This article is about the specific polity Kingdom of Portugal and therefore only includes events related to its territory and not to its possessions or colonies. If you are interested in the possession, this is the link to the article about the nation which includes all possessions as well as all the different incarnations of the nation.
If you are looking for the page with the statistics about this polity you can find it here:All Statistics
Was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic. It emerged during the Reconquista after the defeat of the Almoravids in the battle of Ourique (1139).
Establishment
July 1139: After this battle, he began to exhibit a seal with a cross and the word "Portugal". He continued to win battles, supported by the nobles of Entre-Douro-e-Minho, eventually triumphing in the Battle of Ourique in 1139, which led to his proclamation as King of Portugal by his troops.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series military campaigns from the 8th century until 1492 by the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula to reconquer the region from the Islamic rulers that had conquered it during the Umayyad conquest of Hispania.
July 1140: In 1140, the Kingdom of Portugal, led by King Afonso I, successfully recaptured the city of Leiria from the Moors during the Reconquista.
January 1141: In 1140 the Moors were able to seize the fortress of Leiria.
January 1143: The city and castle of Leiria were reconquered by King Afonso I of Portugal from the Moors.
March 1147: Portugal conquered the city of Santarém.
June 1147: Siege of Lisbon.
October 1147: Siege of Lisbon.
October 1147: In 1147 the Portuguese conquered Lisbon.
December 1147: The Moorish garrisons of Palmela, Sintra and Almada capitulated to the Portuguese.
January 1152: Expansion of the Almohad Caliphate before 1152.
January 1159: King Alfonso I of Portugal conquers Alcácer do Sal.
January 1159: In 1158 Alcácer do Sal, one of the chief centres of Moorish commerce, was taken by the Portuguese.
January 1160: The Kingdom of Portugal, led by King Afonso I, conquered the cities of Évora and Beja from the Moors.
January 1160: In 1159 it seems that Alfonso I of Portugal conquered, but soon after abandoned, the cities of Beja and Évora.
January 1161: The Portuguese abandoned the cities of Beja and Évora.
January 1163: In 1162, Alfonso I of Portugal, also known as Afonso I, conquered Beja.
January 1163: In a few months Portuguese troops completed, the conquest of almost the entire Alentejo region in southern Portugal: Beja, Evora, Serpa, the castle of Juromenha (near Alandroal) and then north -east, Cáceres and Trujillo, in present-day Spain.
January 1170: The Portuguese conquer Badajoz.
January 1190: In 1189 the Portuguese occupied Silves.
January 1193: In 1192 the Portuguese lost not only Algarve but the greater part of Alentejo, including Alcácer do Sal, to the Almohads.
January 1213: The Portuguese conquer Alcácer do Sal again.
January 1224: Alfonso II of Portugal conquers Setúbal and Alcácer do Sal from the Moors.
January 1227: Elvas was taken from the Moors in 1226.
January 1230: Elvas conquered by Almohad Caliphate.
January 1230: Alfonso IX of Leon advances along the Guadiana River and conquers Mérida and Badajoz.
January 1233: Moura conquered by the Kingdom of Portugal.
January 1237: The Portuguese conquer most of the Algarve.
January 1240: In 1239, the Portuguese, led by King Sancho II, defeated the Moors at the Battle of Aimonte. This victory led to the conquest of the eastern Algarve and the Alentejo regions.
January 1250: The region of Algarve was invaded by the Moors.
January 1250: Faro conquered by Kingdom of Portugal.
January 1251: Between 1249 and 1250 the Algarve was reconquered from the Moors.
January 1273: Faro is conquered by the Portuguese under Alfonso III.
1.1.Establishment of Portugal
After the Battle of Ourique against the Almoravids, Afonso Henriques was declared King of Portugal.
Was a civil war in Portugal that began when King Ferdinand I died without a male heir and ended when King John I was crowned in 1385 after his victory during the Battle of Aljubarrota.
April 1384: The Battle of Atoleiros took place on 6 April 1384, between a Portuguese force and a expedition from Castile sent by King John I.
May 1384: After its defeat in the Battle of Atoileros, the Castilian Army left Portugal.
May 1384: John I of Castile marched to Lisbon in May and besieged the capital.
August 1384: The city of Almada on the south bank of the Tagus surrendered to Castile.
September 1384: A plague outbreak forced the Castilian Army to end the siege of Lisbon.
November 1384: The Castilian fleet also abandoned the Tagus, and Lisbon avoided conquest.
June 1385: The Castilian army led by Juan I invaded again Portugal in June 1385 through the central north, from Celorico da Beira to Coimbra and Leiria.
August 1385: The defeat of the Castilian forces by the Anglo-Portuguese forces in the Battle of Aljubarrota led to the failure of the Castilian invasion of Portugal, and also prevented future invasions. The Castilian army left Portugal.
Was a succession crisis caused by the death of the King of Portugal without heirs. The conflict saw two main claimants to the Portuguese throne: António, Prior of Crato, proclaimed in several towns as King of Portugal, and his first cousin Philip II of Spain, who eventually succeeded in claiming the crown, reigning as Philip I of Portugal.
August 1580: Battle of Alcântara: a decisive victory of the Habsburg King Philip II over the other pretender to the Portuguese throne.
October 1580: Philip II of Spain succeeded in claiming the Portuguese crown, reigning as Philip I of Portugal.
August 1583: Acores conquered by spain.
Was a revolution organized by the Portuguese nobility and bourgeoisie sixty years after the crowning of Philip I (Philip II of Spain), the first "dual monarch", that ended the Iberian Union.
December 1640: A revolution organized by the nobility and bourgeoisie on 1 December 1640, sixty years after the crowning of Philip I (Philip II of Spain), the first "dual monarch", ended the Iberian Union between Portugal and Spain.
April 1663: In 1663, John of Austria the Younger, Philip IV's illegitimate son, led 14,000 men into Alentejo, Portugal. They successfully took Évora, a major city in the region, during the military occupation by Spain.
June 1663: In 1663, the Portuguese forces, led by João Rodrigues de Vasconcelos e Sousa, defeated the Spanish troops, commanded by John of Austria, in a significant battle at Ameixial. This victory forced John of Austria to retreat from Évora back across the border with heavy casualties.
June 1665: In June 1665, the Marquis of Caracena, a Spanish military commander, assumed control of Vila Viçosa during the military occupation by Spain.
June 1665: The Portuguese infantry and artillery emplacements broke the Spanish cavalry, and the Spanish force lost over 10,000 men, including casualties and prisoners. Shortly thereafter, the Portuguese retook Vila Viçosa.
Was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. At the end of the war the main winner was Great Britain, that obtained territories in North America, the Caribbean and India, becoming the most powerful maritime and colonial of the European powers.
5.1.Fantastic War
Was a war between Spain and Portugal during the Seven Years' War that took place in the Iberian Peninsula and in South America.
5.1.1.Peninsular action (main theatre of the Fantastic War)
Was the theatre of war in the Iberian Peninsula of the Fantastic war between Spain and Portugal.
May 1762: Miranda, the only fortified and provisioned fortress of the province, was besieged on 6 May 1762, but an accidental and huge powder explosion (20 tons) killed four hundred and opened two breaches in the ramparts, forcing the surrender on 9 May 1762.
May 1762: Bragança conquered by spain.
May 1762: Chaves conquered by spain.
May 1762: Torre de Moncorvo conquered by spain.
June 1762: After suffering several setbacks, the Spanish army was forced to withdraw from Portugal, abandoning all their conquests with the only exception of the city of Chaves.
August 1762: The Siege of Almeida in 1762 was part of the Seven Years' War, with a Spanish force capturing the city from Portuguese defenders. The siege was led by Spanish General Alejandro O'Reilly, resulting in the city falling on 25 August.
September 1762: At first the Franco-Spanish army occupied several fortresses with ruined walls and without regular troops: Alfaiates, Castelo Rodrigo, Penamacor, Monsanto, Salvaterra do Extremo, Segura.
September 1762: Castelo Branco is occupied by Spanish forces on 18 September 1762.
October 1762: Vila Velha conquered by spain.
October 1762: Portuguese reconquest of Penamacor and Monsanto.
November 1762: When the Anglo-Portuguese army encircled the Spanish forces in Castelo Branco, the Spanish force fled to Spain, abandoning the town.
5.2.Treaty of Paris (1763)
Was a treaty signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, after Great Britain and Prussia's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War.
February 1763: Spain was forced to return to Portugal the small cities of Almeida and Chaves on the Hispano-Portuguese frontier.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
6.1.War of the Second Coalition
Was the second war that saw revolutionary France against most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.
6.1.1.War of the Oranges
Was a brief conflict in 1801 in which Spanish forces, instigated by the government of France, and ultimately supported by the French military, invaded Portugal.
May 1801: The Spanish attack to Portugal started on the early morning of the 20 May, and focused on the Portuguese border region that included the main Garrison Town and Fortifications of Elvas and the smaller fortified towns of Campo Maior, Olivença and Juromenha.
June 1801: The Treaty of Badajoz was signed by Spain and Portugal on 6 June 1801. Portugal ceded the border town of Olivença and Almeda to Spain and closed its ports to British military and commercial shipping. The Spanish abandoned the remaining occupied territory.
June 1801: Campo Maior was a Portuguese town near the Spanish border. Lieutenant-Colonel Dias Azevedo was a military leader in the Portuguese garrison who successfully defended the town against a Spanish assault for 17 days in 1801 during the War of the Oranges.
August 1801: To minimise the impact of the ban on using Portuguese ports, in July a British force occupied the island of Madeira.
6.2.Peninsular War
Was the military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars.
May 1814: The British left Madeira after the End of the Peninsular War.
6.2.1.French Campaigns in Spain and Portugal (1807-1812)
Were a series of military campaigns by the French army in Spain and Portugal during the Peninsular War.
November 1807: In 1807, French General Junot invaded Portugal, leading to the occupation of Lisbon on November 30. The Portuguese Prince Regent John fled with his family, courtiers, and valuables aboard a fleet, seeking refuge in Brazil.
6.2.2.Iberia in revolt
Were a series of uprisings against the French rule in the Iberian Peninsula.
July 1808: In 1808, Portugal erupted in revolt in June against French occupation led by Napoleon Bonaparte. The Portuguese royal family, including Queen Maria I and Prince Regent John, fled to Brazil, transferring the kingdom's capital to Rio de Janeiro.
6.2.3.Second Portuguese campaign
Was a French military campaign in Portugal during the Peninsular War.
March 1809: In 1809, during the Peninsular War, Marshal Soult's French troops attacked Braga, Portugal. The Portuguese forces, led by General Francisco Silveira, were unprepared and suffered heavy losses. Approximately 4,000 Portuguese soldiers were killed, while the French lost around 200 men in the battle.
March 1809: First Battle of Porto.
May 1809: After the Battle of Grijó (10-11 May) and the Second Battle of Porto (12 May), the French lost all their conquests in Portugal.
The 1864 Treaty of Lisbon partitioned the territory of Couto Misto, an independent microstate, between Spain and Portugal.
September 1864: Portugal remained with a smaller uninhabited strip of land.
Was the overthrow of the centuries-old Portuguese Monarchy and its replacement by the First Portuguese Republic.
October 1910: Overthrow of the centuries-old Portuguese Monarchy and its replacement by the First Portuguese Republic.
October 1147: In 1147 the Portuguese conquered Lisbon.
January 1148: Couto Misto was a territory that included the towns of Rubiás , Meaus and Santiago, in the border area between Portugal and Spain, independent of both kingdoms. Its origin dates back to the independence of Portugal ( c.1147), when the jurisdictional borders with León were established in an unclear way.
January 1164: In 1163 the King of Portugal occupied Salamanca in retaliation for the repopulation of the area ordered by the King of León.
January 1165: Ferdinand II of Leon, defeated King Afonso I of Portugal in 1164 in Salamanca.
January 1169: In 1168 Afonso of Portugal again felt menaced by Ferdinand II's repopulation of the area of Ciudad Rodrigo: he then attacked Galicia, occupying Tui and the territory of Xinzo de Limia.
February 1169: Ferdinand II of Leon was able to push the Portuguese out of Galicia and to rush to Badajoz.
June 1230: In 1230, the Kingdom of Leon, under the rule of King Alfonso IX, conquered the entire region of Extremadura, including the cities of Cáceres and Badajoz. This marked a significant expansion of Leon's territory and influence in the Iberian Peninsula.
January 1231: Elvas was definitively reconquered by King Sancho II of Portugal around 1230, along with the castle of Juromenha near Alandroal. This marked a significant victory for the Kingdom of Portugal in their efforts to expand and consolidate their territory in the region.
January 1241: Sancho II of Portugal continued the holy war, which led him, between 1238 and 1240, to subject some castles in the south of the Alentejo and the entire western part of the Algarve.
January 1254: Having become king of Castile, Alfonso X, in 1253, invaded Portugal and appropriated the Algarve region.
January 1264: Alfonso III of Portugal managed to obtain the hand of Alfonso X of Castile's illegitimate daughter, Beatrice, with the stipulation that when the couple's first child turned seven, the Algarve would revert to Portugal. In 1263, not without some resistance (perhaps because the heir was the third child and was only two years old), Alfonso X of Castile handed over the Algarve to Portugal.
January 1295: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1296: Taking advantage of the young age of the new king of Castile, the king of Portugal, Dionysius, declared war on Castile, forcing him to return the cities of Serpa and Moura and also to cede the cities of Aroche and Aracena to Portugal.
January 1297: Denis of Portugal invaded and annexed the district of Ribacôa (which today includes the municipalities of Almeida, Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo, Pinhel and Sabugal), between the Côa and Duero rivers.
September 1297: The Treaty of Alcañices defined the modern borders between Castile and Portugal.
January 1420: Madeira was claimed by Portuguese sailors in the service of Prince Henry the Navigator in 1419.
January 1428: The Azores were officially visited in 1427 by Diogo de Silves on behalf of Henry the Navigator and taken possession of by Portugal.
December 1815: The colony of Brazil was elevated to the rank of kingdom, and the kingdoms of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarve were united with a law dated December 16, 1815, in the context of the Congress of Vienna.
August 1825: Official portuguese recognition of the independent Brazialian Empire.
Disestablishment
October 1910: Overthrow of the centuries-old Portuguese Monarchy and its replacement by the First Portuguese Republic.
Selected Sources
Atoileros 1384. site da Câmara Municipal de Fronteira. Retrieved on 6 April 2024 on https://web.archive.org/web/20130506231549/http://atoleiros1384.cm-fronteira.pt/
Carlos Fiolhais, José Eduardo Franco, José Pedro Paiva (2021): The Global History of Portugal: From Pre-History to the Modern World, Liverpool University Press, p. 157
Duby, G. (1991): L'Atlas Historique Mondial, Larousse, p. 259
Fernández Álvarez, M. (1998): Felipe II y su tiempo, cuarta edición, p. 523
Francesca Canale Cama, Daniela Casanova, Quadri Rosa M. Delli (2009): Storia del Mediterraneo moderno e contemporaneo, Guida Editori, p. 54
Gams, P.B. (1876): Die Kirchengeschichte von Spanien, Dritter Band, Regensburg Druck und Verlag von Georg Joseph Manz., p. 341
Gams, P.B. (1876): Die Kirchengeschichte von Spanien, Dritter Band, Regensburg Druck und Verlag von Georg Joseph Manz., pp. 341-342
José Luis Martín, José María Mínguez Fernández, Gregorio del Ser Quijano (2006): La Península en la Edad Media: treinta años después. Estudios dedicados a José Luis Martín, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, p. 139
Unknown Author (1812): The Royal Military Chronicle, vol. V, London (UK), pp. 52, 53.
de Oliveira Marques , A. H. R.(1972): History of Portugal, Columbia University Press, p. 322-325
.svg.png.webp)
Kingdom of Portugal
