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The chieftain Wanyan Aguda (1068-1123) united the disparate Jurchen tribes and led a revolt against the Liao. In 1115 he named himself emperor of the Jin "golden" dynasty (1115-1234). The polity controlled Manchuria, northern China and the Russian Far East.
Establishment
January 1116: The Jin dynasty was created in modern Jilin and Heilongjiang by the Jurchen tribal chieftain Aguda in 1115.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of conflicts between the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty (1115-1234) and the Han-led Song dynasty (960-1279).
1.1.Jin-Song Alliance against Liao
In 1114 the chieftain Wanyan Aguda (1068-1123) united the Jurchen tribes and led a revolt against the Liao. .
February 1122: Jin captured the Liao Central Capital as promised.
April 1123: urchen forces that easily took the Liao Southern Capital.
1.2.First Jurchen campaign against the Song Dynasty
Was a military campaign by the Jin Dynasty against the Song Dynasty.
December 1125: Zongwang (Jin Dynasty) took Yanjing, where Song general and former Liao governor Guo Yaoshi switched his allegiances to the Jin.
January 1126: By the end of December 1125, the Jin army had seized control of two prefectures and re-established Jurchen rule over the Sixteen Prefectures.
January 1126: Jin armies besieged the city of Taiyuan in mid January 1126.
January 1126: The Jurchen forces reached the Yellow River.
January 1126: Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, was besiegedby the Jin dynasty.
March 1126: The Song recognized Jin control over three prefectures. The Jurchen army ended the siege of Kaifeng in March after 33 days. The prefectures of Hejian, Taiyuan, and Zhongshan and the sixteen prefectures went to the Jurchen, all the other occupied regions remained to the Song
March 1126: The Song recognized Jin control over three prefectures. The Jurchen army ended the siege of Kaifeng in March after 33 days.
March 1126: Almost as soon as the Jin armies had left Kaifeng, Emperor Qinzong reneged on the deal and dispatched two armies to repel the Jurchen troops attacking Taiyuan and bolster the defenses of Zhongshan and Hejian.
October 1126: Taiyuan fell in September 1126, after 260 days of siege by the Jin dynasty.
1.3.Second Jurchen campaign against the Song Dynasty
Was a military campaign by the Jin Dynasty against the Song Dynasty.
December 1126: The Jin assaulted Kaifeng in mid-December 1126.
January 1127: The Song emperor offered his unconditional surrender to the Jurchen, who occupied the northern areas of Song.
1.4.Third Jurchen campaign against the Song Dynasty
Was a military campaign by the Jin Dynasty against the Song Dynasty.
October 1127: The Song emperor offered his unconditional surrender to the Jurchen, who occupied the northern areas of Song. In 1127, the Jurchens installed a former Song official, Zhang Bangchang, as puppet emperor of the newly established "Da Chu" (Great Chu) dynasty.
January 1130: In December 1129, the Jin started a new military offensive, dispatching two armies across the Huai River in the east and west. On the western front, an army invaded Jiangxi, the area where the Song dowager empress resided, and captured Hongzhou.
January 1130: On the eastern front, Wuzhu commanded the main Jin army. He crossed the Yangtze southwest of Jiankang and took that city when Du Chong surrendered.
January 1130: The Song disbandment of the Great Chu and execution of Zhang Bangchang antagonized the Jurchens and violated the treaty that the two parties had negotiated. The Jin renewed their attacks on the Song and quickly reconquered much of northern China.
January 1130: The Jin seized Hangzhou.
February 1130: Shaoxing conquered by Jin dynasty (1115-1234).
April 1130: The Jin captured Kaifeng in early 1130.
November 1130: Reluctant to let the war drag on, the Jin decided to create Da Qi (the "Great Qi"), their second attempt at a puppet state in northern China. Da Qi was formed late in 1130, and the Jin enthroned Liu as its emperor. Some territories in northern Song were evacuated by the Jin.
November 1130: Reluctant to let the war drag on, the Jin decided to create Da Qi (the "Great Qi"), their second attempt at a puppet state in northern China. Da Qi was formed late in 1130, and the Jin enthroned Liu as its emperor.
November 1137: In late 1137, the Jin reduced Liu Yu's title to that of a prince and abolished the state of Qi.
April 1140: An invading Jurchen army led by Wizhu retreated Kaifeng, allowing Song forces to take Zhengzhou and Luoyang.
July 1140: On July 8, 1140, at the Battle of Yancheng, Wuzhu launched a surprise attack on Song forces with an army of 100,000 infantry and 15,000 horsemen. Yue Fei directed his cavalry to attack the Jurchen soldiers and won a decisive victory.
January 1141: In 1140, Song general Yue was forced to withdraw from Zhengzhou and Luoyang after the emperor ordered him to return to the Song court.
January 1141: Song forces recaptured Zhengzhou and Luoyang.
1.5.Treaty of Shaoxing
Was the agreement that ended the military conflicts between the Jin dynasty and the Southern Song dynasty.
October 1142: On October 11, 1142, after about a year of negotiations, the Treaty of Shaoxing was ratified, ending the conflict between the Jin and the Song. By the terms of the treaty, the Huai River, north of the Yangtze, was designated as the boundary between the two states.
1.6.Wanyan Liang's war
Was a military invasion of the Song Dynasty by the Jurchen ruler of the Jin Dynasty Wanyan Liang.
November 1161: A few Jin prefectures in the west were captured by the Song Dynasty.
November 1161: Wanyan Liang, emperor of the Jin Dynasty, began the invasion of Song in 1161 without formally declaring war. The Song lost the Huai to the Jurchens.
January 1163: On December 15, Wanyan Liang was assassinated in his military camp by disaffected officers. He was succeeded by Emperor Shizong (r. 1161-1189). Shizong was pressured into ending the unpopular war with the Song, and ordered the withdrawal of Jin forces in 1162.
1.7.War of 1206 -1208
Was an unsuccesful military invasion of the Jin Dynasty by the Song Dynasty.
September 1206: The Jin repelled the Song in Sizhou 泗州 (on the north bank of the Huai River across from modern Xuyi County).
December 1206: The Jin initiated an offensive against Song prefectures in the central front of the war, capturing Zaoyang and Guanghua (on the Han River near modern Laohekou).
November 1208: In 1208, the peace treaty was signed between the Jin Dynasty and the Song Dynasty in China. The treaty was signed after both sides agreed to return to the status quo ante bellum, ending the conflict between the two dynasties.
Were a series of military campaigny by the Mongols that created the largest contiguous Empire in history, the Mongol Empire, which controlled most of Eurasia.
2.1.Conquest of Mongolia and Siberia
By 1206, Genghis Khan had conquered all Mongol and Turkic tribes in southern Siberia and Mongolia.
January 1207: In 1206, Temujin was crowned as the khagan (Emperor) of the Yekhe Mongol Ulus (Great Mongol State) at a Kurultai (general assembly/council). It was there that he assumed the title of Genghis Khan (universal leader) instead of one of the old tribal titles such as Gur Khan or Tayang Khan, marking the start of the Mongol Empire.
January 1207: Genghis Khan, a powerful Mongol leader, unified all Mongol and Turkic tribes in Mongolia and southern Siberia by 1206. This marked the establishment of the Mongol Empire, which would go on to become the largest empire in history.
2.2.Conquest of Jin China
Was the Mongol conquest of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in Manchuria and North China.
November 1211: Battle of Yehuling.
November 1211: While Genghis Khan headed southward, his general Jebe travelled even further east into Manchuria and captured Mukden.
May 1215: Zhongdu fell to the Mongols on May 31, 1215.
January 1224: The Mongols systematically rooted out all resistance in Shanxi, Hebei and Shandong provinces from 1217-23.
January 1232: In 1231, the Mongols led by Genghis Khan's grandson, Batu Khan, launched a successful attack on Fengxiang, a strategic city in northern China. This victory marked another step in the Mongol Empire's expansion and consolidation of power in the region.
April 1232: By 1232, the Jurchen ruler Emperor Aizong, of the Jin Dynasty, was besieged in Kaifeng by the Mongol Empire led by Genghis Khan. This marked a significant turning point in the Mongol conquest of the Jin Dynasty.
February 1233: Mongol siege of Kaifeng.
February 1234: The remainder of the Jin army took shelter in Caizhou, where they were closely besieged by the Mongols on one side and the Song army on the other. The Jin dynasty came to an end on February 9th, 1234.
2.2.1.Conquest of Eastern Xia
Was the Mongol conquest of Western Xia.
January 1217: In 1217, due to the Mongol Invasions, Eastern Xia ruler Puxian Wannu left the area of Liaoning. He relocated to northeast Manchuria along the border with Korea.
June 1122: The Jin took the Western Capital of the Liao Dynasty in the spring of 1122.
January 1123: In 1122, Emperor Tianzuo fled to Jiashan (north of modern-day Tumed Left Banner, Inner Mongolia) under the military pressure from the Jin dynasty. Subsequently, Yelü Chun was enthroned as "Emperor Tianxi". As the Liao dynasty ruled by Emperor Tianzuo still existed, the regime headed by Emperor Tianxi is known in retrospect as "Northern Liao".
January 1124: In 1123, Nanjing surrendered to the Jin forces.
January 1126: The Mongolian plateau was occupied mainly by five powerful tribal confederations (khanlig): Keraites, Khamag Mongol, Naiman, Mergid, and Tatar.
Disestablishment
February 1234: The remainder of the Jin army took shelter in Caizhou, where they were closely besieged by the Mongols on one side and the Song army on the other. The Jin dynasty came to an end on February 9th, 1234.
Selected Sources
Barfield, T. J. (1992): The perilous frontier: nomadic empires and China, Hoboken (USA), p. 184
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Jin dynasty (1115-1234)
