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The Iroquois League was established prior to European contact, with the merger of five of the many Iroquoian peoples who had emerged south of the Great Lakes (for this reason they were also called the Five Nations).
Establishment
January 1451: The Iroquois League was established prior to European contact, with the banding together of five of the many Iroquoian peoples who had emerged south of the Great Lakes (for they were also called Five Nations). One theory argues that the League formed shortly after a solar eclipse on August 31, 1142, an event thought to be expressed in oral tradition about the League's origins.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of conflicts fought intermittently during the 17th century in North America throughout the Saint Lawrence River valley in Canada and the lower Great Lakes region which pitted the Iroquois League against the Hurons, northern Algonquians and their French allies.
January 1639: The Iroquois attacked the Wenro people.
January 1650: The Iroquois defeated and assimilated the Huron.
January 1652: The Iroquois defeated and assimilated the Neutral Nation.
January 1657: The Iroquois defeated and assimilated the Erie Tribe.
January 1671: Iroquois expansion in the Susquehannas territories.
January 1673: Iroquois expansion in the Susquehannas territories.
January 1678: In 1677, the Iroquois adopted the majority of the Iroquoian-speaking Susquehannock into their nation.
January 1680: Iroquois expansion until 1679.
January 1681: Iroquois attack in Illinois.
January 1701: Iroquois expansion until 1700.
January 1712: Iroquois expansion until 1711.
Was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. At the end of the war the main winner was Great Britain, that obtained territories in North America, the Caribbean and India, becoming the most powerful maritime and colonial of the European powers.
2.1.French and Indian War
Was a theater of war of the Seven Years' War, which pitted the North American colonies of the British Empire against those of the French, each side being supported by various Native American tribes.
April 1754: In 1754, Governor Dinwiddie sent William Trent with 40 men to construct a fort at Fort Duquesne. This action sparked the beginning of the French and Indian War between Great Britain and France for control of the Ohio River Valley.
April 1754: In 1754, George Washington led forces to Fort Duquesne, where they were allowed to withdraw by Contrecœur. The fort was later completed and became a strategic stronghold in the French and Indian War.
May 1754: Following the battle, George Washington, a young Virginia militia officer, pulled back several miles and established Fort Necessity. The fort was attacked by French forces, leading to Washington's surrender and the territory falling under Great Britain's military occupation in 1754.
July 1754: The Canadians attacked Fort Necessity under the command of Louis Coulon de Villiers, brother of Joseph Coulon de Jumonville. George Washington, a young British officer, surrendered after a brief battle on July 3, 1754, and negotiated a withdrawal under arms with the Iroquois Confederation.
August 1756: During the week of August 10, 1756, a force of French regulars and Canadian militia under General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm captured and occupied the British fortifications at Fort Oswego, leading to France gaining military control of the territory.
January 1759: In 1758, during the French and Indian War, British forces under General John Bradstreet reoccupied Fort Oswego, which had been abandoned since 1756. The territory was previously controlled by the French but was now under British control.
Were fought by European governments and colonists in North America, and later by the United States and Canadian governments and American and Canadian settlers, against various American Indian and First Nation tribes.
3.1.Cherokee-American wars
Were a series of skirmishes between the Cherokee and the American settlers on the frontier.
October 1768: To address the issue of settlers living beyond the boundaries established by earlier treaties, John Stuart, the Superintendent for Southern Indian Affairs, negotiated a treaty on October 17, 1768. This agreement resulted in the Cherokee surrendering their claims to lands between the Allegheny Mountains and the Ohio River to the Colony of Virginia. This territory now encompasses most of West Virginia and eastern Kentucky, as well as a portion of southwestern Pennsylvania.
November 1768: After Pontiac's War, the Iroquois Confederacy ceded to the British government its claims to the hunting grounds between the Ohio and Cumberland rivers, known to them and other Indians as Kain-tuck-ee, in the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix.
3.2.Northwest Indian War
Was an armed conflict for control of the Northwest Territory fought between the United States and a united group of Native American nations known today as the Northwestern Confederacy.
3.2.1.Jay Treaty
Was a 1794 treaty between the United States and Great Britain that averted war and resolved issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris of 1783. Among other things, the British agreed to peacefully vacate the forts it still controlled in the United States.
September 1783: Fort Niagara was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
Was the war of independence of the United States of America (at the time the Thirteen Colonies) against Great Britain.
4.1.New York and New Jersey campaign
Was a series of American Revolutionary War battles for control of the Port of New York and the state of New Jersey, fought between British forces under General Sir William Howe and the Continental Army under General George Washington.
4.1.1.American Counterattack in New York and New Yersey (American Revolutionary War)
Was the U.S. counterattack to the British invasion of New York and New Jersey during the American Revolutionary War.
January 1776: General Howe withdrew most of his army from New Jersey, only leaving outposts at New Brunswick and Perth Amboy.
4.1.2.Treaty of Paris (1783)
Was the treaty that officially ended the American Revolutionary War between the United States and Great Britain as well as various other related wars. The treaty set the boundaries between British North America and the United States.
January 1685: Expansion of Pennsylvania by 1684.
January 1702: The 1701 Nanfan Treaty was an agreement made between representatives of the Iroquois Confederacy with John Nanfan, the acting colonial governor of New York. The Iroquois abandoned their nominal claims to "beaver hunting" lands north of the Ohio in favor of England.
October 1702: Sieur Juchereau, Lieutenant General of Montréal, along with thirty-four Canadiens, founded Fort Vincennes on October 28, 1702, to trade for Buffalo hides with American Indians.
January 1719: Expansion of Pennsylvania by 1718.
January 1719: Iroquois claims relinquished to Great Britain in 1718.
January 1723: The Virginia Colony expanded its territories with the Treaty of Albany (1722).
January 1733: Expansion of Pennsylvania by 1732.
January 1737: Pennsylvania land purchase through the Treaty with Canassatego (1736). Canassatego was a leader of the Onondaga nation.
January 1738: Expansion of Pennsylvania by 1737.
January 1745: Iroquois claims relinquished to Great Britain in 1744.
January 1750: Pennsylvania land purchase through the Treaty with Canassatego (1749). Canassatego was a leader of the Onondaga nation.
January 1755: Expansion of Pennsylvania by 1754.
January 1764: Proclamation of 1763.
January 1769: The Treaty of Fort Stanwix was a treaty signed between representatives from the Iroquois and Great Britain. The treaty established a Line of Property following the Ohio River that ceded the Kentucky portion of the Virginia Colony to the British Crown, as well as most of what is now West Virginia.
January 1769: The Iroquois Confederacy, a powerful Native American alliance, sold their remaining land claims to the British colonists at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768. This treaty solidified British control over the territory south of the Ohio River in British North America.
January 1769: 1768 Boundary Line Treaty of Fort Stanwix with Indigenous Americans.
January 1775: The Virginia Colony expanded its territories with the Treaty of Camp Charlotte (1774).
January 1785: Iroquois claims relinquished to Great Britain in 1784.
January 1785: The United States and the Iroquois Confederacy signed the treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1784. The Iroquois, led by leaders such as Cornplanter and Red Jacket, ceded a significant portion of their ancestral lands to the newly formed United States. This territory eventually became part of the United States.
January 1789: Iroquois claims relinquished to Great Britain in 1788.
January 1792: The Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy released the land to Pennsylvania in January 1789 for payments of $2,000 from Pennsylvania and $1,200 from the federal government.The Seneca Nation separately settled land claims against Pennsylvania in February 1791 for the sum of $800.
November 1794: The treaty of Canandaigua was signed in 1794 between the United States and the Iroquois Confederacy, represented by leaders such as Cornplanter and Red Jacket. The treaty resulted in the Iroquois ceding a significant portion of their ancestral lands to the Americans, including the territory of Six Nations.
Disestablishment
November 1794: The treaty of Canandaigua was signed in 1794 between the United States and the Iroquois Confederacy, represented by leaders such as Cornplanter and Red Jacket. The treaty resulted in the Iroquois ceding a significant portion of their ancestral lands to the Americans, including the territory of Six Nations.
Selected Sources
1768 Boundary Line Treaty of Fort Stanwix. National Park Service. Retrieved on 7 April 2024 on https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/1768-boundary-line-treaty-of-fort-stanwix.htm
5 Nations Cession. Wikipedia. 9 October 2012. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:5NationsCession.jpg
5 Nations Expansion. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 30 March 2024 on https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5NationsExpansion.jpg
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.166
Huron Indians. Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 31 March 2024 on https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07565a.htm
Jennings, F. (1968). Glory, Death, and Transfiguration: The Susquehannock Indians in the Seventeenth Century. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 112(1), 15–53. http://www.jstor.org/stable/986100
Marshall, P. (1967): Sir William Johnson and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 1768, Journal of American Studies (1967) Vol. 1 Nr.2, pp. 149-179.
Nanfan Treaty. Wikisource. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
Pennsylvania land purchases. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 7 April 2024 on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pennsylvania_land_purchases.png
Rayback, R.J. (1957): Atlas of New York State, Frank E. Richards, p. 12
Reville, F. D. (1920): The History of the County of Brant, Hurley Printing Company, p. 20
Sipe, C.H. (1929): The Indian wars of Pennsylvania, The Telegraph Press, Harrisburg (PA), p.120
Sipe, C.H. (1929): The Indian wars of Pennsylvania, The Telegraph Press, Harrisburg (PA), p.137
Steele, I. K. (1994): Warpaths: Invasions of North America, Oxford University Press, p. 64
Wallace, P. A. W. (2007): Indians in Pennsylvania (2nd ed.), Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, p. 100
Iroquois Confederation
