Conquest of Persia
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Was a military campaign by the Rashidun Caliphate that resulted in the Muslim conquest of Persia and the fall of the Sasanian Empire.
Chronology
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January 640: Muslim invasion of Fars in 638/9 led by the Rashidun Caliphate.
February 640: Rashidun forces leave Fars.
January 643: From Nahavand, Nu'man ibn Muqaarin marched to Hamadan, and then proceeded 370 kilometres southeast to the city of Isfahan, defeating a Sasanian army there. Nu'man, reinforced by fresh troops from Busra and Kufa under the command of Abu Musa Ashaari and Ahnaf ibn Qais, then besieged the city. The siege continued for a few months before the city surrendered.
January 644: In ca. 643, Uthman ibn Abi al-As, a military commander under the Rashidun Caliphate, seized control of Bishapur, an ancient city in present-day Iran.
January 644: Suhail was a military commander of the Rashidun Caliphate. Kerman was a province in Persia. Persepolis was an ancient city in Persia. The Rashidun Caliphate was a Muslim empire that expanded rapidly in the 7th century.
February 645: In 645, the Persian governor (marzban) of Fars, Shahrag, successfully repulsed an attack by al-'Ala' from Bahrain.
January 649: In 648, 'Abd-Allah ibn al-'Ash'ari, a military commander of the Rashidun Caliphate, successfully captured the city of Estakhr in Fars after forcing the governor, Mahak, to surrender. This event marked a significant victory for the Rashidun Caliphate in expanding their territory in the region.
January 651: The first real invasion took place in 650, when Abd-Allah ibn Amir, having secured his position in Kerman, sent an army under Mujashi ibn Mas'ud there. After crossing the Dasht-i Lut desert, Mujashi ibn Mas'ud reached Sakastan, but suffered a heavy defeat and was forced to retreat.
February 651: The first real invasion took place in 650, when Abd-Allah ibn Amir, having secured his position in Kerman, sent an army under Mujashi ibn Mas'ud there. After crossing the Dasht-i Lut desert, Mujashi ibn Mas'ud reached Sakastan, but suffered a heavy defeat and was forced to retreat.
January 652: In 651, Nu'aym ibn Muqaarin, Nu'man's brother, marched northeast to Rey, Iran, about 320 kilometres from Hamadan, and laid siege to the city, which surrendered after fierce resistance.
January 652: In 651, the Arab general Nu'aym led an expedition from Rey to Tabaristan, where the local ruler signed a peace treaty with the Rashidun Caliphate. Tabaristan was a region south of the Caspian Sea.
January 652: Next, he besieged the provincial capital, Zrang, and, after a heavy battle outside the city, its governor, Aparviz, surrendered.
January 652: Nu'aym was a military commander under the Rashidun Caliphate. Qom was a city in Persia known for its strategic location. The capture of Qom was part of the expansion of the Rashidun Caliphate's territory in the region.
January 652: Abdullah ibn Aamir, a general of the Rashidun Caliphate, besieged the provincial capital, Zrang, and, after a heavy battle outside the city, its governor, Aparviz, surrendered.
January 645: Attack by al-'Ala' from Bahrain to nthe Sasanian Empire who reached as far as Estakhr.
Was the first military campaign in Mesopotamia by the Rashidun Caliphate.
April 633: The Battle of Al Madhar, took place in Mesopotamia (Iraq) between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Empire. Muslims, under Khalid ibn al-Walid's command, defeated the numerically superior Persian army.
May 633: Battle of Walaja.
May 633: Battle of Ullais.
June 633: In the last week of May 633, the important city of Hira fell to the Muslims led by the Rashidun Caliphate, specifically under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid. Hira was a strategic city in present-day Iraq, marking a significant victory for the expanding Muslim empire.
July 633: In 633, the military leader Khalid, a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, conquered the city of Ayn al-Tamr in the last week of July. This victory was part of the expansion of the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Caliph Abu Bakr, in the Arabian Peninsula.
December 633: He received news of the assembling of a large Persian army and then decided to defeat them all separately to avoid the risk of being defeated by a large unified Persian army. Four divisions of Persian and Christian Arab auxiliaries were present at Hanafiz, Zumiel, Sanni and Muzieh. Khalid divided his army into three units, and employed them in well-coordinated attacks against the Persians from three different sides at night, in the Battle of Muzayyah.
December 633: Battle of Saniyy.
November 634: The Battle of the Bridge took place in 634 between the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Abu Ubaid, and the Persians. The Persians emerged victorious in this battle, which occurred near Kufa, Iraq, marking a significant event in the ongoing conflict between the two powers.
November 634: The Battle of the Bridge in 634 saw the Sasanian Empire defeating Abu Ubaid, a prominent military leader of the Rashidun Caliphate. This victory marked a significant turning point in the Arab-Persian conflict during the early Islamic conquests.
January 635: After commander Khalid ibn al-Walid left Mesopotamia, the Persians pursued the Muslim army and recaptured most of their previously lost territory. Consequently, the Muslim forces were compelled to withdraw from the conquered areas and consolidate their position along the border, where they still held control over Namaraq, Kaskar, and Baqusiathain in southern Iraq.
Was the second military campaign in Mesopotamia by the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 637: Saad ibn Abi Waqqas, a prominent companion of the Prophet Muhammad, led the Rashidun Caliphate forces in the Battle of Babylon in 636. The victory resulted in the conquest of Babylon by the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 637: Rashidun conquest of Kūthā, Sābāṭ (Valashabad) and Bahurasīr (Veh-Ardashir).
May 637: Utbah ibn Ghazwan arrived in April 637, and captured al-Ubulla and Basra.
December 637: In April 637, the Arab general Hashim, serving under the Rashidun Caliphate, led 12,000 troops to victory over the Persians at the Battle of Jalawla. Following the battle, he laid siege to Jalawla for seven months before capturing the city.
January 638: Rashidun general Abdullah ibn Muta'am marched against Tikrit and captured the city with the help of Christians.
January 638: Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab of the Rashidun Caliphate sent an army to Mosul which surrendered on the condition of paying Jizya.
January 638: With victory at Jalawla and occupation of the Tikrit-Mosul region, the whole of Mesopotamia was under Muslim control.
January 638: Qa'qa defeated the Persian forces in the Battle of Khaniqeen and captured the city.
February 638: After the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah, the Persian forces retreated to Hulwan. Qa'qa ibn Amr, a prominent general of the Rashidun Caliphate, pursued them and successfully laid siege to the city. Hulwan fell to the Rashidun forces in January 638.
May 637: After the conquest of Ctesiphon, several detachments were immediately sent west to capture Circesium and Heet, both forts at the Byzantine border.
March 638: By February 638 there was a lull in the fighting on the Persian front. The Suwad, the Tigris valley, and the Euphrates valley were now under complete Muslim control.
The Muslims had conquered Byzantine Armenia in 638-639.
December 644: With the success of all three missions, the advance into Armenia came to an end with the death of Umar in November 644.
January 640: The Muslims conquered Byzantine Armenia in 638-639.
Was the conquest of Khuzestan by the Rashidun Caliphate.
November 640: This peace also proved short-lived once Hormuzan was reinforced by fresh Persian troops sent by Emperor Yazdgerd III in late 640. The troops concentrated at Tuster, north of Ahvaz. Umar sent the Governor of Kufa, Ammar ibn Yasir, the governor of Busra, Abu Musa, and Nouman ibn Muqarin there, where Hormuzan was defeated, captured and sent to Umar in Medina.
July 641: Next, Abu Musa marched against Junde Sabur, the only place left of military importance in the Persian province of Khuzistan, which surrendered to the Muslims after a siege of a few weeks.
Was the conquest of Hamadan by the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 643: Within four years Yazdgerd III felt powerful enough to challenge the Muslims again for control of Mesopotamia. Accordingly, he recruited 100,000 hardened veterans and young volunteers from all parts of Persia, under the command of Mardan Shah, which marched to Nahavand for the last titanic struggle with the Caliphate. Although Umar had expressed a desire for Mesopotamia to be his easternmost frontier, the concentration of the Persian army at Nahavand forced him to act. The Muslim army defeated the Persians at the Battle of Nahavand in December 642.
April 643: The Muslims, led by the Rashidun Caliphate, captured the district of Hamadan in 643. The conquest was relatively easy as they faced minimal resistance from the local inhabitants.
Was a series of rebellions against the recent Islamic conquest in the Persian provinces of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Fars, and Sistan.
Was the conquest of Khorasan by the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 652: The remainder of Yazdegerd's army was defeated at the Battle of Oxus River and retreated across the Oxus to Transoxiana.
January 652: No resistance was offered at Merv, and the Muslims occupied the capital of Khurasan without firing a shot.
Was the conquest of Azerbaijan by the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 652: On his way north Bukair was halted by a large Persian force under Isfandiyar, the son of Farrukhzad. A pitched battle was fought, after which Isfandiyar was defeated and captured. In return for his life, he agreed to surrender his estates in Azerbaijan and persuade others to submit to Muslim rule.
