This article is about the specific polity Caliphate of Córdoba and therefore only includes events related to its territory and not to its possessions or colonies. If you are interested in the possession, this is the link to the article about the nation which includes all possessions as well as all the different incarnations of the nation.
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A medieval islamic kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula. The Umayyad Caliphate conquered most of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century. After the Umayyads were overthrown by the Abbasids, the Umayyads established their domains in the Iberian peninsula as a separate polity. It was proclaimed a Caliphate in 929.
Summary
The Caliphate of Córdoba represented the highpoint of Moorish rule in Spain. Abder Rahman III elevated the emirate to the status of a caliphate in 929 AD, declaring complete religious and political sovereignty from Baghdad. Under the Caliphate, Córdoba became one of the largest and most prosperous cities in Europe, with a population estimated at over 500,000.
The Caliphate oversaw a golden age of learning, culture, and economic prosperity. Córdoba was a hub of scholarship, with renowned philosophers, scientists, poets, and architects. The city's libraries contained hundreds of thousands of volumes. Economically, the Caliphate was integrated into lucrative Mediterranean trade networks and became a major exporter of agricultural goods, textiles, and other manufactures.
However, the Caliphate also faced recurring political instability and civil wars, especially after the death of al-Mansur in 1002 AD. This led to the fragmentation of the Caliphate into a number of smaller, competing taifa kingdoms by 1031 AD. The decline of the Caliphate opened the door for the growing Christian kingdoms of northern Spain to begin the Reconquista and gradually retake territory from Moorish rule.
Establishment
January 929: Abd al-Rahman III proclaims the Caliphate of Córdoba.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series military campaigns from the 8th century until 1492 by the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula to reconquer the region from the Islamic rulers that had conquered it during the Umayyad conquest of Hispania.
July 939: Ramiro masterminded a Pamplona/León coalition that defeated a joint Andalusian counter-offensive in the Battle of Simancas (939). This victory allowed the advance of the Leonese border of the Duero to the Tormes.
February 954: End of Morrish raid in Galicia.
January 977: Almansor, who was the ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba, sacks Barcelona.
February 977: End of the sack of Barcelona by Morish forces.
January 981: Zamora, Rueda, Atienza, Sepúlveda among others fell into the hands of the Muslims.
January 986: Almansor, who was the ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba, sacks Barcelona.
February 986: End of the sack of Barcelona by Morish forces.
January 988: In 987, Almansor, the powerful ruler of the Umayyad Caliphate in Al-Andalus, launched a devastating campaign in the Iberian Peninsula. He destroyed Coimbra and advanced north, conquering several castles and reaching Santiago de Compostela. The city was evacuated and razed to the ground by the Moors.
February 988: The Umayyads of Cordoba leave Coimbra and Santiago de Compostela after a raid.
January 989: In 988, Almansor, the de facto ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba, led a devastating attack on the cities of León, Zamora, and Sahagún.
February 989: End of a Cordoban raid in Léon.
January 997: Astorga conquered by Caliphate of Córdoba.
January 998: In 997, the Caliphate of Córdoba, led by Al-Mansur, looted Castro Bergidum (El Bierzo) and Santiago de Compostela.
February 998: Leon led a military campaign against the Muslim forces, ending the looting of Castro Bergidum in El Bierzo and Santiago de Compostela.
January 1004: In 1003, the Caliphate of Córdoba, led by Al-Mansur, launched a devastating attack on the Kingdom of Leon.
February 1004: End of Moor raid in Leon.
January 1010: In 1009 The Muslims devastate León, but left the region after the raid.
February 1010: In 1009 The Muslims devastate León, but left the region after the raid.
January 1017: Garray was part of the kingdom of Pamplona in the time of Sancho III el Mayor.
January 1032: With the breakup of the Caliphate of Córdoba in 23 taifas, sveral of its territories were acquired by its neighbours.
1.1.Conquests of Abd ar-Rahman III
Were the conquests of the Emir and later Caliph of Córdoba, Abd ar-Rahman III.
January 932: Ceuta conquered by Caliphate of Córdoba.
January 951: It is believed that the first settlers to arrive came from the Toltec people in central Mexico, mostly Puebla during the Chichimeca-Toltec civil wars in the 10th century AD.
January 952: Tangiers conquered by Caliphate of Córdoba.
January 954: Moorish invasion of Galicia.
The Caliphate disintegrated in the early 11th century during the Fitna of al-Andalus, a civil war between the descendants of caliph Hisham II and the successors of his hajib (court official), Al-Mansur, leading to the establishment of a multitude of independent Muslim kingdoms (taifas).
January 1010: The Taifa of Alpuente existed from around 1009.
January 1010: The taifa of Badajoz rose, like the other taifa kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, after the fragmentation of al-Andalus.
January 1011: The Taifa of Morón existed from around 1010.
January 1011: The Taifa of Valencia was established in 1010.
January 1011: The Taifa of Denia was created in 1010, after the disintegration of the Caliphate of Córdoba.
January 1011: The taifa of Tortosa rose, like the other taifa kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, after the fragmentation of al-Andalus.
January 1011: The Taifa of Toledo existed from the fracturing of the long-eminent Muslim Caliphate of Córdoba in 1035.
January 1012: The Taifa of Murcia existed from the fracturing of the Muslim Caliphate of Córdoba.
January 1012: The Taifa of Arcos existed from 1011.
January 1013: The Taifa of Albarracín existed from 1012.
January 1013: Almería declared independence of its province from Caliphate of Cordoba around 1012.
January 1013: The Taifa of Saltés and Huelva existed from around 1012.
January 1014: The Taifa of Carmona emerged in 1013 in Al-Andalus as a result of the disintegration that, since 1008 , the Caliphate of Córdoba had been suffering.
January 1014: The Taifa of Grenada was an independent kingdom Muslim who emerged in to the-Andalus in 1013 , following the disintegration that had plagued the Caliphate of Córdoba.
January 1014: The Taifa of Algeciras was created in 1013, in the wake of the disintegration of the caliphate of Córdoba.
January 1016: The Taifa of Denia had a relatively powerful navy, which in 1015 was used to take control of the Balearic Islands.
January 1019: The Taifa of Zaragoza It was established in 1018 as one of the Taifa kingdoms.
January 1024: The Taifa of Niebla existed from 1023.
January 1024: The Taifa of Seville originated in 1023.
January 1028: The Taifa of Silves existed from 1027.
January 1032: The Taifa of Malaga separates from the Caliphate of Córdoba.
January 1032: The Taifa of Córdoba was an Arab taifa which was ruled by the Banu Jawhar that replaced the Umayyad Caliph as the government of Córdoba and its vicinity in 1031.
Disestablishment
January 1032: The Taifa of Córdoba was an Arab taifa which was ruled by the Banu Jawhar that replaced the Umayyad Caliph as the government of Córdoba and its vicinity in 1031.
January 1032: With the breakup of the Caliphate of Córdoba in 23 taifas, sveral of its territories were acquired by its neighbours.
January 1032: The Taifa of Malaga separates from the Caliphate of Córdoba.
Caliphate of Córdoba
