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The cluster includes all the forms of the country since the unification of Germany in 1871. The German Confederations that existed since the Middle Ages are not considered a direct predecessor of Germany. Prussia is considered one of the several countries that merged to form Germany and not its sole ancestor (the Kingdom of Prussia is covered in the cluster Brandenburg-Prussia).
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
German Empire
Weimar Republic
Nazi Germany
Federal Republic of Germany
Establishment
January 1871: Unification of Germany into a German Empire with tight political and administrative integration, replacing the decentralized German Confederation and Holy Roman Empire, was officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
January 1871: In 1871, the Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont became a constituent state of the new German Empire.
January 1871: From January 18, 1871, the Principality of Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen belonged to the German Reich.
January 1871: Unification of German States.
January 1871: From 1871 Lippe was a state within the German Empire.
January 1871: Lübeck became a member state of the German Empire in 1871.
January 1871: In 1871, Oldenburg joined the German Empire.
January 1871: While the Kingdom of Hanover was annexed by Prussia in 1866, the Duchy of Brunswick remained sovereign and independent. It joined first the North German Confederation and in 1871 the German Empire.
January 1871: Bremen became an autonomous state of the newly founded German Empire in 1871.
January 1871: Battle of Saint-Quentin (1871).
February 1871: Battle of Villersexel.
February 1871: Siege of Belfort (1870-1871).
March 1871: Soldiers of the Commune's National Guard killed two French army generals, and the Commune refused to accept the authority of the French government.
May 1871: By application of the Treaty of Frankfurt, the departments of Calvados, Orne, Sarthe, Eure-et-Loir, Loiret, Loir-et-Cher, Indre-et-Loire, Yonne, Seine-Inférieure, Eure, Seine-et-Oise, Seine-et-Marne as far as the Seine, Aube and Côte-d'Or were evacuated by the Germans following its signature on May 10, 1871.
May 1871: Peace treaty signed in Frankfurt on 10 May 1871, at the end of the Franco-Prussian War. It established the frontier between the French Third Republic and the German Empire, which involved the ceding of 1,694 French villages and cities to Germany.
May 1871: The territory of Alsace-Lorraine was reconquered by the French Republic on November 28, 1918. This region had been under German military occupation since 1871 following the Franco-Prussian War. The return of Alsace-Lorraine to France was a significant event in the aftermath of World War I.
May 1871: End of the Commune in Paris.
July 1871: The treaty of Frankfurt provided that after a first payment by France of an indemnity of half a billion, the evacuation of German troops would extend to the departments of the Somme, the Oise and parts of the departments of Seine-Inférieure, Seine-et -Oise and Seine-et-Marne, located on the right bank of the Seine. These 6 departments were liberated at the end of July 1871 after payment of 500 million francs in mid-July, and one billion in August.
October 1871: The departments of Aisne, Aube, Côte-d'Or, Doubs and Jura were evacuated by the Germans in accordance with the treaty of Frankfurt.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of wars that resulted in the creation of the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.
1.1.Franco-Prussian War
Was a war that saw the Second French Empire fight against an alliance of German states led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The war was caused by the struggle over dominance in continental Europe between Prussia and France. The German states were victorious and in 1871 merged to form the German Empire. France was occupied and forced to cede Alsace-Lorraine to Germany.
1.1.1.War of the Government of National Defence
Was the continuation of the German invasion of France after the fall of the Second French Empire. The newly created Second French Republic continued to fight, but the German troops eventually occupied most of northern and central France.
1.1.2.Unification of Germany (1871)
Was the unification of 25 German states into the German Empire under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia, officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
1.1.3.Paris Commune
Following the collapse of the Second French Empire, the French National Guard established a revolutionary government in Paris. The national French Army suppressed the Commune at the end of May during La semaine sanglante ("The Bloody Week") beginning on 21 May 1871.
1.1.4.German Withdrawal (Treaty of Frankfurt of 1871)
Was the phased evacuation of France by the forces of the German Empire as settled in the Treaty of Frankfurt (1871) that had ended the Franco-Prussian War.
August 1873: The advance payment by the French at the beginning of 1873 of the last of the 5 billion in compensation led to the liberation of the departments of Ardennes, Marne, Haute-Marne and Vosges from german occupation in July 1873.
October 1873: The German army leaves Belfort, the Meuse and the Meurthe-et-Moselle.
1.1.5.Cession of Alsace-Lorraine
According to the peace treaty signed in Frankfurt on 10 May 1871, at the end of the Franco-Prussian War, the region of Alsace-Lorraine was ceded by France to Germany.
Was a civil war in Nauru between forces loyal to incumbent King Aweida of Nauru and those seeking to depose him in favour of a rival claimant.
January 1889: In 1888, The German Empire intervened in the Nauruan Civil War and restored Aweida to the throne of Nauru, although the island was annexed in the process.
A period (1839-1949) of foregin interventions in China resulting in the occupation, conquest or lease of large territories by foregin countries.
3.1.Concessions in China
During the XIX and XX century China was forced into treaties with foreign powers that established concessions (factually enclaves) in its territory.
October 1895: China leases a concession in Hankow to Germany.
October 1895: China leases a concession in Tientsin to Germany.
November 1897: Establishment of the Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory (Germany).
March 1898: On 1 November 1897, a band of armed men, who were perhaps members of the Big Swords Society, stormed the residence of a German missionary from the Society of the Divine Word and killed two priests. When Kaiser Wilhelm II received news of these murders, he dispatched the German East Asia Squadron to occupy Jiaozhou Bay. Then the enforcement of the lease agreement of March 6, 1898 with China occurred.
November 1914: The German Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory is occupied by Japan.
March 1917: Lease of the German Concession in Hankou is terminated by China.
3.2.Boxer Rebellion
Was an anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901. The rebels were known as the "Boxers" in English because many of its members had practiced Chinese martial arts, which at the time were referred to as "Chinese boxing".
3.2.1.Initial revolt of the Boxers
Was the revolt by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (known as the "Boxers" by western countries) that started the Boxer Rebellion.
June 1900: Thousands of boxers from the countryside converged on Tientsin, and on June 15, 1900, they rampaged through the walled city destroying Christian churches and killing Chinese Christians. On June 16, a mob of partially armed boxers advanced on the foreign settlements.
3.2.2.Eight Nations Alliance Invasion of China
Was the invasion of Qing China by the Eight-Nation Alliance (formed by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Japan) during the Boxer Rebellion.
July 1900: The international force captured Tianjin.
Was a civil war in Samoa with the involvement of the western countries that resulted in the partition of the archipleago between Germany and the United States of America.
4.1.Tripartite Convention of 1899
Was a convention that ended the Second Samoan Civil War with the partition of the Samoan Islands into American Samoa and German Samoa.
February 1900: The Second Samoan Civil War was ended by the Tripartite Convention of 1899, which divided the Samoan Islands into American Samoa and German Samoa.
Was a British military expedition that led to the fall of the Sokoto Caliphate and its partition between Great Britain and Germany.
February 1902: In January 1902, German colonial officer Hans Dominik defeated the remaining troops of Sokoto Emir Djubayru in the battle of Miskin-Maroua, which brought most of the Adamaua region under German rule.
March 1903: At the grand market square of Sokoto, the last Vizier of the Sokoto Caliphate officially surrendered to British forces. The Caliphate was partitioned between great Britain, France and Germany in accordance with the borders decided at the Berlin Conference.
Were a series of wars fought in Cameroon in the early 20th century between the troops of the Fon of Bafut and German-backed troops of neighbouring fondoms.
January 1908: Von Pavel, the commander of the Schutztruppe für Kamerun, captured the village complex of Bafut in a seven-day campaign.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
July 1914: Japanese occupation of German Jiaozhou Bay.
7.1.World War I African Theatre
Was the African Theatre of World War I.
January 1917: During World War I, Belgian troops from the neighbouring Belgian Congo invaded actual Rwanda and Burundi and occupied it.
November 1918: The German leader in the African Great Lakes, Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck, did not surrender until notified about the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that ended the war.
7.1.1.Togoland Campaign
Was a French and British invasion of the German colony of Togoland in West Africa, which began the West African campaign of the First World War.
August 1914: A column under French Captain Marchand took Aneho.
August 1914: The French advanced to Porto Seguro and Togo.
August 1914: Allied troops led by French General Joseph Gaudérique Aymerich occupied the capital Lomé in Togoland, a German colony.
August 1914: The heaviest battle in Togo took place on August 22, 1914 near the Chra River. Due to the demoralized mercenaries and porters, and lack of ammunition, the position had to be evacuated by the Germans the following day.
August 1914: French and British forces arrived at Kamina. The German commander then surrendered on August 26, 1914.
7.1.2.East African campaign
Was a series of battles and guerrilla actions during World War I, which started in German East Africa (GEA) and spread to portions of Mozambique, Rhodesia, British East Africa, Uganda, and Belgian Congo.
7.1.2.1.Fall of Taveta
Was the conquest of Taveta (Kenya) by German forces during World War I.
August 1914: Taveta, a town on the British side of Kilimanjaro, was captured by two companies of Askari (German colonial troops) from German East Africa.
7.1.2.2.British Offensive (East African campaign)
Was the British offensive against German forces in the East Africa Campaign of World War I.
March 1916: British conquest of Taveta.
March 1916: British conquest of Moshi.
April 1916: British conquest of Arusha.
April 1916: British conquest of Kondoa-Irangi.
June 1916: British conquest of Handeni.
July 1916: British conquest of Bukoba.
July 1916: British conquest of Mwanza.
August 1916: British conquest of Malangali.
August 1916: British conquest of Dodoma, Kilosa.
August 1916: British conquest of Morogoro.
August 1916: British conquest of Iringa.
September 1916: British conquest of Kilwa and Lindi.
September 1916: British conquest of Dar-Es-Salaam.
7.1.2.3.Belgian Offensive (East Africa Campaign)
Was the Belgian offensive against German forces in the East Africa Campaign of World War I.
May 1916: Belgian conquest of Kigali.
August 1916: Belgian conquest of Ujiji.
September 1916: Belgian conquest of Tabora.
October 1917: British conquest of Mahenge.
7.1.2.4.German Invasion of Portuguese East Africa
Was the German invasion of Portuguese Mozambique during World War I.
November 1917: German conquest of Ngomano.
July 1918: German conquest of Namacurra.
July 1918: German conquest of Namirrue.
September 1918: German conquest of Numarroe.
7.1.2.5.German Invasion of Rhodesia
Was the German invasion of Rhodesia during World War I.
November 1918: On 13 November, two days after the Armistice was signed in France, the German Army took Kasama, which had been evacuated by the British.
7.1.2.6.Surrender of German East Africa
After the surrender of Germany in Europe, the troops of General Lettow-Vorbeck in German East Africa surrendered.
November 1918: When German general Lettow-Vorbeck received a telegram announcing the signing of the armistice by Germany, he agreed to a cease-fire. He marched his force to Abercorn and formally surrendered to the Entente on 25 November 1918. All the territories occupied by German forces in eastern Africa were freed, and the German colonies occupied.
7.1.3.Kamerun Campaign
Took place in the German colony of Kamerun in the African theatre of the First World War when the British, French and Belgians invaded the German colony.
August 1914: On August 25, 1914, after a brief skirmish, a British-Nigerian unit occupied the border town of Tepe in northern Cameroon.
October 1914: Battle of Jabassi.
November 1914: The French captured Edéa, Nola and Sanaga in October.
December 1914: The northern runway in Nkongsamba was conquered by British units.
December 1914: Shortly before Christmas 1914, the French succeeded in taking the Molundu station (Cameroon).
April 1915: The French took over Lomié in 1915 when they defeated the German forces in southern Cameroon.
June 1915: On June 10, 1915, Garoua, a city in present-day Cameroon, was occupied by the British and French military forces.
March 1916: Provisional division of militarly occupied German Kamerun between France and the United Kingdom.
March 1916: After the conquest of German Cameroon by French and British forces, part of the occupied territories was integrated into French Equatorial Africa.
7.1.3.1.Naval Operations
Naval operations during the Kamerun campaign of World War I.
September 1914: French infantry landed at Ukoko and took the town shortly after fighting the German garrison there. Germany had effectively no control over the portion of Kamerun to the south of the Spanish colony of Rio Muni.
September 1914: Around 1,000 British and French soldiers landed at Douala (Cameroon), occupying the port without resistance.
October 1914: Allied forces landed at Bonaberi. After some fighting the town was surrendered and the German force retreated into the interior of the colony.
7.1.4.German campaign in Angola
German and Portuguese troops clashed several times on the border between German South West Africa and Portuguese Angola.
December 1914: On 18 December the largest clash of the German campaign in Angola occurred. A German force of 2,000 men under the command of Major Victor Franke attacked Portuguese forces positioned at Naulila. After stubborn resistance, the Portuguese were forced to withdraw towards the Humbe region.
December 1914: After the explosion of the munitions magazine at Forte Roçadas base, the Portuguese also left the Humbe to the German army, withdrawing farther north.
July 1915: Portuguese forces under the command of General Pereira d'Eça reoccupied the Humbe region.
7.1.5.South West Africa campaign
Was the conquest and occupation of German South West Africa by forces from the Union of South Africa during World War I.
February 1915: Battle of Kakamas: To disrupt South African plans to invade South West Africa, the Germans launched a pre-emptive invasion of their own.
February 1915: The South Africans successfully defended the fords at Kakamas against the Germans. This prevented the Germans from crossing the river and gaining control of the territory.
April 1915: South African conquest of Keetmannshoop.
April 1915: South African conquest of Warmbad.
April 1915: South African conquest of Gibeon.
May 1915: South African Prime Minister Louis Botha, who did also command the northern forces of South Africa at the time, advanced from Swakopmund along the Swakop valley with its railway line. His forces took Otjimbingwe, Karibib, Friedrichsfelde, Wilhelmsthal and Okahandja and entered the capital of Southwest Africa, Windhuk, on 5 May 1915.
June 1915: South African conquest of Omaruru.
July 1915: Battle of Otavi.
July 1915: The German forces in South West Africa surrendered at Khorab on 9 July 1915.
7.2.World War I western Front
Was the theatre of war in western Europe during World War I.
May 1915: Second Battle of Artois: On 9 May, five French corps had attacked two German divisions on a 25 km front and advanced 4 km on the front of the 5th Bavarian Reserve Division between the Lorette Spur and La Targette. The 77th Division and the DM of XXXIII Corps penetrated between Carency and Neuville.
May 1915: Second Battle of Artois: After the initial disbandment the Germans concentrated their reserves on 140m altitude and repulsed the attack.
May 1915: Second battle of Artois: the French army conquered Carency.
May 1915: With the Second Battle of Artois, Ablain-Saint-Nazaire is freed by French forces.
June 1915: Second Battle of Artois: Neuville is freed by French forces.
June 1915: Second Battle of Artois: the French were driven back after a few days, due to the very intense reaction of the German artillery and infantry.
June 1915: During the First World War, Neutral Moresnet was annexed by Germany.
September 1915: Third Battle of Artois: Battle of Loos: The British were able to break through the weaker German defences and capture the village of Loos-en-Gohelle, mainly due to numerical superiority.
September 1915: Third Battle of Artois: French III and XII Corps proceeded slowly and with little progress southeast of Neuville-Saint-Vaast.
September 1915: Third Battle of Artois: French XXXIII and XXI Corps had taken the town of Souchez.
September 1915: Third Battle of Artois: In very wet weather the French Tenth Army captured Vimy Ridge, except for the highest point, where German counter-attacks retook the ground from XXXIII Corps.
February 1916: Battle of Verdun: The Germans took Fort Douaumont and then French reinforcements halted the German advance by 28 February.
May 1916: The Germans turned their focus to Le Mort Homme. After some of the most intense fighting of the campaign, the hill was taken by the Germans in late May. On 24 May, the Germans took the second summit, Côte 295.
June 1916: The Germans captured Fort Vaux on 7 June.
June 1916: With the aid of diphosgene gas, the Germans came within 1 km of the last ridge before Verdun.
June 1916: The German advance was contained on 23 June.
July 1916: On 1 July, after a week of heavy rain, British divisions in Picardy began the Battle of the Somme with the Battle of Albert, supported by five French divisions on their right flank. The attack had been preceded by seven days of heavy artillery bombardment. The experienced French forces were successful in advancing but the British artillery cover had neither blasted away barbed wire, nor destroyed German trenches as effectively as was planned.
July 1916: Advancement of the French up to July 14.
September 1916: Advancement of the French forces up to 15 september.
November 1916: The final phase of the battle took place in October and early November, again producing limited gains with heavy loss of life. All told, the Somme battle had made penetrations of only 8 kilometres and failed to reach the original objectives. The advancement showed on map are up to november.
December 1916: The French recaptured Fort Vaux in November.
January 1917: By December 1916 the French had pushed the Germans back 2.1 km from Fort Douaumont.
March 1917: During the Somme battle and through the winter months, the Germans created a fortification behind the Noyon Salient that would be called the Hindenburg Line. During the German withdrawal, the British Third Army and Fifth Army followed up and conducted the Capture of Bapaume, 17 March 1917.
March 1917: The French took Péronne.
March 1917: The German retirement took place between 9 February and 20 March 1917, after months of preparation. The German retreat shortened the Western front by 40 km.
April 1917: Battle of Arras: initial French advancement.
April 1917: French advancement after the Battles of Arras and of Vimy Ridge.
April 1917: The French Third Army in the centre advanced astride the Scarpe River and in the south, the British Fifth Army attacked the Hindenburg Line but made few gains. The British armies then conducted smaller attacks to consolidate the new positions.
April 1917: The Nivelle Offensive was a failed military operation led by French General Robert Nivelle during World War I. It took place in 1917 in the region of Chemin des Dames in France. The offensive resulted in heavy casualties and led to widespread mutinies within the French army.
May 1917: The Nivelle Offensive was a failed military operation led by French General Robert Nivelle during World War I. It took place in 1917 in the region of Chemin des Dames in France. The offensive resulted in heavy casualties and led to widespread mutinies within the French army.
June 1917: Battle of Messines (1917).
July 1917: Battle of Passchendaele.
September 1917: Battle of Passchendaele.
November 1917: Battle of Passchendaele: The Canadian Corps relieved the II ANZAC Corps and took the village of Passchendaele on 6 November.
November 1917: Battle of Cambrai:On 20 November the British launched the first massed tank attack and the first attack using predicted artillery-fire. he attack was a great success for the British, who penetrated further in six hours than at the Third Ypres in four month.
December 1917: Battle of Passchendaele.
December 1917: Battle of Cambrai: The advance produced an awkward salient and a surprise German counter-offensive began on 30 November, which drove back the British in the south and failed in the north.
7.2.1.Occupation of Luxembourg
Was the German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I.
August 1914: On 2 August, Germany occupied Luxembourg.
7.2.2.German Offensive in Flanders (World War I)
Was the German offensive in the Flanders at the beginning of World War I.
August 1914: Armies under German generals Alexander von Kluck and Karl von Bülow attacked Belgium on 4 August 1914 and occupied Liege.
August 1914: The French occupied Mulhouse on 8 August.
August 1914: French forces captured Mulhouse, a city in Alsace, from the German Empire. However, they were later forced out by German counter-attacks led by General August von Mackensen and Crown Prince Wilhelm.
August 1914: The First and Second Armies, led by French generals Joseph Joffre and Auguste Dubail, attacked towards Sarrebourg-Morhange in Lorraine, which was then under German control. The battle resulted in the territory being occupied by France.
August 1914: The first battle in Belgium was the Siege of Liège, which lasted from 5-16 August.
August 1914: The Belgian capital, Brussels, fall to the Germans.
August 1914: Battle of Charleroi.
August 1914: German siege at Namur that lasted from about 20-23 August.
August 1914: Battle of Mons.
August 1914: Siege of Maubeuge.
August 1914: Battle of St. Quentin.
September 1914: The German Army came within 70 km of Paris but at the First Battle of the Marne (6-12 September).
September 1914: The opposing forces in Western Europe made reciprocal outflanking manoeuvres, known as the Race for the Sea and quickly extended their trench systems from the Swiss frontier to the North Sea.
September 1914: Race for the Sea: German forces arrive in Ham.
September 1914: Race for the Sea: German forces arrive in Mericourt.
October 1914: Race for the Sea: German forces arrive in Bapaume.
October 1914: Changes of the Western front by 8 October 1914.
October 1914: Race for the Sea: German forces arrive in Ypres and Baielleul.
October 1914: Germans take Antwerp.
May 1915: Second Battle of Ypres: by the end of the battle the Ypres salient was compressed, with Ypres closer to the line.
7.2.3.German spring offensive
Was a series of German attacks along the Western Front during the First World War, beginning on 21 March 1918. Following American entry into the war in April 1917, the Germans decided that their only remaining chance of victory was to defeat the Allies before the United States could ship soldiers across the Atlantic and fully deploy its resources.
March 1918: Somme Offensive.
April 1918: Somme Offensive.
April 1918: The Lys Offensive was a major German attack on the Western Front during World War I in April 1918. The Germans managed to penetrate Allied lines to a depth of 9.3 mi (15 km).
June 1918: Aisne Offensive.
June 1918: Noyon-Montdidier Offensive.
July 1918: Champagne-Marne Offensive.
7.2.4.Second Battle of the Marne
Was the last major German offensive on the Western Front during the First World War.
July 1918: Second Battle of the Marne.
August 1918: Second Battle of the Marne.
7.2.5.Hundred Days Offensive
Was a series of massive Allied offensives that led to the collapse of the Western Front and of the German Empire.
August 1918: Battle of Amiens (1918).
August 1918: Second Battle of the Somme: Albert was captured by the French on 22 August.
August 1918: Second Battle of the Somme: Bapaume fell to the French on 29 August.
August 1918: Allied advancement up to 30 August.
September 1918: The Germans had been forced back to the Hindenburg Line.
September 1918: Havrincourt and St Mihiel conquered by French Third Republic.
September 1918: Avancement up to 25 September.
September 1918: Allied advancement up to 25 September.
October 1918: Battle of Cambrai.
October 1918: Courtrai is liberated by the British Second Army.
October 1918: The British arrived in Roubaix.
November 1918: Entente advance in central Europe by 11 November 1918.
7.3.World War I eastern Front
Was the theatre of war in eastern Europe during World War I.
February 1915: Russian advancement on the Eastern front by 7th February.
January 1916: During the first year of the war, German and Austrian troops quickly conquered the Russian Vistula Land, the former Congress Poland, and in 1915, divided its administration between a German Governor General in Warsaw and an Austrian counterpart in Lublin.
September 1917: The Germans attacked and captured Riga.
January 1918: Following the Russian Revolution in 1917, Estonia declared independence. However, German forces occupied the territory shortly after, with General Rüdiger von der Goltz leading the military administration.
February 1918: The Council of Lithuania declared Lithuania's independence on February 16, 1918. The country was de facto occupied by German troops all the time.
February 1918: The Soviet Republic of Naissaar was occupied by German forces.
November 1918: On 4 June 1918, the Lithuanian parlament voted to offer the Lithuanian throne to the German noble Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach. He accepted the offer in July 1918 and took the regnal name Mindaugas II. However, the Kingdom of Lithuania was officially dissolved in November 1918.
7.3.1.Russian invasion of East Prussia
Was the Russian invasion of East Prussia in the early phases of World War I.
August 1914: The Russians entered East Prussia on 7-9 August.
August 1914: Battle of Stallupönen, fought between Russian and German armies on 17 August 1914, was the opening battle of World War I on the Eastern Front.
August 1914: The Battle of Gumbinnen, started by the Germans, was the first major offensive on the Eastern Front during the First World War.
August 1914: Movement of Russian troops during the Battle of Tannenberg.
September 1914: The First Battle of the Masurian Lakes in 1914 was a significant military engagement during World War I. It was led by German generals Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, resulting in a decisive victory over the Russian forces and pushing them out of East Prussia.
September 1914: Part of Russia on the border with East Prussia invaded by German forces.
7.3.2.Battle of Galicia
Was a major battle between Russia and Austria-Hungary during the early stages of World War I. The Austro-Hungarian armies were severely defeated and forced out of Galicia.
December 1914: After the battle of Lodz in 1914, the Eastern Front of World War I stabilized between the cities of Lodz and Warsaw.
7.3.3.Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
Was the northern part of the Central Powers' offensive on the Eastern Front in the winter of 1915.
February 1915: German advance in Prussia with the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes.
7.3.4.Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive
The Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive during World War I was initially conceived as a minor German offensive to relieve Russian pressure on the Austro-Hungarians to their south on the Eastern Front, but resulted in the Central Powers' chief offensive effort of 1915, causing the total collapse of the Russian lines and their retreat far into Russia.
May 1915: The Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive during World War I was initially conceived as a minor German offensive to relieve Russian pressure on the Austro-Hungarians to their south on the Eastern Front, but resulted in the Central Powers' chief offensive effort of 1915, causing the total collapse of the Russian lines and their retreat far into Russia.
7.3.5.Operation Faustschlag
Was a Central Powers offensive in World War I. It was the last major action on the Eastern Front. The northern force, consisting of 16 divisions, captured the key Daugavpils junction on the first day.
February 1918: The northern force, consisting of 16 divisions, captured the key Daugavpils junction.
7.3.6.Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (also known as the Brest Peace in Russia) was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers (German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I.
March 1918: Ukraine signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to obtain military help from the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires. Germany helped the Ukrainian Army force the Bolsheviks out of Ukraine. By April the German-Austrian Operation Faustschlag offensive had completely removed the Bolsheviks from Ukraine. Thus Germany was able to made entire Ukraine a protectorate.
7.3.6.1.Consequences of Brest-Litovsk Treaty in Latvia
Was the reorganization of Latvia after the Brest-Litovsk Treaty.
7.4.World War I Pacific Theatre
Was the Pacific theatre of World War I.
August 1914: At the behest of the United Kingdom the colony of German Samoa was invaded unopposed by troops of the Samoa Expeditionary Force.
September 1914: Battle of Bita Paka.
September 1914: Siege of Toma ending with German Governor Eduard Haber's surrender of the entire colony of New Guinea to the British.
September 1914: German forces in Kaiserwilhelmsland, Bismarck Archipelago, and North Solomon surrendered to British forces. This marked the end of German colonial rule in the region, which was then transferred to the Territory of New Guinea.
October 1914: Japanese occupation of the Marshall islands.
October 1914: During World War I, the Japanese Empire annexed Palau after seizing it from Germany in 1914.
October 1914: Japanese occupation of the Northern Mariana islands.
October 1914: Japanese occupation of the islands of modern-day Micronesia.
November 1914: The last German Pacific colony, the island of Nauru, surrendered to the Australians on November 14, 1914.
7.5.World War I Middle East Theatre
Was the theatre of war in the Middle East during World War I.
7.5.1.Caucasus campaign (World War I)
Was an armed conflict mainly between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus area during World War I.
7.5.1.1.Transcaucasian Front of World War I
Was the theatre of war in Transcaucasia during World War I.
May 1918: The Treaty of Poti was a provisional agreement between the German Empire and the Democratic Republic of Georgia in which the latter accepted German protection and recognition.
December 1918: The German protectorate in Georgia ended due to the military defeat of Germany in November 1918.
7.6.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
November 1918: The armistice between France and Germany in November 1918 forced Germany to withdraw from Belgium and Neutral Moresnet.
November 1918: The Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 when it broke away from the Russian Empire and declared independence in the aftermath of World War I.
December 1918: With the defeat of Germany in WWI Finland become indipendent. General Rüdiger von der Goltz and his division left Helsinki on 16 December 1918, and Prince Friedrich Karl, who had not yet been crowned, abandoned his role four days later. Finland's status shifted from a monarchist protectorate of the German Empire to an independent republic.
August 1919: The Free State of Schwenten existed for 7 months until it joined the Weimar Republic.
7.6.1.Treaty of Versailles
Was the treaty that ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allied Powers.
June 1920: When World War I was over, the plebiscite in Northern Schleswig finally was held in early 1920; the northern part of it, around Tønder, Haderslev, Åbenra and Sønderborg, opted for Denmark. On 15 June 1920, Northern Schleswig was officially reunited with Denmark.
November 1920: The Free City of Danzig was created on 15 November 1920 in accordance with the terms of Article 100 (Section XI of Part III) of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. The Free City was under League of Nations protection and put into a binding customs union with Poland. The Free City was created in order to give Poland access to a good-sized seaport.
7.6.1.1.Aftermath of World War I in Poland
Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Poland.
7.6.1.2.Occupation of the Rhineland
The German armistice after World War I included the military occupation of the Rhineland by the victorious powers.
7.6.1.3.Territorial cessions of Germany in Europe
Were territorial cessions of Germany in Europe after World War I.
January 1920: In Central Europe, Germany recognized the independence of Czechoslovakia (which had actually been controlled by Austria) and cede parts of the province of Upper Silesia.
7.6.2.Finnish Civil War
Was a civil war in Finland in 1918 fought for the leadership and control of the country between White Finland and the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (Red Finland) during the country's transition from a grand duchy of the Russian Empire to an independent state.
March 1918: Houtskär was taken by the Finnish Whites.
March 1918: Korpo conquered by germany.
April 1918: The German army intervened in the war on the side of the White Army making de facto Finland a German protectorate.
April 1918: The 10,000-strong Baltic Sea Division (German: Ostsee-Division), led by General Rüdiger von der Goltz, launched the main attack at Hanko.
April 1918: Battle of Tampere.
April 1918: The Finnish White Guard succeeds in taking Loviisa, east of Helsinki.
April 1918: Helsinki conquered by germany.
April 1918: Detachment Brandenstein overran the town of Lahti.
April 1918: The main German detachment proceeded northwards from Helsinki and took Hyvinkää and Riihimäki on 21-22 April.
April 1918: Hämeenlinna conquered by germany.
April 1918: Battle of Vyborg.
May 1918: Battle of Ahvenkoski.
May 1918: The war of 1918 ended when the Whites took over Fort Ino.
7.6.3.German Revolution
Was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic.
7.6.3.1.Revolutionary States
A series of short-lived states were proclaimed in various territories of the German Empire in the aftermath of World War I.
November 1918: The People's State of Bavaria was a short-lived socialist state in Bavaria from 1918 to 1919.
November 1918: The was a short-lived Soviet republic created during the German Revolution at the end of World War I in the province of Alsace-Lorraine.
November 1918: The Soviet Republic of Saxony was established during the German Revolution of 1918-19 by socialist leader Richard Lipinski.
January 1919: The Bremen Soviet Republic was a short-lived state that existed for 25 days in 1919.
January 1919: The Soviet Republic of Saxony lasted only a few weeks before being overthrown by the Weimar Republic.
February 1919: The Bremen Soviet Republic was overthrown by the Weimar Republic.
May 1919: The Bavarian Soviet Republic was overthrown by elements of the German Army and the paramilitary Freikorps.
7.6.3.2.Republic proclamation in Germany
Proclamation of a republic in Germany on 9 November 1918.
November 1918: Proclamation of the Republic in Germany on 9 November 1918.
7.6.4.Creation of Estonia after the retreat of the German Army
After their defeat in World War I, the Germans handed over the power in Estonia to a Provisional Government.
November 1918: After their defeat in World War I, the Germans were forced to hand over power in Estonia to the Provisional Government.
7.6.5.Estonian War of Independence
Was the Estonian War of independence from Bolshevik Russia and German troops.
7.6.5.1.Soviet Offensive (Estonian War of Independence)
Was the Bolshevik invasion of Estonia, a former region of the Russian Empire that had declared independence.
November 1918: The RSFSR Captured Narva on 29 November.
7.6.5.2.Liberation of Estonian territories (Estonian War of Independence)
Estonian counteroffensive against the Bolshevik invasion.
January 1919: Liberation of the Estonian town of Rakvere.
January 1919: Battle of Paju.
April 1919: The Latvian Riflemen captured Rūjiena.
April 1919: The Bolshevisk were pushed back by the Latvian 3rd Division to Salacgrīva-Seda-Gauja line.
7.6.5.3.Estonian offensives into Russia and Latvia
Offensive of the Estonian army in Russian and Latvian territories.
May 1919: An offensive destroyed the Estonian Red Army, captured Pskov on 25 May and cleared the territory between Estonia and the Velikaya River of Soviet forces.
7.6.5.4.Battles between Estonia and Latvia
Were battles between Latvia and Estonia during the Independence wars of these two countries.
7.6.5.4.1.Battle of Cēsis
The Battle of Cēsis (alos Battle of Wenden) was a decisive battle in the Estonian War of Independence and the Latvian War of Independence were the Estonian and Latvian forces defeated the Baltic German forces.
June 1919: The Landeswehr captured Cēsis.
June 1919: Fighting between Latvia and Estonia resumed with an Estonian Iron Division attack on the Estonian positions near Limbaži.
June 1919: The Estonian forces started a full counter-attack on 23 June resulting in the recapture of Cēsis.
7.6.5.4.2.Return of latvian government
Withdraw of remaining German troops from Latvia.
July 1919: The Allies again insisted that the Germans withdraw their remaining troops from Latvia, and on July 3 intervened to impose an armistice between Estonia, Latvia, and the Landeswehr and Freikorps when the Latvians were about to march into Riga.
July 1919: The government of Ulmanis returned to Riga on 8 July 1919 and the Landeswehr became a component of the Latvian National Army.
7.6.6.Latvian War of Independence
Was a series of military conflicts in Latvia between 5 December 1918, after the newly proclaimed Republic of Latvia was invaded by Soviet Russia.
7.6.6.1.Latvian and German counteroffensive
German and Latvian counterattack against Bolshevik forces during the Latvian War of Independence.
May 1919: Riga was recaptured by the German-Latvian Freikorps and an organised persecution of suspected Bolshevik supporters began.
7.6.6.2.German Coup
On 16 April, the Baltic nobility organised a coup d'etat in Liepāja and a puppet government headed by Andrievs Niedra was established in Latvia.
April 1919: The Baltic nobility organised a coup d'etat in Liepāja, Latvia, and a puppet government headed by Andrievs Niedra was established.
7.6.7.Lithuanian War of Independence
Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Lithuania leading to the independence of the country.
January 1920: According to Article 99 of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, Memelland was ceded to the Allied powers without a referendum effective January 10, 1920. From early 1920 to early 1923 it was administered by France as its agent.
7.6.8.Greater Poland uprising (1918-19)
Was a military insurrection of Poles in the Greater Poland region against German rule.
December 1918: The Polish uprising against German authorities broke out on 27 December 1918 in Poznań. Fighting also start in other towns: Szamotuły, Środa Wielkopolska, Pniewy, Opalenica, Buk, Trzemeszno, Września and Gniezno are captured.
December 1918: The Poles captured Grodzisk Wielkopolski, Kłecko, Kórnik, Wielichowo, Gostyń, Witkowo and other towns.
December 1918: The Poles capture Wronki, Wągrowiec, Gołańcz.
December 1918: In Poznań, the Poles forced the German 6th Regiment of Grenadiers from their barracks. After talks, the regiment leaved the city with their weapons.
December 1918: The Poles capture Kościan, Oborniki Wielkopolskie, Ostrów Wielkopolski.
January 1919: The Second Polish Republic captured Jarocin, Krotoszyn and Mogilno.
January 1919: Czarnków, Jutrosin, Kruszwica, Nakło, Nowy Tomyśl, Miejska Górka, Rawicz, Strzelno and Wolsztyn are captured by the Poles.
January 1919: Inowrocław conquered by Second Polish Republic.
January 1919: The Germans recapture Chodzież and Czarnków.
January 1919: The Poles recaptured Chodzież Battle of Chodzież and Czarnków. They also win the Battle of Ślesin and capture Sieraków.
January 1919: The Poles lose Nakło to the Germans.
January 1919: Polish victory in the Battle of Szubin and capture Łabiszyn, Złotniki and Żnin.
January 1919: The Germans recapture Sarnowa and win the Battle of Zbąszyń.
January 1919: The Germans recapture Szamocin.
January 1919: Poles are forced to leave Potulice.
January 1919: Poles capture Babimost and Kargowa.
January 1919: In the Battle of Rynarzewo, the Germans capture Szubin.
February 1919: A Polish counterattack forced a German withdrawal to northern bank of the Noteć River. The Poles recaptured Rynarzewo and won the Battle of Kcynia.
February 1919: Poles recapture Szubin.
February 1919: Germans use an armoured train to capture Kargowa and Babimost, but their offensive is stopped near Kopanica.
June 1919: With the treaty of Versailles German eastern territories were officially ceded to Poland.
7.6.9.Territory of the Saar Basin
The Territory of the Saar Basin was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate.
March 1935: After a plebiscite was held in 1935, the Territory of the Saar Basin was returned to Germany.
Was a Civil War in Russia that involved varios factions but mainly the Bolsheviks and the conservative White Army in the core Russian territories, as well as a multitude of local secessionist states. At the end of war the Bolsheviks were victorious and established the Soviet Union.
May 1918: The last Swedes retreated from the Åland Islands on 26 May 1918.
October 1918: The Germans stayed in the Åland Islands until September 1918.
8.1.Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War
Local independence movement caused several secessions and revolts during the Russian Civil War.
8.1.1.Sochi conflict
Was a three-party border conflict which involved the counterrevolutionary White Russian forces, Bolshevik Red Army and the Democratic Republic of Georgia, each of which sought control over the Black Sea town of Sochi.
8.1.1.Pro-independence and White movements in Crimea during the Russian Civil War
Were a series of revolts and secessions in Crimea during the Russian Civil War.
March 1918: The Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic existed from 19 March to 30 April 1918 and was recognised by the Russian SFSR.
April 1918: With the assistance of the German Empire, the Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic was quickly overrun by forces of Ukraine. By the end of April 1918, the majority of the CEC and the Council of People's Commissars, including council leader Anton Slutsky and local Bolshevik chief Jan Tarwacki, were arrested and shot in Alushta by insurgent Crimean Tatars. On 30 April, the Republic was abolished.
8.1.2.Establishment of the Don Republic
The Don Republic was an anti-Bolshevik republic formed by the Armed Forces of South Russia on the territory of the Don Cossacks, during the Russian Civil War.
May 1918: The assembly of the Don Cossacks - the Krug - proclaimed the independence of the Don Republic.
8.2.Ice March
Was a military withdrawal during the Russian Civil War. Under attack by the Red Army advancing from the north, the forces of the Volunteer Army, sometimes referred to as the White Guard, began a retreat from the city of Rostov south towards the Kuban.
February 1918: By the beginning of 1918 better-organised and stronger Communist forces began an advance from the north, capturing Taganrog on the Sea of Azov on 10 February.
8.3.Ukrainian-Soviet War
Was a conflict between Ukrainian nationalist forces and the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War. It also included a multitude of ethnical and local factions.
February 1918: Ukraine was already independant from russia, but partially occupied by it and at same time already a German protectorate. It joined the treaty to push out the red army. Ukraine signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to obtain military help from the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires. Germany helped the Ukrainian Army force the Bolsheviks out of Ukraine. By April the German-Austrian Operation Faustschlag offensive had completely removed the Bolsheviks from Ukraine. Thus Germany was able to made entire Ukraine a protectorate.
February 1918: Donetsk-Krivoi Rog Soviet Republic was a self-declared Soviet republic of the Russian SFSR founded on 12 February 1918.
February 1918: The Kuban People's Republic was proclaimed by the Kuban Rada on 28 January 1918 and declared its independence on 16 February.
March 1918: The Imperial German and Austro-Hungarian armies drove the Bolsheviks out of Ukraine, taking Kiev on March 1.
March 1918: The Odessa Soviet Republic ceased to exist altogether when it was sacked by German and Austro-Hungarian troops two months after its creation.
March 1918: In accordance with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Donetsk-Krivoi Rog Soviet Republic was abolished.
April 1918: Kharkov conquered by germany.
April 1918: Former Imperial Russian Army General Pavlo Skoropadsky led a successful German-backed coup against the Rada on April 29. He proclaimed the conservative Ukrainian State (also known as the "Hetmanate") with himself as monarch, and reversed many of the socialist policies.
November 1918: On November 9 Polish forces attempted to seize the Drohobych oil fields by surprise but were driven back, outnumbered by the Ukrainians. The resulting stalemate saw the Poles retaining control over Lviv and a narrow strip of land around a railway linking the city to Poland, while the rest of eastern Galicia remained under the control of the West Ukrainian National Republic.
November 1918: When the Central Powers were defeated on the Western Front, Germany completely withdrew from Ukraine. Skoropadsky left Kiev with the Germans, and the Hetmanate was in turn overthrown by the socialist Directorate.
Was the annexation of the Federal State of Austria into the German Reich on 13 March 1938.
March 1938: On 12 March, the German Wehrmacht crossed the border into Austria, unopposed by the Austrian military. The Germans were greeted with great enthusiasm. A plebiscite held on 10 April officially ratified Austria's annexation by the Reich.
On 29 September, the Munich Agreement was signed by Germany, Italy, France, and Britain. The Munich Agreement stipulated that Czechoslovakia must cede Sudeten territory to Germany. Germany dismembered Czechoslovakia.
October 1938: On 29 September, the Munich Agreement was signed by Germany, Italy, France, and Britain. The Munich Agreement stipulated that Czechoslovakia must cede the Sudeten territory to Germany. German occupation of the Sudetenland would be completed by 10 October.
March 1939: The Slovak Diet convened and unanimously declared Slovak independence. The Slovak Republic (Germany) was a partially-recognized client state of Nazi Germany which existed from 14 March 1939.
March 1939: The Czechoslovak Republic was dissolved when Germany invaded it on 15 March 1939, and annexed the Czech region into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
March 1939: Eastern Slovakia conquered by Kingdom of Hungary.
By late 1938, Lithuania had lost control over the situation in the Memel Territory. In the early hours of 23 March 1939, after a political ultimatum had made a Lithuanian delegation travel to Berlin, the Lithuanian Minister of Foreign Affairs Juozas Urbšys and his German counterpart Joachim von Ribbentrop signed the Treaty of the Cession of the Memel Territory to Germany in exchange for a Lithuanian Free Zone in the port of Memel, using the facilities erected in previous years.
March 1939: By late 1938, Lithuania had lost control over the situation in the Memel Territory. In the early hours of 23 March 1939, after a political ultimatum had made a Lithuanian delegation travel to Berlin, the Lithuanian Minister of Foreign Affairs Juozas Urbšys and his German counterpart Joachim von Ribbentrop signed the Treaty of the Cession of the Memel Territory to Germany in exchange for a Lithuanian Free Zone in the port of Memel, using the facilities erected in previous years.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
12.1.World War II (Asia & Pacific)
Was the East Asian, South Asian and Pacific theatre of World War II.
12.1.1.Madagascar Campaign (World War II)
Was a British campaign to capture the Vichy French-controlled island of Madagascar during World War II.
May 1942: British forces land at Courier Bay in Madagascar, against little opposition from Vichy France forces.
September 1942: Amphibious landings at Majunga (Madagascar) by British and East African forces.
September 1942: A British East African Command lands without opposition on the coast of Tamatave (Madagascar).
September 1942: Tannanarive fell to British forces on 23 September.
November 1942: Ambalavao conquered by great britain.
November 1942: An armistice was signed in Ambalavao on 6 November 1942, and Madagascar colonial governor Armand Annet surrendered two days later to the Allies.
12.2.World War II (Eastern Theatre)
Was the Eastern European theatre of World War II.
February 1942: Soviet offensive in the Rzhev area.
December 1942: Frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
February 1943: Kursk was retaken by the Soviets.
February 1943: The Red Army occupies Rostov.
February 1943: Hitler arrived at Army Group South headquarters at Zaporizhia just hours before the Soviets liberated Kharkov.
April 1943: Frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
July 1943: Frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
August 1943: The Lokot Republic was a semi-autonomous region in Nazi German-occupied Central Russia from 1941 to 1944.
August 1943: Frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
November 1943: Frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
December 1943: Frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
March 1944: Frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
April 1944: Frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
December 1944: Territorial changes based on the known frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
January 1945: Frontline of the Soviet offensive to the Oder in that date.
February 1945: Frontline of the Soviet offensive to the Oder in that date.
March 1945: Frontline of the Soviet offensive to the Oder in that date.
12.2.1.Invasion of Poland
Was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union. It marked the beginning of World War II.
September 1939: The German armies opened their offensive on September 1 at 5:45 AM, crossing the Polish frontiers on all fronts. Athe Fourteenth army attacked with two groups, one in the Mahrisch Ostrau towards Cracow, and the second group from the Sillein area of northern Slovakia. At the same time the the Fourth Army reached the line Konitz-Nakel.
September 1939: Polish forces at Wieluń surrender to the German 10th Army.
September 1939: Advancement of the German campaign in Poland by September 3rd.
September 1939: Battle of Mława.
September 1939: Polish forces around Piotrków surrender to the German 10th Army.
September 1939: On September 6, without opposition, the Mahrisch Ostrau group of the Fourteenth Army captured Cracow, principal city of southern Poland.
September 1939: The siege of Westerplatte concludes with the surrender of its remaining garrison to the Germans. Tarnów falls to the 14th Army.
September 1939: The pocket at Radom is reduced by the German 14th Army.
September 1939: On September 9 the army had reached the line Dukla-Rzeszow-Kolbuszowa.
September 1939: By the 10th the German forces reached the the east bank of the San at Radymno and Jaroslav. The 1st German Mountain Division forced a crossing of the San at Sanok, in the Carpathian foothills.
September 1939: On the 11th, German forces were south of the Fort of Przemysl, and has also reached Sambor and Lemberg.
September 1939: Advancing rapidly on the 12th, the Third Army cut the railroad lines leading from Warsaw to Bialystok and Siedlce.
September 1939: Advancement of the German campaign in Poland by September 13th.
September 1939: The German Third Army captured Brest Litovsk on the 14th.
September 1939: Przemyśl is captured by the German Army.
September 1939: Advancement of the German campaign in Poland by September 15th.
September 1939: Kutno falls to the German 8th Army and Brest-Litovsk falls to the 3rd Army.
September 1939: Advancement of the German campaign in Poland by September 18th.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 19 September.
September 1939: Advancement of the German campaign in Poland by September 20th.
September 1939: Advance of the German Invasion of Poland until 21 September.
September 1939: Advance of the German Invasion of Poland until 22 September.
September 1939: German capture of Modlin.
September 1939: Advance of the German Invasion of Poland until 30 September.
October 1939: Warsaw surrendered to German forces on September, 27. German forces occupied the city ca. on October, 1st.
October 1939: The garrison of the Hela Peninsula, besieged by land and naval forces, surrendered to German forces on October 1.
October 1939: The Battle of Kock ends with the surrender of defending Polish forces. This is the final significant military resistance to the German or Soviet invasions.
October 1939: In 1939, Poland was divided between the Soviet Union and Germany as part of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.
12.2.1.1.German Annexation of Danzig
After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, the Nazis abolished the Free City of Danzig and incorporated the area into the newly formed Reichsgau of Danzig-West Prussia.
September 1939: After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, the Nazis abolished the Free City of Danzig and incorporated the area into the newly formed Reichsgau of Danzig-West Prussia.
12.2.2.German administration of eastern teritories during World War II
Refers to administrative acts of Germany on the organization of militarly occupied territories in eastern Europe during World War II.
October 1939: With two decresse on 8 and 12 October 1939, Adolf Hitler re-organized the occupied territories in Poland. The part of Poland not annexed directly to the German Reich became the General Gouvernement under civilian administration.
October 1939: With two decresse on 8 and 12 October 1939, Adolf Hitler re-organized the occupied territories in Poland. West Prussia and the are of Poznan were annexed directly to Germany.
July 1941: East Galicia was added to the General Gouvernement.
July 1941: After the German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Białystok Voivodeship, which included the Białystok, Bielsk Podlaski, Grajewo, Łomża, Sokółka, Volkovysk, and Grodno Counties, was "attached to" (not incorporated into) East Prussia.
12.2.3.Operation Barbarossa
Was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies.
July 1941: On July 7, Germany occupied Žytomyr and Berdičev.
July 1941: German advances in USSR during Operation Barbarossa by July 9th.
August 1941: The Transnistria Governorate was established, which was not formally annexed to Romania unlike Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.
September 1941: German advances in USSR during Operation Barbarossa during September 1941.
November 1941: The Lokot Republic was established in central Russia by Bronislav Kaminski, a Russian collaborator with the Nazis.
December 1941: German advances in USSR during Operation Barbarossa by December 5th.
12.2.3.1.Baltic Operation
Refers to German operations that lead to the occupation of the Baltic states during the invasion of Russia of World War II.
June 1941: On the evening of June 22, the German 7th Panzer Division (Major General Hans von Funck) got into a major tank battle east of Olita (Alytus).
June 1941: Fighting was fought around Polangen, the Soviet 10th Rifle Division's defenses were breached and it was forced to retreat north.
June 1941: The 3rd Infantry Division (motorized) of Germany advanced to Dubissa, where a bridgehead was established at Ariogala in the afternoon.
June 1941: The 8th Panzer Division (General Brandenberger), covered on the left by the 290th Infantry Division, took Georgenburg.
June 1941: Tauroggen is occupied by German forces.
June 1941: The breakthrough between Mariampol and Kalvarja was forced by the German Army.
June 1941: The German 121st Infantry Division attacked in the Wirballen area and was soon engaged in house-to-house fighting in Kibarten.
June 1941: The German XXVIII. Army Corps attacked with the 122nd and 123rd Infantry Divisions near Neustadt and northwest of Sintautai.
June 1941: Heavy losses of Soviet troops during the counterattacks and lack of fuel and ammunition led to the fall of Kaunas and Vilna on June 24.
June 1941: The German LVI. Army Corps reached the Ukmerge area on 24 June.
June 1941: The front parts of the Soviet 28th Panzer Division (Raseiniai) were wedged and lost 14 tanks and 20 guns, leaving the battlefield on the night of June 24th.
June 1941: German military occupation of Schaulen (today Šiauliai), Lithuania.
June 1941: German motorized corps reached the river at Krustpils on June 26.
June 1941: On the morning of June 26, the 8th Panzer Division (General Brandenberger) and the 3rd Motorized Division (General Jahn) reached the Düna, taking Dünaburg and securing a bridgehead on the right bank of the river.
June 1941: As late as June 28, Libau was occupied by the Germans without any particular resistance.
June 1941: Motorized corps of General Reinhardt reached the western Düna near Jakobstadt and Lievenhof.
June 1941: On June 29, Jelgava (Mitau) was occupied by the German 18th Army.
June 1941: At the end of June, the German 1st Army Corps with the 1st, 11th and 21st Infantry Divisions concentrated on the Düna in the Friedrichstadt area.
July 1941: On July 1, the Soviet 8th Army was further withdrawn to the Gulbene - Lake Lubana line.
July 1941: Ventspils (Windau) was taken by the Germans on July 1st.
July 1941: East of Dünaburg near Kraslava the Düna crossing by the Germans took place on July 3rd.
July 1941: On the evening of July 3, German troops occupied Gulbene.
July 1941: The pushed-off Soviet 42nd Panzer Division held out in the Dagda District until the evening of July 3.
July 1941: Units of the German LVI. motorized corps occupied Rezekne on July 4th.
July 1941: The Germans retook Ostrow.
July 1941: On July 6 the city of Ostrow fell back into German hands.
July 1941: German troops threw back the remnants of the Soviet 41st Rifle Corps across this river and occupied the western part of Pskov.
July 1941: The German 217th Infantry Division, supported by the Navy, took Pernau on 9 July.
July 1941: German forces reached the Dorpat-Pernau line on July 10.
August 1941: On August 5, the German units reached Tallinn.
August 1941: On August 7th, 1941, German forces under the command of Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb reached the coast of the Gulf of Finland at Kunda.
August 1941: On August 27, Admiral W. F. Tributz issued the order to evacuate his naval troops, on this day German troops entered Tallinn.
12.2.3.2.Battle of Białystok-Minsk
Was a German strategic operation conducted by the Wehrmacht's Army Group Centre during the penetration of the Soviet border region. The operation loed to the occupation of Belarus.
June 1941: Minsk, the capital of Belarus, fell to the Wehrmacht.
12.2.3.2.1.German Invasion of Belarus
Was a German strategic operation conducted by the Wehrmacht's Army Group Centre during the penetration of the Soviet border region. The operation led to the occupation of Belarus.
June 1941: By the night of 25 June, the Soviet counterattack was defeated, and the commander of the 6th Cavalry Corps was captured yb the Germans in Grodno.
12.2.3.3.Siege of Leningrad
Was a prolonged military blockade undertaken by the Axis powers against the Soviet city of Leningrad (present-day Saint Petersburg) on the Eastern Front of World War II.
June 1941: Riga conquered by germany.
August 1941: The German XXVI. Army Corps reached the Luga sector near Kingisepp on August 17.
August 1941: The Germans Captured Tallinn by August 28.
September 1941: On September 8, the Wehrmacht captured Schlisselburg on the shore of Lake Ladoga.
October 1941: Until mid-October the large Baltic islands were occupied by German forces.
12.2.3.4.Operation München (Bessarabia)
A joint German-Romanian offensive during the German invasion of the Soviet Union in World War II, with the primary objective of recapturing Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region, ceded by Romania to the Soviet Union a year before.
July 1941: By the evening of July 4, parts of the German XI. and XXX. Army corps broke through on the Stolnichena, Zaikany, Shuchulia, Kulugar-Sosh and Busila lines and broke through to Balti.
August 1941: On August 17, Bessarabia and northern Bukovina were officially reintegrated into the Romanian state.
12.2.3.5.Battle of Kiev
Was the struggle between Germany and the USSR for the area of Kiev during World War II.
July 1941: The German forces managed to break through the fortified Stalin Line in the southeast portion of Zhytomyr Oblast.
July 1941: The Axis ground forces reached the Dnieper tributary Irpin River.
September 1941: German occupation of Kiev.
November 1943: Continuing to advance West of Kiev, Soviet forces take Zhitomir, important rail center.
12.2.3.6.Battle of Smolensk
Was the struggle between Germany and the USSR for the area of Smolenks during World War II.
July 1941: German troops, commanded by Field Marshal Fedor von Bock, conquered the city of Smolensk on July 15, while the battle could be considered concluded on the 26th with the liquidation of the last pockets of Soviet resistance, laying the foundations for the attack towards the capital.
September 1943: Bryansk is liberated by the Red Army during Smolensk operation.
September 1943: After four days of battle, Soviet rifle divisions captured Dukhovshchina.
September 1943: Yartsevo, an important railroad hub near Smolensk, was liberated by Soviet troops.
September 1943: Soviet forces take Smolensk and Roslavl on central front.
12.2.3.7.Battle of Uman
Was the World War II German offensive in Uman, Ukraine, against the 6th and 12th Soviet Armies.
July 1941: Panzergruppe 1 occupied the important strategic point of Bila Tserkva.
August 1941: Battle of Uman.
12.2.3.8.Battle of the Sea of Azov
Was an Axis military campaign fought between 26 September 1941 and 11 October 1941 on the northern shores of the Sea of Azov during Operation Barbarossa.
October 1941: The Germans captured Melitopol and Berdiansk.
October 1941: Germans captured Kharkiv on 24 October.
12.2.3.9.Battle of Moscow - German Offensive
Was the attempt of German troops to conquer Moscow, the capital and largest city of the Soviet Union.
October 1941: Spearheads of the German 3rd and 4th Panzer Groups met at Vyazma.
October 1941: By 13 October 1941, the Wehrmacht had reached the Mozhaisk defense line.
October 1941: German forces captured the city of Kalinin and south Kaluga and Tula.
October 1941: Mozhaisk and Maloyaroslavets conquered by germany.
October 1941: Naro-Fominsk fell to the Germans on 21 October.
October 1941: Battle of Bryansk.
October 1941: The Germans reached the outskirts of Tula until 26 October.
October 1941: Volokolamsk conquered by germany.
November 1941: The German Third Panzer Army captured Klin after heavy fighting on 23 November.
November 1941: The Germans took Stalinogorsk on 22 November 1941.
November 1941: Solnechnogorsk conquered by germany.
November 1941: Istra conquered by germany.
November 1941: Just northwest of Moscow, the Wehrmacht reached Krasnaya Polyana, little more than 29 km from the Kremlin in central Moscow.
12.2.3.10.Siege of Odessa
Was the siege of the city of Odessa, in the Soviet Union, during the early phase of Operation Barbarossa.
October 1941: Siege of Odessa.
12.2.3.11.Battle of Rostov
Was a battle of the Eastern Front of World War II, fought around Rostov-on-Don between the Army Group South of Nazi Germany and the Southern Front of the Soviet Union.
October 1941: By 17 October 1941 the Mius River was crossed by the 14th Panzer Division and Taganrog was captured by German troops.
November 1941: On 21 November the Germans took Rostov.
November 1941: On 27 November the Soviet 37th Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Anton Ivanovich Lopatin, as part of the Rostov Strategic Offensive Operation, counter-attacked the 1st Panzer Army's spearhead from the north, forcing them to pull out of the city of Rostov.
12.2.3.12.Battle of Moscow - Soviet Counteroffensive
Was the counteroffensive of the Soviet troops against the Germans, that had put Moscow under siege.
December 1941: A Soviet offensive liberated Kalinin and the Red Army reached Klin.
December 1941: Soviet armies retook Solnechnogorsk.
December 1941: The Red army takes Klin.
December 1941: Soviet troops liberated Naro-Fominsk.
December 1941: The Red Army approaches Kaluga, south-west of Moscow (full liberation on 31 December).
January 1942: Maloyaroslavets conquered by USSR.
12.2.3.13.Russian Offensives in Leningrad
Was a prolonged military blockade undertaken by the Axis powers against the Soviet city of Leningrad (present-day Saint Petersburg) on the Eastern Front of World War II.
December 1941: Germans retreated from Tikhvin back to the Volkhov River.
January 1944: Red Army units gain ground in Leningrad area. Germans forces pushed 60-100 km away from the city. Enemy is cleared from area between Tosno and Lyuban.
12.2.3.14.Operation Iskra
Was a Soviet military operation in January 1943 during World War II, that succesfully broke the Wehrmacht's siege of Leningrad.
January 1943: Soviet Reconquests from the Germans up to January 22.
January 1943: Schlüsselburg conquered by USSR.
12.2.3.15.Operation Polar Star
Was an operation conducted by the Soviet forces that succeeded in recapturing the Demyansk salient.
February 1943: A Soviet operation succeeded in retaking the Demyansk salient.
12.2.4.Continuation War
The Continuation War, also known as the Second Soviet-Finnish War, was a conflict fought by Finland and Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1944, as part of World War II.
12.2.4.1.Operation Silver Fox
Was a joint German-Finnish military operation during the Continuation War on the Eastern Front of World War II against the Soviet Union. The objective of the offensive was to cut off and capture the key Soviet Port of Murmansk.
June 1941: The German 2nd Mountain Division was able to secure the neck of Rybachy Peninsula, while the 3rd Mountain Division was able to penetrate the Soviet lines at the Titovka Valley, capturing a bridge over the river.
12.2.4.2.Petsamo-Kirkenes Offensive
Was a major military offensive during World War II, mounted by the Red Army against the Wehrmacht in 1944 in the Petsamo region.
October 1944: Despite intensive planning before the Petsamo-Kirkenes Offensive, the initial attack on 7 October immediately met with problems. Poor visibility made it difficult to co-ordinate artillery and fire support, slowing the assault. Nevertheless, after some fierce fighting the Soviets broke through the German lines on the Titovka River.
12.2.5.German Crimean campaign
Was an eight-month-long campaign by Axis forces to conquer the Crimean Peninsula on the Eastern Front of World War II.
November 1941: Simferopol, Feodosiya and Kerch were conquered in quick succession by German forces in November 1941.
July 1942: Sevastopol surrendered to German forces on 4 July 1942.
12.2.6.Battle of the Kerch Peninsula
Was the struggle between Germany and the USSR for the control of the Kerch Peninsula during World War II.
December 1941: While German Army Group South continues offensive against Sevastopol, Soviet Caucasian troops make an amphibious assault against Crimea and seize Kerch and Feodosia.
May 1942: In 1942 the Germans occupied the city of Kerč again.
12.2.7.Demyansk Offensive Operation
Was the Soviet operation against a pocket of German troops encircled by the Red Army around Demyansk, south of Leningrad.
January 1942: German gains during the Demyansk Offensive Operation.
February 1942: Demyansk Pocket encircled by Soviet army.
12.2.8.Barvenkovo-Lozovaya Offensive
Was a Red Army operation in northeastern Ukraine on the Eastern Front of World War II.
May 1942: Soviet gains from the Barvenkovo-Lozovaya Offensive.
12.2.9.Case Blue
Was a German offensive whose goal was to capture the oild fields of Baku in the Caucasus.
July 1942: Japanese gains during the New Guinea Campaign.
July 1942: German gains during Case Blue.
July 1942: Battle of Voronezh.
July 1942: Salsk was captured by German forces on 31 July.
August 1942: German gains during Case Blue.
August 1942: Stavropol conquered by germany.
August 1942: Maikop falls to German Army Group A.
August 1942: The western oil fields near Maikop were seized by German forces in a commando operation from 8-9 August.
August 1942: German Army Group A reaches Pyatigorsk.
August 1942: Elista, in the Kalmyk district south of Stalingrad, was taken by German forces on 13 August.
August 1942: German Army Group B presses in steadily on Stalingrad, spearhead reaching the Volga.
August 1942: In the south, the German advance was stopped north of Grozny, after taking Mozdok.
August 1942: From August-September, the Taman Peninsula and a part of the Novorossiysk naval base were captured by the Germans.
September 1942: The Axis enjoyed greater success and on 1 September, the Germans took Khulkhuta, halfway between Elista and Astrakhan.
November 1942: Alagir was seized and the Alagir-Beslan-Malgobek line reached became the farthest German advance in the south.
November 1942: German gains during Case Blue.
12.2.10.Battle of Stalingrad
Was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II where Nazi Germany and its allies unsuccessfully fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (today Volgograd) in Southern Russia.
February 1943: On 2 February 1943, the German 6th army, having exhausted their ammunition and food, finally capitulated.
12.2.10.1.Operation Uranius
Was the codename of the Soviet Red Army's 19-23 November 1942 strategic operation on the Eastern Front of World War II which led to the encirclement of the Axis forces in the vicinity of Stalingrad.
November 1942: Red Army advances during Operation Uranus by 19 November.
November 1942: Red Army advances during Operation Uranus by 23 November.
November 1942: Red Army offensive, which continues to gain ground in Stalingrad sector.
12.2.10.2.Operation Winter Storm
A German offensive in December 1942 during World War II whose aim was to break the Soviet encirclement of the German 6th Army during the Battle of Stalingrad.
December 1942: Red Army advances during Operation Uranus by 12 December.
December 1942: Red Army advances during Operation Uranus by 21 December
December 1942: Red Army advances during Operation Uranus by 23 December
12.2.11.Operation Saturn
Was a Red Army offensive on the Eastern Front of World War II in the Don and Chir rivers region.
January 1943: The Battle of Nikolayevka between the Axis Italian-German forces and Soviet troops , led to a chaotic retreat of the Italian Alpine Division.
February 1943: By February 1st the Italian Alpini retreated to the Kharkov area, where the Axis forces successfully organized a line of defense.
February 1943: The Red army continues to close on Rostov, Kharkov and Kursk.
12.2.12.Third Battle of Kharkov
Was a series of battles on the Eastern Front of World War II, undertaken by Army Group South of Nazi Germany against the Soviet Red Army, around the city of Kharkov.
February 1943: The Germans successfully surrounded and destroyed a number of Red Army units south of the Samara River.
March 1943: Between 1-5 March the 4th Panzer Army, including the SS Panzer Corps, covered 80 kilometers and positioned itself only about 16 kilometers south of Kharkov.
March 1943: German forces recapture Kharkov.
12.2.13.Operation Büffel
Was a retreat conducted by the German Army Group Centre on the Eastern Front during the period 1-22 March 1943 to shorten the front by 370 km.
March 1943: German retreat to eliminate the Rzhev Salient and shorten the front with the Soviets.
12.2.14.Battle of Kursk
Was the struggle between Germany and the USSR for the control of the Kursk region during World War II.
July 1943: German offensive operation in July 1943 against Soviet forces in the Kursk salient.
August 1943: Soviet counter-offensive in Kursk area.
August 1943: The Red Army captures Orel and Belgorod. The German 2nd Panzer Army is virtually destroyed during the Orel battle.
August 1943: The Red Army reaches the outskirts of Kharkov.
August 1943: After heavy fighting, Kharkov was liberated by the Red Army.
12.2.15.Donbass Strategic Offensive (August 1943)
Was a Soviet military operation with the goal of liberating the Donetsk Basin, or Donbas, from the forces of Nazi Germany.
August 1943: Taganrog was liberated by Soviet troops.
September 1943: Kal'mius River conquered by USSR.
September 1943: Soviet troops liberated Horlivka and Artemivsk.
September 1943: Konstantikovka conquered by USSR.
September 1943: Germans announce evacuation of Stalino.
September 1943: Soviet forces driving along edge of Sea of Azov take Mariupol.
September 1943: Sovieto liberation of Barvenkovo.
September 1943: As a result of a Soviet victory, the German Army had been forced to fall back more than 300 kilometer on the Panther-Wotan line along the Dnieper.
12.2.16.Battle of the Dnieper
Was a military campaign that took place in 1943 in Ukraine on the Eastern Front of World War II.
September 1943: Soviet forces take Sumy.
September 1943: Tschernigow conquered by USSR.
September 1943: Germans announce evacuation of Poltava, their last stronghold in the middle Dnieper.
September 1943: Red Army troops push through Poltava toward Kremenchug.
September 1943: Soviet troops occupy Kremenchug and eastern bank of the Dnieper in that area.
October 1943: On the Dnieper bend, Soviet forces successfully conclude struggle for Zaporodzhe, industrial center of the Ukraine.
October 1943: Dnepropetrovsk was liberated on October 25.
12.2.17.Dnieper-Carpathian Offensive
Was a Soviet strategic offensive whose goal was to clear the German-Romanian-Hungarian forces from most of the Ukrainian and Moldavian territories.
December 1943: Soviet troops of Second Ukrainian Front overrun Cherkassy.
December 1943: The Soviets liberated Kasatin on December 28.
December 1943: Soviet forces overwhelm enemy at Korosten .
December 1943: By December 30, the Soviets were able to reach the new Rovno-Shepetovka-Zhmerinka-Vinnitsa-Hristinovka-Uman line.
January 1944: On January 3, 1944, the Soviets liberated Novograd-Volynsky.
January 1944: On January 4 Belaya Tserkov falls to Soviet forces.
January 1944: Red Army forces overrun Berdichev, rail junction southwest of Kiev.
January 1944: By the end of the operation on January 16, the front line in the eastern theater was east of Smela, west of Kirovograd and north of Novgorodka.
January 1944: Medvin and Boyarka fell into Soviet hands on January 26.
February 1944: Soviet forces liberated the city of Lutsk.
February 1944: On February 3rd, the Soviet 13th Army took the important railway junction of Sdolbunov.
February 1944: Moscow announces major breakthrough by troops of Third Ukrainian Front in region northeast of Krivoi Rog and Nikopol where Apostolovi, rail junction between the 2 places, is overrun.
February 1944: Shepetovka, rail center West of Kiev near prewar Polish border, falls to troops of First Ukrainian Front.
February 1944: The Red Army reached the Ingulez River on February 29.
March 1944: On March 7, Soviet troops crossed the Gorni Tikich River.
March 1944: Soviet forces break into Tarnopol, where prolonged street fighting ensues.
March 1944: Soviet forces on the offensive South-West of Smela capture Uman, German air base.
March 1944: On March 16 the Red Army occupied Bobrines.
March 1944: Forces of First Ukrainian Front make progress SW of Rowno, overrunning Dubno
March 1944: By March 18, 1944, the Soviet advance led by Marshal Georgy Zhukov had reached Kovel, a city in western Ukraine.
March 1944: After three days of heavy fighting, parts of the 32nd Guards Rifle Corps (Lieutenant General A. I. Rodimtzev) entered Pervomaisk.
March 1944: Highway and rail junction of Vinnitsa falls to troops of First Ukrainian Front.
March 1944: On March 23, Czortków was liberated by the Soviet Red Army.
March 1944: On March 26, the Soviet Army liberated Kamenets-Podolsky.
12.2.18.Leningrad-Novgorod Offensive
Was a Soviet strategic offensive whose goal was to end the German siege of Leningrad.
January 1944: On January 19, the Red Army recaptured Krasnoye Selo and Ropsha from German occupation.
January 1944: On January 30, Pushkin Gatchina fell to the Red Army.
February 1944: The city of Luga was captured by Soviet troops on February 12.
February 1944: On February 15 the Red Army reached the Narva the eastern shore of Lake Peipus.
March 1944: By the end of February, the Soviets reached the Pskov-Ostrov lines of defense.
12.2.19.German invasion of Hungary
Was the occupation of Hungary by German Nazi troops during World War II.
March 1944: The Germans occupy Hungary.
12.2.20.Red Army Crimean Offensive
Was a series of offensives by the Red Army that ended with the evacuation of Crimea by the Germans.
April 1944: On the morning of April 11, the Soviet 19th Panzer Corps under Major General Vasilyev occupied Dzhankoi.
April 1944: Soviet forces in the Crimea break through enemy defenses on Kerch Peninsula to seize Kerch.
April 1944: Eupatoria, Simferopol and Feodosiya were occupied by USSR forces on April 13.
April 1944: Soviet Independent Maritime Army captures Yalta, in the Crimea.
May 1944: Sevastopol falls to Soviet forces.
12.2.21.Operation Bagration
Was the Soviet offensive against German-occupied Belarus during World War II.
12.2.21.1.Vitebsk-Orsha Offensive
Was a Soviet military offensive during World War II where Vitebsk and Orsha were conquered from the Germans.
June 1944: Red Army overruns Orsha, North-East of Minsk.
June 1944: The Soviets reached the Berezina River by 28 June.
12.2.21.2.Bobruysk Offensive
Was a Soviet military offensive during World War II where Bobruysk was liberated.
June 1944: The Red Army envelops Bobruysk.
12.2.21.3.Polotsk Offensive
Was a Soviet military offensive during World War II where Polotsk was liberated.
July 1944: USSR Troops of First Baltic Front overrun Polotsk.
12.2.21.4.Minsk Offensive
Was a Soviet military offensive during World War II where Minsk was liberated.
July 1944: Minsk falls to Third and First White Russian Fronts.
12.2.21.5.Vilnius Offensive
Was a Soviet military offensive during World War II where Vilnius was liberated.
July 1944: Molodechno was taken by Soviet units of the 11th Guards Army, 5th Guards Tank Army and 3rd Guards Cavalry Corps on 5 July.
July 1944: Soviet forces reached Vilnius, held by units of the German 3rd Panzer Army.
July 1944: The city of Vilnius fell to the Red Army on 13 July.
12.2.21.6.Belostock Offensive
Was a Soviet military offensive during World War II where Białystok (Poland) was liberated.
July 1944: Soviet converging columns of Third and Second White Russian Fronts overrun Grodno, rail and road junction on route to East Prussia.
July 1944: The Soviet 3rd Army reached the outskirts of Białystok itself, despite strong resistance from the LV Corps. It stormed the city and took it.
12.2.21.7.Šiauliai Offensive
Was an operation of the Soviet forces of the 1st Baltic Front, commanded by General Hovhannes Bagramyan, conducted from 5 July to 29 August 1944. It drove German troops from much of Lithuania, with the main tactical objective being the city of Šiauliai.
July 1944: By July 22 Soviet troops had captured Panevežys.
July 1944: On 27 July the Red Army captured Šiauliai and Daugavpils.
August 1944: Soviet troops liberated the cities of Jelgava and Kaunas.
August 1944: Soviet advances during Operation Bagraton and Šiauliai Offensive.
12.2.21.8.Lublin-Brest Offensive
Strategic offensive by the Soviet Red Army to clear the Nazi German forces from the regions of Eastern Poland and Western Belarus.
July 1944: Soviet troops of First White Russian Front overrun Lublin.
July 1944: Troops of First White Russian Front overrun Brest Litovsk.
August 1944: By 2 August, the 1st Belorussian Front’s left wing armies seized bridgeheads over the Vistula at Magnuszew (Chuikov's 47th Army) and Puławy.
12.2.21.9.Kaunas Offensive
Was an offensive of the Soviet Red Army to clear the area of Kaunas from German forces.
July 1944: The German resistance on the approaches to the Neman was broken.
July 1944: Using the success of the Tank Corps, the troops of the Soviet 33rd Army entered and secured Vilkaviškis and the railway station of Mariampolė.
12.2.21.10.Osovets Offensive
Was an offensive of the Soviet Red Army to clear the area of Osowiec (Poland) from German forces.
August 1944: Joseph Stalin's Order no. 166 for that day noted the capture of the fortress of Osowiec.
12.2.22.Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive
Was a major Red Army operation to force the German troops out from Ukraine and Eastern Poland.
July 1944: The Soviet Mobile Group advanced quickly, under cover of air support, and over the next three days managed to capture the town of Kamionka Strumilowa.
July 1944: Columns of First Ukrainian Front take Lwow
August 1944: Soviet commander Pavel Rybalko is able to expand the Soviet controlled area in the Lvov-Sandomierz region by a depth of 120 kilometers, capturing the city of Sandomierz.
12.2.23.Battle of Narva
With the Narva Offensive, 24-30 July 1944, the Red Army captured the town of Narva.
July 1944: With the Narva Offensive, 24-30 July 1944, the Red Army captured the town of Narva.
12.2.24.Tartu Offensive
Was the Soviet offensive to clear the Tartu area (Estonia) from the German forces on the Eastern Front of World War II.
August 1944: The USSR Captured the town of Võru on 13 August.
August 1944: Tartu falls to forces of Third Baltic Front.
12.2.24.1.Riga Offensive
Was the Soviet operation to conquer Riga as part of the larger Baltic offensive on the Eastern Front during World War II.
October 1944: Riga was taken by forces of the Soviet 3rd Baltic Front.
12.2.25.Battle of Romania
The Soviet Operations to drive out the Axis powers from Romania during World War II.
September 1944: Soviet advance in Romania on 8 September 1944.
September 1944: By 24 September 1944, nearly all of Romania was under Allied control.
12.2.25.1.Jassy-Kishinev Offensive
Was a Soviet offensive against Axis forces in Eastern Romania during World War II.
August 1944: Troops of the USSR 7th Guards Army stormed Bacău and the 40th Army took Târgu Neamț.
12.2.26.Baltic Offensive
Was the campaign between the northern Fronts of the Red Army and the German Army Group North in the Baltic States during the autumn of 1944 that resulted in the Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic States.
12.2.26.1.Tallinn Offensive
Was a strategic offensive by the Red Army against the German Army in mainland Estonia on the Eastern Front of World War II.
September 1944: Soviet forces site Tallinn.
12.2.26.2.Moonsund Operation
The Moonsund landing operation was an amphibious operation by the Red Army that cleared the West Estonian archipelago from German troops.
October 1944: Soviet conquest of the island of Moon and part of the island of Ösel.
October 1944: Soviet conquest of the island of Ösel.
November 1944: Soviet conquest of the island of Ösel.
12.2.26.3.Battle of Memel
Was a battle which took place on the Eastern Front during World War II resulting in the Soviet conquest of Klaipėda (Memel).
January 1945: German forces abandon Memel, which is occupied by Soviet forces shortly after.
12.2.27.Lapland War
Was a series of fights between Finland and Germany at the end of World War II when German troops were leaving Finland, which had been a German ally until the end of 1944.
October 1944: German troops were in northern Finland in order to support the country against Russia. Between September 1944 and April 1945 all german soldiers left finland after a series of minor battles.
12.2.28.Battle of Debrecen
Was a battle taking place 6-29 October 1944 on the Eastern Front in Hungary during World War II.
12.2.29.Soviet Invasion of Hungary
Was the Soviet invasion of German-occupied Hungary during World War II.
April 1945: Soviet operations in Hungary ended on 4 April 1945, when the last German troops were expelled.
12.2.29.1.Battle of Budapest
Was the 50-day-long encirclement by Soviet and Romanian forces of the German-occupied Hungarian capital of Budapest.
October 1944: The Red Army started its offensive against the city of Budapest.
12.2.29.2.Operation Spring Awakening
Was the last major German offensive of World War II. It took place in Western Hungary on the Eastern Front and lasted from 6 March until 15 March, 1945. The objective was to secure the last significant oil reserves still available to the European Axis powers and prevent the Red Army from advancing towards Vienna. It was a failure for Nazi Germany.
March 1945: German occupation of Balaton lake region (line of 15 march).
March 1945: Soviet counterattack in Hungary.
March 1945: Soviet forces continue to advance in Hungary towards Austria.
12.2.30.Gumbinnen Operation
Was a Soviet offensive on the Eastern Front late in 1944, in which Soviet forces attempted to penetrate the borders of East Prussia.
October 1944: Gumbinnen was reached by the Soviets by 22 October.
October 1944: Gumbinnen was retaken by German forces on the 24 October.
October 1944: The Germans lost Gumbinnen on October 25th.
November 1944: The town of Gumbinnen was again taken by the German 5th Panzer Division.
12.2.31.Vistula-Oder Offensive
Was a Soviet offensive were German-held territories of Kraków, Warsaw and Poznań were conquered.
January 1945: The Soviet 69th Army ruptured the last lines of defence and took Radom.
January 1945: The Soviet First Ukrainian Front takes Kielce.
January 1945: First White Russian Front overruns Warsaw, capital of Poland.
January 1945: First White Russian Front takes Łódź.
January 1945: First Ukrainian Front seizes and Cracow.
January 1945: The Red Army reached the Baltic coast of the Vistula delta.
January 1945: The Red Army reached Katowice.
January 1945: The Soviet 2nd Guards Tank and 5th Shock Armies reached the Oder almost unopposed. A unit of the 5th Shock Army crossed the river ice and took the town of Kienitz as early as 31 January.
12.2.32.Soviet Invasion of Slovakia
Was the Soviet invasion of Slovakia near the end of World War II.
January 1945: The Red Army occupied Bardejov, Svidník, Prešov and Košice in eastern Slovakia.
March 1945: On March 3-5 the Soviets took northwestern Slovakia.
March 1945: In Czechoslovakia, troops of Second Ukrainian Front take communications center of Banska Bystrica.
April 1945: Important communications center of Bratislava (Czechoslovakia) falls to troops of Second Ukrainian Front.
12.2.33.East Prussian Offensive
Was a strategic offensive by the Soviet Red Army against the German Wehrmacht in East Prussia during World War II.
January 1945: Second White Russian Front seizes Allenstein and Deutsch-Eylau.
January 1945: Rokossovsky's leading tank units had reached the shore of the Vistula Lagoon.
March 1945: Some 15 divisions of the German 4th Army had become encircled on the shore of the Vistula Lagoon in what became known as the Heiligenbeil Pocket. After bitter fighting, these units were finally overcome on 29 March.
April 1945: Organized resistance in East Prussia ends as Königsberg fortress falls to troops of Third White Russian Front
April 1945: In East Prussia, troops of Third White Russian Front overrun Pillau, at tip of Samland Peninsula.
12.2.34.Battle of Küstrin
Was the Soviet offensive against German forces in the area of Küstrin (today Kostrzyn nad Odrą in Poland).
February 1945: On February 2, 1945, Soviet troops occupied the fortress of Küstrin.
12.2.35.Siege of Breslau
Was a three-month-long siege of the city of Breslau in Lower Silesia, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland) by Soviet Troops at the End of World War II.
February 1945: In German Silesia, Soviet forces gain ground North-West of Breslau.
May 1945: After a three-month-long siege of the city of Breslau in Lower Silesia, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland), fell to the Soviets.
12.2.36.East Pomeranian Strategic Offensive
Was an offensive by the Soviet Red Army against the German Wehrmacht in Pomerania and West Prussia from 10 February to 4 April 1945.
February 1945: Red Army overruns Schneidemuehl (North-East Prussia).
February 1945: In checkered fighting, Deutsch-Briesen fell into Soviet hands on February 16.
March 1945: As early as March 1, the Soviets had again penetrated east of Koslin to the Baltic Sea.
March 1945: Russian troops reach coast at Koeslin.
March 1945: On March 5th the Red Army reached the Baltic coast and occupied Kammin.
March 1945: Soviet forces led by Marshal Georgy Zhukov occupied Stolpmünde, a town in present-day Poland.
March 1945: On March 8, the 1st Guards Tank Army was temporarily assigned to Rokossovsky's front, parts of the 3rd Guards Tank Corps and the 132nd Rifle Corps of the 19th Army (General Koslow) jointly occupied the town of Stolp.
March 1945: Sopot fell into Soviet hands on March 23.
March 1945: On March 28, the Red Army took Gotenhafen (modern-day Gdynia).
March 1945: Troops of Second White Russian Front complete capture of Danzig.
April 1945: The German formations north-west of Danzig on the Oxhöfter Kämpe and on the Hela peninsula, as well as the German units stationed near Stutthof, continued to resist until April 9, 1945.
12.2.37.Vienna Offensive
Was an offensive launched by the Red Army in order to capture Vienna, Austria, during World War II. .
March 1945: The German bridgehead at Komárom was eliminated by Soviet forces.
April 1945: The Red Army penetrated Klosterneuburg with the 20th and 22nd Guards Tank Brigades.
April 1945: On April 8, Soviet forces also landed on the left bank of the Danube opposite Orth and near Mannsdorf.
April 1945: The German 96th Infantry Division and the 101st Jäger Division had to evacuate Gänserndorf and Angern on April 10th.
April 1945: The Soviet 23rd Panzer Corps (Lieutenant General Akhmanov) occupied Deutsch-Wagram on April 11.
April 1945: Second Ukrainian Front gains ground North of Vienna. Troops of Third Ukrainian Front continue to clear region West of Vienna and overrun Fuerstenfeld, East of Graz.
12.2.38.Battle of Berlin
The German Ninth Army, encircled in a large pocket in the Spree Forest region south-east of Berlin, attempted to break out westwards through the village of Halbe but was defeated.
May 1945: Battle of Halbe: The German Ninth Army, encircled in a large pocket in the Spree Forest region south-east of Berlin, attempted to break out westwards through the village of Halbe but was defeated.
May 1945: Fighting between German and Soviet forces in Berlin.
12.2.39.Prague Offensive
Was the last major military operation of World War II in Europe, fought by the Soviets to liberate Prague. The offensive continued for 2 days after the capitulation of Germany.
May 1945: Troops of Fourth Ukrainian Front overrun Olmütz.
May 1945: Soviet forces finish clearing Czechoslovakia and Austria and begin to mop up isolated remnants.
12.3.World War II (Western Front)
Was the Western European theatre of World War II.
May 1940: Hitler announced the re-integration of Eupen-Malmedy into Germany while the rest of Belgium remained under military occupation.
June 1940: German occupation of the Channel Islands, which lasted for most of World War II.
August 1942: Luxembourg was annexed by Germany into Gau Moselland.
September 1943: The Italian surrended to the Allies in September 1943 and the Germans took over the Italian occupation zones in France.
September 1943: In September 1943, following Mussolini's fall in Italy, the German Army occupied Monaco and began the deportation of the Jewish population.
April 1945: The Slovak Republic was abolished after the Soviet occupation in 1945.
12.3.1.Saar Offensive
Was the French invasion of Saarland, Germany, in the first stages of World War II.
September 1939: The French army advanced to as far as 8 kilometres in some areas of Germany, and captured about 12 towns and villages unopposed: Gersheim, Medelsheim, Ihn, Niedergailbach, Bliesmengen, Ludweiler, Brenschelbach, Lauterbach, Niedaltdorf, Kleinblittersdorf, Auersmacher, and Sitterswald.
September 1939: The French occupied most of the Warndt Forest.
September 1939: The French 32nd Infantry Regiment made further gains on 12 September, seizing the German town of Brenschelbach.
September 1939: The French held German territory along all of the Rhine-Moselle front, but after the collapse of Poland, General Maurice Gamelin on 21 September ordered French units to return to their starting positions on the Maginot Line. On 17 October the withdrawal was complete.
12.3.2.Norwegian Campaign
Was the struggle for the control of Norway between Germany and the Allies that ended with the German military occupation of that country.
April 1940: Egersund is captured without resistance by the Germans, as is Arendal.
April 1940: The Narvik landing force evades British naval forces and defeats the Norwegian vessels in the fjord.
April 1940: German air-landed soldiers land at and capture the airport at Oslo.
April 1940: Bergen and Trondheim are captured by Germany.
April 1940: In Oslo, the Norwegian government has left, and Vidkun Quisling becomes the head of the new government.
April 1940: Kongsberg fell to German forces without a fight.
April 1940: The British 146th Brigade is forced to withdraw from Steinkjer by German forces.
April 1940: German forces moved north from Oslo reach Lillehammer and captured the town.
April 1940: Allied forces decide to withdraw from Namsos and Åndalsnes, abandoning the effort against German forces at Trondheim.
May 1940: German forces enter Åndalsnes.
May 1940: Territorial change based on available maps.
May 1940: Norwegian and Allied forces attack Narvik, entering the town after a short fight.
June 1940: The surrender of Norway to the German invading force is complete and resistance is ended.
12.3.3.Administrative changes of occupied Denmark and its possessions during World War II
Were the administrative territorial changes of Denmark (occupied by Germany) and its overseas territories (free from German occupation) during World War II.
April 1940: Lasting approximately four hours, the German ground campaign against Denmark was one of the shortest military operations of the Second World War.
May 1940: After the occupation of Denmark, British forces from 12 April 1940 made a pre-emptive bloodless invasion of the Faroe Islands to prevent their occupation by German troops.
August 1943: Germany occupied Denmark in Operation Weserübung. The king and government functioned as normal in a de facto protectorate over the country until 29 August 1943.
May 1945: German forces in North West Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands surrender.
12.3.4.German Invasion of Luxembourg
Was the German Invasion of Luxembourg during World War II.
May 1940: The battle for Luxembourg began on 10 May 1940 and lasted just one day. Facing only light resistance, German troops quickly occupied Luxembourg.
12.3.5.German Invasion of Netherlands
Was the German Invasion of the Netherlands during World War II.
May 1940: Battle of Maastricht.
May 1940: Battle of Mill.
May 1940: Battle of the Grebbeberg.
May 1940: Battle of Rotterdam.
May 1940: After the bombing of Rotterdam, the Dutch surrendered in the late afternoon of 14 May, signing the capitulation early the next morning.
May 1940: Battle of Zeeland.
12.3.6.German Invasion of Belgium
Was the German Invasion of Belgium during World War II.
May 1940: The Belgian Command withdrew its forces behind the Namur-Antwerp line.
May 1940: Battle of Fort Eben-Emael.
May 1940: When news of the German breakthrough at Sedan reached Prioux, the French withdrew from Gembloux.
May 1940: The outnumbered Belgians abandoned Brussels and the Government fled to Ostend. The city was occupied by the German Army on 17 May.
May 1940: The Germans captured Terneuzen and Ghent that day.
May 1940: Battle of Boulogne.
May 1940: Nevele, Vynckt, Tielt and Iseghem fall on the western and central part of the Leie front.
May 1940: The Germans reached the outskirts of Bruges, and captured Ursel.
12.3.7.German Invasion of France
The Battle of France was the German invasion of France during World War II that ended with the French Armistice of Compiègne on 22 June 1940.
12.3.7.1.Central Front of the German Invasion of France (World War II)
Was the front of the Meuse Line during the German invasion of France in World War II.
May 1940: The German advance forces reached the Meuse line late in the afternoon.
May 1940: On 12 May, Sedan was captured without resistance and the Germans defeated the French defences around Sedan on the west bank of the Meuse.
May 1940: German advance in Belgium.
May 1940: Stonne changed hands 17 times and fell to the Germans for the last time in the evening.
May 1940: Battle of Montcornet.
June 1940: Battle of Dunkirk.
12.3.7.2.Fall Rot
Was the operation to complete the conquest of France by the German Army during the Battle of France.
June 1940: Frontline of the Battle of Belgium in that date.
June 1940: German advance in France.
June 1940: On 14 June, Paris fell to the German forces. The Parisians unable to flee the city found that in most cases the Germans were extremely well mannered.
June 1940: German conquest of Rennes.
June 1940: The German 7th Panzer Division headed west over the Seine river through Normandy and captured the port of Cherbourg on 18 June.
June 1940: German conquest of Brest.
June 1940: German conquest of Nantes.
June 1940: The remnants of French Army 2 Group are encircled by German forces.
June 1940: German advances in France by June, 25th 1940.
12.3.7.3.French Armistice
Was the Armistice of 22 June 1940 when France surrendered to Germany during World War II.
12.3.7.3.1.Franco-German Armistice
The French Armistice of 22 June 1940 was signed at 18:36 near Compiègne, France, by officials of Nazi Germany and the French Third Republic. The armistice partitioned France: northern and central France were militarly occupied by Germany, Alsace-Lorraine was inglobated into the German State, and the remainder of France became Vichy France, a regime loyal to Germany.
June 1940: The Armistice of 22 June 1940 was signed at 18:36 near Compiègne, France, by officials of Nazi Germany and the French Third Republic. It did not come into effect until after midnight on 25 June. Northern and coastal France fell under direct German occupation, whereas a French government aligned with Germany ("Vichy France") was established in the south. Alsace-Lorraine was annexed to Nazi Germany.
12.3.7.3.2.Franco-Italian Armistice
The Franco-Italian Armistice, or Armistice of Villa Incisa, signed on 24 June 1940.
June 1940: Franco-Italian Armistice, or Armistice of Villa Incisa, signed on 24 June 1940, in effect from 25 June. Some regions of southern France remained under Italian occupation.
12.3.8.Overall Frontline (Belgium and France)
Refers to the battles on the northern French and Belgian front during the German invasion of the region.
May 1940: Frontline of the Battle of Belgium in that date.
May 1940: Antwerp and Suarlee fell to Germany on 19 May.
May 1940: Surrender of French troops in Calais.
May 1940: Defensive Perimeter around Dunkirk established. The Germans occupy the surroundings of Dunkirk.
June 1940: Evacuation of British and Belgian forces from Dunkirk completed.
12.3.9.Italian invasion of France
Was the invasion of southern France by Fascist Italy during the Battle of France.
June 1940: German forces occupied Les Granges-Saint-Paul.
12.3.10.Ardennes Counteroffensive
Was the last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front during World War II.
12.3.10.1.German Offensive in Yugoslavia
German offensive during the World War II Axis invasion of Yugoslavia.
April 1941: Late in the afternoon of the 10th April German Tanks entered the city of Zagreb.
April 1941: SS-Obersturmfuehrer (1st Lt.) Klingenberg of the 2d SS Motorized Infantry Division entered Belgrade with an SS patrol. The mayor of Belgrade officially handed over the city to Klingenberg
12.3.10.2.Allied Counteroffensive
Allied military operations to liberate Belgium and Luxembourg during World War II.
January 1945: Territorial changes based on the known frontline of the western front of World War II in that date.
12.3.11.Case Anton
Was the military occupation of Vichy France carried out by Germany and Italy in November 1942. It marked the end of the Vichy regime as a nominally-independent state and the disbanding of its army, but it continued its existence as a puppet government in Occupied France.
November 1942: Military occupation of Vichy France carried out by Germany and Italy in November 1942. It marked the end of the Vichy regime as a nominally-independent state and the disbanding of its army (the severely-limited Armistice Army), but it continued its existence as a puppet government in Occupied France.
12.3.12.Siegfried Line campaign
Was a phase in the Western European campaign of World War II which involved actions near the German defensive Siegfried Line.
September 1944: Allied liberation of Antwerp.
September 1944: German garrison of Le Havre surrenders.
September 1944: Territorial changes based on the known frontline of the western front of World War II in that date.
12.3.12.1.Clearing the Channel Coast
Was a World War II operation undertaken by the First Canadian Army in August 1944 to capture the French coastline along the Strait of Dover.
May 1944: Allied forces arrive at the outskirts of Dunkirk.
September 1944: Dieppe was captured by the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division on 1 September.
September 1944: Ostend, a Belgian city and one of the German "channel forts", was liberated in 1944 by Allied forces.
September 1944: The 1st Polish Armoured Division crossed the Belgian border and captured Ypres.
September 1944: Allied troops crossed the Ghent-Bruges Canal against strong opposition.
September 1944: The Germans surrender to the 3rd Canadian Division in Boulogne-sur-Mer.
September 1944: The attack on the Cap Gris Nez batteries in 1944 was part of the Allied invasion of Normandy during World War II. The operation was led by General Bernard Montgomery and resulted in the capture of strategic coastal positions.
September 1944: Calais fell to the Allied forces on 30 September
12.3.12.2.Battle of the Scheldt
Was a series of military operations led by the First Canadian Army, with Polish and British units attached, to open up the shipping route to Antwerp so that its port could be used to supply the Allies in north-west Europe.
October 1944: Allied advances by October 16th in the Low Countries and Belgium, during the Battle of the Scheldt.
November 1944: Allied advances by November 10th in the Low Countries and Belgium, during the Battle of the Scheldt.
12.3.13.Operation Overlord
Was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II.
12.3.13.1.Allied Invasion of Normandy
The allied forces launched an invasion of German-occupied France with the Normandy landings of 6 June 1944 (D-Day).
June 1944: Allied forces invade France, landing on the coast of Normandy. Two of the beaches (Juno and Gold) were linked on the first day
June 1944: The five beachheads of the Allied invasion of Normandy were connected by 12 June.
12.3.13.2.Battle of Cherbourg
Was a battle fought in Cherbourg, France, immediately after the successful Allied landings on 6 June 1944.
June 1944: On 18 June the US 9th Infantry Division reached the west coast of the peninsula, isolating the Cherbourg garrison from any potential reinforcements. There was little opposition on the western side of the peninsula and on the eastern side, the exhausted defenders around Montebourg collapsed.
June 1944: Allied troops, mainly American, captured the fortified port of Cherbourg.
12.3.13.3.Battle of Saint-Lô
Was an allied military operation that liberated the region around Saint-Lô, France.
July 1944: American forces occupy Saint-Lô.
12.3.13.4.Battle of Caen
Was an Allied military operation that liberated the region around Caen, France.
July 1944: Caen, a major objective, was still in German hands at the end of D-Day and would not be completely captured until 21 July.
12.3.13.5.Operation Cobra
Was an offensive launched by the United States First Army seven weeks after the D-Day landings, during the Normandy campaign of World War II that led to the collapse of the German Normandy front.
July 1944: Allied operations to liberate St. Lo.
12.3.13.6.Conquest of Normandy
Was the Allied conquest of German-occupied Normandy during World War II.
August 1944: Allied military operation in Normandy.
12.3.13.7.Battle of Mortain
Was a German counter-attack near Mortain, in northwestern France during the Battle of Normandy.
August 1944: Frontline of the western front of World War II in that date.
August 1944: Allied liberation of Le Mans.
12.3.13.8.Operation Totalize
Was an offensive launched by Allied troops in the First Canadian Army during the later stages of Operation Overlord in order to break through the German defences south of Caen.
August 1944: Based on available maps.
12.3.13.9.Battle of the Falaise Pocket
Was an Allied operation during the Battle of Normandy that led to the destruction of the German pocket in the area of the French cities of Trun, Argentan, Vimoutiers and Chambois.
August 1944: Allied forces clear the Chambois area.
August 1944: By the evening of 21 August, the Falaise pocket had been sealed, with Germans trapped inside.
12.3.13.10.Liberation of Paris
A military battle that took place during World War II from 19 August 1944 until the German garrison surrendered the French capital on 25 August 1944.
August 1944: Battle of Paris frm 19 August 1944 until the German commander in Paris, Lt. Gen. Dietrich von Choltitz, surrendered formally to Brig. Gen. Jacques Philippe Leclerc of the French 2nd Army at 15:15 of 25 August 1944.
12.3.13.11.Battle for Brest
Was fought in August and September 1944 in Brest as part of the Battle of Normandy during World War II.
September 1944: General Ramcke surrendered the city of Brest on 19 September 1944 to the Americans.
12.3.14.Operation Dragoon
Was the landing operation of the Allied invasion of Provence (Southern France) on 15 August 1944.
August 1944: Allied operations In Southern France, 15-28 August 1944.
August 1944: Allied liberation of Grenoble.
August 1944: Territorial changes based on the known frontline of the western front of World War II in that date.
August 1944: Allied liberation of Marseille and Toulon.
August 1944: On 29 August, the Allies captured Montélimar.
September 1944: Lyon was liberated by the French 2nd Corp.
September 1944: Allied liberation of Autun.
September 1944: Allied liberation of Dijon.
September 1944: Operation Dragoon encountered Siegfried Line campaign "closing" central france
September 1944: Allied liberation of Langres.
September 1944: Allied advance in Germany in that date.
12.3.14.1.Main invasion (operation Dragoon)
The invasion of the bulk of the armies partecipating to operation Dragoon during World War II.
August 1944: Operation Dragoon landing in France started on the morning of 15 August.
12.3.15.Battle of Moerbrugge
Was a three-day battle during the Liberation of Belgium that cleared part of the West Flanders from German troops.
September 1944: Allied liberation of Moerbrugge.
12.3.16.Liberation of Netherlands
Was the Allied liberation of the Netherlands from the German occupying forces.
September 1944: Maastricht, Gulpen, Meerssen are liberated by the Allies of World War II
September 1944: Simpelveld is liberated by the Allies of World War II
September 1944: Sint-Oedenrode, Veghel, Son en Breugel are liberated by the Allies of World War II
September 1944: Eindhoven is liberated by the Allies of World War II
September 1944: Veldhoven is liberated by the Allies of World War II
September 1944: Nijmegen, Geldrop, Someren, Terneuzen are liberated by the Allies of World War II
September 1944: Weert is liberated by the Allies of World War II
September 1944: Deurne is liberated by the Allies of World War II
September 1944: Mook is liberated by the Allies of World War II
September 1944: Helmond,Oss are liberated by the Allies of World War II
October 1944: Kerkrade is liberated by the Allies of World War II
October 1944: Venray is liberated by the Allies of World War II
October 1944: Den Bosch, Tilburg, Bergen op Zoom are liberated by the Allies of World War II
October 1944: Tholen,Goes are liberated by the Allies of World War II
November 1944: Vlissingen,Westkapelle are liberated by the Allies of World War II
November 1944: Wissenkerke,Zoutelande are liberated by the Allies of World War II
November 1944: Middelburg is liberated by the Allies of World War II
November 1944: Veere,Koudekerke are liberated by the Allies of World War II
December 1944: Blerick is liberated by the Allies of World War II
April 1945: Doetinchem,Borculo,Eibergen,Enschede are liberated by the Allies of World War II
April 1945: Hengelo is liberated by the Allies of World War II
April 1945: Almelo is liberated by the Allies of World War II
April 1945: Westerbork,Brummen,Deventer are liberated by the Allies of World War II
April 1945: Assen,Diepenveen,Olst are liberated by the Allies of World War II
April 1945: Arnhem, Zwolle are liberated by the Allies of World War II
April 1945: Zutphen, Leeuwarden, Zoutkamp are liberated by the Allies of World War II
April 1945: Groningen is liberated by the Allies of World War II
April 1945: Apeldoorn is liberated by the Allies of World War II
12.3.16.1.Battle of Nijmegen
Was the liberation of the Dutch city of Nijmegen from German occupation during World War II.
September 1944: The Battle of Nijmegen or Liberation of Nijmegen occurred from 17 to 20 September 1944.
12.3.16.2.Battle of Overloon
As a battle fought during the Second World War between Allied forces and the German Army which took place in and around the village of Overloon in the south-east of the Netherlands .
October 1944: Overloon is liberated by the Allies of World War II
12.3.17.Lorraine campaign
Was the operation of the U.S. Army to liberate German-occupied Lorraine during World War II.
September 1944: Allied advance in France up to Nancy, which is abandoned by German forces.
December 1944: Allied forces accept surrender of last of the Metz forts.
12.3.18.Western Allied invasion of Germany
Was the invasion of the western territories of Germany mainly by the United States, United Kingdom, France and Canada at the end of World War II.
March 1945: Frontline of the western front of World War II in that date.
March 1945: American forces clear large part of Wesel in street-to-sreet fighting.
March 1945: Allied military operations during the encirclement of the Ruhr area (March-April 1945).
April 1945: Allied military operations during the encirclement of the Ruhr area (March-April 1945).
April 1945: Allied advance in Germany in that date.
April 1945: Allied reduction of Ruhr Pocket.
April 1945: Final allied military operations in the European theatre of World War II (April-May 1945).
May 1945: Final allied military operations in the European theatre of World War II (April-May 1945).
12.3.18.1.Battle of Aachen
Was a battle of World War II, fought by American and German forces in and around Aachen, Germany, between 2-21 October 1944.
October 1944: The German commander of Aachen garrison surrenders at 12:05 of 21 October 1944 ot American forces.
12.3.18.2.Operation Clipper
Was an Allied offensive by the British XXX Corps (which included the American 84th Infantry Division) to reduce the Geilenkirchen salient in mid-November 1944.
November 1944: Allied forces arrive 2 miles Sout-West of Geilenkrichen.
12.3.18.3.German Offensive on the Western Front during the Allied invasion
Was a offensive of Germany against the Allies that were invading German-occupied Europe during World War II.
December 1944: Territorial changes caused on December 16th 1944 by the German Ardenne Offensive of 1944 ("Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein").
December 1944: Territorial changes caused on December 20th 1944 by the German Ardenne Offensive of 1944 ("Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein").
December 1944: Territorial changes caused on December 25th 1944 by the German Ardenne Offensive of 1944 ("Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein").
12.3.18.4.Operation Blackcock
Was an operation to clear German troops from the Roer Triangle, formed by the towns of Roermond and Sittard in the Netherlands and Heinsberg in Germany during the fighting on the Western Front in the Second World War.
January 1945: Allied forces complete capture of Heinsberg.
12.3.18.5.Operation Veritable
Was an Allied military operation in the Reichswald Forest, in Germany, towards the end of World War II.
February 1945: Territorial changes based on the known frontline during the Rhineland campaign.
February 1945: Allied forces complete capture of Cleve.
March 1945: Territorial changes based on the known frontline during the Rhineland campaign.
12.3.18.6.Operation Grenade
Was the crossing of the Roer river between Roermond and Düren by the U.S. Ninth Army which marked the beginning of the Allied invasion of Germany.
12.3.18.7.Operation Lumberjack
Was a military operation with the goal of capturing the west bank of the Rhine River and seizing key German cities, near the end of World War II.
March 1945: At Bitburg, the Soviet 5th Infantry Division cut through the German lines.
March 1945: Allied forces entered Euskirchen on 4 March.
March 1945: Allied conquest of Cologne.
12.3.19.Liberation of Finnmark
Was a military operation, lasting from 23 October 1944 until 26 April 1945, in which Soviet and Norwegian forces wrested away control of Finnmark, the northernmost county of Norway, from Germany.
October 1944: With the help of local fishermen, the Soviets were able to cross the Neiden River on 27 October and capture the ridge. Fighting was fierce, and the Germans managed to burn every building in the village, save for the local church, before withdrawing.
November 1944: Allied forces penetrated 116 km northwest of Neiden before halting in Tana.
April 1945: The Norwegians declared Finnmark to be free.
12.3.20.Battle of Vianden
Took place November 19, 1944 in the small town of Vianden, in northern Luxembourg. It was one of the most important battles of the Luxembourg Resistance during World War II.
November 1944: One of the most important battles of the Luxembourg Resistance during World War II took place November 19, 1944 in the small town of Vianden.
12.3.21.Colmar Pocket
Was an Allied military operation to liberate central Alsace from German forces.
January 1945: Allied operations in the Colmar Pocket (January-February 1945).
February 1945: Allied operations in the Colmar Pocket (January-February 1945).
12.4.World War II (East African Theatre)
Was the East African theatre of World War II.
12.4.1.French Somaliland during World War II
Was an Italian military campaign in French Somaliland during World War II.
July 1940: Germain succeeded Legentilhomme as commander-in-chief of French forces. He was loyal to Vichy France.
August 1940: The Italian 17th Colonial Brigade under Colonel Agosti occupied the French fort at Loyada on the border with British Somaliland in early August.
August 1940: When the Italian invasion of British Somaliland began on 3 August, the forces at Loyada moved on Zeila, which they had taken by 5 August.
November 1940: The border area of western French Somaliland was occupied by Italian troops. Under increasing British pressure, the Italians withdrew from Hanlé beginning in October 1940 and from Dagguirou by April 1941, when the French had returned.
May 1941: The French returned in Dagguirou.
December 1942: Christian Raimond Dupont, Governor of French Somaliland, surrendered to British forces. French Somaliland ceased to be part of the Vichy France colonial empire.
12.5.World War II (All other Vichy France Colonies)
Refers to the events that happened in French Colonies that decided to be loyal to the German puppet state of Vichy France.
June 1940: Administration of French India loyal to "Vichy" France.
June 1940: During the period from June 16, 1940, to July 14, 1943, Saint Barthélemy was under the administration loyal to Vichy France, led by Marshal Philippe Pétain. This changed in 1943 when the territory transitioned to being under the control of Free France.
June 1940: During the period of 16 Jun 1940 - 13 Jul 1943, Martinique was under the administration loyal to Vichy France, led by Admiral Georges Robert. Vichy France was the government regime established in unoccupied France during World War II, collaborating with Nazi Germany.
June 1940: Chandernagore switched allegiance to Free France.
June 1940: Administration of French Oceania loyal to "Vichy" France.
June 1940: During the period of June 16, 1940, to July 14, 1943, Guadeloupe was under the administration loyal to Vichy France, led by Marshal Philippe Pétain.
June 1940: After the fall of France to Nazi Germany in 1940, the island of Saint Martin came under the control of the Vichy regime, which collaborated with the Nazis. The administration on the island remained loyal to Vichy France until July 1943.
June 1940: The administration of French Guyana is loyal to "Vichy" France.
June 1940: During the period from June 16, 1940, to May 27, 1942, Wallis and Futuna were under the administration loyal to Vichy France, which was the government established in the unoccupied zone of France following the German occupation in World War II.
July 1940: With the creation of Vichy France, initially all French colonies were aligned with Vichy.
July 1940: Governor Henri Sautot rallies the French administration of the New Hebrides to Free France.
July 1940: During the period from 29 July 1940 to 19 September 1940, New Caledonia was under the administration loyal to "Vichy" France, which was the government of Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.
August 1940: Chad Governor Félix Éboué becomes loyal to Free France.
August 1940: Cameroon aligns to Free France.
September 1940: From 2 Sep 1940 French Oceania was loyal to "Free" French.
September 1940: The administration of French India is loyal to "Free" France.
September 1940: During the period from 29 July 1940 to 19 September 1940, New Caledonia was under the administration loyal to "Vichy" France, which was the government of Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.
May 1942: During the period from June 16, 1940, to May 27, 1942, Wallis and Futuna were under the administration loyal to Vichy France, which was the government established in the unoccupied zone of France following the German occupation in World War II.
March 1943: From 18 Mar 1943 French Guyana was loyal Free France.
July 1943: During the period of 16 Jun 1940 - 13 Jul 1943, Martinique was under the administration loyal to Vichy France, led by Admiral Georges Robert. Vichy France was the government regime established in unoccupied France during World War II, collaborating with Nazi Germany.
July 1943: During the period from June 16, 1940, to July 14, 1943, Saint Barthélemy was under the administration loyal to Vichy France, led by Marshal Philippe Pétain. This changed in 1943 when the territory transitioned to being under the control of Free France.
July 1943: From 14 Jul 1943 Martinique was loyal to Free French.
July 1943: After the fall of France to Nazi Germany in 1940, the island of Saint Martin came under the control of the Vichy regime, which collaborated with the Nazis. The administration on the island remained loyal to Vichy France until July 1943.
12.6.World War II (West African Theatre)
Was the West And Central African theatre of World War II.
August 1940: Pierre Boisson, the governor-general of French Equatorial Africa, was a staunch supporter of the Vichy regime, unlike Félix Éboué, the governor of French Chad. On 26 August, with the help of his top military official, Éboué pledged his colony's allegiance to Free France.
12.6.1.Battle of Gabon
Was a battle that resulted in Free France forces gaining control of French Equatorial Africa from Vichy France.
October 1940: Free French forces crossed into French Equatorial Africa and took the town of Mitzic.
November 1940: The Vichy garrison at Lambaréné, Gabon, capitulated.
November 1940: Libreville was captured by Free France forces on 10 November.
November 1940: On 12 November, the final Vichy forces at Port Gentil, Gabon, surrendered without a fight. Governor Masson - despairing of his actions - committed suicide.
12.7.World War II (North African Theatre)
Was the North African theatre of World War II.
12.7.1.Allied invasion of French North Africa
Was the Allied invasion of French North Africa during World War II.
12.7.1.1.Operation Torch
Was an Allied military operation to occupy French North Africa during World War II.
November 1942: On 8 November 1942, the allied invasion of Alegia commenced with landings on three beaches—two west of Algiers and one east. The US troops pushed quickly inland and General Juin surrendered the city to the Allies at 19:00.
November 1942: British forces conquer Oran.
November 1942: Safi surrendered to the Allies on the afternoon of 8 November.
November 1942: The Americans surrounded the port of Casablanca by 10 November, and the city surrendered.
November 1942: U.S. forces land in Morocco and occupy Port-Lyautey on November 10.
November 1942: After talks with the allied, French Admiral Darlan’s orders all resistance of French forces against the Allied to cease. Morocco under Allied control.
12.7.1.2.Tunisian campaign
Was a series of battles that took place in Tunisia during the North African campaign of the Second World War, between Axis and Allied.
November 1942: The British First Army lands at Bougie (Algeria) without opposition.
November 1942: Bône airfield was occupied by the Allies following a parachute drop by 3rd Parachute Battalion and this was followed by 6 Commando seizing the port on 12 November.
November 1942: British and American forces reach Tabarka (Tunisia), which is occupied.
November 1942: The 509th U.S. Parachute Regiment occupies Gafsa airfield in Tunisia.
November 1942: British forces make contact with German forces at Djebel Abiod (Tunisia).
November 1942: French and U.S. Troops occupy Gafsa (Tunisia).
December 1942: Allied forces reach Medjez el Bab where they are attacked by German tank-infantry columns.
December 1942: The Allies reached the outskirts of Djedeida.
December 1942: In Tunisia, the Allies were forced to withdraw to Medjez, and by 26 December 1942 the Allies had withdrawn to the line they had set out from two weeks earlier.
February 1943: Axis forces evacuate Sidi Bou Zid (Tunisia).
February 1943: Frontline between allied and axis forces in Tunisia on that date.
March 1943: Frontline between allied and axis forces in Tunisia on that date.
April 1943: Frontline between allied and axis forces in Tunisia on that date.
May 1943: Allied conquest of Tunisi.
May 1943: With the surrender of German General Messe, Tunisia is liberated by the allied.
12.8.World War II (Balkan Theatre)
Was the theatre of conflict of World War II that took place in the Balkans.
September 1941: The Republic of Užice was a short-lived liberated Yugoslav territory and the first liberated territory in World War II Europe, organized as a military mini-state that existed in the autumn of 1941.
December 1941: The Republic of Užice was a short-lived liberated Yugoslav territory and the first liberated territory in World War II Europe, organized as a military mini-state that existed in the autumn of 1942.
12.8.1.Invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis
Was a military operation by the Axis forces that resulted in the occupation and partition of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
12.8.1.1.Surrender and partition of Yugoslavia
Was the partition of Yugoslavia among the invading Axis forces.
April 1941: The Independent State of Croatia (a German puppet state) was established in parts of occupied Yugoslavia.
April 1941: Yugoslavia was partitioned ca. April 20-22, 1941 among the Axis countries (Italy and Germany) and their satellite states (Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania).
12.8.2.German invasion of Greece
Was the invasion of Greece Germany during World War II. The Invasion followed the unsuccesful invasion of Greece by Italian forces.
April 1941: German conquest of Veles.
April 1941: The Germans captured the town of Strumica.
April 1941: German conquest of Skopje.
April 1941: The German 73rd Infantry Division captured Prilep.
April 1941: By the evening of 8 April the German 164th Infantry Division captured Xanthi
April 1941: The German 72d Infantry Division reached the area northeast of Seres.
April 1941: By April 9th the German forces reached Thessaloniki.
April 1941: The German 72d Infantry Division got through the Metaxas Line by the evening of 9 April,
April 1941: German SS troops seized Vevi on 11 April.
April 1941: The spearheads of the German 9th Panzer Division reached Kozani.
April 1941: On 14 April a pitched battle between several Greek units and the LSSAH brigade—which had by then reached Grevena—erupted. The Greek 13th and Cavalry Divisions lacked the equipment necessary to fight against an armoured unit, and on 15 April were finally encircled and overwhelmed.
April 1941: German conquest of Panteleimonas.
April 1941: On 19 April the German first XVIII Mountain Corps troops entered Larisa and took possession of the airfield.
April 1941: The Germans advanced further and captured Ioannina.
April 1941: The port of Volos fell to the Germans on 21 April.
April 1941: German conquest of Thermopyles (pass).
April 1941: On the morning of 27 April the Germans entered Athens, the Greek capital.
April 1941: On 27 April the SS forces seized the Corinth Canal and Patras.
April 1941: German conquest of Kalamata.
April 1941: The German 5th Panzer Division reached the south coast of Greece on 29 April.
April 1941: By 30 April the hostilities ceased. Greece was fully occupied by German forces.
12.8.2.1.Battle of Crete
Was a major Axis airborne and amphibious operation during World War II to capture the island of Crete.
May 1941: The next day, through communication failures, Allied tactical hesitation and German offensive operations, the Maleme Airfield in western Crete fell.
May 1941: On May 27, Chania fell to German forces.
May 1941: On May 28, the port in Souda Bay passed into German hands.
May 1941: On May 29th, Rethymno capitulated to the Germans.
June 1941: Allied evacuation from Crete May 28th to June 1st. Crete was occupied by German forces.
12.8.3.Axis Occupation of Greece
After the German invasion of Greece, the country was partitioned among the Axis powers. The territorial division changed during the war, and after the surrender of Italy to the Allies the Italian zone was occupied by Germany.
August 1943: Part of the Bulgarian occupation zone in Greece fell under German control from 1943.
September 1943: After the Italian capitulation, the Italian zone of Greece was taken over by the Germans.
12.8.3.1.Greece divided in Occupation zones by Axis powers
Division in occupation zones of Greece by the Axis.
June 1941: The Hellenic State was the puppet Greek state controlled by italy and Germany.
June 1941: East Macedonia and Thrace came under Bulgarian occupation and were annexed to Bulgaria.
12.8.4.Liberation of Albania
Was the liberation of Albania by the Albanian resistance during World War II.
December 1943: The Germans launched a series of offensives against the Partisans, who were primarily concentrated in Southern Albania and to a lesser extent in Central Albania. The first offensive, operation "505", started in early November 1943 to clear Partisan units from the Pezë region and remove the threat to the Durrës-Tirana road.
April 1944: By 1944 all prefectures of the National Liberation Movement, except Gjirokstra in the south, were in the hands of the Albanian Kingdom.
July 1944: Albanian partisans defeated the last Balli Kombëtar forces in southern Albania by mid-summer 1944.
August 1944: The National Liberation Movement entered central and northern Albania by the end of July.
November 1944: German resistance in Tirana ends.
November 1944: Following the successful advances of the Red Army in the Balkans and the offensives by the Albanian communist partisans of Enver Hoxha's Lëvizja Nacional-Çlirimtare, the Germans evacuated Albania by October 1944. The collaborationist government fell and was quickly replaced by the Democratic Government of Albania.
November 1944: The territories added to Albania by the Axis in in 1941 were reversed to Yugoslavia.
12.8.5.German Invasion of Albania
After the capitulation of Italian forces on 8 September 1943, German troops swiftly occupied Albania with two divisions.
September 1943: After the capitulation of Italian forces on 8 September 1943, German troops swiftly occupied Albania with two divisions. The Germans formed a 'neutral government' in Tirana.
12.8.6.World War II (Balkan Theatre) - Croatia
After the Italian capitulation on 8 September 1943, the Croatian territories of Italy were occupied by German forces.
September 1943: Until the Italian capitulation on 8 September 1943, the Independent State of Croatia was a territorial condominium of Germany and Italy.
September 1943: After the ousting of Mussolini and the Kingdom of Italy's armistice with the Allies, the Independent State of Croatia on 10 September 1943 declared that the Treaties of Rome were null and void and annexed the portion of Dalmatia that had been ceded to Italy.
12.8.7.German Invasion of Slovenia
After the Italian capitulation on 8 September 1943, German forces invaded Slovenia.
September 1943: The Italian Governorship of Dalmatia was disestablished and the country's possessions were subsequently divided between Germany, which established its Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral, and the Independent State of Croatia, which established the new district of Sidraga-Ravni Kotari.
12.8.8.Dodecanese campaign
Was the battle between Germany and Great Britain for the control of the Italian Dodecanese after Italy's surrender on 8 September 1943.
September 1943: Battle of Rhodes.
September 1943: On the date of the armistice, the Italian command in Rhodes ordered not to initiate hostile acts against the Germans, an order which on 12 September changed into surrendering arms to the former ally. Scarpanto was occupied by German forces.
September 1943: The military vicissitudes of the island of Caso were brief: the small garrison of the Italian army (a company and a battery with 75/27 guns) and the lookout and signaling stations of the navy surrendered to the Germans on 12 September.
October 1943: Germans overrun Kos Island whic was the site of the only Allied air base in the Aegean.
October 1943: On 7 October a small group of German officers landed in Calino offering unconditional surrender which was immediately accepted.
October 1943: Between the night of 14 and 15 October, a British vessel offered to transfer the personnel of Piscopi to Castelrosso, who gladly accepted. The island was later occupied by the Wehrmacht.
October 1943: On the morning of 22 October Luftwaffe planes bombed the island of Stampalia with almost zero anti-aircraft reaction, followed by a drop of Fallschirmjäger at Maltezana simultaneously with a landing of men on the west coast. By noon the German forces were in control of the island.
November 1943: Altered by the unexpected resistance of the Anglo-Italians, General Kleemann ordered the Luftwaffe to proceed with the bombardment of the island of Simi. To avoid losing the entire garrison during another battle, on the night of 11 October Corradini and Lapraik gave the order to evacuate the island and head towards Castelrosso. The German pilots, unaware of all this, continued to hit the island until November 2, when troops landed on the island and realized what had happened.
November 1943: The Germans complete the occupation of the Island of Leros.
November 1943: When the Anglo-Italian garrison of Leros was defeated on 17 November 1943, the men on Patmos embarked for the coast of Turkey and were subsequently interned.
May 1945: The Dodecanese Islands were occupied by the British and Peter Bevil Edward Acland was appointed governor.
12.8.9.German Invasion of Montenegro
After the Italian capitulation on 8 September 1943, German forces invaded Montenegro.
September 1943: Montenegro was occupied by German forces in September 1943, after the Armistice of Cassibile in which the Kingdom of Italy capitulated and joined the Allies.
December 1944: Montenegro remained under German occupation until Axis forces evacuated in December 1944.
12.8.10.Establishment of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was a provisional state established during World War II on 29 November 1943 through the Second Session of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ). .
November 1943: The Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was a provisional state established during World War II on 29 November 1943 through the Second Session of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ).
October 1944: Partisan-controlled territories in Yugoslavia by september 1944.
October 1944: Belgrade falls under combined blows of Third Ukrainian Front and Marshal Tito’s Yugoslav Army.
October 1944: The German forces in Serbia are destroyed in the Battle of Belgrade.
January 1945: At the onset of winter, the Partisans effectively controlled the entire eastern half of Yugoslavia - Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro - as well as most of the Dalmatian coast.
April 1945: The Croatian army did not leave Sarajevo until 15 April.
12.8.10.1.Partisan offensive in Axis-occupied Yugoslavia
Were a series of partisan offensives against Axis-occupied Yugoslavia during World War II.
April 1945: On 5 April, Yugoslavian forces aptured Doboj.
April 1945: On 12 April, the Yugoslav 3rd Army, under the command of Kosta Nađ, forced a crossing of the Drava river. The 3rd Army then fanned out through Podravina, reached a point north of Zagreb, and crossed the old Austrian border with Yugoslavia in the Dravograd sector.
April 1945: By 20 April, Yugoslavian forces led by Drapšin liberated Lika and the Croatian Littoral, including the islands, and reached the old Yugoslav border with Italy.
May 1945: The German forces in Croatia were still able to reconquer Rijeka Trieste and the region of Istria in May 1945.
May 1945: After having captured the Italian territories of Rijeka and Istria from the German LXXXXVII Corps, the Yugoslav 4th Army beated the western Allies to Trieste by one day.
May 1945: Despite the German capitulation, sporadic fighting still took place in Yugoslavia. On 7 May, Zagreb was evacuated.
May 1945: Maribor and Ljubljana were captured by the Partisans.
May 1945: Battle of Poljana.
May 1945: Battle of Odžak.
12.8.11.German Withdrawal from Greece (World War II)
The evacuation of Greece by German troops during World War II.
October 1944: On 23 August 1944, at a meeting at his headquarters, Adolf Hitler told Field Marshal Maximilian von Weichs, the commander of the German forces in the Balkans, that with the Romanian oil fields lost, there was now no more point in occupying Greece and he should begin preparations for a withdrawal from Greece at once. The German troops evacuated Athens on 12 October 1944.
November 1944: German forces withdraw from mainland Greece.
June 1945: Isolated Axis garrisons remained in Crete, the Dodecanese and various other Aegean islands until the end of the war in May 1945.
12.9.World War II (Middle Eastern Theatre)
Was the Middle Eastern theatre of World War II.
12.9.1.Syria-Lebanon campaign
Was the invasion of Syria and Lebanon (then controlled by Vichy France) in June and July 1941 by British Empire forces, during the Second World War.
June 1941: Battle of the Litani River.
June 1941: Battle of Jezzine.
June 1941: Battle of Sidon.
June 1941: Following a strong Vichy French counterattack, the British garrison was forced to withdraw from Marjayoun.
June 1941: Battle of Kissoué.
June 1941: Battle of Damascus.
June 1941: Battle of Merdjayoun.
July 1941: Battle of Palmyra.
July 1941: Battle of Deir ez-Zor.
July 1941: Battle of Damour.
July 1941: On 10 July, as the Australian 21st Brigade was on the verge of entering Beirut, Dentz sought an armistice. At one minute past midnight on 12 July, a ceasefire came into effect and ended the campaign.
July 1941: Battle of Beirut.
12.10.Free France
Refers to events that happened in French colonies that either remained loyal or soon became loyal to Free France very soon during World War II.
December 1941: The Islands of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon are sized by Free French forces.
November 1942: The island of Reunion is loyal to Free France.
12.11.North Atlantic weather war
The Allies and Germany tried to gain a monopoly on weather data in the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans.
September 1942: Beginning in August 1942, the Germans established four clandestine weather stations on the east coast of Greenland.
March 1943: The Eskimonaes radio and weather station on Clavering Island, Greenland, was captured by German troops on 23 March.
April 1943: The Eskimonaes radio and weather station on Clavering Island, Greenland, was captured by German troops on 23 March.
April 1944: The German base on Sabine was bombed by USAAF bombers from Iceland. It was then seized by a Coast Guard landing party.
June 1944: On April 22, 1944, six Sledge Patrol members attacked the Bassgeiger weather station. The station was subsequently evacuated on June 3.
12.12.World War II (Italian Front)
Was the Italian Front of World War II.
September 1944: In September 1944, San Marino was briefly occupied by German forces.
12.12.1.Italian Campaign (World War II)
Was the military operation of the Allies to free italy from the forces of Germany and its puppet state, the Italian Social Republic.
October 1943: In the night between 2 and 3 October 1943 groups of British commandos arriving by sea at Termoli occupied both the port and the town.
October 1943: The German troops resisted as per Albert Kesselring's order, until 16 October, and then began to withdraw slowly from the Barbara Line, in order to buy time for the conclusion of the work on the Gustav Line.
November 1943: The German forces, led by Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, were pressured by the Allies to abandon the Barbara Line in Italy. They retreated to the Bernhardt Line.
November 1943: By mid-November, the Allies had reached Sangro, in front of the Gustav Line.
December 1943: The main American attack began on 8 December: after days of bloody fighting in the mountains, the Germans had to evacuate Monte Lungo.
December 1943: Battle of Montelungo. By December 16th Mignano Monte Lungo is cleared by the U.S. Fifth Army.
December 1943: Allied conquest of San Pietro.
December 1943: Germans are cleared from Ortona by British forces.
January 1944: The Bernhardt Line underwent the first attacks by the US 5th Army starting on November 5, 1943, while the fight lasted until late December, when it was conquered.
May 1944: Allied forces conquer Mount Maio and the town of Castelforte, as well as Monte Girofano and Monte Feuci.
May 1944: In Italy, the Germans retreated to the Hitler line.
May 1944: On 22 May the II Army Corps had reached Terracina in the coastal sector.
May 1944: U.S. operations At Anzio And Cassino, 11-30 May 1944.
May 1944: The French conquered the Ausoni mountains.
June 1944: Allied forces take Rome.
June 1944: Some garrisons had also remained in Orsogna, which was only liberated on 8 June 1944 by the paratroopers of the Nembo belonging to the Italian Liberation Corps (C.I.L.) after the breakthrough of the Gustav Line at Cassino.
June 1944: Allied offensive to liberate Italy up to the river Arno (1944).
July 1944: Allied offensive to liberate Italy up to the river Arno (1944).
July 1944: By July 3rd, Allied forces reach Siena, which falls to 3rd Algerian Division.
July 1944: Allied forces break through to Ancona on Adriatic coast.
July 1944: Leghorn falls to American 34th Division without serious opposition, but retreating Germans have carried out a thorough demolition program within the city and on harbor facilities.
August 1944: Allied offensive to liberate Italy up to the river Arno (1944).
August 1944: The Allies crossed the Arno at Pontassieve and entered Florence.
August 1944: Territorial changes based on the known frontline during the allied offensive in Italy.
September 1944: Lucca was liberated on 5 September.
September 1944: Allied conquest of Pistoia.
September 1944: Battle of Gemmano.
September 1944: San Marino was liberated by Allied forces.
September 1944: Battle of Rimini.
December 1944: Faenza area cleared by the Allied forces.
December 1944: Battle of Garfagnana.
December 1944: Territorial changes based on the known frontline during the allied offensive in Italy.
12.12.1.1.Allied Invasion of Southern italy
Was an Allied amphibious landing on the mainland of Italy, part of the Allied invasion of Italy.
September 1943: British forces mount Operation Slapstick, taking the port of Taranto.
September 1943: The Allied advances in Italy reach the Volturno River.
September 1943: British forces occupy Foggia, which was abandoned by German forces.
12.12.1.2.Free France conquest of Corsica
Was the liberation of Corsica from Axis forces.
October 1943: Allied forces gain complete control of Corsica as the enemy withdraws from Bastia area. Participating in the explusion of Germans were French, Moroccan and American troops.
12.12.1.3.Battle of Anzio
Was a battle of the Italian Campaign of World War II.
January 1944: Landing of the VI Army Corps at Anzio and Nettuno on 22 January 1944. British and American forces advance several miles inland.
January 1944: U.S. operations At Anzio And Cassino, 11-30 May 1944.
February 1944: After heavy fighting and heavy losses on both sides, the Germans managed to recapture Aprilia on 9 February.
February 1944: U.S. operations At Anzio And Cassino, 11-30 May 1944.
12.12.1.4.Spring 1945 offensive in Italy
Was the final Allied attack during the Italian Campaign in the final stages of the Second World War.
April 1945: Allied spring offensive in northern Italy (April-May 1945).
April 1945: Battle of Bologna. The city is liberated by Allied forces.
April 1945: US armored forces headed for Milan on 29 April.
April 1945: In the Truscott sector, La Spezia and Genoa were reached by allied troops.
May 1945: Allied spring offensive in northern Italy (April-May 1945).
May 1945: The surrender of Caserta was the formal and final act which sanctioned the end of the Italian campaign and the definitive defeat of the Nazi-fascist forces in the peninsula during the Second World War. The act was signed by Representatives of
German General Vietinghoff and became operational starting from 2 May.
12.12.2.Operation Achse
German operation to forcibly disarm the Italian armed forces after Italy's armistice with the Allies on 3 September 1943.
September 1943: In Crete the Italians were neutralized and disarmed by the German forces present on the island.
September 1943: In Piedmont the Germans quickly neutralized the Italian units present.
September 1943: The Italian departments rapidly disintegrated in Trentino-Alto Adige, despite the construction of the Alpine Wall in Alto Adige: by 9 September the two Alpine divisions of the 35th Army Corps of General Alessandro Gloria were immediately attacked and disarmed by the Germans.
September 1943: Between Emilia and lower Lombardy, the units of the 1. SS-Panzer-Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler moved at midnight on 8 September towards the cities of Parma, Cremona, Reggio Emilia, Piacenza, Modena, where they easily overcame the sporadic resistance of some Italian departments.
September 1943: The army headquarters in Potenza was attacked by surprise and conquered by the Germans.
September 1943: Leghorn (Italian: Livorno) was occupied on 10 September by German forces.
September 1943: After the armistice of italy, Germany occupied most of the country, including Rome.
September 1943: In Liguria, by 11 September, German troops of the 87th Army Corps (76th and 94th Infantry Division) and the 51st Army Corps (65th and 305th Infantry Division) occupied all positions.
September 1943: General Chiappa Armellini let the Germans enter Florence, Colonel Chiari in Arezzo, Colonel Laurei in Massa, and they yielded to the ex-allies without putting up any resistance.
September 1943: In central Italy north of Rome, the Italian 5th Army under the command of General Mario Caracciolo di Feroleto, based in Orte, disbanded on 11 September, the soldiers were disarmed and interned by the Germans.
September 1943: German Army Group B occupied all of central-northern Italy.
September 1943: After a series of very bitter clashes, the Germans went on the offensive on 21st September and forced the Italians of Cefalonia to surrender at 11:00 on 22nd September.
September 1943: Corfu Surrenders to German force that has recently landed there.
12.12.3.War in the German Operational Zones of northern Italy
Were the events in the operational zones created by Germany in northern Italy during World War II.
September 1943: The Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills was established by the occupying German Wehrmacht, as a response to the Allied Armistice with Italy.
September 1943: The Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral was established during the second part of World War II, in September 1943. It was a territory in Italy controlled directly by Nazi Germany.
September 1943: On 17 September, Mussolini proclaimed through Radio Monaco (a station picked up in a large part of northern Italy) the forthcoming constitution of the new fascist state. This would be formalized on the 23rd, setting up the first meeting of the Government of the Italian Social Republic in Rome.
May 1945: New Zealand 2nd Division receives German surrender of Trieste.
May 1945: Anglo-American troops entered Trento, removing the Nazi-fascist authorities and placing the whole area under their own occupation.
12.12.4.Four Days of Naples
Was an uprising in Naples, Italy, against Nazi German occupation forces from September 27 to September 30, 1943, immediately prior to the arrival of Allied forces in the city.
September 1943: The Four Days of Naples were a historic episode of popular insurrection that took place during the Second World War, between 27 and 30 September 1943. During the insurrection, civilians, with the contribution of soldiers loyal to the Southern Kingdom, managed to free the city of Naples from the occupation of the Wehrmacht forces.
12.13.End of World War II in Europe
Refers to the surrender of Axis forces and the end of World War II and to the territorial changes that were a direct consequence of World War II but happened after the traditional end of the War.
May 1945: After the End of World War II the Western European countries of Germany are reverted to their pre-war borders.
May 1945: The entire territory of Germany is occupied by Allied forces.
May 1949: The Federal Republic of Germany was established on the territory of the Western occupied zones, with Bonn as its "provisional" capital.
January 1957: With effect of 1 January 1957 the Saar Protectorate declared its accession to the Federal Republic of Germany, as provided by its Grundgesetz (constitution) art. 23 (Little Reunification), becoming the new federal state of Saarland.
August 1958: Belgium returned the German annexed territories on 28 August 1958 through the German-Belgian border treaty of 24 September 1956. The place Losheimergraben and the western part of the Leykaul municipality, as well as some forests, were excluded from this restoration. These areas remained in Belgium, and so did the previously Belgian municipalities of Eupen and Malmedy that had been incorporated into the German Reich in 1940.
August 1963: Almost all of the German territories annexed by the Netherlands at the end of WWII were returned to West Germany in 1963 after Germany paid the Netherlands 280 million German marks. The territory was returned to West Germany on 1 August 1963, except one small hill (about 3 km2) near Wyler village, called Duivelsberg/Wylerberg.
12.13.1.The Surrender of German forces
Surrender of German forces at the end of World War II.
May 1945: Soviet forces complete capture of Berlin. German forces surrender.
May 1945: German forces in Bavaria surrender.
May 1945: General Franz Böhme announced the unconditional surrender of German troops in Norway.
May 1945: German forces on the Channel Islands surrender.
May 1945: Resistance in Latvia ceases as German Sixteenth and Eighteenth Armies begin surrendering to forces of Leningrad Front.
May 1945: At the end of World War II Greece freed its islands from German forces.
May 1945: The German garrisons of most of the last Atlantic pockets in France, in Dunkirk and La Rochelle, surrendered to the Allies.
May 1945: The Atlantic Pocket of Lorient surrendered to French forces.
May 1945: The Soviets forced the German units in Army Group Centre, that were located in Bohemia, to capitulate by 11 May.
May 1945: The German Atlantic Pocket of Saint-Nazaire surrendered.
12.13.2.Austrian State Treaty
The Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state after World War II.
May 1945: In the immediate aftermath of World War II, Austria was divided into four occupation zones and jointly occupied by the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France.
Was the unification of eastern and western Germany. The the German Democratic Republic was integrated into the Federal Republic of Germany.
October 1990: German reunification was the process in 1990 in which the German Democratic Republic became part of the Federal Republic of Germany to form the reunited nation of Germany, as provided by Article 23 of the FRG's then constitution.
January 1878: The territory of North Borneo was originally established by concessions of the Sultanates of Brunei and Sulu in 1877 and 1878 to a German-born representative of Austria-Hungary, a businessman and diplomat, von Overbeck.
January 1878: In 1877, the territory on the western coast of northern Borneo, previously owned by the American Trading Company of Borneo, was transferred to Overbeck, a British businessman who later became the first British Consul in North Borneo. This marked the beginning of British influence in the region.
January 1878: The concession treaty signed in 1878 by Sultan Jamal ul-Azam of Sulu appointed Baron de Overbeck as Dato Bendahara and Raja Sandakan in North Borneo. This treaty marked the transfer of territory to the State of North Borneo.
January 1880: He was unable to attract the interest of the governments of Austria and Germany, Overbeck withdrew in 1879. All his treaty rights with the Sultanates were transferred to Alfred Dent, who in 1881 formed the North Borneo Provisional Association Ltd.
May 1883: On behalf of the Bremen tobacconist Adolf Lüderitz, the 22-year-old merchant's assistant Heinrich Vogelsang acquired the bay of Angra Pequena, today's Lüderitzbucht, and five miles of hinterland from the Nama people in Bethany on May 1, 1883.
April 1884: On April 24, 1884, Bismarck telegraphed the German consul in Cape Town that "Lüderitzland" was under the protection of the German Reich.
July 1884: On July 5, 1884, Plakkoo, the baton bearer (= deputy) of King Mlapa III, who had probably died by then, and the German commissioner Gustav Nachtigal signed a "protection treaty". With this, individual places in today's Togo were declared a "German protected area".
July 1884: Cokossi is annexed to German Togo.
July 1884: The village of Togo signs a protectorate agreement with German agents.
July 1884: After the signing of treaties of protection between the German delegation and the principal leaders of the Duálá, Ndumb'a Lobe (King Bell) and Ngand'a Kwa (Akwa), on July 11 and 12, 1884, the germans acquired the Duala ethnic regions.
July 1884: The Kingdom of Bamum is annexed to German Cameroon.
July 1884: On July 14th in Duala the German flag was hoisted and the "protectorate" declared.
September 1884: With a protective treaty dated September 5, 1884, which was concluded between the Imperial Consul Heinrich Randad and the local chief Mensah, the area was added to the German Reich as colonial possessions.
October 1884: !Aman is annexed to German South West Africa.
November 1884: With the raising of flags on Matupi and Mioko on November 3rd and 4th, 1884, the archipelago was declared a German protectorate.
November 1884: The Santa Lucia Bay (German: Santa Lucia Bay) was the subject of a contract that came about in 1884 on behalf of the trading house Adolf Lüderitz on the coast of southern Africa. According to Lüderitz, the bay should be placed under the "protection" of the German Empire.
January 1885: The German trading house Gaiser tried to colonize the coast near Mahin around 1884.
January 1885: In the fall of 1884, Germans started an expedition to East Africa. Carl Peters, Joachim Graf von Pfeil, Karl Ludwig Jühlke and the merchant August Otto traveled to Zanzibar and crossed over to the opposite mainland. In the hinterland of the mainland possessions of the Sultan of Zanzibar, Peters visited local chiefs and presented them with German-language "protection contracts", which he was able to persuade twelve local rulers who did not speak German to sign. In this way, claims to power were acquired in the regions of Usegua, Nguru, Usagara and Ukami. After the letter of protection was issued, Peters founded the limited partnership “Deutsch-Ostafrika Gesellschaft Karl Peters und Genossen” on April 2, 1885, which was entered in the commercial register in Berlin.
January 1885: In 1883 and 1884, with the support of his brother Ludwig, a director of the Württembergische Vereinsbank in Stuttgart, Colin established trading posts of his own in the unclaimed areas of Baga und Sousou and along the Dubreka river, including one at Bramaia, and signed agreements with the local rulers.
February 1885: When Peters returned to Berlin with his contracts during the Congo Conference and threatened an agreement with the Belgian King Leopold[4], the chancellor gave in for domestic political reasons and issued a letter of protection signed by Kaiser Wilhelm I on February 27, 1885. This letter of protection legitimized the occupation of East African territories under the name Deutsch-Ostafrika.
April 1885: On April 8, 1885, the Denhardt brothers acquired 25 × 25 miles (1600 km²) territory from Sultan Ahmad for their Tana committee and applied for a German Reich letter of protection. This protection was granted on May 27, 1885.
May 1885: In April 1885 a German protectorate (Schutzgebiet) was declared over the northern Solomon. It included several Islands: Bougainville, Buka, Choiseul, Santa Isabel and Ontong Java Atoll.
May 1885: As a result of a brief Anglo-German confrontation, the 1885 request was denied in favor of older United Kingdom rights. The German Imperial Government finally issued a waiver in London on May 7, 1885.
May 1885: When Great Britain claimed the eastern part of New Guinea (see British New Guinea) for the Crown in August 1884, the agent of the New Guinea Consortium Otto Finsch claimed the north coast of New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago in December of the same year. On May 17, 1885, the New Guinea Company (successor to the New Guinea Consortium) received the imperial "letter of protection" for sovereign rights over Kaiser Wilhelms Land (northeast New Guinea) and the Bismarck Archipelago.
May 1885: German protectorate declared in Wituland.
June 1885: The German Reich withdrew its protection over Mahin in favor of Great Britain.
June 1885: The Khutu Expedition was led by German explorer Dr. Karl Ludwig von Khutu in German East Africa. The contract signed with Golongo was likely for trade or land acquisition purposes in the Rufiji and Ulanga area.
October 1885: Spain sold some of the Marshall islands to the German Empire in 1886.
October 1885: Herero is annexed to German South West Africa.
November 1885: Usaramo-Expedition.
December 1885: Zweite Nyassa-Expedition - second expedition led by German explorer Hermann von Wissmann in 1885. The expedition aimed to establish German control over the regions of Ubena, Uhehe, Magindo, Mahenge, and Matschonde in German East Africa.
December 1885: The German-French Protocol of 24 December 1885 marked the transfer of Dubrica, a territory in Germany, to Rivières du Sud in France. This agreement solidified France's sovereignty over the region, a significant moment in the history of European territorial disputes.
December 1885: In 1885, Aneho was ceded to German Togo in a border treaty on December 24th. The exchange involved Kapitaï and Koba, which later became Conakry in Guinea.
December 1885: The German Empire received Batanga in Cameroon.
January 1886: The Second Kilimanjaro Expedition in 1885 was led by German explorer Hans Meyer and Austrian mountaineer Ludwig Purtscheller. They successfully reached the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest peak in Africa, on October 6, 1889. This expedition marked the first recorded ascent of the mountain.
January 1886: The Germans sign a treaty with Namibian treaties and buy the stretch of coast between the Orange River and the 26th parallel and an area 20 miles inland from any point of the coast. An administrative center was established in Otjimbingwe shortly after.
January 1886: Aich-Ai is annexed to German South West Africa.
February 1886: Sabaki Expedition: First contacts made by the Germans with the Galla ethnic group on the Tana River. From the German's point of view, this was the "acquisition of Giriyama, the Wanika lands, the Galla areas and Ukamba".
April 1886: In 1886, Germany was granted the island under the Anglo-German Declaration.
June 1886: Second Usagara Expedition: Foundation of the stations Dunda, Madimola and Usungula on the Kingani River in the center of what later became German East Africa.
July 1886: The border between the Gold Coast (now Ghana) and Togo was defined through a treaty between Great Britain and Germany in 1886.
October 1886: In 1886, Aného-Glidji, a territory in Togo, was under French control until the Germans took over. The French presence was no longer effective after the German takeover.
October 1886: The governments of Great Britain and Germany negotiated a delimitation of their spheres of interest and, on October 29, 1886, agreed on a division of East Africa into zones of interest, whereby Germany was assigned the southern part and Great Britain the northern part (today's Kenya).
January 1887: From 1886 the northern hinterland of Togo was conquered by Germans, some of it by force.
July 1887: In 1887, the Republic of Lijdensrust was merged into German South-West Africa.
January 1889: In 1888, Ludwig Wolf, a German explorer and colonial administrator, founded the Bismarckburg station in German Togo. This station was named after Otto von Bismarck, the Chancellor of the German Empire at the time.
January 1889: The Masai region was fe facto divided between the Germans and the British as the territory extended over both states.
January 1889: In 1888, the Kingdom of Dagbon in present-day Ghana was partitioned between the German Empire, which took control of the eastern part of the kingdom, and the British Empire, which took control of the western part. This division was part of the European scramble for Africa during the late 19th century.
November 1889: The German explorer Curt von Morgen first reached the station of Yaondé on November 30, 1889.
July 1890: By 1st july 1890 Germany controlled all of Tanganyka (the continental part of modern-day Tanzania), Burundi and Rwanda as with the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty the treaty with the East Africa Protectorate controlled by Britain was fixed.
July 1890: Conquest of Kingdom of Buzinza. By 1st july 1890 Germany controlled all of Tanganyka (the continental part of modern-day Tanzania), Burundi and Rwanda as with the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty the treaty with the East Africa Protectorate controlled by Britain was fixed.
July 1890: In the northeast was the Caprivi Strip, which was promised new trade routes and connected to the Zambezi River. This territorial gain was based on the Helgoland-Zanzibar Treaty concluded with Great Britain on July 1, 1890.
July 1890: In accord with the 1890 Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty, on 18 June 1890 a British protectorate was declared, and on 1 July 1890 imperial Germany renounced its protectorate, ceding the Wituland to Great Britain and becoming part of British East Africa.
July 1890: Conquest of Kingdom of Soukouma. By 1st july 1890 Germany controlled all of Tanganyka (the continental part of modern-day Tanzania), Burundi and Rwanda as with the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty the treaty with the East Africa Protectorate controlled by Britain was fixed.
July 1890: German colonial rule began for Buhaya in 1890. In July, Germany and Great Britain laid down their territorial claims.
July 1890: In 1890, Burundi became part of the German colonial empire as part of German East Africa. By 1st july 1890 Germany controlled all of Tanganyka (the continental part of modern-day Tanzania), Burundi and Rwanda as with the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty the treaty with the East Africa Protectorate controlled by Britain was fixed.
July 1890: Britain ceded Helgoland to Germany in 1890 in the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty.
August 1890: !Gami-‡nun is annexed to German South West Africa.
January 1891: By 1st july 1890 Germany controlled all of Tanganyka (the continental part of modern-day Tanzania), Burundi and Rwanda as with the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty the treaty with the East Africa Protectorate controlled by Britain was fixed.
January 1891: By 1890, German South West Africa had expanded to include Damaraland.
January 1891: German Researcher Eugen Zintgraff founded the Baliburg station in the grasslands of western Cameroon.
January 1891: The German Misahöhe station was founded in 1890.
January 1891: Ovamboland is acquired by Germany.
September 1891: In the summer of 1891, the German government commissioned Captain Karl von Gravenreuth with the subjugation of the Kpe (Bakwiri) of Buëa.
January 1892: The Heru Kingdom falls under German administration.
March 1894: Gei-Khauan is annexed to German South West Africa.
November 1894: Damara is annexed to German South West Africa.
January 1895: British officials arrived in the Ngamiland region in 1894.
January 1896: Kanyangereko is annexed by the Germans.
January 1896: Uukwaluudhi became a German protectorate integrated in German South West Africa (modern-day Namibia).
January 1896: In 1894/95, the colonial officer Hans Gruner led an expedition to the lower Niger on behalf of the German Togo Committee to conclude protection treaties with the Kingdoms there.
January 1896: Uukwangali became a German protectorate integrated in German South West Africa (modern-day Namibia).
January 1896: Awa-Khoi became a German protectorate integrated in German South West Africa (modern-day Namibia).
January 1896: Baster became a German protectorate integrated in German South West Africa (modern-day Namibia).
January 1896: Mbukushu became a German protectorate integrated in German South West Africa (modern-day Namibia).
January 1896: Ongandjera became a German protectorate integrated in German South West Africa (modern-day Namibia).
January 1896: Uukwambi became a German protectorate integrated in German South West Africa (modern-day Namibia).
January 1896: Hei-Khauan became a German protectorate integrated in German South West Africa (modern-day Namibia).
January 1896: Gruner and his companion Ernst von Carnap-Quernheimb concluded supposed "protection treaties" with heads of the kingdoms Gando (Nupe and Ilorin) and Gurma (Matschakuale and Pama).
January 1896: Uukwanyama became a German protectorate integrated in German South West Africa (modern-day Namibia).
January 1896: Gciriku became a German protectorate integrated in German South West Africa (modern-day Namibia).
January 1896: Ondonga became a German protectorate integrated in German South West Africa (modern-day Namibia).
January 1896: Kou Goa became a German protectorate integrated in German South West Africa (modern-day Namibia).
January 1897: German Togo expanded north to the region around Sansane-Mangu, where a station was built in 1896.
January 1897: Koma was passed to France according to berlin conference borders.
January 1897: The British became interested in the broad areas north of Asante, known generally as the Northern Territories. This interest was prompted primarily by the need to forestall the French and the Germans, who had been making rapid advances in the surrounding areas. British officials had first penetrated the area in the 1880s, and after 1896 protection was extended to northern areas whose trade with the coast had been controlled by Asante.
January 1898: In 1897, German military officer Major Viktor Franke established a military post at Namutoni in German South West Africa (now Namibia).
August 1898: Spain ceded its claims over the islands to Germany.
January 1899: Yoko was occupied by the German Schutztruppe during the Wute Adamaua campaign in 1898/99 and expanded as a fortress in the years that followed.
January 1899: Hauptmann von Kamptz was a German military officer who led the subjugation of the north-east of German Cameroon. Ndumba was a Vute residence that was conquered on January 14, 1899 as part of the German colonial expansion in Africa.
March 1899: On March 11, Tibati was stormed by German forces.
June 1899: Northern Nigeria was partitioned between Great Britain and France by the Anglo-French Convention of 1898.
January 1900: By 1899 German Togoland covered modern-day Togo and the Volta Region of Ghana, with the exception of the Salaga region.
January 1900: Protection treaty in 1899 with Germany.
February 1900: The so-called Salaga area was divided between Germany and Great Britain with the Samoa Treaty of 1899.
November 1900: In the year 1900, under the terms of Treaty of Berlin (14 November 1899), Germany transferred Choiseul, Santa Isabel, the Shortlands and Ontong Java Atoll Islands to the British Solomon Islands Protectorate.
January 1901: Inglobated into German Kamerun. By the end of the XIX century the whole of Cameroon was conquered by Germany (however, the egular indigenous revolts continued).
January 1901: By the end of the XIX century the whole of Cameroon was conquered by Germany (however, the egular indigenous revolts continued).
January 1901: Kiziba became part of German East Africa.
January 1901: Inglobated into German Kamerun. Until the end of the XIX the whole of Cameroon was conquered by Germany (however, the egular indigenous revolts continued).
October 1901: Adamawa is partitioned between German Kamerun and British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
January 1902: From 1901 the Mamprusi Kingdom was under British protectorate.
January 1903: Expansion of German Kamerun after border treaties with France (1902).
January 1903: In 1902, the Mandara Sultanate was conquered by Germany.
April 1903: From March 1903 the Gwandu Emirate was part of the British protectorate of Northern Nigeria.
January 1905: The border between the British protectorate of northern Nigeria and German Kamerun was marked in 1903/1904 from Yola to Lake Chad.
January 1908: After German forces had captured the capital Bafut, the Fon (chieftain) of Bafut was forced into exile. The Kingdom of Bafut became part of the German protectorate of Cameroon.
November 1911: With the Morocco-Congo Treaty of 1911, Germany recognized French domination over Morocco in exchange for new territories in Central Africa (the so-called Neukamerun territories). A smaller area in north-eastern Cameroon, known as Duckbill (German: "Entenschnabel", French: "Bec de canard), was incorporated into French Equatorial Africa instead.
April 1913: Through a German-British border agreement, the Bakassi Peninsula came to Cameroon in 1913.
January 1914: The borders are finalized according to the Berlin Conference agreement (1884).
January 1914: Border agreements of the Conference of Berlin (1884) were applied to the borders of German Togo and the British Gold Coast.
January 1933: Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany, the head of government, by the President of the Weimar Republic, Paul von Hindenburg. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all political opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934 and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the offices and powers of the Chancellery and Presidency.
March 1952: On 1 March 1952, Heligoland was returned to German control, and the former inhabitants were allowed to return.
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Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p. 202
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p. 203
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Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.473
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.49
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Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, pp. 213-214
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, pp.249-250
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, pp.250-253
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, pp.251-256
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, pp.272-274
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Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, pp.279-282
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, pp.49-50
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