Roman Republic (1849)

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Was a short-lived state declared on 9 February 1849, when the government of the Papal States was temporarily replaced by a republican government. It was one of the many short-lived polities emerged during the Revolutions of 1848.

Establishment

February 1849: On February 9, 1849, it was officially proclaimed by supporters of Giuseppe Mazzini, an important radical democratic revolutionary of the Italian unification movement (Risorgimento).

Chronology

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1. Revolutions of 1848

Was a revolutionary wave in Europe that started in France. The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, as envisioned by romantic nationalism.

1.1.First Italian War of Independence

Was the first of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence. It was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire but it did not led to any territorial modification.

1.1.1.Austrian Invasion of the Papal States

Was an Austrian military campaign against the insurgents that had created the Roman Republic in the Papal States.

February 1849: The Austrian invasion of the Roman Republic began with the occupation of Ferrara.

May 1849: Bologna and Ancona did not accept being occupied and were subjected to siege. Bologna resisted for a week.

June 1849: Ancona conquered by austria.

1.1.2.French Invasion of the Papal States

Was a French military campaign against the insurgents that had created the Roman Republic in the Papal States.

April 1849: A French army corps led by General Nicolas Charles Victor Oudinot landed in Civitavecchia.

July 1849: The Siege of Rome in 1849 was a battle between the French forces and the Roman Republic. The French military occupation of Rome marked the end of the Roman Republic and the restoration of Papal rule.

1.1.3.Neapolitan Invasion of Papal States

Was a military campaign by the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies against the insurgents that had created the Roman Republic in the Papal States.

May 1849: In 1849, an expeditionary force from the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, led by General Carlo Filangieri, invaded southern Lazio, reaching Frascati and Tivoli. This military occupation was part of the broader political unrest and conflicts in Italy during the Risorgimento period.

May 1849: After the defeat of the Roman Republic in 1849, the Neapolitan troops, led by King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, left Tivoli. This marked the end of the short-lived Roman Republic and the restoration of papal rule in the region.

1.2.Revolution in the Papal States

Was a revolt in the Papal States during the 1848 Revolutions.