If you are looking for the page with the statistics about this nation you can find it here: All Statistics
The cluster includes all the forms of the country since the Middle Ages.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Old Great Bulgaria
First Bulgarian Empire
Volga Bulgaria
Bulgarian Empire (Kievan Rus' Client)
Second Bulgarian Empire
Second Bulgarian Empire (Ottoman)
Principality of Bulgaria
Kingdom of Bulgaria
Bulgaria (USSR Protectorate)
People's Republic of Bulgaria
Republic of Bulgaria
Establishment
January 629: Around 628 Kubrat of Bulgaria returned to his homeland and took the leadership of his people, probably with the approval of the Avars. A short time later he succeeded in overthrowing the Avar domination and also in separating himself from the Western Turkic Khaganate (which was embroiled in various dynastic wars).
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were the military campaigns by the first three Islamic Caliphates (the Caliphate of Muhammad, the Rashidun Caliphate and the Umayyad Caliphate) that led to the Islamic conquest of most of the Middle East as well as the Iberian Peninsula.
1.1.Arab-Khazar Wars
Were a series of conflicts fought between the armies of the Khazar Khaganate and the Rashidun, Umayyad, and Abbasid caliphates and their respective vassals.
1.1.1.First Arab-Khazar War
Was a war between the Khazar Kahaganate and the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 653: The Khazars abandoned Balanjar and moved their capital further north, in an attempt to evade the reach of the Arab armies.
February 653: The Khazars abandoned Balanjar and moved their capital further north, in an attempt to evade the reach of the Arab armies.
Expansion during the rule of Uthman in the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 654: An Arab emir was installed in Tbilisi about 653.
Were a series of conflicts fought between the Byzantines and Bulgarians which began when the Bulgars first settled in the Balkan peninsula in the 5th century, and intensified with the expansion of the Bulgarian Empire to the southwest after 680 AD.
3.1.Asparukh's war
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian ruler Aspurah.
September 680: In the 670s they crossed the Danube into Scythia Minor, nominally a Byzantine province, in addition to the grazing grounds to the west of the Dniester River already under their control. In 680 the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV (r. 668-685), having recently defeated the Arabs, led an expedition at the head of a huge army and fleet to drive off the Bulgars but suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of Asparuh at Onglos.
January 682: In 681 Constantine was forced to acknowledge the Bulgar state in Moesia.
3.2.Tervel's wars
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian ruler Tervel.
January 706: Khan Tervel in 705 assisted the deposed Byzantine Emperor Justinian II in regaining his throne in return for the Zagore region of Northern Thrace.
January 706: Tervel supported Justinian in an attempted restoration to the Byzantine throne in exchange for friendship, gifts and his daughter in marriage. With an army of 15,000 horsemen provided by Tervel, Justinian suddenly advanced on Constantinople and managed to gain entrance into the city in 705. Possibly a territorial concession in northeastern Thrace, a region called Zagore.
January 713: Tervel was the ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire, while Thrace was a region in the Byzantine Empire. The raid in 712 was a result of the political instability in Byzantium, allowing Tervel to take advantage and plunder the region up to the outskirts of Constantinople.
February 713: Tervel was the ruler of the Bulgarian Empire, while Thrace was a region in southeastern Europe. The Byzantine Empire was facing internal turmoil at the time, allowing Tervel to launch successful raids in 712, reaching the outskirts of Constantinople in 713.
3.3.Khan Krum's wars
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian Khan Krum.
June 809: In 809 Krum besieged and forced the surrender of Serdica.
July 811: Nikephoros I was the Byzantine Emperor who led the expedition against Bulgaria in 811. Pliska was the capital of the Bulgarian Empire at that time. The successful siege of Pliska on July 20, 811, resulted in the territory being annexed by the Byzantine Empire.
July 811: Nikephoros I was the Byzantine Emperor from 802 to 811. He faced internal rebellions and external threats, including the First Bulgarian Empire. In 811, after facing military defeats and internal unrest, Nikephoros retreated towards Thrace, ultimately leading to his death in the Battle of Pliska.
August 811: Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I undertook a massive expedition against Bulgaria, managing to to take over Pliska, the capital of Bulgaria.
September 811: Having sacked and set at fire the city of Pliska, the capital of Bulgaria, the Byzantines ended ther raid.
December 812: Krum besieged and captured Mesembria (Nesebar) in the autumn of 812.
January 813: In 812 Krum of Bulgaria invaded Byzantine Thrace, taking Develt.
August 813: With Krum's cavalry in pursuit, the rout of Michael I was complete, and Krum advanced on Constantinople, which he besieged by land.
August 813: The new emperor, Leo V the Armenian, offered to negotiate and arranged for a meeting with Krum. As Krum arrived, he was ambushed by Byzantine archers and was wounded as he made his escape. Furious, Krum ravaged the environs of Constantinople and headed home, capturing Adrianople.
January 814: Territorial expansion of Bulgaria during the reign of Khan Krum (803-814).
3.3.1.Byzantine-Bulgarian treaty of 815
Was a 30-year peace agreement signed in Constantinople between the Bulgarian Khan Omurtag and the Byzantine Emperor Leo V the Armenian.
January 816: Krum's successor Khan Omurtag (r. 814-831) concluded a 30-year peace treaty with the Byzantines, thus allowing both countries to restore their economies and finance after the bloody conflicts in the first decade of the century, establishing the border along the Erkesia trench between Debeltos on the Black Sea and the valley of the Maritsa River at Kalugerovo.
January 816: The possibility of an anti-Bulgarian alliance between the Byzantine and the Frankish empires, the need to consolidate Bulgarian authority in the newly conquered lands, and the new stirring of the tribes in the steppes gave reason for Omurtag to conclude a 30-year peace treaty with the Byzantines in 815. Under this agreement, the Great Balkans became another time the natural border between the two empires, and Byzantium regained the cities it had lost in the Black Sea.
3.4.War with Theophilos
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian ruler Malamir against Byzantine Emperor Theophilos.
January 837: During the short reign of Khan Malamir, the important city of Philippopolis was incorporated into the country.
January 837: In 836, during the rule of Khan Malamir, the Bulgarians annexed Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and its surrounding territories as part of the expansion of the First Bulgarian Empire under the leadership of the Khan and his military forces.
3.5.Wars of Boris I
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian ruler Boris I.
January 857: The independence of Powys ended when Merfyn Frych, ruler of Gwynedd, married Nest, sister of king Cyngen. Upon the latter's death in 855, Merfyn Frych and Nest's son Rhodri inherited the kingdom, which was governed as if it were a part of Gwynedd.
January 864: In 863 Boris made a decision to embrace Christianity, and he sought a mission from the Franks. The Byzantines could not countenance so close a neighbor as Bulgaria falling under Frankish religious control. A fleet was sent into the Black Sea and an army dispatched to invade Bulgaria. As the bulk of Boris' army was campaigning against Moravia far to the northwest, he had little choice but to yield immediately. He broke off the Frankish alliance, allowed Greek clergy to enter Bulgaria, and was eventually baptized, with the Byzantine emperor Michael III as his sponsor. He took the additional name of Michael at his baptism. The Bulgarians were allowed to recover the debatable region of Zagora as a reward for their change of religious orientation.
3.6.Byzantine-Bulgarian War of 894-896
Was a war between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire.
December 894: Simeon I was the ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire, while Thrace was a region in the Byzantine Empire. The invasion of Thrace in 894 led to widespread looting by the Bulgarians and the capture of many Byzantine prisoners.
January 895: In the autumn of 894 Simeon I launched an invasion of Byzantine Thrace.The Bulgarians looted the region and retired to the north taking many captives.
January 896: The Magyars pillaged and looted unopposed, reaching the outskirts of the capital Preslav.
February 896: The Magyars pillaged and looted unopposed, reaching the outskirts of the capital Preslav.
January 897: Battle of Southern Buh: great Bulgarian victory which forced the Magyars of the Etelköz realm to abandon the steppes of southern Ukraine.
January 897: Battle of Boulgarophygon: annihilation of the Byzantine army. The war ended with a peace treaty which confirmed the Bulgarian domination on the Balkans, restored the status of Bulgaria as a most favoured nation, abolished the commercial restrictions and obliged the Byzantine Empire to pay annual tribute. Under the treaty, the Byzantines also ceded an area between the Black Sea and Strandzha to Bulgaria.
3.7.Byzantine-Bulgarian War of 913-927
Was a war between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire.
August 913: Toward the end of July 913 the Bulgarian monarch launched a campaign at the head of a large army, and in August he reached Constantinople unopposed.
September 913: Toward the end of July 913 the Bulgarian monarch launched a campaign at the head of a large army, and in August he reached Constantinople unopposed.
September 914: Simeon I of Bulgaria invaded Thrace in the summer of 914 and captured Adrianople.
September 914: In the summer of 914 the Bulgarian army invaded the themes of Thrace and Macedonia. Simultaneously, the Bulgarian troops penetrated into the regions of Dyrrhachium and Thessalonica to the west.
November 914: After the Bulgarian Tsar Simeon I captured Adrianople in 914, the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI negotiated the city's return by paying a large ransom. This event highlighted the ongoing power struggles between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire during the 9th and 10th centuries.
August 917: Battle of Achelous.
January 919: With the Serbian threat eliminated and the bulk of the Byzantine army destroyed, in 918 Simeon I personally led a campaign in the Theme of Hellas and penetrated deep to the south, reaching the Isthmus of Corinth.
April 921: Battle of Pegae.
January 922: Simeon I of Bulgaria had to deal with the Serbian prince Petar Gojniković, who had responded positively to the Byzantine proposal for an anti-Bulgarian coalition. Serbia was turned into a puppet in until 921.
January 923: The Bulgarian control over Serbia did not last long, because Serbian ruler Zaharija was raised in Constantinople where he had been heavily influenced by the Byzantines. Soon Zaharija openly declared his loyalty to the Byzantine Empire and commenced hostilities against Bulgaria.
September 924: In the summer of 924, Simeon nevertheless arrived at Constantinople and demanded to see the patriarch and the emperor. He conversed with Romanos on the Golden Horn on 9 September 924 and arranged a truce, according to which Byzantium would pay Bulgaria an annual tax, but would be ceded back some cities on the Black Sea coast.
January 925: Serbia was annexed as a Bulgarian province, expanding the country's border to Croatia.
3.7.1.Byzantine-Bulgarian Treaty of 927
Was a treaty that ended the Byzantine-Bulgarian war of 913-927.
November 927: Byzantium recognizes the imperial title of the Bulgarian monarchs and the Bulgarian Patriarchate. The treaty restored the border approximately along the lines agreed in 904: the Bulgarians returned most of Simeon I's conquests in Thrace, Thessaly and Hellas and retained firm control over most of Macedonia and the larger part of Epirus.
3.8.Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria
Was the invasion of the Bulgarian Empire by the Kievan Rus'.
September 971: Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes and Sviatoslav I of Kiev agreed to a peace treaty: The Rus' army left the occupied territories, and their trading rights were re-affirmed in exchange for an oath to never again attack imperial territory.
September 971: While the eastern parts of the empire were conquered and turned into a Byzantine province, the lands to the west of Iskar river remained under Bulgarian control and included most of Macedonia, Albania and the lands to the south of the Danube between the Kolubara river (including Srem) to the west and the mountains around Etropole and Ihtiman to the east. These territories were ruled by the four brothers David, Moses, Aron and Samuel, sons of the governor (komita/comes) of Serdica (Sofia) Nikola.
January 972: The Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes eventually defeated Svyatoslav's forces and compelled him to leave the Balkans in 971. In the course of their campaign the Byzantines seized Preslav and detained Boris II. Initially John I Tzimiskes presented himself as a liberator but Boris II was promptly forced to ritually abdicate in Constantinople. Although at the time the Byzantines controlled only the eastern regions of the country, Bulgaria was proclaimed a Byzantine province.
3.8.1.Kievan Offensive
Was a military campaign by the invading Kievan Rus' in the Bulgarian Empire.
June 968: In August 967 or 968, the Rus' crossed the Danube into Bulgarian territory, defeated a Bulgarian army of 30,000 men in the Battle of Silistra, and occupied most of the Dobruja.
September 969: In summer 969, Sviatoslav of Kiev returned to Bulgaria in force, accompanied by allied Pecheneg and Magyar contingents. Sviatoslav stormed the city. Thereafter Boris and Roman capitulated, and the Rus' rapidly established control over eastern and northern Bulgaria, placing garrisons in Dorostolon and the Bulgarian capital of Preslav.
April 970: In early 970, a Rus' army led by Sviatoslav I of Kiev, with Bulgarians, Pechenegs, and Magyars, attacked Philippopolis (Plovdiv) in the Byzantine Empire. The city fell to the invaders, marking a significant victory for the Kievan Rus'.
3.8.2.Byzantine offensive
Was a military campaign by the invading Byzantine Empire in the Bulgarian Empire.
April 971: Preslav was stormed on 13 April.
3.9.Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria
From ca. 970 until 1018, a series of conflicts between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire led to the gradual reconquest of Bulgaria by the Byzantines, who thus re-established their control over the entire Balkan peninsula.
January 987: In 986, Byzantine Emperor Basil II, known as the "Bulgar Slayer," led a 30,000-man army to besiege Sofia, the capital of the First Bulgarian Empire.
January 1002: The Byzantine troops recaptured Preslav and Pliska, putting north-eastern Bulgaria once again under Byzantine rule.
January 1003: The town of Servia, did not fall so easily to the Byzantines. its governor Nikulitsa organized the defenders well. They fought until the Byzantines penetrated the walls and forced them to surrender.
January 1003: The next town, Servia, did not fall so easily. its governor Nikulitsa organized the defenders well. They fought until the Byzantines penetrated the walls and forced them to surrender.
September 1003: End of Bulgarian Sack of Adrianople.
January 1004: In 1003 a major offensive along the Danube resulted in the fall of Vidin after an eight-month siege.
February 1004: Byzantine reconquest of Thessaloniki.
January 1005: In 1004 Byzantine emperor Basil II defeated Samuel of Bulgaria in the battle of Skopje and took possession of the city.
July 1018: Battle of Dyrrhachium: This was the final battle of the centuries long struggle between the First Bulgarian Empire and Byzantium. Within months after Bulgarian king Vladislav’s death most of his realm was subjugated by the Byzantine emperor Basil II.
3.10.Bulgarian conquest of Larissa
Bulgarian conquest of Larissa from the Byzantines.
January 987: Bulgar conquest of Larissa.
3.11.Byzantine conquest of Durazzo
Byzantine conquest of Durazzo.
January 1006: Byzantine conquest of Durazzo.
3.12.Uprising of Asen and Peter
26 October 1185-spring 1187: revolt of Bulgarians and Vlachs living in Moesia and the Balkan Mountains.
June 1187: The lands between the Haemus Mons and the Danube were lost by the Byzantine Empire, leading to the signing of a truce, thus de facto recognising the rule of the Asen and Peter over the territory, leading to the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire.
3.13.Expansion of the Second Bulgarian Empire
Were a series of conquests by the Second Bulgarian Empire after it became independent from the Byzantine Empire.
January 1192: The Bulgarians captured the areas of Sredec (Sofia) and Niš in 1191.
January 1196: Belgrade conquered by Second Bulgarian Empire.
January 1197: Melnik and Prosek conquered by Second Bulgarian Empire.
January 1202: Kaloyan conquered Konstanteia (Simeonovgrad) in Thrace and Varna from the Byzantine Empire in 1201.
January 1203: Most of Slavic Macedonia conquered by Second Bulgarian Empire.
3.14.Bulgar conquest of Konstanteia
Conquest of Konstanteia by the Second Bulgarian Empire.
January 1202: In 1201, the Second Bulgarian Empire, led by Tsar Kaloyan, conquered the city of Konstanteia. This marked a significant victory for the Bulgars in their expansion efforts in the region.
3.15.Theodore Svetoslav's Byzantine war
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian ruler Theodore Svetoslav against the Byzantine Empire.
January 1304: The Bulgarians captured several fortresses in northeastern Thrace, including Mesembria, Ankhialos, Sozopolis.
January 1305: Agathopolis (Ahtopol) is conquered by the Bulgarians.
3.16.George Terter II's Byzantine war
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian ruler George Terter II against the Byzantine Empire.
January 1324: Taking advantage of the byzantine civil war of 1321-1328, George of Bulgaria invaded Byzantine Thrace and, encountering little, if any, resistance, conquered the major city of Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and part of the surrounding area in 1322 or 1323.
3.17.Byzantine reconquest of northern Thrace
Byzantine reconquest of Northern Thrace from Bulgaria.
January 1332: Byzantine reconquest of Northern Thrace.
Was a military campaing by Bulgarian Khan Aspurah against the Byzantine Empire that resulted in the conquest of Moesia and Dobrugia.
January 681: Bulgar conquest of Moesia and Dobrugia.
The Magyars (or Hungarians) successfully conquered the Carpathian Basin (corresponding to the later Kingdom of Hungary) by the end of the ninth century, and launched a number of plundering raids thoughout Europe.
January 901: In 900, the Hungarian army, led by Prince Árpád, conquered Pannonia after their alliance proposal to the East Francians, led by King Louis the Child, was rejected. This marked a significant expansion of the Principality of Hungary's territory.
January 922: In 921, the Hungarians raided Italy, reaching Apulia in 922.
February 922: In 921, the Hungarians raided Italy, reaching Apulia in 922. The territories were left after the raid.
January 928: The Hungarians marched up to Rome and imposed large tribute payments on Tuscany and Tarento.
February 928: The Hungarians marched up to Rome and imposed large tribute payments on Tuscany and Tarento. After the raid, the Hungarians left these territories.
January 938: In 937, the Hungarians raided France as far west as Reims, Lotharingia, Swabia, Franconia, the Duchy of Burgundy and Italy as far as Otranto in the south.
January 938: The Hungarians attacked Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire, reaching the walls of Constantinople.
February 938: The Hungarians attacked Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire, reaching the walls of Constantinople.
February 938: In 937, the Hungarians raided France as far west as Reims, Lotharingia, Swabia, Franconia, the Duchy of Burgundy and Italy as far as Otranto in the south. After the ride they left these territories.
January 948: In 947, Bulcsú, a Hungarian chieftain of Taksony, led a raid into Italy as far as Apulia.
February 948: In 947, Bulcsú, a Hungarian chieftain of Taksony, led a raid into Italy as far as Apulia.
The Frankish Kingdom was partitioned and reuinited several times as the Frankish rulers used to divide their territories equally among their heirs. This lead also to a number of wars and revolts.
6.1.Incoronation of Otto I
East Frankish King Otto I was crowned first Holy Roman Emperor.
February 962: Territorial change based on data about the borders of Hungary in 962.
February 962: Territorial change based on data about the borders of the Bulgaria in 962.
Was the invasion of northern Germany by king Canute VI of Denmark caused by disagreement with Adolf III, Count of Schauenburg and Holstein, over the possession of the island of Rügen.
January 1202: The Serbians annexed Belgrade, Braničevo, and Niš.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the Medieval period. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291.
8.1.Fourth Crusade
Was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III. The stated intent of the expedition was to recapture the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem. However, the Western Crusaders sacked Constantinople in 1204 and partitioned the Byzantine Empire.
October 1204: The Crusader State of Thessalonica was founded after the Fourth Crusade over conquered Byzantine lands in Macedonia and Thessaly.
8.2.Battle of Nicopolis
Was a battle between a crusader army of allied countries (Hungary, Croatia, Bulgaria, Wallachia, France, Venice and others) and the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman victory led to the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire.
November 1396: In 1396, Ivan Sratsimir joined the Crusade of the Hungarian king Sigismund, but after the Christian army was defeated in the battle of Nicopolis the Ottomans immediately marched on Vidin and seized it, bringing an end to the medieval Bulgarian state.
Were a series of conflicts between the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Latin Empire.
April 1205: Battle of Adrianople.
July 1205: Battle of Serres.
November 1205: During the course of 1205, the Bulgarians captured Serres and Philippopolis, overrunning much of the territory of the Latin Empire in Thrace and Macedonia.
January 1206: Battle of Rusion.
March 1206: Battle of Rodosto (Tekirdağ).
January 1207: On January 31, 1206 the Bulgarians defeated the Latins again in Thrace, and later proceeded to capture Didymoteikhon.
June 1208: Battle of Philippopolis: The Crusaders were victorious. Peace treaty signed between Boril of Bulgaria and Henry of Flanders (Latin Empire).
Expansion during the rule of Henry in the Latin Empire.
January 1208: In 1207, the Bulgarian army, led by Tsar Kaloyan, was defeated by the Latin Empire at Philippopolis.
June 1208: Boril was the successor of Tsar Kaloyan of the Second Bulgarian Empire. The Battle of Philippopolis in 1208 was fought between the Bulgarians and the Latin Empire, resulting in Boril's defeat and loss of the territory to the Duchy of Philippopolis.
Were a series of military campaigny by the Mongols that created the largest contiguous Empire in history, the Mongol Empire, which controlled most of Eurasia.
11.1.Invasion of Volga Bulgaria
The Mongol Empire conquered the Volga Bulgars in 1236.
December 1236: The Mongol Empire conquered the Volga Bulgars in 1236.
11.2.Invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia
During the Mongol invasion of Europe, Mongol tumens (divisions) led by Batu Khan and Kadan invaded Serbia and then Bulgaria in the spring of 1242 after defeating the Hungarians at the battle of Mohi.
June 1242: During the Mongol invasion of Europe, Mongol tumens led by Batu Khan and Kadan invaded Serbia and then Bulgaria in the spring of 1242 after defeating the Hungarians at the battle of Mohi and ravaging the Hungarian regions of Croatia, Dalmatia and Bosnia.
July 1242: The Mongols leave Serbia and Burglaria.
Nicaean Emperor Theodore II Laskaris invaded The Bulgarian Empire and conquered Veles.
March 1255: In 1255, the Empire of Nicaea, led by Emperor Theodore II Laskaris, launched a surprise attack on the invading forces in Thrace. The successful assault forced the invaders to retreat from the territory.
December 1255: Theodore I Laskaris, the Emperor of Nicaea, invaded Macedonia in 1255. He successfully forced the Bulgarian garrison in Veles to surrender, gaining control of the territory.
Expansion during the rule of Michael VIII in the Byzantine Empire.
January 1264: A major Byzantine invasion in 1263 led to the Bulgarians loosing the coastal towns Messembria and Anchialus, and several cities in Thrace - including Philippopolis.
January 1278: Territorial losses of Konstantin Tih.
Was a brief conflict in the Duchy of Mačva (or Macsó), in the southern realm of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary.
January 1268: In 1267, the region of the Banate of Mačva was taken over by the Kingdom of Hungary.
February 1269: Serbia king Stefan Uroš I brought an invasion force to Mačva, and did considerable damage to the city until Hungarian reinforcements under Béla IV from the north came to fight off the Serbs.
Was a conflict that broke out in the Byzantine Empire after the death of Andronikos III Palaiologos over the guardianship of his nine-year-old son and heir, John V Palaiologos.
January 1345: In 1344, the regency concluded a further alliance with Bulgaria, which required the surrender of Philippopolis and nine other towns in northern Thrace along the river Evros.
September 1345: Serres was conquered on 25 September 1345 by the Serbian King Stefan Dušan.
Expansion during the rule of Murad I in the Ottoman Beylik.
January 1363: Reorganized the leadership of the Ottoman forces in Europe, under the leadership of Lala Şahin Paşa, Murad I led the final Ottoman campaign in Thrace. This conquest was crowned in 1362 with the capture of Adrianople , which from then on was renamed Edirne.
January 1365: Philippopolis and Thrace conquered by Ottoman Beylik.
January 1374: Unable to defend his country from the Ottomans, in 1373 the Bulgarian emperor Ivan Shishman agreed to become an Ottoman vassal.
January 1386: An Ottoman offensive, under the command of General Kara Timurtash Bey (a Turkmen from Anatolia), advanced, up the Tundzha River, into the heart of Bulgaria and occupied Sofia and Niš.
16.1.Battle of Chernomen and its consequences
Was a battle between the Ottoman Empire and the Serbian Empire that lead to the loss of southern Serbia to the Ottomans.
16.2.Ottoman campaign in Bulgaria of 1389
As a result of the campaign the Turks took most of eastern Bulgaria including several key towns. Now the authority of Ivan Shishman was reduced to the lands to the west of the capital Tarnovo and several castles along the Danube. To the east the Bulgarians kept Varna and the capital of the Principality of Karvuna, Kaliakra.
Expansion during the rule of Algirdas in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
January 1363: Expansion of Lithuania by 1362.
Dissolution of Serbia after the Battle of Maritsa between the Ottoman Empire and Serbia.
September 1371: After the Battle of Maritsa, Serbia fragmented into several successor states.
Were a series of wars between the Ottomans and the Bulgarians that resulted in the Ottoman conquest of the Second Bulgarian Empire.
19.1.Ottoman campaign in Bulgaria of 1388
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Bulgaria led by Murad I.
January 1389: The Bulgarians saved Nikopol but were forced to cede another key Danubian fortress, Dorostolon.
January 1389: In Tutrakan the citizens allowed the Turks to install a small garrison but then they killed the Turkish soldiers and prepared for siege. Ali Pasha immediately burned the surrounding fields and soon the starving town had to surrender.
Expansion during the rule of Bayezid I in the Ottoman Sultanate.
July 1393: The Ottomans captured Tarnovo after a three-month siege.
Was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire, and including Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.
21.1.Treaty of San Stefano
Was a treaty between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire that ended the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). The Ottoman Empire recognized the independence of Montenegro, Romania and Serbia.
March 1878: The Treaty of San Stefano was signed by Russia and the Ottoman Empire, with British and Austrian representatives present. It was negotiated by Russian statesman Count Nikolay Ignatyev and Ottoman Grand Vizier Mehmed Said Pasha. The treaty aimed to create a large Bulgarian state, but was later revised by the Congress of Berlin.
Was a war between the Kingdom of Serbia and the Principality of Bulgaria.
November 1885: Battle of Slivnitsa.
November 1885: Slivnitsa was the decisive battle of the Serbo-Bulgarian War. The Serbians fought only limited rearguard actions as they retreated and by 24 November they were back in Serbia.
November 1885: In 1885, during the Serbo-Bulgarian War, the Bulgarian Army, led by Knyaz Alexander I, successfully flanked the Serbian position in Pirot, forcing the Serbians to abandon the town. This military occupation of Pirot by Bulgaria was a significant event in the conflict between the two neighboring countries.
March 1886: According to the terms of a peace treaty signed in Bucharest, no changes were made to the Bulgarian-Serbian border (status quo ante bellum).
Were two wars fought in southeastern Europe in 1912-1913 during which the states of the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia) first conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace from the Ottomans and then clashed with each other over the division of the conquered lands.
23.1.First Balkan War
Was a war fought in southeastern Europe where the states of the Balkan League (Kingdom of Bulgaria, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Montenegro and Kingdom of Serbia) conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace (virtually all remaining territories of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans) from the Ottomans.
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23.1.1.Bulgarian offensive (First Balkan War)
Was the Bulgarian military invasion of Ottoman territories during the First Balkan War.
October 1912: On the night of October 18, 1912, the Bulgarian vanguards began to penetrate enemy territory, easily pushing back the few Ottoman forces stationed to guard the border.
October 1912: The important center of Kardzhali was occupied by Bulgarian forces.
October 1912: The Bulgarians arrived in front of the main body of the Ottoman Eastern Army, deployed between the cities of Adrianople and Kirk Kilisse.
October 1912: On October 24, the Bulgarians took Kirk Kilisse.
October 1912: Between 26 and 27 October the Bulgarian forces secured the town of Smoljan and the Mesta valley.
October 1912: The Bulgarians did not immediately press the Ottomans, who were thus able to entrench themselves on a 40 km long second defensive line between the towns of Lüleburgaz, Karaağaç and Bunarhisar, 150 km west of Istanbul: on 29 October the Bulgarian First and Third Armies attacked the Ottoman line, but met stiff resistance.
November 1912: Bulgarian victory at the battle of Lüleburgaz.
November 1912: On November 5, Bulgarian forces forced the Ottoman positions on the Rhodope mountain chain and occupied the important railway center of Drama.
November 1912: Adrianople (modern-day Edirne) was completely surrounded by the Bulgarians.
November 1912: After massing the First and Third Armies in front of Çatalca, the Bulgarian forces launched their offensive on 17 November.
November 1912: Bulgarian forces occupied İskeçe on November 26.
November 1912: Bulgarian forces reached the Aegean coast at Dedeağaç (now Alexandroupoli).
November 1912: Bulgarian troops from Lüleburgaz reached the coast of the Marmara Sea near Şarköy, isolating the Ottoman forces barricaded in the Gallipoli peninsula, which were however able to hold their position.
November 1912: Ottoman forces were forced to surrender at Feres.
March 1913: The Ottoman commander Şükrü Pasha surrendered Adrianople (modern-day Edirne) to the Bulgarians, ending a siege that lasted 155 days.
23.1.2.Macedonian Front (Balkan War)
Was the Macedonian front of the First Balkan War.
November 1912: Encountering negligible resistance, the Bulgarians took Petriç, Demirhisar and Serez.
23.2.Second Balkan War
Was a war fought by Bulgary against a coalition of Balkan states. During the First Balkan War the Balkan League had conquered most of the Ottoman Balkan territories. Bulgaria was dissatisfied by the territorial partition and invaded its former allies.
October 1913: Under British pressure, the Bulgaria and the Ottomans signed the Treaty of Constantinople, which satisfied the Turkish claims to recognition of Eastern Thrace and recognized Western Thrace as part of Bulgaria. The Ottomans withdrew their forces and by 25 October, and the area was returned by Bulgaria.
23.2.1.Bulgarian Offensive in Greece
Was a Bulgarian military offensive in Greece during the Second Balkan War.
June 1913: Bulgarian troops moved up to positions between Kilkis and the Struma River.
June 1913: The Bulgarian forces were forced to withdraw from their positions north of Thessaloniki (except the isolated battalion stationed in the city itself which was quickly overrun) to defensive positions between Kilkis and Struma river.
June 1913: On the Bulgarian right, Greek Evzones (light infantry) captured Gevgelija and the heights of Matsikovo.
July 1913: The Greeks captured Dojran on 5 July.
July 1913: The Greek forces with the support of their navy landed in Kavala.
July 1913: On 19 July the Greeks captured Nevrokop.
July 1913: Greek entered Alexandroupoli, cutting off the Bulgarians completely from the Aegean sea.
23.2.2.Romanian intervention (Second Balkan War)
Was a Romanian military offensive against Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War.
July 1913: On the day of Romania's declaration of War, 80,000 men of the 5th Corps under General Ioan Culcer invaded Dobruja, occupying a front from Tutrakan to Balchik.
July 1913: The Romanian cavalry occupied the port city of Varna.
July 1913: On the night of 14-15 July, the Danube Army under Prince Ferdinand of Romania crossed into Bulgaria at Oryahovo, Gigen and Nikopol.
July 1913: On 18 July, Romanian forces occupied the city of Ferdinand, which is known today as Montana.
July 1913: On 20 July Greek forces occupied Vratsa.
July 1913: Romanian cavalry forces entered Vrazhdebna.
July 1913: The Romanians and Serbs linked up at Belogradchik.
23.2.3.Ottoman intervention (Second Balkan War)
Was an Ottoman military offensive against Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War.
July 1913: Ottoman troops garrisoning Çatalca and Gelibolu reached the Enos-Midia line.
July 1913: Edirne is occupied by the Ottomans on 23 July.
August 1913: The Ottoman armies crossed into Bulgarian territory. A cavalry unit advanced on Yambol.
23.2.4.Serb Offensive (Second Balkan War)
Was a Serb military offensive against Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War.
July 1913: Bulgarians stopped the Serbian offensive in Macedonia at Kalimanci.
23.2.5.Greek offensive (Second Balkan War)
Was a Greek military offensive against Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War.
July 1913: The Greek forces continued their march inland into western Thrace and they entered Xanthi.
July 1913: After bitter fighting the Greek side managed to break through the Kresna pass and captured Simitli.
July 1913: Greek conquest of Komotini.
July 1913: The Bulgarian army, under heavy pressure by Greek forces, was forced to abandon Gorna Dzhumaya.
23.2.6.Treaty of Bucarest
Was the treaty that ended the Second Balkan War.
August 1913: The eastern frontier of Serbia was drawn from the top of Patarika and followed the watershed between the Vardar and Struma rivers to the Greek-Bulgarian border, except for the Strumica valley which remained in Bulgaria.
August 1913: The Sofia government obtained the Blagoevgrad district and a part of Western Thrace.
August 1913: The European borders of Turkey were set with the Treaty of Bucarest that ended the Second Balkan War.
August 1913: The border between Greece and Bulgaria was drawn from the Belasica crest at the mouth of the Mesta river on the Aegean Sea, including large parts of Epirus, Macedonia and Thessaloniki.
August 1913: In 1913, as a result of the Treaty of Bucharest, Bulgaria ceded southern Dobruja to Romania.
August 1913: Bulgarians stopped the Serbian offensive in Macedonia at Kalimanci.
August 1913: After the retreat of both the Bulgarian and Greek armies, an autonomous state was declared in Western Thrace with Ottoman support to prevent Bulgarian rule following the Treaty of Bucharest.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
24.1.World War I Balkan Theatre
Was the theatre of war in the Balkan Peninsula during World War I.
24.1.1.Albania during World War I
Albanian theatre of World War I.
24.1.1.1.Collapse of Albania
Invasion of Albania by the central powers during World War I.
January 1916: Bulgarian units entered Albania from the north-east across the Drin river taking Elbasan on 29 January.
May 1916: An agreement between Vienna and Sofia in April 1916 finally resulted in the cession of the districts of Prizren and Pristina in Kosovo to Bulgaria in exchange for the Bulgarian evacuation of Elbasan in northeastern Albania, where the Austro-Hungarians established a provisional government.
August 1916: As early as 18 August 1916, a Bulgarian column from Ohrid had occupied the city of Korçë in southeastern Albania, without opposition from the local Greek garrison.
November 1916: French general Sarrail detached a French cavalry column which occupied Korçë the following November 29 with little resistance.
24.1.2.Serbia during World War I
Serbian theatre of World War I.
24.1.2.1.Invasion of Serbia
Invasion of Serbia by the Central Powers during World War I.
October 1915: The Bulgarian Army attacked Serbia from the north of Bulgaria towards Niš and from the south towards Skopje.
November 1915: The Morava Offensive Operation was undertaken by the Bulgarian First Army between 14 October 1915 and 9 November 1915. As a result, the Serbian forces were compelled to retreat towards Kosovo and Metohija.
November 1915: The Ovche Pole Offensive Operation was an operation of the Bulgarian Army that occurred between 14 October 1915 and 15 November 1915. It secured the south-eastern front of Serbia to Bulgaria.
November 1915: The Serbian government and supreme command made the decision to retreat through Montenegro and Albania where they hoped to reach the Adriatic coast and be rescued by Allied ships.
January 1916: By January 1916, the Serbian Army had been defeated by an Austrian-Hungarian, German and Bulgarian invasion.
24.1.3.Liberation of the Balkan States
Was the liberation of the Balkan states from the Central Powers during World War I.
September 1918: Serbian and French forces liberated Skopje.
October 1918: Vranje was liberated on 5 October.
October 1918: The 2nd Serbian Army under Stepa Stepanovic, with French forces, advanced northwest towards Kosovo. Pristina was liberated by the 11th French Colonial Division on 10 October.
October 1918: Niš conquered by Kingdom of Serbia.
November 1918: The Serbian army reached the border with Bosnia-Hercegovina at Dobor Pole.
24.2.World War I eastern Front
Was the theatre of war in eastern Europe during World War I.
24.2.1.Romania during World War I
Romanian theatre of World War I.
May 1918: Everything below Constanța was annexed by Bulgaria.
November 1918: On November 10 Romania declared war once again to the Central Powers.
24.3.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
24.3.1.Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine required Bulgaria to cede various territories, after Bulgaria had been one of the Central Powers defeated in World War I. The treaty was signed on 27 November 1919 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.
November 1919: The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine required Bulgaria to cede various territories, after Bulgaria had been one of the Central Powers defeated in World War I. The treaty was signed on 27 November 1919 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.
November 1919: The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine established the border of Bulgaria with the Ottoman Empire.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
25.1.World War II (Eastern Theatre)
Was the Eastern European theatre of World War II.
December 1944: Territorial changes based on the known frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
25.1.1.Battle of Romania
The Soviet Operations to drive out the Axis powers from Romania during World War II.
September 1944: By 24 September 1944, nearly all of Romania was under Allied control.
25.2.World War II (Balkan Theatre)
Was the theatre of conflict of World War II that took place in the Balkans.
25.2.1.Invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis
Was a military operation by the Axis forces that resulted in the occupation and partition of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
25.2.1.1.Surrender and partition of Yugoslavia
Was the partition of Yugoslavia among the invading Axis forces.
April 1941: Yugoslavia was partitioned ca. April 20-22, 1941 among the Axis countries (Italy and Germany) and their satellite states (Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania).
25.2.2.Axis Occupation of Greece
After the German invasion of Greece, the country was partitioned among the Axis powers. The territorial division changed during the war, and after the surrender of Italy to the Allies the Italian zone was occupied by Germany.
August 1943: Part of the Bulgarian occupation zone in Greece fell under German control from 1943.
25.2.2.1.Greece divided in Occupation zones by Axis powers
Division in occupation zones of Greece by the Axis.
June 1941: East Macedonia and Thrace came under Bulgarian occupation and were annexed to Bulgaria.
25.2.3.Establishment of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was a provisional state established during World War II on 29 November 1943 through the Second Session of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ). .
November 1943: The Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was a provisional state established during World War II on 29 November 1943 through the Second Session of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ).
October 1944: Partisan-controlled territories in Yugoslavia by september 1944.
January 1945: In late September 1944 three Bulgarian armies, some 455,000 strong in total led by General Georgi Marinov Mandjev from the village of Goliamo Sharkovo - Elhovo, entered Yugoslavia with the strategic task of blocking the German forces withdrawing from Greece. Southern and eastern Serbia and Macedonia were liberated within two months.
25.2.4.Soviet invasion of Bulgaria
Was the Soviet invasion of Bulgaria during World War II.
September 1944: On 8 September, Soviet forces crossed the Bulgarian-Romanian border and on the eve of 8 September garrison detachments, led by Zveno officers, overthrew the government after taking strategic points in Sofia and arresting government ministers.
September 1944: The Soviets established a new communist government in Bulgaria, with Kimon Georgiev as prime minister. The Red Army remained in occupation of Bulgaria until 1947.
25.2.5.German Withdrawal from Greece (World War II)
The evacuation of Greece by German troops during World War II.
June 1945: Isolated Axis garrisons remained in Crete, the Dodecanese and various other Aegean islands until the end of the war in May 1945.
25.3.End of World War II in Europe
Refers to the surrender of Axis forces and the end of World War II and to the territorial changes that were a direct consequence of World War II but happened after the traditional end of the War.
25.3.1.The Surrender of German forces
Surrender of German forces at the end of World War II.
May 1945: At the end of World War II Greece freed its islands from German forces.
January 651: The Qağanate of the Khazars took shape out of the ruins of the Turkic Khaganate as it broke up under pressure from the Tang dynasty armies to the east sometime between 630 and 650.
January 669: Great Ancient Bulgaria is conquered by the Khazars.
January 671: The Bulgars of Asparuh moved westwards to what is now Bessarabia, subdued the territories to the north of the Danube in modern Wallachia, and established themselves in the Danube Delta.
January 682: Wallachia was under the control of the First Bulgarian Empire from its establishment in 681.
January 717: However, three years later, Justinian tried to regain the ceded territory by force, but his army was defeated at Anchialus. Skirmishes continued until 716 when Khan Tervel signed an important agreement with Byzantium that defined the borders and the Byzantine tribute.
January 805: In 804, Bulgaria conquered the southeastern Avar lands in Transylvania and southeastern Pannonia up to the Middle Danube River, and many Avars became subjects of the Bulgarian Empire.
January 806: Around 805, Bulgarian emperor Krum defeated the Avar Khaganate.
January 806: The Principality of Nitra is said to have existed from before 805 to 1110 on the territory of today's Slovakia.
January 830: Whatever was left of Avar power was effectively ended when the Bulgars expanded their territory into the central and eastern portions of traditional Avar lands around 829.
January 831: The exact date of the founding of the Moravian state or empire is disputed. Dušan Třeštík assumes that the Moravian state formation process began around 790 and was completed around 831 under the Moravian prince Mojmir I (around 830-846).
January 832: Further expansion of the Bulgars into Thrace.
January 843: Under Khan Presian (r. 836-852), the Bulgarians took most of Macedonia.
January 848: Under Khan Presian (r. 836-852), the Bulgarians took most of Macedonia.
January 851: In the middle of the 9th century, the state in Raska (Serbia) was already quite extensive and militarily strong.
January 861: The Pechenegs settled towards the end of the ninth century between the Volga and the Ural River, north of the Caspian Sea.
January 905: In order to dissuade Simeon from capturing the city and populating it with Slavs, Leo VI was forced to make further territorial concessions to the Bulgarians in the modern region of Macedonia. With the treaty of 904, all Slavic-inhabited lands in modern southern Macedonia and southern Albania were ceded to the Bulgarian Empire, with the border line running some 20 kilometres north of Thessaloniki.
January 913: After the bulgarian siege of Constantinople the Byzantines also ceded an area between the Black Sea and Strandža to the Bulgarian Empire.
May 927: After the death of Tsar Simeon, an acute internal crisis began in the Bulgarian kingdom, accompanied by feudal unrest and uprisings.
January 966: De facto independence of Volga Bulgaria at the end of the Khazar Empire.
January 987: The new Byzantine Emperor Basil II was decisively defeated in the Battle of the Gates of Trajan in 986 and barely escaped with his life. Immediately after the victory Samuel of Bulgaria pushed east and recovered north-eastern Bulgaria, along with the old capitals, Pliska and Preslav.
January 990: By 989, the Bulgarian troops had penetrated deep into Byzantine territory, and seized many fortresses, including such important cities as Veria and Servia.
January 997: In 996, Samuel of Bulgaria defeated the Byzantines in the battle of Thessaloniki. During the battle, Thessaloniki's governor, Gregorios, perished and his son Ashot was captured. Elated by this success, the Bulgarians continued south. They marched through Thessaly, overcame the defensive wall at Thermopylae and entered the Peloponnese, devastating everything on their way.
February 997: Samuel of Bulgarie leaves Thessaloniki, Thessaly, and Peloponnese.
August 1003: On 15 August Samuel of Bulgaria attacked Adrianople (modern-day Edirne) and plundered the area.
January 1004: Samuel of Bulgaria undertook a march against Thessaloniki. His men ambushed and captured its governor, Ioannes Chaldus, but this success could not compensate for the losses the Bulgarians had suffered in the past four years.
January 1186: Uprising of Asen and Peter: almost all of Bulgaria to the north of the Balkan Mountains (the region known as Moesia) immediately joined the rebels.
January 1188: In 1187, the Second Bulgarian Empire, under the rule of Tsar Peter II, conquered territories in the Balkans, expanding their influence.
January 1191: Nis conquered by Second Bulgarian Empire.
January 1194: Ivan Asen of Bulgaria took control of the important city of Sofia.
January 1197: Bulgarian conquests around 1196.
January 1202: The Serbians annexed Belgrade, Braničevo, and Niš.
January 1203: In 1202, the Second Bulgarian Empire, led by Tsar Kaloyan, conquered Macedonia from the Byzantine Empire. This marked a significant expansion of Bulgarian territory and influence in the region. The conquest was part of ongoing power struggles between the Byzantines and Bulgarians during the Middle Ages.
January 1204: In 1203, the Bulgarians pushed the Serbs out of Niš.
January 1204: The Hungarian army in several battles along the valley of the Morava river was defeated, and their former territory were recaptured.
January 1208: Philippopolis was captured by the Bulgarians.
January 1212: In return for help suppressing a major rebellion in 1211, Boril of Buglaria was forced to cede Belgrade and Braničevo to Hungary.
January 1216: In 1215, Michael I Komnenos Doukas, ruler of the Despotate of Epirus, captured Larissa and Dyrrhachium from the Latin Empire. He also gained control of ports on the Gulf of Corinth, expanding his territory and influence in the region.
February 1221: After his coronation, Ivan Asen II arranged a wedding with Anna Maria, daughter of the Hungarian king Andrew II, and received the cities of Belgrade and Braničevo as a dowry.
January 1226: Theodore of Thessalonica marched into Thrace and forced the Nicaeans to leave their European possessions to him.
January 1228: John III's possession of Adrianople was terminated by Theodore Komnenos Doukas of Epirus and Thessalonica, who drove the Nicaean garrison out of Adrianople and annexed much of Thrace in 1227.
March 1230: Battle of Klokotnitsa: Theodore of Thessalony's recently conquered territories in Thrace and Macedonia were regained by Bulgaria without resistance. Thrace, most of Macedonia with Ohrid, the Albanian territories with Kruja and the northern half of Epirus became Bulgarian.
March 1230: Battle of Klokotnitsa: Thessalonica became a Bulgarian vassal under Theodore of Thessaly's brother Manuel.
March 1230: The territory of the Duchy of Philippopolis finally joined the Bulgarian Empire, in the aftermath of Tsar Ivan Asen II's victory over the Empire of Thessalonica at the Battle of Klokotnitsa.
January 1231: Theodore Komnenos invaded Bulgaria with a huge army. Surprised, Ivan Asen II gathered a small force and moved to the south to engage them. Instead of a banner, he used the peace treaty with Theodore's oath and seal stuck on his spear and won a major victory in the Battle of Klokotnitsa. Theodore Komnenos was captured along with his whole court and most of the surviving troops. Ivan Asen II released all ordinary soldiers and marched on the Epyrote-controlled territories, where all cities and towns from Adrianople to Durazzo on the Adriatic Sea surrendered and recognized his rule.
January 1231: Epirus soon broke away from Thessalonica under Michael I's bastard son, Michael II Komnenos Doukas.
January 1237: Michael of Epirus was a de facto independent ruler, which he demonstrated by seizing Corfu in ca. 1236.
July 1237: End of the vassalage of the Empire of Thessalonica to the Bulgars.
July 1237: Conquests of the Empire of Thessalonica in Bulgaria.
January 1247: The Nicaea annexed much of Bulgarian Thrace in 1246.
January 1247: The Nicaean army conquered large areas in southern Thrace, the Rhodopes, and Macedonia—including Adrianople, Tsepina, Stanimaka, Melnik, Serres, Skopje, and Ohrid—meeting little resistance.
January 1247: The Hungarians occupied Belgrade and Braničevo.
January 1247: In 1246 the Upper Vardar valley, including Skopje, was incorporated once more into a Byzantine state, the Empire of Nicaea.
January 1254: The Bulgarians reacted as late as 1253, invading Serbia and regaining the Rhodopes the following year.
January 1255: Michael II Asen's indecisiveness allowed the Nicaeans to regain all of their lost territory, with the exception of Tsepina.
February 1255: Michael of Bulgaria invaded Macedonia and Thrace in December 1254 or January 1255. The Bulgarians quickly seized most Thracian fortresses. Two Macedonian towns, Veles and Skopje, also surrendered to them.
January 1256: In 1255, the Bulgarians quickly regained Macedonia, whose Bulgarian population preferred the rule of Tarnovo to that of the Nicaeans.
September 1256: Rostislav accepted it and signed the peace treaty on Michael II's behalf on 29 June. The treaty prescribed that Michael II cede Tzepaina to the Nicaeans, but the Bulgarian garrison was not withdrawn immediately from the fortress. Theodore became convinced that Rostislav had deceived him and ordered the public whipping of Akropolites. His act proved imprudent, because the Bulgarians ceded the fortress in early September.
January 1257: All Bulgarian gains in Macedonia were lost in 1256, after the Bulgarian representative Rostislav Mikhailovich betrayed his cause and reaffirmed Nicaean control over the disputed areas.
January 1261: In 1260, Constantine Tikh recovered Vidin and occupied the Severin Banat.
January 1262: A Hungarian counterattack forced the Bulgarians to retreat to Tarnovo, restoring Vidin to Rostislav.
January 1274: Darman and Kudelin were two Bulgarian nobles who jointly ruled the region of Braničevo in modern Serbia as independent or semi-independent autocrats in the late 13th century (1273-1291). They were known for their military prowess and strategic alliances in the region.
January 1283: The territory of Syrmia became independent from the Kingdom of Hungary after the collapse of central power.
January 1285: In 1284, Saqchi, a town in Bulgaria, was conquered by the Golden Horde, a Mongol khanate. As a result of the invasion, coins were minted in the name of the ruling Khan, marking the town's submission to Mongol rule.
January 1291: Moncastro (today: Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky) became a center of Genoese commercial activity from c. 1290 on.
January 1300: Chaka reigned as tsar of Bulgaria from 1299 to 1300. Chaka was the son of the Mongol leader Nogai Khan.
January 1301: In 1300, Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria took advantage of a civil war in the Golden Horde, overthrew Chaka (the son of the Mongol leader Nogai Khan), and presented his head to the Mongol khan Toqta (who was at war with Chaka). This brought an end to Mongol interference in Bulgarian domestic affairs and secured Southern Bessarabia as far as Bolgrad to Bulgaria.
January 1308: Between 1303 and 1304, the Bulgarians launched several campaigns and retook many towns in north-eastern Thrace. The Byzantines tried to counter the Bulgarian advance but suffered a major defeat in the battle of Skafida. Unable to change the status quo, they were forced to make peace with Bulgaria in 1307, acknowledging Bulgarian gains.
January 1311: Wallachia, the first independent medieval state between the Carpathians and the lower Danube was created by Basarab I (c. 1310-1352).
January 1321: During the early 1320s, tensions between the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire rose as the Byzantines were in a civil war. The new emperor George II Terter of Bulgaria seized Philippopolis, further escalating the conflict between the two powers.
January 1323: In the confusion following George II's unexpected death in 1322 without leaving a successor, the Byzantines recaptured Philippopolis and other Bulgarian-seized towns in northern Thrace.
January 1324: The Despotate of Vidin, under Mihail Shishman, returned to the suzerainty of Bulgaria.
January 1331: Wallachia fell under hungarian control.
January 1337: He became involved in larger conflicts with the Hungarians, but these clashes were mostly defensive. Dušan's armies were initially defeated by Charles I of Hungary's 80,000-strong royal armies in Šumadija in 1336. As the Hungarians advanced south towards a hostile terrain, Dušan's cavalry launched several attacks in the narrow open fields, resulting in a rout of Hungarian troops, which retreated to the north of Danube. Charles I was wounded by an arrow but survived. As a result, the Hungarians lost Mačva and Belgrade.
January 1345: In 1344, the Bulgarians entered the Byzantine civil war of 1341-47 on the side of John V Palaiologos against John VI Kantakouzenos, capturing nine towns along the Maritsa river and in the Rhodope Mountains, including Philippopolis.
January 1347: In the 14th century, King Charles I of Hungary attempted to expand his realm and the influence of the Catholic Church eastwards after the fall of Cuman rule, and ordered a campaign under the command of Phynta de Mende (1324). In 1342 and 1345, the Hungarians were victorious in a battle against Tatar-Mongols and founded the Moldavian mark in 1346.
January 1351: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1357: In 1356, Bulgarian tsar Ivan Alexander isolated Vidin from the Bulgarian monarchy and appointed his son Ivan Stratsimir as absolute ruler, the first Tsar of the domain of Vidin.
January 1357: The Despotate of Dobruja split off from the Second Bulgarian Empire under the influence of the Byzantine Empire.
January 1360: Bogdan of Cuhea, voivode fof the Wallachians, who had fallen out with the Hungarian king, crossed the Carpathians in 1359, took control of Moldavia, and succeeded in becoming thre first independent ruler of Moldavia.
January 1366: In 1366, Ivan Alexander refused to grant passage to the Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos, and the troops of the Savoyard crusade attacked the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. They seized Sozopolis, Messembria, Anchialus, and Emona.
January 1370: Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria reconquered the province of Vidin.
September 1885: Eastern Rumelia proclaims its reunion with Bulgaria.
October 1908: Bulgaria declared its independence as the Kingdom of Bulgaria.
September 1946: Monarchy abolished in Bulgaria on 15 September 1946. Bulgaria becomes a Republic.
July 1991: Following the BSP victory in the 1990 election, which was the first openly contested multi-party election since 1931, the name of the state was changed to the Republic of Bulgaria.
Selected Sources
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bulgaria
