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Is the cluster that includes all the form of the Savoy State since the County of Savoy to the Kingdom of Sardinia. It ceased to exist when it merged with the other countries of the Italian Peninsula to form the Kingdom of Italy.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
County of Savoy
Duchy of Savoy
Kingdom of Sardinia
Establishment
January 1004: Foundation of the Savoy State.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Expansion during the rule of Humbert I in the County of Savoy.
January 1025: In 1024, the County of Savoy, ruled by Humbert I, successfully conquered the Aosta Region.
January 1035: In 1034, the Aosta Region was conquered by the County of Savoy, under the leadership of Count Humbert I.
January 1044: Conquests of Savoy until 1044.
January 1046: Conquests of Savoy until 1046.
January 1047: Savoia conquers Chieri.
Expansion during the rule of Amadeus VI in the County of Savoy.
January 1348: The County of Savoia conquers Cherasco and Chieri.
January 1350: The County of Savoia conquers Savigliano.
January 1351: By the late 14th century, the counts of Savoy acquired the bishopric of Sion.
January 1356: Faucigny was surrounded by the territories of the House of Savoy, who finally managed to annex it to their domains in 1355.
January 1357: In 1356, Ivrea passed under the dominion of the Conte Verde of Savoy.
January 1378: Bishop Uguccione's castle was destroyed in a revolt in 1377 that led to the subjection of Biella, along with its dependent comuni, to the yoke of the House of Savoy.
January 1383: Clavesana went to the Savoys after 1382.
January 1383: The Angevin season ended in 1382, with the submission of the Cuneo to the Savoy.
Were a series of wars between the Republic of Venice and the Republic of Genoa.
3.1.War of Chioggia
Was a conflict between Genoa and Venice which lasted from 1378 to 1381, from which Venice emerged triumphant.
3.1.1.Peace of Turin
Was the treaty that ended the War of Chioggia.
August 1381: Amedeo VI of Savoy received the island of Tenedos in the Aegean.
Expansion during the rule of Murad I in the Ottoman Beylik.
January 1382: In 1377, the Venetians controlled Bozcaada Island (Tenedo) was taken over by the Ottoman Beylik.
Expansion during the rule of Amadeus VIII in the County of Savoy.
January 1397: Mondovi is acquired by the dukes of Savoy.
January 1402: The county of Geneva (Genf) is sold to Savoy.
January 1417: County of Savoy raised to a duchy.
January 1418: On the death of Louis II of Provence in 1417, Barcelonnette reverted to Savoy.
January 1419: The Duchy of Savoy conquers Fossano.
January 1437: The March of Monferrato reconquers Acqui.
Were a series of conflicts between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan and their respective allies, fought in four campaigns in a struggle for hegemony in Northern Italy.
6.1.Second Lombard War
Was the second of a series of conflicts between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan over the hegemony in Northern Italy.
January 1428: Visconti managed to be reconciled with Amadeus by ceding him Vercelli and marrying his daughter, Marie of Savoy.
6.2.Third Lombard War
Was the third of a series of conflicts between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan over the hegemony in Northern Italy.
June 1433: The Peace of Ferrara was signed in May 1433. The Marquisate of Monferrato, it became a satellite state of the Duchy of Savoy.
Was a conflict between the Burgundian State and the Old Swiss Confederacy and its allies.
May 1474: Following the Savoy defeat at the battle on the Planta, the bishop's army marched west conquering the Lower Valais as far as Saint-Maurice and capturing a total of 17 Savoyard castles.
June 1474: In the spring of 1475, Freiburg acquired the County of Illens an der Saane.
December 1474: At the end of October 1474, Bern occupied the dominion of Erlach on Lake Biel.
April 1476: In March 1476, after the victory of Grandson, the forces of Valais advanced and captured St Maurice, Évian, Thonon and Monthey.
July 1476: On July 25, 1476, the Peace of Freiburg ended the feud of Bern, Fribourg and Valais with the Duchy of Savoy. Duchess Jolanda, regent of Savoy for the underage Duke Philibert I, had to cede the lordships of Aigle and Erlach, and Illen's lordship in Freiburg. Murten, Grandson, Échallens and Orbe went to Freiburg and Bern as common dominions. The parts of Vaud occupied by Bern and Friborg also remained a pledge of the two cities until the payment of 50,000 guilders. The bishop of Sitten, Walter Supersaxo, who was allied with Bern, further annexed the governorate of St. Maurice in the Lower Valais, which was occupied by the Valais in 1475.
January 1477: Bern returned Vaud to the duchy of Savoy against a ransom of 50,000 guilders already in 1476.
January 1536: In the wake of the Swiss Reformation, Bern occupied Vaud and the city of Geneva in 1535.
Were a series of conflicts covering the period between 1494 to 1559, fought mostly in the Italian peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and the Mediterranean Sea. The primary belligerents were the Valois kings of France, and their Habsburg opponents in the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.
8.1.Italian War of 1536-1538
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars. It was a conflict between King Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. The objective was to achieve control over territories in Northern Italy, in particular the Duchy of Milan.
April 1536: Philippe de Chabot, a French general, led his army into Piedmont in March 1536, and proceeded to capture Turin the following month.
September 1536: In 1536, the French troops, led by King Francis I, marched onto Southern Piedmont, capturing towns such as Turin and Pinerolo. This military occupation was part of the Italian War of 1536-1538, a conflict between France and the Holy Roman Empire for control over Italian territories.
8.1.1.Peace of Nice
Was the treaty that ended the Italian War of 1536-1538.
June 1538: The treaty of 1538, negotiated with the strong involvement of Pope Paul III, allowed France to keep its conquests of Bresse, Bugey, and a significant portion of Piedmont. This territory was ceded to the Duchy of Savoy as part of the agreement.
June 1538: The German Empire, under the rule of Emperor Charles V, becomes master of all of Milan and two-thirds of the Duchy of Savoy.
8.2.Italian War of 1551-1559
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars.
8.2.1.Land Campaigns (Italian War of 1551-1559)
Were the Land campaigns of the Italian War of 1551-1559.
January 1554: The Duchy of Savoy was occupied by the troops of Henry II, king of France.
8.2.2.Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis
Was the treaty that ended the Italian War of 1551-1559, the last of the Italian Wars (1494-1559).
April 1559: In 1559, as part of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, France retained five fortresses in Northern Italy, including those near Turin, Saluzzo, and Pinerolo.
April 1559: France gave the Duchy of Savoy-Piedmont (allied with Spain and fief of the Holy Roman Empire) back to Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy.
Was a war between the Kingdom of France and the Duchy of Savoy.
August 1600: In 1600, Marshal Charles of Gontaut-Biron, a French military leader, captured the city of Bourg-en-Bresse during the French Wars of Religion.
August 1600: In 1600, Marshal Charles of Gontaut-Biron, a French military leader, captured the city of Bourg-en-Bresse during the French Wars of Religion.
August 1600: In 1600, Marshal Lesdiguières, a French military leader, captured Montmélian from the Savoyards.
August 1600: The city of Chambéry opened its doors to King Henry IV of France in 1600.
August 1600: In 1600, Marshal Lesdiguières, a French military leader, reached Albertville during the military occupation of the territory by France.
August 1600: In 1600, Marshal Lesdiguières, a French military leader, reached Albertville during the military occupation of the territory by France.
August 1600: The siege of the castle of Conflans began in 1600, led by French military leader Charles Emmanuel I of Savoy. The garrison, commanded by Spanish military officer Don Juan de Velasco, surrendered two days later, resulting in the territory going under French military occupation.
August 1600: The defenders of the Castle of Miolans, led by the Duke of Nemours, surrendered to the French forces in 1600.
September 1600: The Bresse, the Bugey and the county of Gex fell into French hands, again by Biron; Biron subsequently occupied Poncin, Pont-d'Ain, Ambronay, Saint Denis-le-Chosson, Saint-Rambert, Belley, the Charterhouse of de Pierre-Châtel, the fort l'Écluse and Gex.
September 1600: The castle of Charbonnières fell during the French military occupation in 1600. This event marked the end of the resistance led by the local lord, François de la Châtre, against the French forces commanded by King Henry IV.
September 1600: Lesdiguières was a French military leader who led the conquest of Val Moriana in 1600. The Moriana valley was a strategic location in the French Alps.
October 1600: Henry IV of France triumphantly entered Annecy.
January 1601: In 1600, the territories of San Damiano Macra, Cartignano, and Dronero were occupied by France.
January 1601: In 1600, during the War of the Mantuan Succession, the French forces under the command of Marshal Lesdiguières retreated to Porte in the Savoy region.
January 1601: In 1600, French general Charles Emmanuel I of Savoy recalled his troops from the Maira valley and retreated back across the Alps. The territory was then taken over by the Duchy of Savoy.
January 1601: The fort of Acceglio was conquered after a bloody battle led by the French military commander, Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, in 1600.
9.1.Treaty of Lyon (1601)
Was the treaty that ended the Franco-Savoyard War of 1600-1601.
January 1601: At the end of the Franco-Savoyard War (1600-1601) France left all the territories it had occupied militarly.
January 1601: The Treaty of Lyon in 1601 ended the war between France and Spain. As a result, Centallo, Demonte, Gresin, and Roccasparviera were ceded to the Duchy of Savoy, allowing them to regain control of the territories lost during the conflict.
January 1601: Henry IV of France bought Bresse, Bugey and Valromey, areas beyond the Alps that were difficult to control by the Savoy.
Was a war of succession from 1613 to 1617 over the Duchy of Montferrat in northwestern Italy.
May 1613: In 1613, the Duke of Savoy, Charles Emmanuel I, launched a military campaign to expand his territory. His forces successfully attacked and occupied the towns of Alba, Moncalvo, and Trino.
June 1615: Treaty of Asti of June 21, 1615.
October 1616: Charles Emmanuel I sent a new army supported by French forces in September 1616, using as an excuse the fact that Spain was not respecting the terms of the agreement ( also due to the new governor of Milan, don Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Colonna, who was against the agreement reached in Asti). The Savoy forces initially defeated the Spanish and took Alba.
December 1616: The Spanish army led by Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Colonna conquered Vercelli after 2 months of siege.
September 1617: After a treaty was signed in Paris, Spanish and Savoiard forces left the regions occupied during the War of the Montferrat Sucession.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
11.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
11.1.1.Thirty Years' War Minor Scenarios
A series of conflicts related to the Thirty Years' War.
11.1.1.1.War of the Mantuan Succession
Was a war over the succession of the Duchies of Mantua and Montferrat after the death of the last male heir of the House of Gonzaga.
June 1628: Charles-Emmanuel laid siege to Casale, the capital of Montferrat, in 1628. This led to tensions and conflicts over territorial control in the region.
June 1628: In the spring of 1628 the Savoy army occupied Trino, Alba and Moncalvo, the cities of Monferrato assigned to them by the Treaty of partition.
March 1629: Pinerolo conquered by france.
March 1629: In March 1629, the French forces led by King Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu stormed barricades blocking the Pas de Suse, allowing them to lift the siege of Casale in the Duchy of Mantova. This marked a significant victory for the French in the ongoing conflict in Italy.
October 1630: On October 13, 1630, with the treaty of Regensburg, Ferdinand II (now under the threat of the Swedish invasion) and the French ambassadors agreed for the recognition of the succession of Charles of Nevers, the cession of Pinerolo and Casale to Spain and the French commitment not to enter into anti-Habsburg alliances.
April 1631: Peace of Cherasco on 6 April 1631: Ferdinand II recognized Charles of Nevers as the legitimate successor of Vincent II, who however had to cede to Victor Amadeus I, new duke of Savoy who succeeded his father after the latter's death, many lands of Monferrato (in particular Trino and Alba).
11.1.1.2.Invasion of Franche Comté (Ten Years War)
Was French invasion of modern-day Franche-Comté, at the time a possession of the Habsburg, during the Thirty Years' War.
February 1639: The Château de Joux was a fortress located in the Jura mountains of France. The lieutenant who commanded it was François de Joux, who was bribed by the Swedes to surrender the fortress in 1639.
11.1.2.First Genoese-Savoyard War
Was the theatre of war in Liguria during the Thirty Years' War.
November 1625: Albenga is occupied by the Duchy of Savoy.
January 1627: In 1626, the territory of Albenga returned to the Republic of Genoa.
11.1.3.Franco-Swedish Period
Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.
11.1.3.1.Italian Front (Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War)
Was the north Italian front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
September 1640: The French military leader Turenne captured the city of Turin, located in the Duchy of Savoy.
January 1641: In 1640, Savoy, ruled by Duke Charles Emmanuel II, fell under French military occupation.
11.1.4.Peace of Westphalia
Were a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War. Catholics and Protestants were redefined as equal in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire. There were major territorial adjustments. In particular, France, Sweden and Brandenburg had major territorial gains, and several religious territories of the Holy Roman Empire were secularized.
October 1648: France retained the Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun near Lorraine, received the cities of the Décapole in Alsace (except for Strasbourg, the Bishopric of Strasbourg, and Mulhouse) and the city of Pignerol near the Spanish Duchy of Milan.
January 1649: Borders of the Duchy of Savoy at the end of the Thirty Years' War.
11.2.Nine Years' War
Was a conflict between France and the Grand Alliance, a coalition including the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, and Savoy. It is considered the first war that saw fighting globally because battles occured in Europe, America, Africa and India.
11.2.1.Italian Theatre (Nine Years' War)
Was the Italian Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.
September 1690: While to the south in Piedmont, Nicolas Catinat led 12,000 men and soundly defeated Victor Amadeus at the Battle of Staffarda on 18 August. Catinat immediately took Saluzzo, followed by Savigliano, Fossano, and Susa.
January 1691: Lacking sufficient troops, and with sickness rife within his army, Catinat was obliged to withdraw back across the Alps for the winter.
January 1691: In 1690 Saint-Ruth took most of the Victor Amadeus II's exposed Duchy of Savoy, routing the Savoyard army in the process until only the great fortress of Montmélian remained in ducal hands.
January 1691: Carmagnola is conquered by France.
April 1691: Villefranche and Niche conquered by france.
July 1691: Carmagnola fell to French forces in June 1691.
January 1692: In 1691, during the Nine Years' War, the Allies led by Victor Amadeus II of Savoy and Prince Eugene of Savoy recaptured Carmagnola from the French forces. This victory was a significant turning point in the war in northern Italy.
August 1692: Duke of Savoy with 29,000 men (substantially exceeding Catinat's number who had sent some troops to the Netherlands) invaded Dauphiné via the mountain trails shown to them by the Vaudois. The Allies invested Embrun, which capitulated on 15 August.
October 1692: With their commander falling ill with smallpox, and concluding that holding Embrun was untenable, the Allies abandoned Dauphiné in mid-September.
July 1695: Casale (Casal Monferrato) surrendered to Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy, in 1695.
11.2.1.1.Treaty of Turin
Was a treaty that ended the involvement of the Duchy of Savoy in the Nine Years' War.
August 1696: With the Treaty of Turin signed on 29 August 1696, Louis XIV returned Montmélian, Nice, Villefranche, Susa, and other small towns to Savoy. The French, concluding that the defence of Pinerolo was not possible, also agreed to hand back the stronghold on condition that its fortifications were demolished.
11.2.2.Peace of Ryswick
Were a series of treaties that ended the Nine Years' War.
September 1697: Peace of Ryswick: Status quo ante bellum, Savoiard forces leave the regions occupied in the Duchy of Mantova.
Was a short war fought between the Duchy of Savoy and the Republic of Genoa.
January 1673: The Savoyards occupied Pieve di Teco.
January 1673: Pieve di Teco conquered by Republic of Genoa.
The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters. It was a global war, with fighting taking place in Europe, Asia, and America. At the end of the war, Philip II, who was the successor chosen by Charles II as a descendant of Charles' paternal half-sister Maria Theresa, became King of Spain and of its overseas empire. The Spanish possessions in Europe were partitioned between various European Monarchies.
13.1.Italian Theatre (War of Spanish Succession)
Was the theatre of war of the War of the Spanish Succession in Italy.
April 1704: From the beginning of 1704, French Marshal René de Froulay de Tessé had taken Savoy (with the exception of Montmélian).
July 1704: French military commander Louis d'Aubusson de la Feuillade occupied Susa in June.
August 1704: The Duke of Vendôme, Louis Joseph de Bourbon, was a French military commander who led the capture of Vercelli in July 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession. This military occupation by France was part of their campaign in northern Italy against the Habsburg forces.
October 1704: Ivrea conquered by france.
May 1705: In April 1705 French officer La Feuillade occupied the County of Nice, including Nice itself (although the citadel was not captured until January 1706).
May 1705: Fall of Verrua in April 1705.
13.2.Treaty of Utrecht
Were a series of treaties to end the War of the Spanish Succession.
April 1713: In the Treaty of Utrecht Duke Vittorio Amedeo II of Savoy was assigned Sicily with the relative royal title, as well as Casale and all of Monferrato, part of Lomellina and Valsesia.
April 1713: The viguerie of Barcelonnette (also comprising Saint-Martin and Entraunes) was reattached to France in 1713 as part of a territorial exchange with the Duchy of Savoy during the Treaties of Utrecht.
Was a war initiated by Spain to recover territories lost after the War of the Spanish Succession.
July 1718: The Spanish took Palermo on 7 July.
August 1718: In 1718, the Spanish military occupied the entire territory of Sicily, with the exception of Messina. This action was carried out under the orders of King Philip V of Spain, who sought to assert control over the island and expand Spanish influence in the region.
October 1718: The city of Messina was besieged by Spanish forces until September, when it was taken.
14.1.Treaty of The Hague
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Quadruple Alliance. Spain left all the territories occupied during the war.
February 1720: Philip V of Spain was forced to relinquish all territory captured during the War of the Quadruple Alliance.
February 1720: With the Treaty of The Hague the War of the Quadruple Alliance ended with the status quo ante bellum.
February 1720: Savoy exchanged Sicily for Sardinia.
May 1720: After a treaty that exchanged Sardinia with Sicily between Savoy and Austria, in the Hague Treaty Spain decided to leave Sicily. [...] He agreed to negotiate the evacuation of his troops only in the following months, signing the relevant articles on May 6, 1720.
Was a major European conflict sparked by a Polish civil war over the succession to Augustus II of Poland.
15.1.French Invasion of northern Italy
Was the French invasion of northern Italy during the War of the Polish Succession.
September 1735: The Austrian main army withdrew through Mantua, leaving the region to the French.
15.2.Treaty of Vienna (1738)
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Polish Succession. Augustus III was officially confirmed as King of Poland.
November 1738: Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia received territories in the western part of the Duchy of Milan west of the Ticino, including Novara and Tortona.
November 1738: After the Treaty of Vienna in 1738, which concluded the War of the Polish Succession, the French evacuated the territories they had occupied.
Was a European conflict caused by the succession to the Habsburg Domains. Maria Theresa succeeded her father Charles VI, and the opposition to female inheritance of the throne was a pretext for starting a war. It was a global conflict that saw fight in Europe, Asia, America and Africa.
16.1.Italian Theatre (War of the Austrian Succession)
Was the Italian theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession.
16.1.1.Invasion of Savoy
Was a French invasion of Savoy during the War of the Austrian Succession.
April 1743: The French entered Savoy and conquered it entirely.
September 1743: Sardinian king Carlo Emanuele managed to drive the invading Spaniards out of Savoy.
December 1743: King Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy was forced to retreat to Piedmont due to the rainy season and disease affecting his army. The Spanish forces took advantage of this situation to reoccupy the region of Savoy.
16.1.2.Franco-Spanish invasion of Northern Italy
Was a joint French and Spanish invasion of northern Italy during the War of the Austrian Succession.
April 1744: French and Spanish forces crossed the Var and advanced on Nice, which fell without a fight.
July 1744: On 18 July 1744, the Gallo-Spanish army engaged the Sardinian army in a desperate fight at Pietralunga. Following the battle, the Bourbon army took control of Casteldelfino in the Second Battle of Casteldelfino.
August 1744: The Gallo-Spanish (that is, the Spanish army supported by the French) occupied the fortress of Demonte (Forte della Consolata) on 17 August 1744, abandoned by the defenders for fear of an explosion of the magazine and then proceeded quickly towards Cuneo.
September 1744: French and Spanish siege of Cuneo (1744).
October 1744: End of the siege of Cuneo (1744).
September 1745: Battle of Bassignana (1745).
November 1745: During the War of the Austrian Succession, the allies led by Prince Charles of Lorraine and Count Traun decided to besiege the cities of Alessandria, Asti, and Valenza in 1745, instead of pursuing the enemy. This military strategy ultimately led to the territories falling under French and Spanish military occupation.
March 1746: The Franco-Spanish winter quarters of Asti were brusquely attacked by Charles Emmanuel III at the head of his army, which on March 7, 1746, showed up under Asti occupied by the enemy. The city was captured the same day and with it the French garrison of 6,000 men.
March 1746: Sardinian forces retake Alessandria from the enemy.
March 1746: In 1746, during the War of the Austrian Succession, General Leutrum besieged Valenza in Italy. The town was captured by the Piedmontese forces before the French under Maillebois could arrive to assist. This victory helped the Kingdom of Sardinia gain control of the territory.
September 1746: The French army commanded by Maillebois engaged the Austrians in Rottofreddo on August 12, 1746. After the battle, Maillebois retreated from Piedmont-Savoy.
16.2.Treaty of Worms
On 13 September, Great Britain, Austria and the Kingdom of Sardinia agreed the Treaty of Worms, aimed at the expulsion of Spain from Italy. In return for Sardinian support in Lombardy, the Austrians ceded all their territories west of the Ticino River and Lake Maggiore, along with lands south of the Po River.
September 1743: On 13 September, Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, Maria Theresa and Britain agreed the Treaty of Worms, aimed at the expulsion of Spain from Italy. In return for Sardinian support in Lombardy, the Austrians ceded all their territories west of the Ticino River and Lake Maggiore, along with lands south of the Po River.
16.3.Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen.
October 1748: Bobbio became part of the domains of the House of Savoy in 1748 after the Wars of Succession and formed the Province of Bobbio.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
January 1799: On December 10, 1798, the Piedmontese Republic was established in Turin, recognized by the French who had occupied the city.
17.1.War of the First Coalition
Were a series of wars between the Kingdom of France (later the French Republic) and several European Monarchies. The French Revolution had deteriorated the relations of France with the other European countries, that tried several times to invade France in order to crash the revolutionary government.
April 1796: The Republic of Alba was established in 1796 as a sister republic of the First French Republic. It was created during the French Revolutionary Wars and lasted only from April 26 to April 28 of that year. The territory of Alba was located in present-day Italy.
April 1796: The Republic of Alba was established by Napoleon Bonaparte after the French army conquered the region. It was a sister republic of the First French Republic and only existed for a brief period from 26 to 28 April 1796 before being annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia.
October 1797: In 1797, the districts of Chiavenna, Valtellina, and Bormio, dependencies of the Three Leagues (an associate of the Confederation), revolted under the encouragement of France. They were quickly invaded and annexed to the Cisalpine Republic on 10 October 1797.
January 1799: In 1797, the districts of Chiavenna, Valtellina, and Bormio, dependencies of the Three Leagues (an associate of the Confederation), revolted under the encouragement of France. They were quickly invaded and annexed to the Cisalpine Republic on 10 October 1797.
17.1.1.Piedmontese front
Was the Piedmontese theatre of the War of the First Coalition.
September 1792: In 1792, during the French Revolution, the County of Nice was attacked and forced to surrender by the French revolutionary forces under the command of General Jacques Bernard d'Anselme. This resulted in the territory of Savoy and Nice being occupied by France.
January 1794: In 1794, during the French Revolutionary Wars, a French invasion of Piedmont led by General Jean-Charles Pichegru failed in the border regions. The territory ultimately went to the Kingdom of Sardinia, ruled by King Victor Amadeus III.
17.1.2.Italian theatre (War of the first coalition)
Was the Italian theatre of the War of the First Coalition.
November 1795: In northern Italy the victory at the Battle of Loano in November gives France access to the Italian peninsula.
April 1796: Napoleon defeated an Austro-Sardinian force at the Battle of Millesimo.
April 1796: Napoleon won at the Second Battle of Dego, driving the Austrians northeast, away from their Piedmontese allies.
April 1796: Battle of Mondovì.
May 1796: French forces occupy Lodi and Milan.
May 1796: On 28 April, the Piedmontese signed an armistice at with the French at Cherasco. On 18 May they signed a peace treaty in Paris, ceding Savoy and Nice and allowing the French bases to be used against Austria.
January 1797: The Duchy of Milan remained an Austrian possession until 1796, when a French army under Napoleon Bonaparte conquered it, and it ceased to exist a year later as a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio, when Austria ceded it to the new Cisalpine Republic.
July 1797: The 1797 Republic of Aste was a Jacobin municipality fruit of the political events that led, between June and July of that same year, to the proclamation of popular self-government in the city of Asti.
17.1.3.Treaty of Campo Formio
Was a treaty between France and Austria that ended the War of the First Coalition.
January 1798: The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI). The treaty transferred the Austrian Netherlands to France. The territories of Venice were partitioned, most were acquired by Austria. Austria recognized the Cisalpine Republic and the newly created Ligurian Republic. Extension of the borders of France up to the Rhine, the Nette, and the Roer.
17.2.War of the Second Coalition
Was the second war that saw revolutionary France against most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.
June 1800: During the Siege of Genoa, the Austrian forces led by General Michael von Melas besieged and captured the city, which was defended by the French under General André Masséna. This event was part of the Second Coalition, a military alliance against France during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1801: On June 20, 1799, Austro-Russian troops reconquer Turin and restore Charles-Emmanuel IV to his throne.
January 1801: In 1797, the districts of Chiavenna, Valtellina, and Bormio, dependencies of the Three Leagues (an associate of the Confederation), revolted under the encouragement of France. They were quickly invaded and annexed to the Cisalpine Republic on 10 October 1797.
17.2.1.Suvorov Italian campaign
Was a military campaign led by Russian general Alexander Suvorov against France that took place in Italy.
June 1799: The Russian army led by Suvorov moved on to Turin, having defeated Moreau yet again at Marengo.
June 1799: On June 20, 1799, Austro-Russian troops reconquer Turin and restore Charles-Emmanuel IV to his throne.
17.3.War of the Sixth Coalition
Was a war between France and a a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, and a number of German States. The coalition emerged after the decimation of the French army in the French invasion of Russia. The coalition ultimately invaded France and forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile.
17.3.1.Treaty of Paris (1814)
Was the treaty that ended the war between France and the Sixth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars.
May 1814: By the Treaty of Paris, May 30, 1814, the House of Savoy was restored to its rights.
17.4.Congress of Vienna
Was a series of international diplomatic meetings after the end of the Napoleonic wars whose aim was a long-term peace plan for Europe. It redraw the borders of Europe and partially restored the Monarchies of the pre-revolutionary period.
February 1815: Geona was eventually annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815.
Was a revolutionary wave in Europe that started in France. The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, as envisioned by romantic nationalism.
18.1.First Italian War of Independence
Was the first of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence. It was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire but it did not led to any territorial modification.
August 1849: Return to the status quo ante bellum at the end of the First Italian War of Independence.
18.1.1.Pedmontese Front (First Italian War of Independence)
Was the Piedmontese front of the First Italian War of Independence.
March 1848: In 1848, during the Italian Wars of Independence, the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert and General Giuseppe Garibaldi, occupied Pavia. The people of Pavia welcomed the Sardinian forces as they entered the city, showing their support for the movement towards Italian unification.
March 1848: General Michele Giuseppe Bes was an Italian military leader who fought during the Italian Wars of Independence. The Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert, was involved in a military occupation of Boffalora in 1848 as part of the broader struggle for Italian unification.
March 1848: The Sardinian forces arrived in Brescia.
April 1848: In 1848, during the First Italian War of Independence, the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert, conducted a military occupation of Marcaria. The strategic move involved crossing the Oglio River as part of their campaign against Austrian forces.
April 1848: Battle of the Goito bridge.
April 1848: The Piedmontese took possession of the Monzambano bridge.
April 1848: The siege began on the 27th.
April 1848: Battle of Pastrengo.
May 1848: The battle of Santa Lucia in 1848 was a significant event during the First Italian War of Independence. The Piedmontese forces, led by King Charles Albert of Sardinia, were defeated by the Austrian army. This loss shifted the military initiative to the Austrians in the conflict.
June 1848: The battle of Santa Lucia in 1848 was a significant event during the First Italian War of Independence. The Piedmontese forces, led by King Charles Albert of Sardinia, were defeated by the Austrian army, shifting the military advantage to the Austrians in the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
June 1848: The provisional government of Milan sanctioned the annexation to Piedmont with a referendum (June 8, 1848).
July 1848: The Second Battle of Governolo took place during the First Italian War of Independence in 1848. It was fought between the Austrian Empire, led by Field Marshal Radetzky, and the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert. The battle resulted in a victory for the Austrian forces, leading to the territory of Governolo being placed under military occupation by the Kingdom of Sardinia.
August 1848: The Piedmontese were always being pursued at a short distance by the Austrians and on 4 August 1848, in the southern area of Milan, what would have been Radetzky's last attack of the first campaign began on the road to Melegnano. On the 6th the Piedmontese had crossed the Ticino again and on that same day the Austrians entered Milan.
August 1848: On August 9, 1848, Austrian field marshal Radetzky and Piedmontese General Salasco concluded an armistice in which it was established that the Piedmontese troops would withdraw from all of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
March 1849: In 1849, during the First Italian War of Independence, Austrian Field Marshal Radetzky's troops defeated the Piedmontese forces at La Cava. This victory allowed Austria-Hungary to maintain military occupation of the territory.
March 1849: Battle of Novara (1849).
March 1849: The armistice of Vignale was signed in the locality of the same name on 24 March 1849, between the king of Sardinia Vittorio Emanuele II and the Austrian marshal Josef Radetzky. The armistice imposed the withdrawal of the Sardinian fleet from the Adriatic and the temporary Austrian occupation of the stronghold of Alessandria and of the strategic quadrilateral between Lomellina and Monferrato.
August 1849: In 1849, the Austrian occupation of Alessandria and the strategic quadrilateral between Lomellina and Monferrato ended with the peace of Milan.
18.1.1.1.Battle of Custoza
The First Battle of Custoza was fought on July 24 and 25, 1848, during the First Italian War of Independence between the armies of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia.
July 1848: At 9 pm the general retreat movement of the Piedmontese towards the Oglio began and at 12 noon on July 28 the Piedmontese army was gathered behind the lower reaches of the river.
July 1848: The Piedmontese army retreated behind the Adda ready to resist.
August 1848: The advance guards of the Piedmontese army, led by General Alfonso La Marmora, were near Milan in 1848 during the First Italian War of Independence. The city was under Austrian control at the time, part of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
Was a series of conflicts that led to the unification of the Italian Peninsula into the Kingdom of Italy. It includes the three wars considered the three independency wars of Italy, in addition to a series of military operations like the Expedition of the Thousand and the Sardinian military campaign in Central Italy.
December 1859: The United Provinces of Central Italy, also known as Confederation of Central Italy or General Government of Central Italy, was a short-lived military government established by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. It was formed by a union of the former Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Duchy of Parma, Duchy of Modena, and the Papal Legations.
December 1859: The ex-Duchies of Modena and Parma, the tuscan temporary government and the Legazione delle Romagne (formally, still under papal rule) declare the foundation of the United Provinces of Central Italy led by the Kingdom of Sardinia.
19.1.Second Italian War of Independence
Was the second of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence. It was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of France against the Austrian Empire. It resulted in the Sardinian annexion of Austrian ruled Lombardy, as well as the annexion of several Italian polities in Central Italy.
May 1859: The advance on Turin in 1859 was led by Austrian General Ludwig von Benedek, who commanded the 7th Army Corps. The occupation of Vercelli was part of Austria-Hungary's military campaign during the Second Italian War of Independence.
May 1859: In 1859, during the Second Italian War of Independence, the Austrian 2nd Army, led by Field Marshal Ferencz Gyulai, halted their advance and concentrated near Mortara in response to the growing threat posed by the French and Piedmontese forces.
May 1859: Battle of Montebello (1859).
May 1859: Battle of Palestro.
June 1859: Battle of Magenta.
June 1859: Battle of Melegnano (1859).
June 1859: One of the bloodiest battles of the 19th century, the Battle of Solferino on June 24, 1859, marked an important step forward in the unification of Italy. The defeat of Austria by the Piedmontese and French troops eventually led to territorial concession of Austria to the Kingdom of Sardinia.
July 1859: The Franco-Sardinian fleet took possession of the island of Lussino in the Gulf of Kvarner and 3,000 men landed, joyfully welcomed by the population who waved the two tricolors. Subsequently, the Austrian military also withdrew from the island of Cres.
March 1860: The Duchy of Parma is annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia through the plebiscite.
March 1860: On March 24, 1860, the Treaty of Turin was signed by which the Kingdom of Sardinia, recognizing the provisions of the alliance treaty to France, ceding the region of Savoy and the city of Nice.
19.1.1.Peace of Villafranca
Was an armistice that ended the Second War of Italian Independence. Italy annexed Lombardy from Austria, but had to cede Savoy and Nice to France.
July 1859: Armistice of Villafranca: Austria-Hungary ceded Lombard to the Kingdom of Sardinia (nominally, it was ceded to France which then transferred the region to Sardinia). Austrian and Savoy troops also left militarly occupied territories.
19.2.Expedition of the Thousand
Was a military operation by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his volunteers (the so-called "thousand") to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and annex it to the Kingdom of Italy.
19.2.1.Meeting of Teano
Was the event that ended Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousands. After conquering the the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Garibaldi symbolically handed over his conquests to the Kingdom of Sardinia that shortly after became the Kingdom of Italy.
October 1860: On October 26, Vittorio Emanuele II met Giuseppe Garibaldi, in what would become known as the Teano meeting: thus symbolically concluding the Expedition of the Thousand. Garibaldi saluted Vittorio Emanuele as king of Italy, handing over the newly conquered lands to him.
19.3.Military Campaign of the Kingdom of Sardinia in Central Italy
Was a military campaign of the Kingdom of Sardinia in central Italy against the Papal States and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. It was part of a series of conflicts that resulted in the unification of the Italian Peninsula.
19.3.1.Invasion of the Papal States
Was the invasion of the Papal States by the Kingdom of Sardinia that happened at the same time of Garibaldi's expedition in southern Italy.
September 1860: On 3 September 1860 Salvatore Rampone from Benevento, without an escort, dressed in the red shirt of a Garibaldian colonel, went to the castle to inform the last apostolic delegate, Edoardo Agnelli, of the order to leave the city within three hours. Papal rule was over.
September 1860: The V Army Corps of the Kingdom of Sardinia took Città di Castello, Umbertide and Perugia.
September 1860: Sardinian forces continued their invasion of the Papal States along the coast crossing Pesaro, Fano and Senigallia.
September 1860: The IV Army Corps of the Kingdom of Sardinia invaded the Marches from several points: the 13th Division, under the command of Raffele Cadorna, followed a route close to the Apennines through Urbino, Cagli and Gubbio.
September 1860: Battle of Castelfidardo.
September 1860: Siege of Ancona (1860).
December 1860: Siege of Ancona (1860).
19.3.2.Invasion of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies
Was the invasion of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies by the Kingdom of Sardinia that happened at the same time of Garibaldi's expedition in southern Italy.
October 1860: Battle of Macerone.
November 1860: Battle of Mole.
February 1861: Siege of Gaeta (1860).
19.4.Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
Was the formal act that sanctioned the birth of the unified Kingdom of Italy. It happened with a normative act of the Kingdom of Sardinia - the law 17 March 1861, n. 4761 - with which Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy assumed for himself and for his successors the title of King of Italy.
March 1861: Formal act that sanctioned the birth of the unified Kingdom of Italy. It happened with a normative act of the Kingdom of Sardinia - the law 17 March 1861, n. 4761 - with which Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy assumed for himself and for his successors the title of King of Italy.
January 1093: Chieri declares itself Free Commune.
January 1098: Conquests of Savoy until 1098.
January 1129: Conquests of Savoy until 1129.
January 1245: Gruyeres came under the feudal sovereignty of the Counts of Savoy.
January 1251: St. Moritz, Brig, Leuk and Visp are conquered by Savoy.
January 1268: In 1267 Peter of Savoy conquered Laupen.
January 1270: Laupen was reconquered by Rudolf von Habsburg.
January 1273: The Bresse de l'Ain fell to the House of Savoy in 1272.
January 1316: Cossonay is acquired by the County of Savoy.
January 1350: Milan conquers Cherasco.
January 1389: The Count of Savoy Amadeus VIII took control of Barcelonnette.
January 1391: Barcelonnette returned to Provençal control in 1390, with the d'Audiffret family as its lords.
January 1458: The March of Monferrato conquers Santa Maria di Lucedio.
January 1465: The vassalage of Montferrato to Savoy ended in 1464.
January 1472: Count René retook Barcelonette for Provence in 1471.
January 1478: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the XV century.
January 1487: The Duchy of Savoy submits Carmagnola.
January 1492: The March of Saluzzo conquers Carmagnola.
January 1501: Barcelonnette returned to Savoyard dominance by the start of the 16th century, by which point the County of Provence had become united with the Kingdom of France.
April 1531: Charles V of Habsburg gave the County of Asti as a gift to Beatrice of Portugal, wife of Charles II of Savoy. From that moment on the County of Asti followed the destinies of the House of Savoy.
January 1532: The fragmented marquisate of Ceva was eventually acquired by the French Duke of Orleans, and ultimately Savoy in 1531.
January 1537: Monthey is conquered by Valais.
January 1537: Conquest of Vaud by Bern in 1536.
January 1537: Gruyere was a Savoyard fiefdom until 1536.
January 1551: The Duchy of Savoy conquers Romagnano.
January 1560: The Duchy of Savoy conquers Cherasco.
January 1577: The Duchy of Savoy conquers Oneglia.
January 1582: The Tenda County is acquired by the Duchy of Savoy.
October 1588: Taking advantage of the unrest within the Kingdom of France, caused by the religious wars, Carlo Emanuele I of Savoy seized the Marquisat of Saluzzo, under the pretext of wanting to prevent the spread of Protestantism in Piedmont.
January 1589: The Duchy of Savoy conquers Carmagnola.
January 1614: The Duchy of Savoy conquers Crescentino.
January 1644: The Duchy of Savoy conquers Dolceacqua.
January 1692: Carmagnola returns under the rule of Duchy of Savoia.
January 1694: The countess of Desana and marquise of Crescentino Irene of Tournon, widow of Curzio Francesco and guardian of his children, sold it to the duke of Savoy Vittorio Amedeo II.
January 1708: The Duchy of Savoy conquers Alessandria.
January 1709: The Duchy of Savoy conquers the March of Monferrato.
January 1712: The Duchy of Savoy conquers San Benigno.
April 1713: From 1713 until 1720, the Kingdom of Sicily was ruled briefly by the House of Savoy, which had received it by the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht.
January 1714: Marquisate of Finale enfeoffed to the Republic of Genoa.
January 1721: The Kingdom of Sardinia - after the War of the Spanish Succession - by virtue of the Treaty of London of 1718 and the Treaty of The Hague of 1720 passed, in that last year, to Vittorio Amedeo II of Savoy, who associated the hereditary states of the formed by the Principality of Piedmont with the Duchy of Savoy, the County of Nice and Asti, the duchy of Aosta, the duchy of Monferrato, the lordship of Vercelli, the marquisate of Saluzzo and a part of the duchy of Milan (to these was added then the Duchy of Genoa, following the annexation of the Republic of Genoa decided by the Congress of Vienna). The denomination began to be used progressively to indicate all of the Savoy possessions even if formally the Kingdom of Sardinia continued to be limited to the island of the same name and be institutionally distinct from the so-called mainland states of the Savoy dynasty.
January 1724: The Duchy of Savoy buys the March of Spigno for 350.000 florines.
January 1729: The Duchy of Savoy buys the Principality of Seborga.
January 1735: The Duchy of Savoy conquers Guastalla.
January 1736: The Duchy of Savoy conquers Balestrino, Carrosio and Novara.
January 1736: Zuccarello and the Balestrino territory are submitted to the Kingdom of Sardinia.
January 1737: The Duchy of Savoy conquers Tassarolo.
January 1739: Austria conquers Guastalla.
January 1742: Masserano old to the Savoy family.
January 1744: Bagnaria is annected to the Kingdom of Sardinia.
January 1747: Albenga is occupied by the Duchy of Savoy.
January 1748: In 1747, Albenga, a territory in Italy, returned to the control of the Republic of Genoa.
January 1754: The Duchy of Savoy conquers Montemarzino.
January 1768: The Duchy of Savoy conquers Riviera San Giulio.
January 1771: According to the Treaty of The Hague, the County of Loano is ceded to the Duchy of Savoia.
May 1849: Mentone and Roccabruna are annexed to Italy after a plebiscite.
February 1861: The two cities of Mentone and Roccabruna, after a plebiscite piloted by the Piedmontese government and by France, passed to the latter on February 2, 1861.
Disestablishment
February 1861: The two cities of Mentone and Roccabruna, after a plebiscite piloted by the Piedmontese government and by France, passed to the latter on February 2, 1861.
February 1861: Siege of Gaeta (1860).
March 1861: Formal act that sanctioned the birth of the unified Kingdom of Italy. It happened with a normative act of the Kingdom of Sardinia - the law 17 March 1861, n. 4761 - with which Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy assumed for himself and for his successors the title of King of Italy.
Selected Sources
Articles secrets et convention additionelle du traité de Campo Formio. Retrieved on March, 24th 2024 on https://books.google.de/books?id=SStJAAAAcAAJ&dq=Trait%C3%A9%20de%20paix%20de%20Campo%20Formio&hl=de&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Trait%C3%A9%20de%20paix%20de%20Campo%20Formio&f=false
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany)
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), p. 48
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 34-35
Frieden von Campoformio. Retrieved on March, 24th 2014 on https://books.google.de/books?id=UbGMtENHaBIC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false
Köbler, G. (2014) Historische Enzyklopädie der Länder der Deutschen, Munich (Germany), p. 281
Pitts, V. J. (2009): Henri IV of France: His Reign and Age, Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 228-229
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.331
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