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The original Kingdom of Saxony fragmented into several successor states during the Middle Ages. One of the most important successors was the Albertine Branch of the House of Wettin which is covered by this cluster.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Duchy of Saxony (Albertines)
Electorate of Saxony (Albertines)
Kingdom of Saxony
Establishment
November 1485: After the 1485 Treaty of Leipzig, Thuringia split into the Saxon Ernestine duchies ruled by Elector Frederick III and the Albertine duchies ruled by Duke Albert III of Saxony.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was signed on 11 November 1485 between Elector Ernest of Saxony and his younger brother Albert III, the sons of Elector Frederick II of Saxony from the House of Wettin, that perpetuated the division of the Wettin lands into a Saxon and a Thuringian part.
Were a series of wars over the succession of the Duchy of Gueldria.
2.1.Third War of the Guelderian Succession
Was the third war over the succession of the Duchy of Gueldria.
January 1515: George, Duke of Saxony, an ally of the Habsburgs, attempted to subdue Friesland, Ommelanden and Groningen. He occupied Leeuwarden and Harlingen en Franeker.
June 1515: Leeuwarden, Harlingen and Franeker are sold to Charles V of Habsburg.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
3.1.Schmalkaldic War
Was a war between the Holy Roman Empire and the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran states of the Holy Roman Empire itself.
May 1547: In 1547, in the Wittenberg capitulation, the electoral district and electoral dignity fell to Duke Moritz of the Albertine line. This event marked a significant shift in power within the Electorate of Saxony, as Duke Moritz took control from the Ernestine line of the Wettin dynasty.
3.2.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
3.2.1.Bohemian-Palatine period
Was the first period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with a protestant revolt in Bohemia, at the time a territory of the Habsburg Domains.
3.2.1.1.War in Bohemia
Was the theatre of war in Bohemia during the first phase of the Thirty Years' War.
October 1620: Saxon troops occupied Lusatia.
3.2.2.Swedish Period
Was the third main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of Sweden.
May 1631: After the Swedish occupation of Frankfurt an der Oder in April 1631, Pomerania, Mecklenburg, Brandenburg and Saxony signed alliance treaties with Sweden.
September 1631: The Catholic League led by General Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, captured the fortress of Pleißenberg near Leipzig.
September 1631: On September 17, 1631, the Swedish army under Gustav Adolf met the troops of the Catholic League under Tilly in the Battle of Breitenfeld north of Leipzig.
November 1631: Capture of Prague by the Saxon army under Hans Georg von Arnim.
May 1632: In 1632, during the Thirty Years' War, the military leader Albrecht von Wallenstein, who was a prominent general in the Habsburg army, besieged and captured the city of Prague.
November 1632: Withdrawal of the Wallenstein army to winter quarters in Saxony, Gustav Adolf was forced to stand by the allied Saxons.
3.2.2.1.Peace of Prague
Was a treaty during the Thirt Years' War that ended the war between Catholics and Protestants.
May 1635: According to the 1635 Peace of Prague, most of Lusatia became a province of the Electorate of Saxony, except for the region around Cottbus possessed by Brandenburg.
May 1635: In 1635, during the Thirty Years' War, Electoral Saxony (ruled by the Albertines) gained control of four administrative offices in the territory of Magdeburg. This transfer of power was part of the territorial realignment that occurred as a result of the war.
3.2.3.Franco-Swedish Period
Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.
3.2.3.1.North German Front (Sweden)
Was the north German front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
November 1637: After the death of Swedish King Ferdinand II, his son and successor Ferdinand III brought the Swedish troops back to Pomerania, leaving the territories occupied by Sweden in Germany.
April 1639: The Battle of Chemnitz took place during the Thirty Years' War, with the Swedes led by Field Marshal Johan Banér. Pirna, a town in Saxony, was occupied by the Swedish forces after their victory.
August 1640: In 1640, the Swedes led by field marshal Banér moved through Thuringia via Saalfeld into Hesse and further near the town of Fritzlar, which was reached on August 31, 1640.
October 1640: When 14 regiments arrived to reinforce the imperial army at the end of September 1640, the Swedish army left the territories it occupied in Germany (with the exception of Pomerania).
December 1643: In 1643 Swedish general Torstensson invaded Moravia for the second time.
January 1644: In 1643, when the Torstensson War broke out, the Swedish military focused entirely on Denmark and thus enabled an imperial offensive to Jutland.
November 1644: In 1644 Swedish field marshal Torstenson led his army for the third time into the heart of Germany and routed the imperials at the battle of Jüterbog.
January 1645: At the beginning of January 1645 the Swedes broke into Bohemia.
July 1647: The Imperial Army liberated the fortress of Egra (today known as Cheb in the Czech Republic) from Swedish occupation.
June 1648: In May 1648, there was the last major field battle of the Thirty Years' War between French-Swedish and Imperial-Bavarian armies near Augsburg.
July 1648: Swedish Siege of Prague from July 25, 1648.
3.2.4.Peace of Westphalia
Were a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War. Catholics and Protestants were redefined as equal in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire. There were major territorial adjustments. In particular, France, Sweden and Brandenburg had major territorial gains, and several religious territories of the Holy Roman Empire were secularized.
October 1648: With the Peace of Westphalia Sweden received Western Pomerania (henceforth Swedish Pomerania), Wismar, and the Prince-Bishoprics of Bremen and Verden as hereditary fiefs. Sweden evacuated the remnant territories it had occupied in the Holy Roman Empire.
January 1649: In the 18th century, the Counts of Stolberg-Wernigerode, who were directly under the Empire, had to subordinate their territories to the Kingdom of Prussia and the Electorate of Hanover, while the Counts of Stolberg-Stolberg and the Counts of Stolberg-Roßla had to subordinate the County of Stolberg, which was divided between them, to the Electorate of Saxony.
A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
4.1.Great Northern War
Was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
4.1.1.Phase 1: Swedish Dominance
Was the first phase of the Great Northern War, characterized by Swedish victories.
4.1.1.1.War against Augustus II
Was a military campaign initiated by Sweden during the Great Northern war. The goal of the campaign was the overthrow of Augustus II the Strong, who was at the same the Elector fo Saxony and the King of Poland-Lithuania.
September 1706: In the summer of 1706, Charles XII of Sweden with his troops from eastern Poland, on August via Silesia into the Electorate of Saxony. The Swedes conquered the electorate step by step and crushed all resistance.
September 1706: Having pursued Augustus of Saxony in his homeland, the Swedish King forced Augustus to sign the Altranstadt Peace Treaty on 24 september 1706. The Elector of Saxony renounced the Polish crown "forever" and dissolved the alliance with Russia.
Was a major European conflict sparked by a Polish civil war over the succession to Augustus II of Poland.
5.1.Treaty of Vienna (1738)
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Polish Succession. Augustus III was officially confirmed as King of Poland.
November 1738: The Treaty of Vienna ended the War of the Polish Succession, confirming Augustus as king of Poland and uniting Poland with Saxony in personal union.
Were a series of wars between the Habsburg Domains and Prussia for the control of Silesia. The war started during the War of the Austrian Succession, when Frederick the Great of Prussia invaded Habsburg-held Silesia.
6.1.Second Silesian War
Was the second of three wars between Austria and Prussia for the control of Silesia. It was part of the War of the Austrian Succession.
6.1.1.Silesian Theatre (Second War)
Was the Silesian theatre of the Second Silesian War.
November 1745: Frederick the Great won the actions of Katholisch-Hennersdorf on 24 November and Görlitz on 25 November.
November 1745: Leopold I was the Duke of Anhalt-Dessau and a Prussian general during the War of the Austrian Succession. His army's advance into Leipzig in 1745 marked a significant military occupation by Prussia in the region.
December 1745: The armies of King Charles VII of Bavaria and King Frederick II of Prussia converged toward Dresden in early December 1745.
December 1745: Leopold's force attacked and destroyed Rutowsky's army in the Battle of Kesselsdorf.
December 1745: The Prussians occupied Dresden on 18 December.
December 1745: This Treaty of Dresden ended the Second Silesian War between Austria, Saxony, and Prussia.
6.2.Third Silesian War
Was the last of three wars between Austria and Prussia for the control of Silesia. It was also part of the Seven Years' War.
6.2.1.Saxon Theatre (Polish-Soviet War)
Was the theatre of War in the Electorate of Saxony, which was invaded by Prussia, during the Third Silesian War.
6.2.2.Treaty of Hubertusburg
Was the treaty that ended the Third Silesian War, and, together with the Treaty of Paris (1763) it ended also the Seven Years' War.
Was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. At the end of the war the main winner was Great Britain, that obtained territories in North America, the Caribbean and India, becoming the most powerful maritime and colonial of the European powers.
7.1.Central German Theatre
Was the theatre of war in central Germany of the Seven Years' War.
7.1.1.French Invasion (German Theatre of the Seven Years' War)
Was a French large-scale invasion of Germany during the Seven Years' War.
November 1757: The Prussian army leaves Rossbach.
Russia instigated a coup that made Poland its factual protectorate.
September 1764: Poland was in personal union with Saxony until Russia orchestrated a coup, effectively making it its protectorate (A Russian-backed coup in Poland, instigated by the Czartoryskis, resulted in the election of Stanislaus II Augustus Poniatowski as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania on 7 September 1764 as Stanisław II). For this reason the war of Bar is to be considered a rebellion that takes place parallel to the partition of Poland (first partition).
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
9.1.War of the Fourth Coalition
Was a war between the French Empire and a coalition of European monarchies, mainly Prussia and Russia.
9.1.1.Prussian Campaign (War of the Fourth Coalition)
Was a French military campaign in Prussia during the War of the Fourth Coalition.
October 1806: French Marshal Lannes crushed a Prussian division at Saalfeld.
October 1806: At the double Battle of Jena-Auerstedt on 14 October, Napoleon defeated a Prussian army led by Frederick Louis.
October 1806: French Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte defeated Eugene Frederick Henry, Duke of Württemberg, at the Battle of Halle and chased his forces across the Elbe River.
October 1806: Napoleon entered Berlin on 27 October 1806.
December 1806: The Albertines remained electors until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and then attained the Saxon royal dignity through an alliance with Napoleon.
9.1.2.Peace of Tilsit
Were a series of treaties that ended the War of the Fourth Coalition.
July 1807: With the second Treaty signed in Tilsit, Prussia lost Cottbus to Saxony.
9.2.War of the Fifth Coalition
Was a conflict between a colition of European monarchies and Napoleon's French Empire.
July 1809: Battle of Gefrees. After taking the capital, Dresden, and pushing back an army under the command of Napoleon's brother, Jérôme Bonaparte, the Austrians were effectively in control of all of Saxony.
9.2.1.Treaty of Schönbrunn
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Fifth Coalition.
October 1809: The Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between France and Austria at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna.
9.3.War of the Sixth Coalition
Was a war between France and a a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, and a number of German States. The coalition emerged after the decimation of the French army in the French invasion of Russia. The coalition ultimately invaded France and forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile.
April 1813: On 5 April, in the Battle of Möckern, combined Prusso-Russian forces defeated French troops. The French withdrew to Magdeburg.
August 1813: In the Battles of Großbeeren and neighboring Blankenfelde and Sputendorf an allied Prussian-Swedish army under Crown Prince Charles John - formerly Marshal of France Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte - defeated the French.
October 1813: Napoleon withdrew with around 175,000 troops to Leipzig.
January 1814: Cottbus is ccupied by Prussia and later added to the Province of Brandenburg.
9.4.Congress of Vienna
Was a series of international diplomatic meetings after the end of the Napoleonic wars whose aim was a long-term peace plan for Europe. It redraw the borders of Europe and partially restored the Monarchies of the pre-revolutionary period.
June 1815: Prussia received three-fifths of Saxony with the Congress of Vienna.
June 1815: Territories awarded to the Kingdom of Saxony by the Congress of Vienna.
June 1815: Territorial change based on available maps.
Were a series of wars that resulted in the creation of the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.
10.1.Franco-Prussian War
Was a war that saw the Second French Empire fight against an alliance of German states led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The war was caused by the struggle over dominance in continental Europe between Prussia and France. The German states were victorious and in 1871 merged to form the German Empire. France was occupied and forced to cede Alsace-Lorraine to Germany.
10.1.1.Unification of Germany (1871)
Was the unification of 25 German states into the German Empire under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia, officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
January 1871: Unification of Germany into a German Empire with tight political and administrative integration, replacing the decentralized German Confederation and Holy Roman Empire, was officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
January 1486: In 1485 Sangerhausen fell to the Albertine line of the Wettins.
January 1498: The Barby Territory was raised to an imperial county in 1497 and was owned by the Counts of Barby.
January 1520: Most of Beichlingen is acquired by Saxony.
January 1541: Gommern is given back to Saxony.
May 1547: Capitulation of Wittenberg: John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, was compelled to resign the title of elector. The Electorate of Saxony and most of his territory, including Wittenberg, passed from the elder Ernestine line to the cadet Albertine line.
January 1548: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire at the time of the Reformation.
January 1555: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1564: After the death of Henry IV his sons Henry V and Henry VI pledged ownership of the Meissen Burgraviate to Elector Augustus of Saxony, who finally acquired the area in 1563.
January 1565: The Naumburg Prince-Bishopric is acquired by the Electorate of Saxony (Albertines).
January 1566: The Merseburg Prince-Bishopric is acquired by the Electorate of Saxony (Albertines).
January 1569: Ziegenrück came into full ownership of the Albertine electorate.
January 1660: After the death of the last Count of Barby in 1659, Barby fell to Duke August of Sachsen-Weißenfels,.
January 1661: In 1660, the county of Henneberg was partitioned among various lines of the Wettin family.
January 1667: The Meissen Prince-Bishopric is acquired by the Electorate of Saxony (Albertines).
January 1681: Dahme was a territory of Albertine Saxony ruled by minor members of the dynasty that at some point before the extinction of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg was ceded by its Bishop to Saxony.
January 1741: Only after the recession with the Elector of Saxony in 1740 was the Waldenburg lordship gradually absorbed into the Saxon state as part of the Schönburg Recession dominions.
January 1781: In 1780, the dynasty of Mansfeld became extinct. The Saxon portion of Mansfeld went to the Electorate of Saxony (Albertines), while the Magdeburgian portion went to Magdeburg (which was part of Prussia).
Disestablishment
January 1871: Unification of Germany into a German Empire with tight political and administrative integration, replacing the decentralized German Confederation and Holy Roman Empire, was officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
Selected Sources
Bradford, J.C. (2004): International Encyclopedia of Military History, Routledge, p. 554
Dreißigjähriger Krieg. Austria Forum. Retrieved on 30 march 2024 on https://austria-forum.org/af/AustriaWiki/Drei%C3%9Figj%C3%A4hriger_Krieg
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), p. 26-49
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 38-39
Köbler, G. (2014) Historische Enzyklopädie der Länder der Deutschen, C.H. Beck München, pp. 28-31
O'Mahony, C. I. (2013). War within the Walls: Conflict and Citizenship in the Murals of the Hôtel de Ville, Paris. Journal of War & Culture Studies, 6(1), 6-23.
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 197
Sacchi, A. (1991): La Guerre de Trente ans: L'Empire supplicié, L'Harmattan, p. 542
Schmidt, G. (2006): Der Dreißigjährige Krieg, Munich (Germany), p. 65
Spindler, M. (2017): Geschichte Schwabens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts, Munich (Germany), p. 266
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.230
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.287
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.191-195
Westfälischer Friede - Vertrag von Osnabrück, https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Westf%C3%A4lischer_Friede_%E2%80%93_Vertrag_von_Osnabr%C3%BCck
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saxony (albertines)
