This article is about the specific polity Safavid dynasty and therefore only includes events related to its territory and not to its possessions or colonies. If you are interested in the possession, this is the link to the article about the nation which includes all possessions as well as all the different incarnations of the nation.
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Was a dynasty that ruled Persia from 1501 to 1736.
Establishment
January 1502: Safavid ruler Ismail went on a conquest campaign, capturing Tabriz in July 1501, where he enthroned himself the Shāh of Azerbaijan. At this point the Safavids controlled Azerbaijan, Shirvan, southern Dagestan (with its important city of Derbent), and Armenia.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Expansion during the rule of Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty.
January 1503: Erzincan and Erzurum conquered by Safavid dynasty.
January 1504: Safavid conquest of Hamadan.
January 1505: In 1504, Safavid ruler Ismail I invaded Mazandaran and ended Afrasiyab rule.
January 1505: Shiraz and Kerman conquered by Safavid dynasty.
January 1508: Diyarbakir, Najaf, and Karbala conquered by Safavid dynasty.
January 1509: The last prince of the White Sheep Turcomans, Murad, was defeated by Safavid ruler Ismail.
January 1510: Iraq conquered by Safavid dynasty.
1.1.Persian-Uzbek wars
Were a series of conflicts between the Uzbek Shaybanids and Safavid Iran of Persia fought between 1502 and 1510.
January 1512: By 1511, the Uzbeks in the north-east, led by their Khan Muhammad Shaybāni, were driven far to the north, across the Oxus River, by the Persian forces.
1.1.1.Battle of Herat
Was a battle where the Safavids defeated the Uzbeks.
December 1510: After northeastern Iran was secured with a victory over the Uzbeks at Herat (1510).
Were a series of wars between Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (Persia) through the 16th-20th centuries.
2.1.Battle of Chaldiran
Was a battle between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire during the Ottoman-Persian Wars.
August 1514: Battle of Chaldiran: Ottomans annex Eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq from the Safavids.
August 1514: In 1514, the Ottomans, led by Sultan Selim I, briefly occupied and plundered the Safavid capital, Tabriz. This event marked a significant conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire, led by Shah Ismail I, over territorial disputes and control of the region.
October 1514: Due to the discontent amongst the Janissaries, the Ottomans evacuated the territories occupied in Persia.
October 1514: The Ottoman Empire successfully annexed Eastern Anatolia (encompassing Western Armenia) and northern Mesopotamia from the Safavids.
2.2.Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire led by Suleiman the Magnificent, and the Safavid Empire led by Tahmasp I.
2.2.1.First campaign of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Persia.
January 1534: In the 16th century, most of the territory of present-day Iraq came under the control of Ottoman Empire as the pashalik of Baghdad.
January 1534: Tabriz conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1535: The Ottomans attacked Safavid Iraq.
January 1535: In 1534, Azerbaijan was conquered by the Safavid dynasty, led by Shah Tahmasp I. The Safavids were able to regain control of the territory from the Ottomans, securing their rule in the region.
January 1535: In 1534, Azerbaijan, then part of the Safavid Empire, was conquered by the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. This marked the end of Safavid control over Azerbaijan and the beginning of Ottoman rule in the region.
2.2.2.Second campaign of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Persia.
August 1548: Siege of Van by the Ottomans.
2.2.3.Third campaign of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Persia.
January 1554: The Safavids occupy Erzurum.
January 1555: Erzurum is conquered by Ottoman forces.
2.2.4.Peace of Amasya
Was the treaty that ended the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1532-1555.
May 1555: Armenia and Georgia were divided equally between the Ottomans and the Persians, with Western Armenia, western Kurdistan, and western Georgia (incl. western Samtskhe) falling in Turkish hands while Eastern Armenia, eastern Kurdistan, and eastern Georgia (incl. eastern Samtskhe) stayed in Iranian hands. The Ottoman Empire obtained most of Iraq, including Baghdad, which gave them access to the Persian Gulf, while the Persians retained their former capital Tabriz and all their other northwestern territories in the Caucasus and as they were prior to the wars, such as Dagestan and all of what is now Azerbaijan. The frontier thus established ran across the mountains dividing eastern and western Georgia (under native vassal princes), through Armenia, and via the western slopes of the Zagros down to the Persian Gulf.
2.3.Ottoman-Safavid War (1578-1590)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire. The war was won by the Ottomans that gained various territories, in particular western Iran.
September 1578: Shirvan fell to the Ottomans before the end of the summer of 1578. The Ottomans had now control of almost all Persian territories west of the Caspian Sea coast.
January 1586: Tabriz was a significant city in Persia at the time, and Osman Pasha was a prominent Ottoman military leader. The capture of Tabriz by the Ottoman forces marked a significant military achievement for the Ottoman Empire in their expansion efforts.
January 1588: In 1587, Ottoman forces under the Governor of Baghdad, Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha, managed to take Luristan and Hamadan.
January 1589: The Ottoman commander Farhād Pasha advanced into Karabakh through Georgia. Many of the Turkic Qizilbash tribes, which formed the backbone of the Safavid military, submitted without any significant resistance in order to protect their own interests.
2.3.1.Treaty of Constantinople (1590)
Was a treaty that ended the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578-1590.
March 1590: According to the Treaty of Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire kept most of its gains in the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578-1590. These included most of the southern Caucasus (which included the Safavid domains in Georgia, composed of the Kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti and the eastern part of the Samtskhe-Meskheti principality, as well as the Erivan Province, Karabakh, and Shirvan), the Azerbaijan Province (incl. Tabriz, but not Ardabil, which remained in Safavid hands), Luristan, Dagestan, most of the remaining parts of Kurdistan, Shahrizor, Khuzestan, Baghdad and Mesopotamia.
2.4.Ottoman-Safavid War (1603-1618)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire. Persia regained and reestablished its suzerainty over the Caucasus and Western Iran, which had been lost at the Treaty of Constantinople in 1590.
2.4.1.Treaty of Nasuh Pasha
The Treaty of Nasuh Pasha was signed on 20 November 1612 and ended the first phase of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1603-1618).
November 1612: The Treaty of Nasuh Pasha was signed by the Persians and by the Ottomans. It restored the border of 1555 established by the Peace of Amasya.
2.4.2.Ottoman Invasion (1619)
In 1618, an Ottoman army of 100,000 led by the grand vizier, invaded the Safavid Empire.
January 1619: In 1618, an Ottoman army of 100,000 led by the grand vizier, invaded and easily seized Tabriz.
2.5.Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire.
December 1625: The Ottoman army reached Baghdad and invested it in November.
August 1635: The Turkish Army captured Yerevan on 8 August.
September 1635: Tabriz conquered by turkey.
June 1636: Persian ruler Shah Safi retook Yerevan and Tabriz after defeating an Ottoman army.
2.5.1.Treaty of Zuhab
Was the treaty that ended the Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639).
May 1639: The treaty confirmed the dividing of territories in West Asia priorly held by the Safavids, such as the permanent parting of the Caucasus between the two powers, in which East Armenia, eastern Georgia, Dagestan, and Azerbaijan stayed under the control of the Safavid Empire, while western Georgia and most of Western Armenia came fully under Ottoman rule. It also included all of Mesopotamia (including Baghdad) being irreversibly ceded to the Ottomans, as well as Safavid-controlled eastern Samtskhe (Meskheti), making Samtskhe in its entirety an Ottoman possession.
2.6.Ottoman-Persian War (1730-1735)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire.
2.6.1.Treaty of Ahmet Pasha
Was a treaty signed on 10 January 1732 between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia.
January 1732: The Safavids ceded Georgia and Armenia to the Ottomans in exchange for Tabriz, a strategic city in northwestern Iran.
Was a war between the Mughal and Safavid empires in the territory of modern Afghanistan.
September 1648: In 1648, Shah Abbas II of the Safavid dynasty marched from Isfahan with 40,000 troops and captured Bost.
February 1649: Siege of Kandahar.
Expansion during the rule of Aurangzeb in the Mughal Empire.
January 1701: Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (1658-1707) expanded the empire to include almost the whole of South Asia.
Was the invasion of Bahrain in 1717 by the Sultanate of Oman that ended the Safavid rule on the island.
January 1718: Invasion of Bahrain in 1717 by the Sultanate of Oman, bringing an end to the 115-year rule of the Safavid dynasty in the region.
Were a series of wars between Persia and Russia in the period 1651-1828.
6.1.Russo-Persian War (1722-23)
Was a war between the Russian Empire and Safavid Iran, triggered by the Tsar's attempt to expand Russian influence in the Caspian and Caucasus regions.
September 1722: The Khan of Derbent, Shahgulu Khan, offered Peter the Great, the Tsar of Russia, the keys to the city on August 23, 1722. This event marked the beginning of the Russian Empire's military occupation of Utemish, Derbent.
March 1723: The Russian Empire captured Rasht.
July 1723: After a long siege, on 26 June 1723 Russian General Matyushkin took the Iranian town of Baku.
August 1723: Shirvan conquered by russia.
August 1723: Caspain Coast of Persia conquered by russia.
September 1723: The Treaty of Saint Petersburg concluded the Russo-Persian War of 1722-1723 between Imperial Russia and Safavid Iran. It ratified for Iran's forced ceding of its territories in the North Caucasus, South Caucasus, and contemporary mainland Northern Iran, comprising Derbent, Baku, the respective surrounding lands of Shirvan, as well as the provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astarabad.
June 1724: Treaty of Constantinople (1724) was a treaty concluded on 24 June 1724 between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, dividing large portions of the territory of mutually neighbouring Safavid Iran between them.
The lands on the west went to the Ottomans,[3] comprising large parts of Iranian Azerbaijan (incl. Ardabil and Tabriz), Hamadan, Kermanshah, and much of the rest of Iranian-ruled Transcaucasia (encompassing modern-day Georgia and Armenia).
January 1732: The Treaty of Resht was signed between the Russian Empire and Safavid Empire at Rasht on 21 January 1732. According to this treaty Russia waived its claim to any territory south of the Kura River. This included return of the provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astrabad, conquered by Peter I in the early 1720s.
March 1735: The Treaty of Ganja concluded between the Russian Empire and Iran established a defensive alliance against the Ottoman Empire. The Russian government agreed to return the remaining territories in the North Caucasus and South Caucasus, including Derbend and Baku, that had been conquered by Peter I in the 1720s.
Expansion during the rule of Nader Shah of the Afsharid Dynasty.
January 1736: But the Safavids (Tahmasp II and his son Abbas III) were puppets of the Afsharids. So Nadir Shah put an end to the dynasty in 1736.
January 1512: The Khivan Khanate was established in 1511.
January 1525: The Uzbeks took advantage of the civil war to invade the north-eastern province of Khorasan.
January 1529: In 1528 Chuha Sultan and the shah marched with their army to reassert control of the Khorasan region.
January 1539: The vassal Shirvan state managed to hang on for a few more years, until 1538, when the Safavids appointed their first Safavid governor, and made it a fully functioning Safavid province.
January 1595: Abdullah Khan II of Bukhara conquers the region of Khorezm.
January 1597: Marashis conquered by Safavid dynasty.
January 1599: Safavid invasion of Paduspanid territories.
January 1602: Bahrain is occupied by the Safavid Empire.
January 1611: The Maragheh Khanate was established in 1610 by the Qajar dynasty in Azerbaijan.
January 1615: In 1614, Comorão was taken by ‘Abbās the Great from the Portuguese and renamed Bandar-e ‘Abbās.
April 1622: The Safavid ruler Abbas I of Persia expelled the Portuguese from the Persian Gulf, with the exception of Muscat.
January 1643: The Tabasaran Principality emerged as one of many smaller states from the disintegration of the Shamkhalate of Gazikumukh in 1642. The Shamkhalate was ruled by the Shamkhal dynasty, who were influential leaders in the region of Dagestan.
January 1651: The Sultanate of Muscat possessed a powerful naval force, which enabled the creation of a maritime empire dating from the expulsion of the Portuguese in 1650 through the 19th century, at times encompassing modern Oman, the United Arab Emirates, southern Baluchistan.
January 1667: The Khanate of Kalat was founded in 1666 by Mir Ahmad Khan.
March 1697: From 1697 to 1701, Basra was once again under Safavid control.
March 1701: In 1701 Basra was captured by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1721: In 1720, Mahmud Hotak, the ruler of the Hotak Empire, led his Afghan forces across the deserts of Sistan and successfully captured the territory of Kerman. Mahmud Hotak was a prominent leader of the Hotak Empire, which was a Persianate Sunni Muslim empire established in parts of present-day Afghanistan and Iran.
March 1722: The Hotaks defeated the Persian army at the Battle of Gulnabad.
March 1722: Hotak conquest of Isfahan.
October 1722: The siege of Isfahan in 1722 was led by Mahmud Hotak, who defeated Sultan Husayn and took control of Persia, establishing the Hotak Empire. Sultan Husayn abdicated after the six-month siege, recognizing Mahmud as the new Shah of Persia.
January 1723: The Al Qasimi emerged as a maritime power based both in Ras Al Khaimah on the Southern shore of the Persian Gulf and Qishm, Bandar Abbas and Lingeh on the Persian shore in the 18th-century.
November 1726: In late 1726, Nader Shah, a prominent military leader and founder of the Afsharid dynasty, recaptured Mashhad from the Safavid dynasty. Nader Shah's conquest of Mashhad was a significant event in his rise to power and eventual establishment of a new dynasty in Persia.
October 1729: Battle of Damghan.
Disestablishment
January 1736: But the Safavids (Tahmasp II and his son Abbas III) were puppets of the Afsharids. So Nadir Shah put an end to the dynasty in 1736.
Selected Sources
p.15 , موسوعة أعلام العلماء والأدباء العرب والمسلمين (Encyclopedia of Notable Arab and Muslim Scholars and Writers, Volume 4), Volume 4 :(2004) دار الجيل ؛
Safavid dynasty
