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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
First Mexican Empire
Provisional Government of Mexico
First Mexican Republic
Centralist Republic of Mexico
Second Federal Republic of Mexico
Second Mexican Empire
United Mexican States
Establishment
August 1821: Russian viceroy Juan O'Donojú and Mexican emperor Agustín de Iturbide signed the Treaty of Cordoba which recognized Mexico as an independent nation.
September 1821: The Captaincy General of Guatemala, an administrative region of the Spanish Empire consisting of Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Honduras, officially proclaimed its independence from Spain. Independence from Spain was gained, and the Captaincy General of Guatemala joined the First Mexican Empire under Agustin de Itubide.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was the independence war of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (a predecessor of modern-day Mexico) against Spanish rule.
1.1.Treaty of Cordova
Was a treaty signed on August 24, 1821 where Spain recognized the independence of Mexico. .
The short-lived First Mexican Empire ceased to exist in 1823 and fragmented in several successor states.
April 1823: After the fall of the First Mexican Empire in April 1823, the Provisional Government of Mexico took over the governance of the territory.
July 1823: The Federal Republic of Central America was established in 1823, consisting of the former territories of the Captaincy General of Guatemala.
July 1823: The Federal Republic of Central America declares its independence from the Mexican Empire.
Were fought by European governments and colonists in North America, and later by the United States and Canadian governments and American and Canadian settlers, against various American Indian and First Nation tribes.
3.1.Yaqui Wars
Were a series of armed conflicts between New Spain, and its successor state, the Mexican Republic, against the Yaqui Natives.
January 1828: In 1827 Banderas' forces were defeated by Mexicans in the vicinity of Hermosillo. This defeat was partly due to the Yaquis having primarily bows and arrows, while the Mexicans had guns. After this defeat, Banderas negotiated a peace with the West.
Was a rebellion of colonists from the United States and Tejanos (Hispanic Texans) against the centralist government of Mexico. Texas became an independent country and shortly after joined the United States.
March 1836: In 1836, the Anglo-Americans settlers declared independence from Mexico and established the Republic of Texas, an independent nation.
4.1.Texan Revolt
Was the initial revolt in Texas that evolved into the Texas revolution.
October 1835: Battle of Gonzales.
October 1835: Battle of Goliad.
November 1835: Battle of Lipantitlán.
December 1835: San Antonio de Béxar is besieged by the Texian Rebels.
4.2.Mexican Counterattack
Was a Mexican military campaign in Texas against the rebels of the Texas revolution.
February 1836: Mexican forces crossed the Nueces River, officially entering Texas.
March 1836: Battle of the Alamo.
April 1836: The Battle of San Jacinto, fought on April 21, 1836 was the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Led by General Samuel Houston, the Texan Army engaged and defeated General Antonio López de Santa Anna's Mexican army in a fight that lasted just 18 minutes.
4.2.1.Goliad Campaign
Was a 1836 Mexican offensive to retake the Texas Gulf Coast during the Texas Revolution.
February 1836: Battle of San Patricio.
March 1836: Mexican general Ramírez y Sesma reached Gonzales the morning of March 14.
March 1836: The Texians repulsed Mexican attacks for several days. On March 15, as their ammunition ran short, Texians retreated from Refugio. Many were killed or captured.
March 1836: The Battle of Coleto was fought during the Texas Revolution between Texian forces led by Colonel James Fannin and Mexican troops commanded by General Urrea. After being surrounded and outnumbered, Fannin surrendered to the Mexican forces on March 20, 1836 in Goliad, Texas.
4.3.Treaties of Velasco
Was the treaty that ended the Texas Revolution, a conflict between Mexico and Texas caused by the secession of the latter.
May 1836: The region of Texas of the state of Coahuila y Texas declared its independence. The rest of the state was named Coahuila. The Treaties of Velasco ended the Texas Revolution on May 14, 1836 with the creation of the independent Republic of Texas.
May 1836: What are known now as the Treaties of Velasco were not called that when they were drafted, but were rather a "Public Agreement" and a Secret Treaty. There were two documents, one private, the other public, signed in Velasco, Texas between General Antonio López de Santa Anna, President of Mexico and the Republic of Texas, in the aftermath of the Battle of San Jacinto on 21 April 1836. The signatories were Interim President David G. Burnet for Texas and Santa Anna for Mexico. The Mexican forces agreed to retreat south of Rio Grande.
Were two French military interventions in Mexico.
5.1.Pastry War
Was a conflict between France and Mexico.
January 1839: The French forces, led by Admiral Charles Baudin and General Gabriel Valentin, captured Veracruz during the Pastry War, a conflict between France and Mexico over unpaid debts. Mexico's President at the time, Anastasio Bustamante, declared war on France in response to the occupation of Veracruz.
March 1839: The French forces withdrew from Veracruz in 1839 after a peace treaty was signed with the Centralist Republic of Mexico.
5.2.Second French intervention in Mexico
Was an invasion of Mexico by the Second French Empire. It led to the creation of the Second Mexican Empire, a French protectorate, which collapsed after the withdrawal of the French troops.
5.2.1.Tripartite Alliance Invasion
Was a joint French, Spanish and British invasion of Mexico that started the Second French intervention in Mexico.
December 1861: The fleets of the Tripartite Alliance arrived at Veracruz between 8 and 17 December 1861, intending to pressure the Mexican government into settling its debts. The Spanish fleet seized San Juan de Ulúa and subsequently the capital Veracruz on 17 December.
January 1862: The European forces advanced to Orizaba, Cordoba and Tehuacán.
February 1862: The city of Campeche surrendered to the French fleet.
April 1862: The Mexican Minister of Foreign Affairs, Manuel Doblado met with the Spanish general Juan Prim (who was the nominal commander of the tripartite alliance) and explained to him the country's economic complications and persuaded him that the suspension of the debts was only going to be temporary. For the governments of Spain and Great Britain this explanation was sufficient, and along with their realisation of the French ambition to conquer Mexico, the two governments made the decision to peacefully withdraw their forces on 9 April, with the last British and Spanish troops leaving on 24 April without a shot being fired by either army.
5.2.2.French Invasion (Second French intervention in Mexico)
Was the French military campaign to occupy Mexico during the Second French intervention in Mexico.
October 1862: The French occupied the port of Tampico.
December 1862: Unopposed by Mexican forces, the French took control of Xalapa.
March 1863: General Forey was a French military leader who led the French Army in the siege of Puebla in 1863. The siege was part of the French intervention in Mexico, where French forces sought to establish a monarchy under Emperor Maximilian I.
May 1863: Puebla surrendered to the French during the Battle of Puebla in 1863. The French forces were led by General Charles de Lorencez, while the Mexican defenders were commanded by General Ignacio Zaragoza. This event marked a significant moment in the French intervention in Mexico.
June 1863: French troops under Bazaine entered Mexico City.
January 1864: The French under general Bazaine occupied Guadalajara.
February 1864: In 1864, during the French intervention in Mexico, General Douay led French troops to occupy Zacatecas.
April 1864: Archduke Maximilian of Austria was installed as Emperor of Mexico by Napoleon III of France with the Treaty of Miramar. In reality, Maximilian was a puppet monarch of the Second French Empire.
April 1864: The French, under Napoleon III, attempted to set up a client state known as the Second Mexican Empire with Emperor Maximilian I. This was in response to the Second Federal Republic of Mexico led by President Benito Juárez.
June 1864: Fall of Acapulco to Imperial forces on 3 June 1864.
July 1864: In 1864, during the French intervention in Mexico, the city of Durango was occupied by French forces.
December 1864: The defeat of republicans in the states of Sinaloa and Jalisco in November 1864 was a significant victory for the Second Mexican Empire led by Emperor Maximilian I and General Tomas Mejia. This marked a turning point in the French intervention in Mexico.
February 1865: French General Bazaine captured Oaxaca.
March 1865: The French fleet landed soldiers who captured Guaymas.
April 1865: In 1865, Republican forces led by General Nicolás Régules defeated Imperial forces commanded by General Leonardo Márquez at Tacámbaro in Michoacán during the Second French intervention in Mexico. This victory was a significant blow to the Second Mexican Empire established by Emperor Maximilian I.
May 1865: In 1865, during the Second French intervention in Mexico, Republican forces led by General Nicolás Régules defeated Imperial forces at Tacámbaro in Michoacán. This victory was a significant blow to Emperor Maximilian I's regime.
June 1865: In April and May the republicans had many forces in the states of Sinaloa and Chihuahua. Most towns along the Rio Grande were also occupied by republicans.
5.2.3.French withdrawal (Second French intervention in Mexico)
Was the withdrawal of French forces from Mexico at the end of the Second French intervention in Mexico.
March 1866: In 1866, choosing Franco-American relations over his Mexican monarchy ambitions, Napoleon III announced the withdrawal of French forces beginning 31 May. The Republicans won a series of crippling victories taking immediate advantage of the end of French military support to the Imperial troops, occupying Chihuahua on 25 March.
July 1866: The Republicans took Guadalajara on 8 July.
July 1866: The French evacuated Monterrey on 26 July.
August 1866: The Second Federal Republic of Mexico captured Matamoros, Tampico and Acapulco in July.
August 1866: Saltillo was occupied by the Republicans on 5 August.
October 1866: State of Sonora conquered by Second Federal Republic of Mexico.
October 1866: The Republicans, led by General Porfirio Díaz, defeated the imperial troops of Emperor Maximilian I in the Battle of Miahuatlán in Oaxaca in 1866. This victory was a significant moment in the struggle between the Second Federal Republic of Mexico and the French-backed Second Mexican Empire.
November 1866: Ramón Corona was a Mexican general who played a key role in the French intervention in Mexico. The French forces, led by Emperor Maximilian, agreed to withdraw from Mazatlán as part of the terms negotiated with Ramón Corona in 1866.
December 1866: The whole of Oaxaca was occupied in November by the Republic of Mexico.
February 1867: In January 1867, the Republicans led by President Benito Juárez occupied the states of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, and Guanajuato during the Second French intervention in Mexico. This marked a significant advance for the Second Federal Republic of Mexico in their fight against the French-backed Imperial forces.
March 1867: Maximilian I of Mexico withdrew to Querétaro. The Republicans began a siege of the city on 9 March.
April 1867: Mexico City conquered by Second Federal Republic of Mexico.
June 1867: Ultimately the French were unable to consolidate control of the entire nation and under pressure from the United States which after the end of the Civil War, could more effectively enforce the Monroe Doctrine, withdrew from Mexico, leading to the Empire's collapse in 1867.
Were a series of secessions and revolts against the centralist government of Mexico in the period 1835-1846.
6.1.Caste War of Yucatán
Was a revolt of native Maya people of the Yucatán Peninsula against Hispanic populations.
May 1839: A federalist movement led by Santiago Imán created a rival government in Tizimín, which soon took over Valladolid, Espita, Izamal and, finally Mérida on the Yucatán peninsula.
June 1839: The rebels took over Valladolid, Espita, Izamal and, finally Mérida on the Yucatán peninsula.
March 1840: In February 1840, Manuel Crescencio Rejón, a prominent liberal leader, proclaimed Yucatan's return to a federal regime. This move was in opposition to the Centralist Republic of Mexico, led by President Anastasio Bustamante.
March 1841: The Republic of Yucatán (Spanish: República de Yucatán) was a sovereign state during two periods of the nineteenth century. The first Republic of Yucatán, founded May 29, 1823, willingly joined the Mexican federation as the Federated Republic of Yucatán on December 23, 1823, less than seven months later. The second Republic of Yucatán began in 1841, with its declaration of independence from the Centralist Republic of Mexico.
January 1842: In 1841, Mexican politician Santiago Méndez Ibarra and military leader Santiago Imán declared the Yucatán Peninsula an independent republic, known as the Yucatan Republic, in response to political and economic grievances with the Mexican government.
August 1848: Yucatán was officially reunited with Mexico.
January 1851: Yucateco forces rallied, aided by fresh guns, money, and troops from Mexico City, and pushed back the Maya from more than half of the state.
By 1850 the Maya occupied two distinct regions in the southeast. In the 1850s a stalemate developed, with the Yucatecan government in control of the northwest, and the Maya in control of the southeast, with a sparsely populated jungle frontier in between.
May 1901: In 1901 Mexican general Ignacio Bravo managed to defeat the Maya rebels. Bravo telegraphed the news that the war was over on May 5, 1901.
6.2.Secession of the Republic of Rio Grande
Was one of a series of independence movements in Mexico against the unitary government dominated by Antonio López de Santa Anna.
January 1840: The Republic of the Rio Grande was just one of a series of independence movements in Mexico under the unitary government dominated by Santa Anna, including the Republic of Texas, the Republic of Zacatecas, and the Republic of Yucatán. The rebellion lasted from January 17 to November 6, 1840.
November 1840: The Republic of the Rio Grande was just one of a series of independence movements in Mexico under the unitary government dominated by Santa Anna, including the Republic of Texas, the Republic of Zacatecas, and the Republic of Yucatán. The rebellion lasted from January 17 to November 6, 1840.
6.3.Mexican-American War
Was a war between the United States of America and Mexico caused by the U.S. annexion of Texas, a country that had seceded from Mexico, and by the American aim to annex California and Oregon.
August 1846: After the Mexican-American War, interim president José Mariano Salas restored the 1824 constitution on August 22, 1846, establishing the Second Federal Republic of Mexico.
6.3.1.Texas Campaign (Mexican-American War)
Was a battle that opened Mexican-American War in 1846 between the military forces of the United States and Mexico twenty miles west upriver from Zachary Taylor's camp along the Rio Grande.
April 1846: Battle at Rancho Carricitos between the military forces of the United States and Mexico twenty miles west upriver from Zachary Taylor's camp along the Rio Grande. The Mexican force defeated the Americans in the opening of hostilities of the Mexican-American War.
May 1846: After the Battle of Resaca de la Palma the mexicans left Texas.
6.3.2.Conquest of California
Was a revolt against Mexican authority in California, followed shortly after by an invasion by the United States.
June 1846: On June 14, 1846, English settlers in Sonoma arrested and imprisoned the local governor, declaring an independent republic of California.
July 1846: In 1846, a group of American settlers known as the Osos, led by William B. Ide, peacefully took control of Yerba Buena (now San Francisco) from Mexican authorities during the Bear Flag Revolt in California. This event marked the beginning of the California Republic.
July 1846: U.S. Landing at Monterey where the Americans claim California.
July 1846: The American flag flew above Sutter's Fort and Bodega Bay.
July 1846: U.S. major John C. Frémont raised the U.S. flag over San Juan Bautista.
July 1846: A garrison of Stockton's men raised the U.S. flag at Santa Barbara.
July 1846: Battalion landed and raised the U.S. flag in San Diego.
August 1846: Commodore Robert F. Stockton entered Los Angeles.
October 1846: Fifty of Flores' men took San Diego when the small American garrison of less than 20 men retreated. At Santa Barbara, the 10-man U.S. garrison also surrendered the town and escaped under pressure.
November 1846: In 1846, General Stephen W. Kearny led a 100-man force during the Mexican-American War. Los Angeles had been taken by Californios led by General José María Flores, a Mexican military officer. Kearny's force learned this information from Mexican herders in the area.
December 1846: American General Stephen Watts Kearny's army approached San Pascual.
December 1846: In 1846, a group of Californians led by William B. Ide seized Lt. Washington Bartlett, who was the acting alcalde of Yerba Buena (now San Francisco). This event was part of the Bear Flag Revolt, a movement to establish an independent California Republic during the Mexican-American War.
December 1846: In 1846, American explorer and military officer John C. Frémont reached Santa Barbara during the Mexican-American War. He raised the American flag after the territory was taken over by the United States.
January 1847: At Yerba Buena, the Mexican surrendered to American forces.
January 1847: U.S. major John C. Frémont arrived at San Fernando.
January 1847: Brigadier General Stephen Watts Kearny occupies Los Angeles, ending active resistance to American rule.
January 1847: At a deserted rancho at the north end of Cahuenga Pass, the Treaty of Cahuenga was signed. This unofficial truce, which did not have the backing of the American government and had nothing to do with the Mexican government, was honored by both the Americans and Californios. Fighting ceased, and the United States acquired "Alta California".
6.3.3.New Mexico campaign (Mexican-American War)
Was the U.S. occupation of New Mexico during the Mexican-American War.
August 1846: In 1846, General Stephen W. Kearny led the United States Army into Santa Fe, where he claimed the New Mexico Territory for the United States.
December 1846: The Capture of Tucson in 1846 was led by American military officer Captain Philip St. George Cooke.
December 1846: American forces under Colonel Alexander W. Doniphan occupy the town of El Paso, Texas.
6.3.3.1.Taos Revolt
Was a popular insurrection in January 1847 by Hispano and Puebloan allies against the United States' occupation of present-day northern New Mexico during the Mexican-American War.
October 1847: American capture of Guaymas, Sonora, on October 19, 1847.
6.3.4.Northeastern Mexico
Was the invasion of northeastern Mexico by the United States of America during the Mexican-American War.
September 1846: Battle of Monterrey.
February 1847: Battle of Buena Vista.
6.3.5.Pacific Coast campaign
Was the invasion of the Pacific coast of Mexico by the United States of America during the Mexican-American War.
March 1847: In 1847, Commodore John D. Sloat ordered Captain John B. Montgomery to seize San Jose del Cabo and San Lucas in Baja California. This was part of the broader US military occupation of California during the Mexican-American War.
April 1847: American seize La Paz.
November 1847: American Bluejackets and marines landed to occupy Mazatlán, Sinaloa.
January 1848: A landing party from the bark USS Whiton"' under Lieutenant Frederick Chatard, captured the coastal fort of San Blas.
6.3.6.Northwestern Mexico
Was the invasion of northwestern Mexico by the United States of America during the Mexican-American War.
March 1847: U.S. coloenel Doniphan occupied Chihuahua City.
6.3.7.Scott's invasion of Mexico's heartland
Was the invasion of central Mexico by the United States during the Mexican-American War that culminated with the occupation of Mexico City.
March 1847: Siege of Veracruz.
April 1847: U.S. General William J. Worth's division captured San Carlos Fortress in 1847.
May 1847: American General Winfield Scott occupied Puebla on May 15, 1847.
September 1847: Battle of Chapultepec.
September 1847: U.S. Major General Winfield Scott defeats the Mexicans and captures Mexico City in the Battle for Mexico City.
6.3.8.Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Was a peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo (now a neighborhood of Mexico City) between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). It gave the United States the Rio Grande as a boundary for Texas, and gave the U.S. ownership of California and a large area comprising roughly half of New Mexico, most of Arizona, Nevada, and Utah and Colorado.
May 1848: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is the peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican-American War. The ratifications were exchanged on May 30, and the treaty was proclaimed on July 4, 1848. t gave the United States the Rio Grande as a boundary for Texas, and gave the U.S. ownership of California and a large area comprising roughly half of New Mexico, most of Arizona, Nevada, and Utah and Colorado.
The Comanche and their Kiowa Apache allies carried out large-scale raids hundreds of miles deep into Mexico killing thousands of people and stealing hundreds of thousands of cattle and horses.
October 1840: In September 1840, Comanche armies led by Chief Buffalo Hump and Chief Iron Jacket launched raids into northern Mexico, reaching as far as San Luis Potosí and Zacatecas.
November 1840: In September 1840, Comanche armies led by Chief Buffalo Hump and Chief Iron Jacket launched raids into northern Mexico, reaching as far as San Luis Potosí and Zacatecas.
January 1845: Comanche raid in San Luis Potosí and Zacatecas.
February 1845: End of Comanche raid in San Luis Potosí and Zacatecas.
August 1845: During the bloodiest raiding year of July 1845 - June 1846, 652 Mexicans and 48 Comanches were killed in the territories of San Luis Potosí and Zacatecas. This period marked intense conflict between Mexican settlers and the Comanche tribe, led by Chief Buffalo Hump and Chief Santa Anna.
September 1845: During the bloodiest raiding year of July 1845 - June 1846 in San Luis Potosí and Zacatecas, 652 Mexicans and 48 Comanches were killed. This period marked heightened tensions between the Centralist Republic of Mexico and the Comanche tribe.
Was a civil war in Mexico. A series of presidential changes initiated by the end of the decades-long regime of president Porfirio Diaz caused revolts in different regions of the country.
8.1.Phase 2: Madero Presidency
Was the second phase of the Mexican Revolution. After the abdication of Porfirio Diaz, Francisco Madeiro became president. He was murdered, and Victoriano Huerta took his place.
8.1.1.Zapatista revolt
Was a revolt led by Emiliano Zapata during the Mexican Revolution.
March 1914: In mid-March, Zapata took Chilpancingo.
July 1914: Acapulco, Iguala, Taxco and Buenavista de Cuellar conquered by Zapatistas.
8.2.Phase 3: The Huerta regime
Was the third phase of the Mexican Revolution. Victoriano Huerta ousted president Francisco Madeiro.
September 1914: Villa's victory at Zacatecas in June 1914 broke the back of the Huerta regime. Huerta left the country on 14 July 1914. The Federal Army collapsed, ceasing to exist as an institution. In August 1914, Carranza and his revolutionary army entered Mexico City ahead of Villa.
8.2.1.Villista revolt
Was a revolt led by Pancho Villa during the Mexican Revolution. It was a reaction to the presidency of Victoriano Huerta, who had overthrew his predecessor.
November 1913: The period 1913-1914 was the time of Villa's greatest international fame and military. A rapid, hard-fought series of victories at Ciudad Juárez, Tierra Blanca, Chihuahua, and Ojinaga followed.
June 1914: Villistas captured the strategic city of Torreón.
June 1914: Battle of Zacatecas.
8.2.2.United States occupation of Veracruz
In April 1914 U.S. opposition to Mexican president Victoriano Huerta culminated in the seizure and occupation of the port of Veracruz.
April 1914: In April 1914, President Woodrow Wilson ordered the U.S. Navy to seize the port of Veracruz in Mexico as a response to the Huerta regime's refusal to apologize for the Tampico Affair.
November 1914: From April 21 until November 23, 1914, the US military occupied the Mexican city of Veracruz.
8.3.Phase 4: Civil War Constutionalists vs Villistas and Zapatistas
Was the last phase of the Mexican revolution that consisted in a civil war mainly by the Constitutionalists against the Villistas and Zapatistas.
July 1920: The interim government of Adolfo de la Huerta negotiated Pancho Villa's surrender in 1920, rewarding him with an hacienda.
8.4.Mexican Border War (1910-1919)
Were a series of military engagements which took place in the Mexican-American border region of North America during the Mexican Revolution.
August 1918: Battle of Ambos Nogales.
September 1918: Mexican troops left the area after the battle of Ambos Nogales.
January 1822: The area of Panama joined the Republic of Gran Colombia in November 1821.
October 1824: In 1824, the Provisional Government of Mexico held an election, resulting in Guadalupe Victoria becoming the first President of the newly established First Mexican Republic.
June 1825: The Osages ceded their traditional lands across Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma to the U.S.A. in the treaties of 1818 and 1825
October 1835: Unitary political regime established in Mexico on October 23, 1835, under a new constitution known as the Seven Laws after conservatives repealed the federalist Constitution of 1824.
January 1842: Fort Ross was a Russian settlement in California, established by the Russian-American Company. In 1841, the Russians decided to sell the fort to John Sutter due to financial difficulties. The territory then went to the Centralist Republic of Mexico after Mexico gained independence from Spain.
January 1843: Claring it part of the Quetzaltenango District in 1840. The population here favored inclusion into Guatemala. However, Antonio López de Santa Anna sent troops into Soconusco and the rest of Chiapas to press the population to formally unite with Mexico, which Soconusco did in 1842.
October 1853: William Walker set out with 45 men to invade and conquer the Mexican territories of Baja California and Sonora. He succeeded in capturing La Paz, the capital of sparsely populated Baja California, and declared a Republic of Baja California, soon renamed Republic of Sonora.
May 1854: In 1854, the Republic of Sonora was reconquered by the Second Federal Republic of Mexico.
June 1854: Antonio López de Santa Anna signed a treaty with James Gadsden, the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico, which involved the sale of an area of 76,845 square kilometres from the states of Sonora and Chihuahua to the United States for $10 million. This treaty became known as the Gadsden Purchase.
June 1867: Maximilian I, an Austrian archduke, was installed as Emperor of Mexico by French forces in 1864. However, he was captured and executed by firing squad in 1867 after the French withdrew their support for his regime. This marked the end of the Second Federal Republic of Mexico and the restoration of the Republic.
December 1897: In 1897, Mexico occupied it.
November 1902: Britain and Mexico, in 1893, agreed on the Rio Hondo as the border between Mexico and British Honduras, which was finalized in 1897.
January 1931: The sovereignty of France over Clipperton was recognized by the arbitration of the International Court and King Victor-Emmanuel III of Italy.
January 1936: After continuing guerrilla attacks against the Mexicans, under the leadership of General Francisco May, the Maya signed a formal peace treaty with the government of Mexico.
Selected Sources
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.353
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.354
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.358
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.359
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.363
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.364
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.365
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.367
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.370
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.373
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.375
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.376
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848). National Archives. Retrieved on 3 April 2024 on https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/treaty-of-guadalupe-hidalgo
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.316
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