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Is the cluster of modern Iran since the Safavid Dynasty (1502-1736).
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Safavid dynasty
Afsharid Dynasty
Zand Dynasty
Qajar Dynasty
Imperial State of Iran
Islamic Republic of Iran
Establishment
January 1502: Safavid ruler Ismail went on a conquest campaign, capturing Tabriz in July 1501, where he enthroned himself the Shāh of Azerbaijan. At this point the Safavids controlled Azerbaijan, Shirvan, southern Dagestan (with its important city of Derbent), and Armenia.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Expansion during the rule of Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty.
January 1503: Erzincan and Erzurum conquered by Safavid dynasty.
January 1504: In 1503, Shah Ismail I of Persia conquered the Kingdom of Kartli and Kakheti, making them his vassals. This marked the expansion of the Safavid Empire into the Caucasus region.
January 1504: Safavid conquest of Hamadan.
January 1504: In 1503, the Kingdom of Kartli and Kingdom of Kakheti became vassals of Shah Ismail I of Persia. Shah Ismail I was the founder of the Safavid dynasty and a powerful ruler in the region. This event marked a shift in power dynamics in the Caucasus region.
January 1505: In 1504, Safavid ruler Ismail I invaded Mazandaran and ended Afrasiyab rule.
January 1505: Shiraz and Kerman conquered by Safavid dynasty.
January 1508: Diyarbakir, Najaf, and Karbala conquered by Safavid dynasty.
January 1508: In 1507, the Emirate of Palu aligned itself with Safavid Iran.
January 1509: The last prince of the White Sheep Turcomans, Murad, was defeated by Safavid ruler Ismail.
January 1510: Iraq conquered by Safavid dynasty.
January 1514: In 1513, the Kingdom of Kartli managed a short conquest of neighbouring Kakheti.
January 1521: In 1520, the Kingdom of Kakheti was restored with the support of local nobles by Levan of Kakheti.
1.1.Persian-Uzbek wars
Were a series of conflicts between the Uzbek Shaybanids and Safavid Iran of Persia fought between 1502 and 1510.
January 1512: By 1511, the Uzbeks in the north-east, led by their Khan Muhammad Shaybāni, were driven far to the north, across the Oxus River, by the Persian forces.
1.1.1.Battle of Herat
Was a battle where the Safavids defeated the Uzbeks.
December 1510: After northeastern Iran was secured with a victory over the Uzbeks at Herat (1510).
Expansion during the rule of Murad III in the Ottoman Empire.
January 1581: The Shamkhalate of Tarki became a vilayet within Ottoman Empire (1580s-1590s).
2.1.Ottoman-Safavid War (1578-1590)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire. The war was won by the Ottomans that gained various territories, in particular western Iran.
2.1.1.Lala Mustafa Pasha's Caucasian campaign
Was a military Ottoman expedition launched in 1578 by grand-vizier Lala Mustafa Pasha against Persia.
2.1.2.Treaty of Constantinople (1590)
Was a treaty that ended the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578-1590.
Was a war between the Mughal and Safavid empires in the territory of modern Afghanistan.
September 1648: In 1648, Shah Abbas II of the Safavid dynasty marched from Isfahan with 40,000 troops and captured Bost.
February 1649: Siege of Kandahar.
Expansion during the rule of Aurangzeb in the Mughal Empire.
January 1701: Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (1658-1707) expanded the empire to include almost the whole of South Asia.
Was a military expedition undertaken by the Ottoman Empire against its tributary states in western Georgia.
January 1704: In 1703, the Imeretians, led by King George XI, were unable to defend Baghdati against the Ottoman Empire's artillery. This defeat resulted in the territory of Baghdati falling under Ottoman control.
January 1704: In 1703, the heavily fortified towers of Chalatqe in the canton of Argveti were destroyed by soldiers led by Ishak Pasha of the Ottoman Empire. This event marked the Ottoman Empire's expansion into the region and the defeat of local resistance forces.
January 1705: The cost of the Ottoman invasion of western Georgia contributed to the fall of Sultan Mustafa II. The new Ottoman government ordered the withdraw from much of western Georgia's interior.
Was the invasion of Bahrain in 1717 by the Sultanate of Oman that ended the Safavid rule on the island.
January 1718: Invasion of Bahrain in 1717 by the Sultanate of Oman, bringing an end to the 115-year rule of the Safavid dynasty in the region.
Were a series of wars between Persia and Russia in the period 1651-1828.
7.1.Russo-Persian War (1722-23)
Was a war between the Russian Empire and Safavid Iran, triggered by the Tsar's attempt to expand Russian influence in the Caspian and Caucasus regions.
August 1722: The flotilla arrived at the mouth of the Sulak on 27 July 1722.
August 1722: In 1722, Peter the Great of Russia made a state entry into Tarki, the capital of the Shamkhalate of Tarki, as part of the Russian Empire's military occupation of the territory. This event marked the beginning of Russian control over the region.
September 1722: The Khan of Derbent, Shahgulu Khan, offered Peter the Great, the Tsar of Russia, the keys to the city on August 23, 1722. This event marked the beginning of the Russian Empire's military occupation of Utemish, Derbent.
March 1723: The Russian Empire captured Rasht.
July 1723: After a long siege, on 26 June 1723 Russian General Matyushkin took the Iranian town of Baku.
August 1723: Shirvan conquered by russia.
August 1723: Caspain Coast of Persia conquered by russia.
September 1723: The Treaty of Saint Petersburg concluded the Russo-Persian War of 1722-1723 between Imperial Russia and Safavid Iran. It ratified for Iran's forced ceding of its territories in the North Caucasus, South Caucasus, and contemporary mainland Northern Iran, comprising Derbent, Baku, the respective surrounding lands of Shirvan, as well as the provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astarabad.
June 1724: Treaty of Constantinople (1724) was a treaty concluded on 24 June 1724 between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, dividing large portions of the territory of mutually neighbouring Safavid Iran between them.
The lands on the west went to the Ottomans,[3] comprising large parts of Iranian Azerbaijan (incl. Ardabil and Tabriz), Hamadan, Kermanshah, and much of the rest of Iranian-ruled Transcaucasia (encompassing modern-day Georgia and Armenia).
June 1724: The Treaty of Constantinople (1724) concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, dividing large portions of the Safavid Iran between them. Iranian lands located on the east of the conjunction of the rivers Kurosh (Kur) and Aras were given to the Russians. These comprised the provinces in northern mainland Iran (Gilan, Mazandaran and Astrabad), the territories in Dagestan (amongst which Derbent), as well as Baku and the territory surrounding it in the Shirvan province.
January 1732: The Treaty of Resht was signed between the Russian Empire and Safavid Empire at Rasht on 21 January 1732. According to this treaty Russia waived its claim to any territory south of the Kura River. This included return of the provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astrabad, conquered by Peter I in the early 1720s.
March 1735: The Treaty of Ganja concluded between the Russian Empire and Iran established a defensive alliance against the Ottoman Empire. The Russian government agreed to return the remaining territories in the North Caucasus and South Caucasus, including Derbend and Baku, that had been conquered by Peter I in the 1720s.
7.2.Persian Expedition of 1796
Was a Russian military campaign in Persia.
May 1796: Russia conquered the fortress of Derbent on May 10th, 1796.
July 1796: In June, Russian General Zubov's troops took most of northern Azerbaijan without resistance, including the Baku, Shirvan, and Ganja khanates.
December 1796: In November the Russians reached the confluence of the Aras and the Kura.
January 1797: After Russian empress Catherine the Great died that month and Paul succeeded her on the throne, the Russian army under general Valerian Zubov was recalled from Persia.
7.3.Russo-Persian War (1804-13)
Was a war between the Russian Empire and Qajar Persia over territorial disputes in the Caucasus.
January 1804: In 1803, the newly appointed commander of Russian forces in the Caucasus, Paul Tsitsianov, attacked Ganja and captured its citadel.
January 1805: Russian forces led by Gudovich end the siege of Echmiadzin due to a lack of troops.
January 1805: Siege of Yerevan.
January 1805: The war in 1804 began when Russian commanders Ivan Gudovich and Paul Tsitsianov attacked the Persian settlement of Echmiadzin, leading to the territory falling under Russian military occupation. Echmiadzin is a historic city in Armenia, known for being the center of the Armenian Apostolic Church.
January 1805: Persian forces withdrew to Yerevan.
April 1805: The Shuragel Sultanate, a small area at the junction of Georgia, the Yerevan Khanate and Turkey and included the militarily important town of Gyumri, wa taken.
May 1805: The Karabakh Khanate became a vassal of Russia.
May 1805: The Shaki Khanate submitted to Russia.
July 1805: The Persians occupied the Askeran Fortress at the mouth of a valley that leads from the plain southwest to Shusha, the capital of Karabakh.
December 1805: In November Tsitsianov marched east toward Baku, en route accepting the submission of the Shirvan Khanate.
January 1806: Russian forces pushed east into Persia almost to the Caspian.
March 1806: On 8 February 1806 Russian General Pavel Tsitsianov was murdered while accepting the surrender of Baku. He was succeeded by General Karl Heinrich von Knorring, who led the Russian forces to take control of the Baku Khanate and other territories in the region.
January 1807: Russian forces capture the Caspian Coast.
January 1809: Abbas Mirza was defeated south of Lake Shirvan and Nakhichevan, or some part of it, was occupied.
January 1809: Russian forces took Echmiadzrin.
October 1812: Battle of Aslanduz.
January 1813: Storming of Lankaran.
October 1813: By the Treaty of Gulistan Persia recognized Russian possession of all the Khanates it held and gave up all pretensions to Dagestan and Georgia.
October 1813: Final annexation of the Shamkhalate of Tarki and other territories of Dagestan into Russia was concluded by the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813.
7.4.Russo-Persian War (1826-28)
Was a military conflict between the Russian Empire and Persia over territories in southern Caucasus.
September 1826: In 1826, a 35,000-strong army led by Abbas Mirza, the Crown Prince of Persia, invaded the territories of Karabakh and Talysh.
June 1827: The Nakhichevan Khanate became a Russian province.
October 1827: Yerevan fell to the Erivan Khanate.
October 1827: By 13 October the Russians were a few miles from Tabriz. The garrison fled, driven out, it is said, by the inhabitants. The gates were opened and the ancient and wealthy city of 60,000 inhabitants was occupied without opposition.
November 1827: Urmia was occupied by Russian forces led by General Ivan Paskevich. The city of Ardebil surrendered to the Russians shortly after.
February 1828: The Treaty of Turkmenchay was signed by Russia and Persia. The two Azerbaijani khanates of Yerevan and Nakhichevan were awarded to Russia.
Expansion during the rule of Nader Shah of the Afsharid Dynasty.
January 1736: In 1735, after being conquered by Nadir Shah, the Salyan Khanate briefly became part of Persia.
January 1736: But the Safavids (Tahmasp II and his son Abbas III) were puppets of the Afsharids. So Nadir Shah put an end to the dynasty in 1736.
January 1737: In 1736 the new Persian dynasty of the Cagiari reconquered Bahrain.
March 1738: The southern and eastern areas of Afghanistan remained under their control until 1738.
January 1741: In 1740, the Khanate of Bukhara was conquered by Nadir Shah, the Shah of Iran.
January 1741: Nader Shah, the founder of the Afsharid Dynasty, conquered Khwarezm during his military campaign in Central Asia in 1740. Khwarezm was a historical region located in present-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan.
January 1741: Khanate of Khiva conquered by Afsharid Dynasty.
January 1742: The Persian Empire annexes almost all of Dagestan.
January 1744: The khanate was founded in 1743 as a result of revolt led by Haji Chalabi Khan against Safavid Empire.
January 1744: Afsharid conquest of Muscat by Nader Shah.
8.1.Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire
Was the invasion of India by the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah.
November 1738: Nader advanced to the river Indus before the end of year.
January 1739: Nader used the pretext of his Afghan enemies taking refuge in India to cross the border and invade the militarily weak but still extremely wealthy far eastern empire. In a brilliant campaign against the governor of Peshawar, he took a small contingent of his forces on a daunting flank march through nearly impassable mountain passes, and took the enemy forces positioned at the mouth of the Khyber Pass completely by surprise, decisively beating them despite being outnumbered two-to-one. This led to the capture of Ghazni, Kabul, Peshawar, Sindh and Lahore.
January 1739: The Afsharids advanced onto the Punjab and captured Lahore.
January 1739: In 1738, Nader Shah conquered Kandahar, the last outpost of the Hotaki dynasty in Afghanistan.
February 1739: Battle of Karnal.
March 1739: Nader Shah, the ruler of the Afsharid Dynasty, captured Delhi in 1739 after defeating the Mughal Empire. The keys to the capital were surrendered to him as a sign of submission and victory.
May 1739: Persian troops left Delhi in early May 1739.
8.2.Nader's Dagestan campaign
Were a series of campaigns conducted by the Persian Empire under the ruling king Nader Shah between the years 1741 and 1743 in order to fully subjugate the Dagestan region in the North Caucasus Area.
January 1744: Military campaigns conducted by the Persian Empire between the years 1741 and 1743 lead to the full subjugation of the Dagestan region in the North Caucasus Area.
January 1746: Nader Shah (Afsharid Dynasty) was forced to withdraw from Dagestan (with the exception of the northernmost territories).
Expansion during the rule of Ahmad Shah Durrani in the Durrani Empire.
January 1748: In 1747, Peshawar was taken by Ahmad Shah Durrani, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali, who was the founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire. Ahmad Shah Durrani was a prominent military leader who established the empire in the region.
January 1748: Ahmad Shah Durrani, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali, was a Pashtun military leader who founded the Durrani Empire in 1747. He successfully united various Afghan tribes.
January 1748: Kasur, a town in present-day Pakistan, was captured by Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founder of the Durrani Empire.
January 1748: After Nader Shah's death and Ahmad Shah Durrani's rise to power in 1747, Herat became part of Afghanistan.
January 1749: Durrani conquest of Ghazni and Kabul.
January 1750: In 1749 the Mughal ruler ceded sovereignty over much of north-west India to the Afghans.
January 1751: Emir Ahmad Shah of the Durrani Empire set out westward and took possession of Mashhad, which was ruled by Shahrokh Shah.
January 1761: Shah Durrani, who was the founder of the Durrani Empire, sent an army to conquer the areas north of the Hindu Kush mountains, successfully uniting various tribes under his rule.
Expansion during the rule of Adel Shah of Afsharid Iran.
January 1748: Shoragei was a sultanate established around 1747.
January 1748: The Urmia Khanate formed as a result of the weakening of the central power in Persia after the assassination of Afsharid ruler Nadir Shah.
January 1748: The Ardabil Khanate formed as a result of the weakening of the central power in Persia after the assassination of Afsharid ruler Nadir Shah.
January 1748: The Khoy Khanate formed as a result of the weakening of the central power in Persia after the assassination of Afsharid ruler Nadir Shah.
January 1748: Zanjan Khanate was an 18th-19th century khanate based in Zanjan. It was one of the Khanates located in historic Azerbaijan which remained semi-independent for 63 years.
January 1748: After the death of Nader Shah in 1747 his huge empire disintegrated and the former Persian provinces in the Caucasus (velayats), formed two dozen khanates with various forms of autonomy.
January 1748: The Tabriz Khanate formed as a result of the weakening of the central power in Persia after the assassination of Afsharid ruler Nadir Shah.
January 1748: The Nakhichevan Khanate (Persia) formed as a result of the weakening of the central power in Persia after the assassination of Afsharid ruler Nadir Shah.
January 1748: The Erivan Khanate (Persia) formed as a result of the weakening of the central power in Persia after the assassination of Afsharid ruler Nadir Shah.
January 1748: The Talysh Khanate (Persia) formed as a result of the weakening of the central power in Persia after the assassination of Afsharid ruler Nadir Shah.
January 1748: Baku Khanate was an autonomous Muslim principality under Iranian suzerainty, which existed between 1747 and 1806.
January 1748: The Elisu Sultanate (Persia) formed as a result of the weakening of the central power in Persia after the assassination of Afsharid ruler Nadir Shah.
January 1748: The Ganja Khanate (Persia) formed as a result of the weakening of the central power in Persia after the assassination of Afsharid ruler Nadir Shah.
January 1748: The Javad Khanate formed as a result of the weakening of the central power in Persia after the assassination of Afsharid ruler Nadir Shah.
January 1748: The Khanate of Khalkhal was established in 1684 by the Qizilbash tribes of Safavid Persia. It was ruled by the Ziyadoglu family, with its capital in Khalkhal. In 1747, the territory was annexed by the neighboring Khalkhal Khanate, led by the influential tribal leader, Fath-Ali Khan.
January 1748: The Maku Khanate (Nominally Persia) formed as a result of the weakening of the central power in Persia after the assassination of Afsharid ruler Nadir Shah.
January 1748: The Marand Khanate formed as a result of the weakening of the central power in Persia after the assassination of Afsharid ruler Nadir Shah.
January 1748: The Khanate of Khalkhal was established in 1685 by Shahverdi Khan, a descendant of the Safavid dynasty. It was later annexed by the Sarab Khanate in 1747, ending its semi-independence after 62 years. Khalkhal was strategically located in historic Azerbaijan, near the border with the Safavid Empire.
Was a civil war in Persia that led to the end of the Afsharid Dynasty, whose place was taken by the Qajar Dynasty.
January 1748: Ahmad Shah Abdali declared his independence by founding the Durrani Empire.
January 1748: Erekle II and Teimuraz II, who, in 1744, had been made the kings of Kakheti and Kartli respectively by Nader himself for their loyal service, capitalized on the eruption of instability and declared de facto independence.
January 1797: In 1796 Mohammad Khan Qajar, the founder of the Qajar dynasty, seized Mashhad and tortured Shahrokh to force him to reveal the whereabouts of Nader Shah's treasures. Shahrokh died of his injuries soon after and with him the Afsharid dynasty came to an end.
Were a series of wars between Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (Persia) through the 16th-20th centuries.
January 1780: The Persians held Basra until 1779 when the Ottomans, under Sulayman Agha, retook the city, following Karim Khan's death.
12.1.Battle of Chaldiran
Was a battle between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire during the Ottoman-Persian Wars.
August 1514: In 1514, the Ottomans, led by Sultan Selim I, briefly occupied and plundered the Safavid capital, Tabriz. This event marked a significant conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire, led by Shah Ismail I, over territorial disputes and control of the region.
August 1514: Battle of Chaldiran: Ottomans annex Eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq from the Safavids.
October 1514: The Ottoman Empire successfully annexed Eastern Anatolia (encompassing Western Armenia) and northern Mesopotamia from the Safavids.
October 1514: Due to the discontent amongst the Janissaries, the Ottomans evacuated the territories occupied in Persia.
12.2.Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire led by Suleiman the Magnificent, and the Safavid Empire led by Tahmasp I.
12.2.1.First campaign of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Persia.
January 1534: In the 16th century, most of the territory of present-day Iraq came under the control of Ottoman Empire as the pashalik of Baghdad.
January 1534: Tabriz conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1535: The Ottomans attacked Safavid Iraq.
January 1535: In 1534, Azerbaijan, then part of the Safavid Empire, was conquered by the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. This marked the end of Safavid control over Azerbaijan and the beginning of Ottoman rule in the region.
January 1535: In 1534, Azerbaijan was conquered by the Safavid dynasty, led by Shah Tahmasp I. The Safavids were able to regain control of the territory from the Ottomans, securing their rule in the region.
12.2.2.Second campaign of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Persia.
August 1548: Siege of Van by the Ottomans.
12.2.3.Third campaign of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Persia.
January 1554: The Safavids occupy Erzurum.
January 1555: Erzurum is conquered by Ottoman forces.
12.2.4.Peace of Amasya
Was the treaty that ended the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1532-1555.
May 1555: Between 1555 and 1804 it was a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire.
May 1555: Armenia and Georgia were divided equally between the Ottomans and the Persians, with Western Armenia, western Kurdistan, and western Georgia (incl. western Samtskhe) falling in Turkish hands while Eastern Armenia, eastern Kurdistan, and eastern Georgia (incl. eastern Samtskhe) stayed in Iranian hands. The Ottoman Empire obtained most of Iraq, including Baghdad, which gave them access to the Persian Gulf, while the Persians retained their former capital Tabriz and all their other northwestern territories in the Caucasus and as they were prior to the wars, such as Dagestan and all of what is now Azerbaijan. The frontier thus established ran across the mountains dividing eastern and western Georgia (under native vassal princes), through Armenia, and via the western slopes of the Zagros down to the Persian Gulf.
12.3.Ottoman-Safavid War (1603-1618)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire. Persia regained and reestablished its suzerainty over the Caucasus and Western Iran, which had been lost at the Treaty of Constantinople in 1590.
12.3.1.Safavid Invasion (1603)
Was the Safavid invasion of the Ottoman Empire.
October 1603: Tabriz, a major city in northwestern Iran, was captured by the Safavid Empire.
November 1603: In 1603, the Safavid Empire, led by Shah Abbas I, entered Nakhchivan, a strategic territory located in present-day Azerbaijan.
November 1603: The Safavid army, led by Shah Abbas I, laid siege to Yerevan.
January 1604: In 1603, Safavid armies led by Shah Abbas I captured Tbilisi, leading to the kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti becoming Safavid dependencies.
July 1604: The Safavid army captured Yerevan.
December 1604: The Safavids advanced towards Kars before being stopped in Akhaltsikhe.
July 1606: Abbas I was able to liberate Ganja, Baku, Shirvan and Shamakhi in Azerbaijan.
12.3.2.Treaty of Nasuh Pasha
The Treaty of Nasuh Pasha was signed on 20 November 1612 and ended the first phase of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1603-1618).
November 1612: The Treaty of Nasuh Pasha was signed by the Persians and by the Ottomans. It restored the border of 1555 established by the Peace of Amasya.
12.3.3.Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns
Were a series of campaigns by Safavid king Abbas I in the Caucasus.
January 1613: In 1612, tensions between the kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti in Georgia and the Shah of Iran escalated when Teimuraz and Luarsab, Georgian rebels, executed pro-Iranian nobility, including the governor of Karabakh. This event marked a turning point in the conflict between Georgia and Iran.
April 1614: Shah Abbas I of Persia led the Iranian armies that invaded the kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti in March 1614. This marked the beginning of the Persian occupation of the region, with Kakheti eventually becoming a vassal state of Persia.
April 1614: Shah Abbas I of Persia led the Iranian armies that invaded the kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti in March 1614. This marked the beginning of the Persian occupation of the region, with Kartli eventually coming under Persian control.
12.3.4.Ottoman Invasion (1619)
In 1618, an Ottoman army of 100,000 led by the grand vizier, invaded the Safavid Empire.
January 1619: In 1618, an Ottoman army of 100,000 led by the grand vizier, invaded and easily seized Tabriz.
12.4.Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire.
December 1625: The Ottoman army reached Baghdad and invested it in November.
January 1634: In 1633, the Georgian kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti, ruled by King Teimuraz, rebelled against Safavid rule. This defiance led to the territory falling into the hands of Georgian rebels, escalating tensions on the Caucasian front of the Persians.
January 1635: In 1634, Rustam Khan, a Georgian convert to Islam, was sent by the Shah of Persia to subdue the kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti. Teimuraz I, the ruler of Kartli, was defeated in the conflict.
January 1635: In 1634, Rustam Khan, a Georgian convert to Islam, was sent by the Shah of Persia to subdue the kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti. Teimuraz I, the ruler of Kartli, was defeated by Rustam Khan during this campaign.
August 1635: The Turkish Army captured Yerevan on 8 August.
September 1635: Tabriz conquered by turkey.
June 1636: Persian ruler Shah Safi retook Yerevan and Tabriz after defeating an Ottoman army.
December 1638: In 1638, Murad IV again personally led an army against Baghdad. The city fell in December after a siege of 39 days.
12.4.1.Safavid Invasion (1624)
Was a Safavid military campaign against the Ottoman Empire.
January 1624: The Persians, led by Shah Abbas I of the Safavid Empire, besieged Baghdad in 1624.
January 1625: The Persians captured most of Iraq, including the cities of Kirkuk and Mosul and the Shia holy shrines of Najaf and Karbala, which the Shah visited.
12.4.2.Treaty of Zuhab
Was the treaty that ended the Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639).
May 1639: The treaty confirmed the dividing of territories in West Asia priorly held by the Safavids, such as the permanent parting of the Caucasus between the two powers, in which East Armenia, eastern Georgia, Dagestan, and Azerbaijan stayed under the control of the Safavid Empire, while western Georgia and most of Western Armenia came fully under Ottoman rule. It also included all of Mesopotamia (including Baghdad) being irreversibly ceded to the Ottomans, as well as Safavid-controlled eastern Samtskhe (Meskheti), making Samtskhe in its entirety an Ottoman possession.
12.5.Ottoman-Persian War (1730-1735)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire.
June 1730: In the spring of 1730, Nader attacked the Ottomans and regained most of the territory lost during the collapse of the Safavid Empire in the late 1720s.
September 1735: Nader Shah, a powerful Persian ruler, defeated the Ottoman forces at Yeghevard in 1735, reclaiming Armenia and Georgia. This marked a significant military achievement for Nader in his campaign to expand Persian territories.
12.5.1.Tahmasp's campaign of 1731
Was a failed attempt by Tahmasp II of the Safavid dynasty to launch an offensive into Ottoman held Caucasus.
January 1732: Tahmasp tried to assert himself by launching a foolhardy campaign to recapture Yerevan. He ended up losing all of Nader's recent gains to the Ottomans.
12.5.2.Treaty of Ahmet Pasha
Was a treaty signed on 10 January 1732 between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia.
January 1732: The Safavids ceded Georgia and Armenia to the Ottomans in exchange for Tabriz, a strategic city in northwestern Iran.
12.5.3.Treaty of Constantinople (1736)
Was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire ending the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578-1590.
September 1736: Treaty of Constantinople was a treaty between Ottoman Empire and Afsharid Persia signed on 24 September 1736, ending the Afsharid-Ottoman War (1730-35).
12.6.Ottoman-Persian War (1743-1746)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Afsharid Empire.
12.6.1.Persian Invasion (1740)
Was the Persian invasion of the Ottoman Empire in the Ottoman-Persian War (1743-1746).
July 1740: Kirkuk and Arbil conquered by persia.
September 1740: The siege of Mosul in 1740 was led by the Persian military commander Nader Shah. The city was defended by the Ottoman governor of Mosul, Daud Pasha. After 40 days of intense fighting, Mosul fell to the Persian forces, leading to a period of Persian military occupation in the region.
January 1747: In 1746 peace was made. The boundaries were unchanged and Baghdad remained in Ottoman hands.
12.7.Ottoman-Persian War (1775-1776)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Zand Dynasty of Persia.
January 1776: The Persians, ruled by Karim Khan Zand and led by his brother Sadeq Khan Zand, invaded southern Iraq in 1775. They besieged Basra, leading to the territory falling under Persian military occupation.
12.8.Ottoman-Persian War (1821-1823)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran.
12.8.1.Persian Invasion (1822)
Was the Persian invasion of the Ottoman Empire during the Ottoman-Persian War (1821-1823).
January 1822: In 1821, Abbas Mirza, the Crown Prince of Persia, led a military campaign into Anatolia with 30,000 troops. He clashed with an Ottoman army of 50,000 at the Battle of Erzurum, resulting in the territory falling under Persian military occupation.
January 1822: Battle of Erzurum.
January 1822: Crown Prince Abbas Mirza of Persia, at the instigation of the Russian Empire, invaded Western Armenia and the areas surrounding Iranian Azerbaijan.
12.9.Ottoman invasion of Persia (1906)
Was an Ottoman invasion of Persia that started in 1906.
May 1906: The Ottomans occupied Behik in Bradest.
June 1906: The Ottomans occupied Serdasht and Bani.
August 1906: By 26 August the Ottomans controlled Urumia, where they were already collecting Taxes.
October 1906: Ottoman troops occupied a strip of territory extending from a point south-west of Soujboulak to a point west of Khoi.
Was fought between the Qajar Iran and the Georgian armies of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and Kingdom of Imereti at the place of Krtsanisi near Tbilisi, Georgia.
September 1795: The Battle of Krtsanisi was fought between the Qajar Iran and the Georgian armies of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and Kingdom of Imereti at the place of Krtsanisi near Tbilisi, Georgia, from September 8 to September 11, 1795, as part of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's war in response to King Heraclius II of Georgia’s alliance with the Russian Empire.
An unsuccessful attack on the Afghan city of Herat by the Qajar dynasty.
January 1838: In 1837, the Qajar dynasty attacked the city of Herat in Afghanistan.
January 1839: The attack on the Afghan city of Herat by the Qajar dynasty was unsuccessful.
Was an unsuccesful military expedition of Russia against the Khanate of Khiva.
December 1839: In 1839, 2,000 to 3,000 soldiers from the Khivan Khanate launched an attack on Aq Bulaq.
January 1840: On 30 December 2,000 to 3,000 Khivans occupied the Aq Bulaq river. After two days, they they withdrew.
Was a war between Great Britain and Qajar Iran caused by disputes over territories in western Afghanistan.
October 1856: Herat conquered by persia (modern).
December 1856: British forces under the command of Major General Sir John Cheape landed on the island of Kharag, located in the Bay of Bengal.
December 1856: Battle of Bushire.
March 1857: The British withdraw from southern Iran.
March 1857: The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1857, ending the Anglo-Persian War. The Persians, led by Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, agreed to withdraw from Herat, which was then incorporated into the Emirate of Afghanistan under Dost Mohammad Khan.
March 1857: British forces entered the Shatt al Arab.
April 1857: Territorial change based on available maps.
April 1857: The town of Ahvaz fell to the British on 1 April 1857.
During the Persian Constitutional Revolution, rebellion broke out in Tabriz on 23 June 1908. In early February 1909 government forces under Prince ʿAyn-al-dawla surrounded the city. On 20 April, in response to the siege situation, Britain and Russia agreed that a Russian force should be sent to occupy the city in order "to facilitate the entrance into the town of the necessary provisions, to protect the consulates and foreign subjects, and to help those who so desired to leave the town.".
April 1909: Russian forces under General Snarski occupied Tabriz.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
18.1.World War I Middle East Theatre
Was the theatre of war in the Middle East during World War I.
18.1.1.Persian Campaign
Was a series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire, British Empire and Russian Empire in Iran during World War I.
March 1915: The Russians evacuated the city of Dilman.
March 1915: The Van Gendarmerie Division retreated to Qotur.
April 1915: Dilman was the site of a very hard battle between the Armenians and the Turks.
April 1915: After the battle of Dilman in 1915, General Nazarbekov of the Russian Empire managed to push Ottoman General Halil Pasha's troops towards Başkale, a town located in present-day Turkey.
August 1915: During July 1915, Russian forces were forced into a general retreat across the Caucasus area, with one column of Russians retreating as far as the Persian frontier.
September 1915: In August 1915, following the occupation of Bushehr by the British, the gendarmes under Akhgar's control retreated to Borazjan.
November 1915: On November 10, the Gendarmerie forces, led by Ali Quli Khan Pasyan, defeated the tribal forces of the Khamseh (allies of the British), which were commanded by Ibrahim Khan Qavam-ul-Mulk, and captured Shiraz.
November 1915: By the end of the month, Tehran fell to the Russian Caucasus Army and Armenian volunteers.
December 1915: The Russians advanced against the Gendarmerie forces both in the Robatkarim region, where the forces were commanded by Mohammad Hossein Jahanbani, and along the road linking the Hamadan and Kermanshah regions, where the Gendarmerie forces were commanded by Major Pesyan and Azizollah Zarghami. The gendarmes, having been defeated, retreated to Kermanshah.
December 1915: In November 1915, Major Pesyan, commander of the Gendarmerie in Hamedan, launched an attack on the pro-Russian Persian Cossack Brigade in a battle that later took the battle name of Musalla. His gendarmes managed to disarm the enemies and he, with a patriotic speech, managed to convince some of them to go over to their side.
December 1915: Hamadan was captured by the troops of General Baratov.
February 1916: In 1916, during World War I, General Nikolai Baratov led Russian forces to capture the city of Kermanshah in Persia (modern-day Iran).
February 1916: On February 26, 1916, the Russians defeated the Ottoman gendarmes, who were forced to retreat to Qasr-e-Shirin province.
June 1916: On June 12, British soldiers advanced into southern Persia, which was conquered with the capture of Kerman by Percy Sykes' troops.
January 1917: In December 1916, Baratov began moving towards the cities of Qom and Hamadan, to eliminate the Persian and Turkish forces there. In the same month the cities were conquered.
18.1.1.1.Ottoman campaign in Persia during World War I
Were minor conquests of the Ottomans in Persia during World War I.
January 1915: During World War I, Russian General Chernozubov led the force that recaptured Tabriz from Ottoman forces in 1915.
18.1.2.Sinai and Palestine campaign
Was a campaign fought by the Arab Revolt and the British Empire, against the Ottoman Empire and its Imperial German allies.
October 1918: The Armistice of Mudros, concluded on 30 October 1918, ended the hostilities, at noon the next day, in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I. As part of several conditions to the armistice, in the Caucasus, the Ottomans had to retreat to within the pre-war borders between the Ottoman and the Russian Empires.
Was a revolt in Khorasan, Iran.
April 1921: The Autonomous Government of Khorasan was was formally established.Iit was a short-lived military state set up in what is now Iran.
October 1921: Collapse of the Authonomous State of Khorasan.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
20.1.World War II (Middle Eastern Theatre)
Was the Middle Eastern theatre of World War II.
20.1.1.Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
Was the joint invasion of the neutral Imperial State of Iran by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union in August 1941.
August 1941: The British and Soviet forces met at Sanandaj.
August 1941: Qazvin conquered by russia.
20.1.1.1.British invasion of Central Iran
British operations in Central Iran during the Anglo-Sovieto invasion of Iran.
August 1941: The British force broke through the border with Iran at the town of Qasr-e Shirin.
August 1941: British forces moved into the Naft-e Shah oilfield with little opposition.
August 1941: The British captured Gilan-e-Gharb.
August 1941: With overwhelming firepower and decreasing Iranian morale, the British captured that town of Sarpol-e-Zahab.
August 1941: The British reached the outskirts of Shahabad in the early morning hours after delays.
August 1941: The British had reached the town of Kerend.
September 1941: The defenders declared Kermanshah an open city and the British entered on 1 September. They also entered Sanandaj peacefully.
20.1.1.2.British invasion of Khuzestan
British operations in Khuzestan during the Anglo-Sovieto invasion of Iran.
August 1941: Khorramshahr conquered by great britain.
August 1941: By the early morning of 27 August, the British forces had reached Ahvaz.
20.1.1.3.Soviet invasion of Northwestern Iran
Soviet operations in Northwestern Iran during the Anglo-Sovieto invasion of Iran.
August 1941: The Soviet attack against Gilan Province began.
August 1941: Soviet forces captured the city of Mianeh, East Azerbaijan.
August 1941: The garrison of Bandar Pahlavi was forced to surrender to Soviet forces.
August 1941: Saveh and Qom conquered by russia.
August 1941: The Soviet forces had reached the city of Chalus.
August 1941: The Red Army took Qazvin on the 29th.
August 1941: The Soviet Union's 53rd Army captured the city of Hamadan in Iran,
August 1941: The Iranians accepted the Soviet ceasefire on 29 August, and the Soviets entered the now "open city" of Tehran on 30 August.
20.1.1.4.Soviet invasion of Northeastern Iran
Soviet operations in Northeastern Iran during the Anglo-Sovieto invasion of Iran.
August 1941: There was heavy fighting for three days, and by 28 August, the Iranians had been driven back after taking heavy casualties. Mashhad fell to the Soviets the same day.
20.1.1.5.Partition of Iran
Iran was partitioned between Britain and the Soviet Union after the the Anglo-Soviet invasion, with the Soviets stationed in northern Iran and the British south of Hamadan and Qazvin.
October 1941: The Allies withdrew from Tehran on 17 October and Iran was partitioned between Britain and the Soviet Union, with the Soviets stationed in northern Iran and the British south of Hamadan and Qazvin.
20.1.1.6.Allied withdrawal from Iran after World War II
Was the withdrawal from Iran by Great Britain and the USSR, that had occupied the country during World War II.
March 1946: Full Withdrawal of the British troops from Iran. British troops were present in Iran since 1941.
June 1946: Soviet troops did not withdraw from Iran proper until May 1946.
Was the takeover of Abu Musa and the Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb islands on 30 November 1971 by the Imperial Iranian Navy, when British forces withdrew from the islands in the Strait of Hormuz.
November 1971: Takeover of Abu Musa and the Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb islands in 30 November 1971, when British forces withdrew from the islands in the Strait of Hormuz. After the British forces had withdrawn, the Imperial Iranian Navy took territorial control of the islands.
Was a revolution that took place in Iran in 1978-1979 and resulted in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty and the replacement of the Imperial State of Iran by the present-day theocratic Islamic Republic of Iran.
March 1979: By 1978 the Shah faced growing public discontent and popular rebellion, and the second Pahlavi went into exile with his family in January 1979, sparking a series of events that quickly led to the end of the state and the beginning of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Was a war between Iran and Iraq from 1980 to 1988. Hoping to take advantage from the chaos cuased by the Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Iran, Iraqi forces invaded the country in 1980 with the goal of annexing Iran's Khuzestan province. However, by 1982 Iran had regained all the occupied territories and launched an invasion of Iraq. In 1988 Iraq launched a major counteroffensive that finally led to the end of the war with the same pre-war borders.
June 1981: Iran retook the high ground above Susangerd in May.
December 1981: Operation Tariq al-Qods was a military operation carried out by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps in 1981 at the Bostan, Chazabeh border checkpoint. The operation was led by General Qasem Soleimani and resulted in the territory being taken by the Islamic Republic of Iran.
March 1982: Operation Fath ol-Mobin.
May 1982: Iranian liberation of Khorramshahr.
May 1982: Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas.
July 1982: Operation Ramadan.
October 1982: During Operation Muslim ibn Aqil (1-7 October), Iran recovered 150 km2 of disputed territory straddling the international border and reached the outskirts of Mandali before being stopped by Iraq.
November 1982: At the end of Operation Muharram, Iran succeeded to free the highlands 400/298, Bayat oil territory, Anbar river, Chamsari police station, Musian and other returns.
August 1983: Operation Dawn 2 operation carried out by Iran in 1983 in Haj Omran, a town located in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The operation was led by Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps to establish military control over the area.
August 1983: Operation Dawn 3 operation carried out by the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1983 in Mehran.
November 1983: Operation Dawn-4 was a military operation carried out by Iran in 1983 in Penjwin, a town in Iraqi Kurdistan. The operation was led by Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps and resulted in the occupation of the territory by Iranian forces.
March 1984: Operation Kheibar.
March 1985: Iranians launched an offensive on March 11 and succeeded in capturing a part of the Baghdad-Basra highway.
March 1985: The Iranians were forced to abandon control of the Baghdad-Basra highway to an Iraqi counter-response.
March 1986: First Battle of al-Faw.
June 1986: Saddam Hussein, the President of Iraq at the time, led the military occupation of Mehran in May 1986. This marked the third time that Saddam's forces were able to seize control of the city during the Iran-Iraq War.
July 1986: Battle of Mehran.
February 1987: east part of Basra Governorate is besieged by Iran.
March 1988: Operation Dawn 10 was a military operation carried out by Iran in 1988. The operation resulted in the capture of 3 towns and approximately 100 villages in the 1200 square kilometer operational area, including Halabja, Kharmal, Biareh, and Tawileh.
March 1988: Operation Zafar 7.
April 1988: Second Battle of al-Faw.
June 1988: Operation Forty Stars.
June 1988: Iraq launched the second Tawakal ala Allah operation against the Iranians on Majnoon Island.
July 1988: The Iraqis captured the city of Dehloran.
July 1988: The Iraqis withdrew from Dehloran, claiming that they had "no desire to conquer Iranian territory".
July 1988: Kerend-e Gharb is occupied by Iraqi forces.
July 1988: The Iranians defeated the Iraqis in the city of Kerend-e Gharb.
July 1988: Iran drove the MEK out of Qasr-e-Shirin and Sarpol Zahab, though MEK claimed to have "voluntarily withdrawn".
November 1988: At the conclusion of the Iran-Iraq War, it took several weeks for the armies to honor pre-war international borders.
23.1.Iraqi invasion of Iran
Was the invasion of Iran by Iraqi forces at the beginning of the Iran-Iraq War.
September 1980: Iraqi forces were able to block the traditional Tehran-Baghdad invasion route by securing territory forward of Qasr-e Shirin, Iran.
September 1980: Battle of Khorramshahr.
September 1980: On the central front, the Iraqis occupied Mehran.
November 1980: The Iraqi attempted to capture the strategic oil refinery Abadan. The cities of Ahvaz, Andimeshk, Dezful, Shush, and Susangerd were also occupied.
November 1980: Battle of Khorramshahr.
November 1980: Iranian territory occupied by Iraq in November 1980.
September 1981: End of the Iraqi siege of Abadan.
Was a minor skirmish between the Islamic Emirate Armed Forces and the Iranian Border Guard Command along checkpoints on the Afghanistan-Iran border.
December 2020: The Afhganistan-Iran clashes ended later in the day after the two sides came to an agreement and the Taliban withdrew from all captured territory.
December 2021: On 1 December 2021, an armed clash took place between the Iranian border guards and the Taliban fighters on the Afghanistan-Iran border. During the clashes the Taliban fighters captured several Iranian border checkpoints. The checkpoints were quickly evacuated by the Talibans.
January 1512: The Khivan Khanate was established in 1511.
January 1515: As a result of the war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid State, culminating in defeat for the Safavids at the Battle of Chaldiran, the Emirate of Palu was annexed by the Ottoman Empire in 1514.
January 1525: The Uzbeks took advantage of the civil war to invade the north-eastern province of Khorasan.
January 1529: In 1528 Chuha Sultan and the shah marched with their army to reassert control of the Khorasan region.
January 1539: The vassal Shirvan state managed to hang on for a few more years, until 1538, when the Safavids appointed their first Safavid governor, and made it a fully functioning Safavid province.
January 1577: Tarki's alliance with Iran.
January 1591: The Shamkhalatebecame a Persian protectorate.
January 1595: Abdullah Khan II of Bukhara conquers the region of Khorezm.
January 1597: Marashis conquered by Safavid dynasty.
January 1599: Safavid invasion of Paduspanid territories.
January 1602: Bahrain is occupied by the Safavid Empire.
January 1611: The Maragheh Khanate was established in 1610 by the Qajar dynasty in Azerbaijan.
January 1615: In 1614, Comorão was taken by ‘Abbās the Great from the Portuguese and renamed Bandar-e ‘Abbās.
April 1622: The Safavid ruler Abbas I of Persia expelled the Portuguese from the Persian Gulf, with the exception of Muscat.
January 1643: The Tabasaran Principality emerged as one of many smaller states from the disintegration of the Shamkhalate of Gazikumukh in 1642. The Shamkhalate was ruled by the Shamkhal dynasty, who were influential leaders in the region of Dagestan.
January 1643: The Gazikumukh Khanate was founded by the Lak people in present-day Dagestan in 1642.
January 1651: The Sultanate of Muscat possessed a powerful naval force, which enabled the creation of a maritime empire dating from the expulsion of the Portuguese in 1650 through the 19th century, at times encompassing modern Oman, the United Arab Emirates, southern Baluchistan.
January 1667: The Khanate of Kalat was founded in 1666 by Mir Ahmad Khan.
March 1697: From 1697 to 1701, Basra was once again under Safavid control.
March 1701: In 1701 Basra was captured by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1721: In 1720, Mahmud Hotak, the ruler of the Hotak Empire, led his Afghan forces across the deserts of Sistan and successfully captured the territory of Kerman. Mahmud Hotak was a prominent leader of the Hotak Empire, which was a Persianate Sunni Muslim empire established in parts of present-day Afghanistan and Iran.
March 1722: The Hotaks defeated the Persian army at the Battle of Gulnabad.
March 1722: Hotak conquest of Isfahan.
October 1722: The siege of Isfahan in 1722 was led by Mahmud Hotak, who defeated Sultan Husayn and took control of Persia, establishing the Hotak Empire. Sultan Husayn abdicated after the six-month siege, recognizing Mahmud as the new Shah of Persia.
January 1723: The Al Qasimi emerged as a maritime power based both in Ras Al Khaimah on the Southern shore of the Persian Gulf and Qishm, Bandar Abbas and Lingeh on the Persian shore in the 18th-century.
January 1726: Expansion of the Russian Empire by 1725 (based on maps).
November 1726: In late 1726, Nader Shah, a prominent military leader and founder of the Afsharid dynasty, recaptured Mashhad from the Safavid dynasty. Nader Shah's conquest of Mashhad was a significant event in his rise to power and eventual establishment of a new dynasty in Persia.
January 1727: The Quba Khanate was one of the most significant semi-independent khanate that existed from 1726 to 1806, under Iranian suzerainty.
October 1729: Battle of Damghan.
January 1743: The State of Las Bela was founded in 1742 by Jam Ali Khan I, a Baloch chieftain. It was established in the region of present-day Pakistan, near the Arabian Sea. Las Bela was known for its strategic location and its rulers played a significant role in the history of the region.
January 1747: The Mombasa Sultanate gains independency, which is disputed by Oman.
January 1747: Afsharid occupation by Nader Shah between 1740 and 1746.
July 1747: Assassination of Nader Shah. Muscat regains independence.
January 1748: After Nader's death, the Zand tribe, under the guidance of Karim Khan, went back to their original land. Karim Khan declared Shiraz his capital.
January 1748: Erekle II and Teimuraz II, who, in 1744, had been made the kings of Kakheti and Kartli respectively by Nader himself for their loyal service, capitalized on the eruption of instability and declared de facto independence.
January 1748: The Salyan Khanate was founded in 1747.
January 1748: The Khanate of Bukhara is controlled by the non-Genghisid descendants of the Uzbek emir Khudayar Bi.
January 1749: Salyan Khanate was re-established in 1748 as a Persian vassal.
January 1749: The Karabakh Khanate was a semi-independent Turkic khanate on the territories of modern-day Armenia and Azerbaijan established in about 1748 under Iranian suzerainty.
January 1749: The Karadagh Khanate was founded in 1748 by Kazim Khan Karadakhlu, a prominent leader in the region. The territory gained independence from the Safavid Empire and became a separate entity under his rule.
January 1749: The Shirvan Khanate (Persia) formed as a result of the weakening of the central power in Persia after the assassination of Afsharid ruler Nadir Shah.
January 1753: Azad Khan Afghan rose to control all the territory between Ardabil and Urmia by 1752.
January 1754: In 1166/1753 Azad Khan Afghan annexed the central Zagros provinces.
November 1754: Shiraz surrendered to the Zands on 13 Ṣafar 1168/29 November 1754
January 1758: By June 1757, Azad Khan Afghan had lost Isfahan, Tabriz, and Urmia to the resurgent Qajars.
January 1761: By 1760, Karim Khan had defeated all his rivals and controlled all of Iran except Khorasan.
January 1763: In 1762, Azad Khan Afghan surrendered to Zand Dynasty founder Karim Khan.
January 1766: In 1765, the khan of Quba, Fatali Khan, conquered Derbent.
January 1784: Al-Muḥarraq passed to the control of the Āl Khalīfah dynasty in 1783 with the rest of Bahrain.
January 1790: In 1789, the Salyan Khanate became part of the more powerful Quba Khanate.
January 1795: Between 1794 and 1868, Bandar Abbas was under the control of the Sultanate of Oman and Zanzibar through a lease agreement with Persia.
January 1795: Lotf Ali Khan, a grand-nephew of Karim Khan, declared himself the new Zand king. His reign (until 1794) was spent mostly in war with the Qajar khan. He was finally captured by the Qajars and brutally killed in the fortress of Bam, putting an effective end to the Zand Dynasty.
January 1798: The Sarab Khanate was disestablished by Persia and annexed.
April 1799: Following the power vacuum in Georgia that got created mainly due to Agha Mohammad Khan's death, the Russian troops entered Tbilisi. Pursuant to article VI of the 1783 treaty, Emperor Paul confirmed David’s claim to reign as the next king on April 18, 1799.
June 1799: Derbent once again became an independent khanate, which in May 1799 received its own Khan again.
January 1801: The Javad Khanate was absorbed by Shirvan before 1800.
January 1803: The Tabriz Khanate, which existed until 1802, was abolished and annexed as a province to Persia.
January 1807: In 1803-1806 Pavel Tsitsianov pushed east to the Caspian. In April General Gulyakov subdued the Djaro-Belokani area. They submitted and the Elisu Sultanate was included in their submission.
January 1809: The Khoy Khanate was disestablished in 1808 by the Qajar Dynasty.
January 1809: The Ardabil Khanate was disestablished in 1808 and its territory was absorbed by the Qajar Dynasty of Persia.
January 1809: The Karadagh Khanate was disestablished in 1808 and its territory was absorbed by the Qajar Dynasty of Persia.
January 1809: Expansion of the Emirate of Diriyah by 1808.
January 1809: The Maku Khanate rejoined the Persian Empire in 1829.
January 1810: The Khalkhal Khanate was disestablished by Persia and annexed.
January 1811: The Zanjan Khanate remained semi-independent until 1810 when it was annexed by Qajar Persia.
October 1813: As a result of the Treaty of Gulistan the Nakhichevan Khanate was returned to Persian control.
January 1814: In the year 1813, Morières Ahmed Khan is described as a rich ruler of Maragha.
January 1824: The Emirate of Afghanistan emerged from the Durrani Empire, when Dost Mohammed Khan, the founder of the Barakzai dynasty in Kabul, became Emir in 1826.
January 1829: The Marand Khanate is annexed by Persia.
January 1855: The Persians recovered the area of Bandar Abbas in 1854, while the Omani sultan was in Zanzibar.
January 1857: Under British pressure following the Anglo-Persian War in 1856, Persia renewed Oman's lease on favourable terms.
January 1866: The Urmia Khanate was disestablished by Persia and annexed.
January 1869: Two months after its renewal, the Omani lease was cancelled by the Persian government, citing a clause which permitted its termination if the sultan of Oman were overthrown.
January 1892: The Goldsmid boundary between persia and Afghanistan proved to be inadequate, especially given the shifting of the course of the Helmand, and thus a more precise boundary was drawn up in three sections over the following decades: the northern section by General C.S. MacLean, British consul general for Khorasan and Sīstān, in 1888-91, the southern section by Colonel Sir Henry McMahon.
January 1906: The southern section of the Afghan border was drawn by Colonel Sir Henry McMahon in 1903-05.
July 1920: The Soviet Republic of Gilan was Soviet republic in the Iranian province of Gilan that lasted from June 1920 until September 1921. It was established by Mirza Koochak Khan, a leader of the Constitutionalist movement of Gilan but it was only short-lived unrecognized state.
October 1921: The Soviet Republic of Gilan is ended by Persian authorities.
December 1925: In February 1921, Reza Khan, commander of the Persian Cossack Brigade, staged a coup d'état, becoming the effective ruler of Iran. Reza Khan induced the Majles to depose Ahmad Shah in October 1925 and to exclude the Qajar dynasty permanently. Reza Khan was subsequently proclaimed monarch as Reza Shah Pahlavi, reigning from 1925 to 1941.
May 1935: The central section of the iran-afghanistan border is set.
December 1945: The Azerbaijan People's Government was a short-lived unrecognized secessionist state in northern Iran from November 1945 to December 1946.
January 1946: The Republic of Mahabad was established in 1946 in present-day Iran, led by Kurdish nationalist leader Qazi Muhammad and supported by the Soviet Union. It aimed to create an independent Kurdish state.
December 1946: Iran establishes control over the Republic of Mahabad.
January 1947: The Azerbaijan People's Government was a short-lived unrecognized secessionist state in northern Iran from November 1945 to December 1946.
Selected Sources
Farrokh, K. (2011): Iran at War: 1500-1988, Oxford: Osprey Publishing
Flemming, Thomas / Steinhage, Axel / Strunk, Peter (1995): Chronik 1946: Tag für Tag in Wort und Bild, Chronik-Verlag/Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag,p. 38
Iran - Iraq War, 1980 -1988 . United States Military Academy of Westpoint. Retrieved on 7 April 2024 on https://www.westpoint.edu/sites/default/files/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/Since%201958/Iran-Iraq.jpg
Perry, J. R. (1987): "Āzād Khan Afḡān" in: Encyclopædia Iranica, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azad-khan-afgan-d
p.15 , موسوعة أعلام العلماء والأدباء العرب والمسلمين (Encyclopedia of Notable Arab and Muslim Scholars and Writers, Volume 4), Volume 4 :(2004) دار الجيل ؛
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