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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Emirate of Córdoba
Caliphate of Córdoba
Taifa of Córdoba
Establishment
May 756: The territories of the Emirate of Córdoba, located in what the Arabs called Al-Andalus, had formed part of the Umayyad Caliphate since the early eighth century. After the caliphate was overthrown by the Abbasids in 750, the Umayyad prince Abd ar-Rahman I fled the former capital of Damascus and established an independent emirate in Iberia in 756.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were the military campaigns of the Umayyad Caliphate in modern-day Spain, Portugal and France.
1.1.Frankish-Umayyad Wars
Were a series of wars between the Umayyad Caliphate, which had conquered the Iberian Peninsula, and the Frankish Kingdom.
January 760: Siege of Narbonne: After the fall of Narbonne, the Muslims are forced to withdraw from Septimania and retreat beyond the Pyrenees.
June 778: A double expedition was set up in the spring of 778, and during the summer the two armies met in front of Zaragoza, but at that time the city was held by loyalists, contrary to what Suleyman claimed. Threatened with intervention from the Emir of Cordoba, the Franks lift the siege and leave Spain, after looting Pamplona.
January 786: In 785, the Kingdom of the Franks, led by King Charlemagne, took control of Gerona, a city in modern-day Spain.
1.2.Cordovan conquest of the Balearic islands
The Emirate of Córdoba conquers the Balearic Islands.
January 903: Ibiza and Maiorca conquered by Emirate of Córdoba.
January 904: Balearic Islands conquered by Emirate of Córdoba.
Were a series military campaigns from the 8th century until 1492 by the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula to reconquer the region from the Islamic rulers that had conquered it during the Umayyad conquest of Hispania.
January 779: In 778, Charlemagne led the Franks in an attack on Zaragoza, a city in modern-day Spain.
February 779: The Franks were unable to capture the city of Zaragoza and were forced to retreat.
January 791: In 790, the territories of Ribagorza and Pallars were linked to Toulouse and became part of the Kingdom of the Franks under the rule of Charlemagne, a prominent Frankish king and emperor. This expansion of the Frankish kingdom helped solidify Charlemagne's power in the region.
January 793: Hisham I, Emir of Cordoba, calls for jihad against the infidels in Al-Andalus and in the Frankish Empire. Tens of thousands of volunteers from as far away as Syria follow his call. Narbonne is destroyed, but the invasion is stopped near Carcassonne.
February 793: After the forces of the Caliphate of Cordoba raided southern France, they returned to Spain.
January 796: Moorish troops conquer Astorga.
January 799: Alfonso II, King of Asturias, launches a raid on Al-Andalus and reaches Lisbon, which he sacks.
February 799: End of the sack of Lisbon by Asturian forces.
January 815: He defeated the Muslims in Mourning (794), Narón and Anceus (825). He also fought on the Orón River (816), a confrontation that was stale. Thanks to the victories over the Muslims, it consolidated its presence in Galicia, León and Castilla.
January 867: King Alfonso III. the Great of Asturias conquers Coimbra.
January 872: Coimbra is conquered again by the Moors.
January 884: In 883, the Christian King Alfonso III of Asturias led a successful counteroffensive, capturing the territories of Deza and Atienza from the Moors. This marked a significant victory in the Reconquista, the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule.
July 920: Cordoban forces earned a victory at the Battle of Valdejunquera, after which the Emirate retook the lands south of the river Ebro.
January 921: After the defeat of the Moors in 920, King Sancho I of Pamplona led the Christian counteroffensive, quickly taking control of La Rioja and annexing the territories of Nájera and Viguera into the Kingdom of Pamplona.
February 921: After their raid in Gascony, the Muslim forces of Cordoba left the region.
February 924: A Muslim army leaves Pamplona after a raid.
July 939: Ramiro masterminded a Pamplona/León coalition that defeated a joint Andalusian counter-offensive in the Battle of Simancas (939). This victory allowed the advance of the Leonese border of the Duero to the Tormes.
February 954: End of Morrish raid in Galicia.
January 977: Almansor, who was the ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba, sacks Barcelona.
February 977: End of the sack of Barcelona by Morish forces.
January 981: Zamora, Rueda, Atienza, Sepúlveda among others fell into the hands of the Muslims.
January 986: Almansor, who was the ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba, sacks Barcelona.
February 986: End of the sack of Barcelona by Morish forces.
January 988: In 987, Almansor, the powerful ruler of the Umayyad Caliphate in Al-Andalus, launched a devastating campaign in the Iberian Peninsula. He destroyed Coimbra and advanced north, conquering several castles and reaching Santiago de Compostela. The city was evacuated and razed to the ground by the Moors.
February 988: The Umayyads of Cordoba leave Coimbra and Santiago de Compostela after a raid.
January 989: In 988, Almansor, the de facto ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba, led a devastating attack on the cities of León, Zamora, and Sahagún.
February 989: End of a Cordoban raid in Léon.
January 997: Astorga conquered by Caliphate of Córdoba.
January 998: In 997, the Caliphate of Córdoba, led by Al-Mansur, looted Castro Bergidum (El Bierzo) and Santiago de Compostela.
February 998: Leon led a military campaign against the Muslim forces, ending the looting of Castro Bergidum in El Bierzo and Santiago de Compostela.
January 1004: In 1003, the Caliphate of Córdoba, led by Al-Mansur, launched a devastating attack on the Kingdom of Leon.
February 1004: End of Moor raid in Leon.
January 1010: In 1009 The Muslims devastate León, but left the region after the raid.
February 1010: In 1009 The Muslims devastate León, but left the region after the raid.
January 1017: Garray was part of the kingdom of Pamplona in the time of Sancho III el Mayor.
January 1032: With the breakup of the Caliphate of Córdoba in 23 taifas, sveral of its territories were acquired by its neighbours.
2.1.Expansion of the Frankish Spanish March
Were a series of military campaigns by the Frankish rulers that led to the creation of a buffer zone between the Iberian Peninsula, controlled by the Umayyad Caliphate, and the Frankish Empire.
January 795: Frankish overlordship expanded to the upper Ebro (794).
January 799: Urgell and Cerdanya were added to the Marca Hispanica in 798.
January 799: Pamplona conquered by frankish empire.
January 812: All of Catalonia falls under Frankish control.
2.2.Conquests of Abd ar-Rahman III
Were the conquests of the Emir and later Caliph of Córdoba, Abd ar-Rahman III.
January 921: 920: Muslim forces cross the Pyrenees, invade Gascony, besiege Toulouse and kill the garrison of Muez.
January 924: Pamplona is destroyed by a Muslim army.
January 928: In 927, Melilla was attached to the Emirate of Córdoba, marking the establishment of the emirate's presence in Africa. The Emirate of Córdoba was ruled by Abd-ar-Rahman III, who was a prominent Umayyad caliph in Al-Andalus.
January 929: Abd al-Rahman III proclaims the Caliphate of Córdoba.
January 932: Ceuta conquered by Caliphate of Córdoba.
January 951: It is believed that the first settlers to arrive came from the Toltec people in central Mexico, mostly Puebla during the Chichimeca-Toltec civil wars in the 10th century AD.
January 952: Tangiers conquered by Caliphate of Córdoba.
January 954: Moorish invasion of Galicia.
The Caliphate disintegrated in the early 11th century during the Fitna of al-Andalus, a civil war between the descendants of caliph Hisham II and the successors of his hajib (court official), Al-Mansur, leading to the establishment of a multitude of independent Muslim kingdoms (taifas).
January 1010: The Taifa of Alpuente existed from around 1009.
January 1010: The taifa of Badajoz rose, like the other taifa kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, after the fragmentation of al-Andalus.
January 1011: The Taifa of Toledo existed from the fracturing of the long-eminent Muslim Caliphate of Córdoba in 1035.
January 1011: The taifa of Tortosa rose, like the other taifa kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, after the fragmentation of al-Andalus.
January 1011: The Taifa of Valencia was established in 1010.
January 1011: The Taifa of Morón existed from around 1010.
January 1011: The Taifa of Denia was created in 1010, after the disintegration of the Caliphate of Córdoba.
January 1012: The Taifa of Arcos existed from 1011.
January 1012: The Taifa of Murcia existed from the fracturing of the Muslim Caliphate of Córdoba.
January 1013: Almería declared independence of its province from Caliphate of Cordoba around 1012.
January 1013: The Taifa of Albarracín existed from 1012.
January 1013: The Taifa of Saltés and Huelva existed from around 1012.
January 1014: The Taifa of Algeciras was created in 1013, in the wake of the disintegration of the caliphate of Córdoba.
January 1014: The Taifa of Carmona emerged in 1013 in Al-Andalus as a result of the disintegration that, since 1008 , the Caliphate of Córdoba had been suffering.
January 1014: The Taifa of Grenada was an independent kingdom Muslim who emerged in to the-Andalus in 1013 , following the disintegration that had plagued the Caliphate of Córdoba.
January 1016: The Taifa of Denia had a relatively powerful navy, which in 1015 was used to take control of the Balearic Islands.
January 1019: The Taifa of Zaragoza It was established in 1018 as one of the Taifa kingdoms.
January 1024: The Taifa of Niebla existed from 1023.
January 1024: The Taifa of Seville originated in 1023.
January 1028: The Taifa of Silves existed from 1027.
January 1032: The Taifa of Córdoba was an Arab taifa which was ruled by the Banu Jawhar that replaced the Umayyad Caliph as the government of Córdoba and its vicinity in 1031.
January 1032: The Taifa of Malaga separates from the Caliphate of Córdoba.
Were the conquests of the Taifa of Seville, one of the most powerful Islamic kingdoms in the Medieval Iberian Peninsula.
4.1.Conquests of Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad
Were the military conquests of Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad, emir of the Taifa of Seville.
January 1071: Abd al-Malik was deposed and Al Mutamid of Seville took Córdoba for his own taifa.
January 1079: In 1078, the Taifa of Seville regained control of the Taifa of Córdoba.
January 1076: Seville lost control of Cordoba from 1075 to 1078.
Disestablishment
January 1079: In 1078, the Taifa of Seville regained control of the Taifa of Córdoba.
cordova
