonid Macedonia over control of Greece and the eastern Mediterranean Basin. .
4.1.First Macedonian War
Was a war fought by Rome, allied (after 211 BC) with the Aetolian League and Attalus I of Pergamon, against Philip V of Macedon, contemporaneously with the Second Punic War (218-201 BC) against Carthage. There were no decisive engagements, and the war ended in a stalemate.
4.1.1.Campaign of Laevinus in Greece
Was a Roman military campaign in Greece led by Marcus Valerius Laevinus during the first Macedonian War.
January 209 BC: Conquests of Attalus of Pergamon.
January 204 BC: After another season of fighting, in 206 BC, the members of the Aetolian League surrendered and, without the consent of Rome, signed a separate peace on the terms imposed on them by Philip of Macedon. With no more allies in all of Greece, but having nonetheless achieved their objective of preventing Philip from helping Hannibal, the Romans were now willing to sign peace. A treaty was signed at Phoenix in 205 BC, the so-called Peace of Phoenix, thus ending the First Macedonian War.
Was fought by King Philip V of Macedon, the Aetolian League, many Cretan cities (of which Olous and Hierapytna were the most important) and Spartan pirates against the forces of Rhodes and later Attalus I of Pergamum, Byzantium, Cyzicus, Athens, and Knossos.
January 200 BC: The Macedonians captured Thyatira.
January 199 BC: In -200, the Macedonians, led by King Philip V of Macedon, advanced on the Thracian Chersonese and captured several cities including Perinthus, Sestos, Elaeus, Alopeconnesus, Callipolis, and Madytus. This expansion of territory was part of Philip V's efforts to strengthen his control over the region.
January 199 BC: In 200 BC it was captured by a combined Roman, Pergamene and Rhodian fleet, and remained a possession of the Kingdom of Pergamon.
Were a series of succesful military campaigns by Antiochus III to expand Selecuid territories in Asia Minor.
6.1.Conquest of territories of Pergamon
Was a military campaign led by Antiochus III the Great against the Kingdom of Pergamon.
January 197 BC: Taking advantage of the Second Macedonian War between Rome and Philip V, Antiochos led an ambitious policy which led him to intervene in Asia Minor and Thrace with the intention, it seems, of restoring the empire of Seleucus. It clashes with the kingdom of Pergamum from 198 BC and occupies the territories taken by Attale I in Achaios, without Eumenes II being able to intervene. He also got along with Prusias of Bithynia, to whom he offered a portion of Phrygia.
6.2.Conquest of the territories in Asia minor up to the the Hellespont
Was a military campaign led by Seleucid ruler Antiochus III the Great that resulted in conquests up to the Hellespont.
January 196 BC: In the spring of 197, Seleucid ruler Antiochos III reached the Hellespont and then occupied the Straits, subjugating the Greek cities that were autonomous or formerly under Antigonid authority. He made Ephesus his main naval base in the Aegean Sea. In Ionia its successes are more limited: Miletus and Magnesia of the Meander remain independent.
Was a military conflict between two coalitions led by the Roman Republic and the Seleucid Empire. The fighting ended with a clear Roman victory. In the Treaty of Apamea, the Seleucids were forced to give up Asia Minor, which fell to Roman allies.
January 189 BC: After the defeat of Antiochus III in 190 BC they were included among the provinces annexed by the Romans to the dominions of Eumenes of Pergamum.
7.1.Treaty of Apamea
Was a peace treaty conducted in 188 BC between the Roman Republic and Antiochus III, ruler of the Seleucid Empire. It ended the Roman-Seleucid War.
January 187 BC: The Romans sent an army to Greece which defeated Antiochus' army at Thermopylae. This defeat proved crushing, and the Seleucids were forced to retreat from Greece.
Disestablishment
January 128 BC: The Romans defeated Eumemes III in 129 BC. They annexed the former kingdom of Pergamon, which became the Roman province of Asia.
Selected Sources
Piganiol, A. (1989): Le conquiste dei romani, Milan (Italy), p. 237
Kingdom of Pergamon
