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Kingdom of Cappadocia
Kingdom of Cappadocia (Roman Vassal)
Establishment
January 331 BC: After ending the Persian Empire, Alexander the Great tried to rule Cappadocia through one of his military commanders. But Ariarathes, a Persian aristocrat, somehow became king of the Cappadocians, establishing an independent kingdom.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of conquests that were carried out by Alexander III of Macedon (known as Alexander "The Great") from 336 BC to 323 BC. Alexander conquered the Persian Empire and also expanded his kingdom into the Indian Subcontinent.
1.1.Alexander's War in Persia
Were the military campaigns by Alexander the Great King of Macedon in the territories of the Achaemenid Empire.
1.1.1.Conquest of the Achaemenid Empire
Was a military campaign by Alexander the Great King of Macedon in Asia that resulted in the conquest of the Achaemenid Empire.
Were a series of conflicts that were fought between the generals of Alexander the Great, known as the Diadochi, over who would rule his empire following his death.
2.1.Conquest of Cappadocia
Was a Macedonian military campaign against the Kingdom of Cappadocia that was still controlled by the Achaemenid ruler Ariarthes I.
April 322 BC: Eumenes conquered the province of Cappadocia Cappadocia, which was still held by the Persian prince Ariarathes I.
The Cappadocian Kingdom - which was relatively indipendant since the death of Alexander the Great - gained its independence during the reign of Ariarathes III.
January 254 BC: The Cappadocian Kingdom, which was relatively indipendant since the death of Alexander the great, gained its independence during the reign of Ariarathes III.
Were a series of succesful military campaigns by Antiochus III to expand Selecuid territories in Asia Minor.
4.1.Conquest of the territories in Asia minor up to the the Hellespont
Was a military campaign led by Seleucid ruler Antiochus III the Great that resulted in conquests up to the Hellespont.
January 196 BC: In the spring of 197, Seleucid ruler Antiochos III reached the Hellespont and then occupied the Straits, subjugating the Greek cities that were autonomous or formerly under Antigonid authority. He made Ephesus his main naval base in the Aegean Sea. In Ionia its successes are more limited: Miletus and Magnesia of the Meander remain independent.
Was a military conflict between two coalitions led by the Roman Republic and the Seleucid Empire. The fighting ended with a clear Roman victory. In the Treaty of Apamea, the Seleucids were forced to give up Asia Minor, which fell to Roman allies.
January 189 BC: Probably not ocntrolled anymore by the seleucids when armenia was created.
Were three conflicts fought by Rome against the Kingdom of Pontus and its allies between 88 BC and 63 BC. They are named after Mithridates VI, the King of Pontus during the course of the wars.
January 115 BC: Mithridates had his brother-in-law, Ariarathes VI, assassinated by Gordius leaving the Kingdom of Cappadocia in the hands of Laodice, who ruled as regent for her son Ariarathes VII of Cappadocia. Laodice married Nicomedes III of Bithynia, whose country was Pontus' traditional enemy. Nicomedes occupied Cappadocia.
January 94 BC: Nicomedes appealed to the Roman Senate, which decreed that Mithridates be removed from Cappadocia and the Senate appointed Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia as King of this same region.Sulla succeeded and Ariobarzanes was restored to his throne.
6.1.First Mithridatic War
Was a war challenging the Roman Republic's expanding domain over the Greek world. In this conflict, the Kingdom of Pontus and many Greek cities rebelled against Roman rule under the leadership of Mithridates VI of Pontus.
September 89 BC: After Pelopidas' return he sent his son Ariarathes into Cappadocia with a strong army. The occupation (summer 89 BC) was rapid.
January 84 BC: Pontic ruler Mithridates met with Roman general Sulla at Dardanus (a city in Troas) in 85 BC, and accepted peace terms which restored all his gains in Asia, Cappadocia and Bithynia to their original rulers, but left him his own kingdom.
6.2.Second Mithridatic War
Was one of three wars fought between Pontus and the Roman Republic.
February 81 BC: Murena expelled out of Cappadocia.
January 80 BC: Sulla, believing that it was not right to wage war against Mithridates, since he had not violated any treaty, sent a new embassy to Murena, this time led by Aulus Gabinius, forbidding him to resume any kind of hostility, on the contrary to reconcile Mithridates with the king Ariobarzanes I.
6.3.Third Mithridatic War
Was the last and longest of the three Mithridatic Wars, fought between Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman Republic. The conflict ended in defeat for Mithridates, ending the Pontic Kingdom, ending the Seleucid Empire (by then a rump state), and also resulting in the Kingdom of Armenia becoming an allied client state of Rome.
January 77 BC: Due to the death of Roman Dictator Sulla, Cappadocia was left without aid of the Roman Republic. Mithridates persuaded his son-in-law, Tigranes II of Armenia, to invade Cappadocia as if it were his independent action. But this artifice failed to deceive the Romans. The Armenian king invaded the country of Cappadocia.
January 65 BC: To Ariobarzanes, Pompeus gave back, once again, Cappadocia, now adding Sophene and Gordiene, as well as the city of Ierapolis Castabala and others of Cilicia.
January 65 BC: Pompey passed through the Taurus Mountains and waged war both against Antiochus I of Commagene, forcing him to seek peace, and against Darius of Media, whom he put to flight because he had aided Antiochus or Tigranes before him.
Was a military campaign waged by Julius Caesar (at the same time of his war against Pompeius) that lead to the Roman submission of the Kingdom of Pontus.
November 48 BC: By October 48 BC Pharnaces of Pontus captured Sinop and took possession of Paphlagonia and Pontus.
January 47 BC: Pharnace II attempted to reconstitute the kingdom of Pontus by force: during the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, he invaded Asia Minor in 48 BC, conquering Colchis, Armenia Minor, Pontus and Cappadocia, defeating a Roman army in Nicopolis.
January 47 BC: Pharnace of Pontus moved to the southeast along the Black Sea coast and without difficulty subjugated Colchis and all of Armenia.
August 47 BC: Caesar decisively defeated Pharnaces of Pontus at the Battle of Zela. Pharnaces was killed and Caesar conquered Pontus. In addition, the territories occupied by Pharnaces were freed.
Were a series of Wars between Rome (first the Roman Republic then the Roman Empire and finally the Eastern Roman Empire) and Persia (the Parthian Empire, and then its successor, the Sasanian Empire). The wars were ended by the early Muslim conquests, which led to the fall of the Sasanian Empire and huge territorial losses for the Byzantine Empire.
8.1.Antony's Atropatene campaign
Was a military campaign by Mark Antony, the eastern triumvir of the Roman Republic, against the Parthian Empire under Phraates IV.
8.1.1.Persian Invasion (Antony's Atropatene campaign)
Was the Persian invasion of the Roman Republic during Mark Antony's Parthian War.
March 40 BC: The Parthians conquered Syria (with the exception of Tyre), and Anatolia up to Caria including Cappadocia, Commagene and Galatia
8.1.2.Anthony's Invasion
Was the Roman invasion of Persia during Mark Antony's Parthian War.
October 36 BC: As his legionaries were tired and begged to return home, at the end of October, Mark Anthony decided to end the war with Persia.
January 188 BC: After the defeat of Antiochus III in the battle of Magnesia against the Romans, two Seleucid generals, Artaxias and Zariadres, declared themselves independent kings of Sophene in -189 BC.
January 35 BC: After the civil war in Rome, the Romans started to interfere more directly in Cappadocian affairs. In 36 BC, Marcus Antonius appointed Archelaus, a local noble, to the Cappadocian throne.
Disestablishment
January 18: When, at an old age, Tiberius summoned him to Rome, he died there of natural causes. Cappadocia was subsequently incorporated as a fully functioning Roman province.
Selected Sources
Appian, XII - The Mithridatic Wars, 105
Appian, XII - The Mithridatic Wars, 106
Appian, XII - The Mithridatic Wars, 15
Appian, XII - The Mithridatic Wars, 67
kingdom of cappadocia
