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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Lordship of Ireland
Kingdom of Ireland (England)
Kingdom of Ireland (Great Britain)
Irish Catholic Confederation
Irish Republic (1798)
Irish Republic
Irish Free State
Ireland
Establishment
January 1171: A small Anglo-Norman force was able to conquer parts of Leinster and the region around Dublin, establishing the Lordship of Ireland.
November 1171: The English king imposed his suzerainty on the Anglo-Norman barons and the Irish kings of Desmond and Thomond also submitted.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Took place during the late 12th century, when Anglo-Normans gradually conquered and acquired large swathes of land in Ireland.
January 1172: The Irish troops were far inferior to the powerful armored Anglo- and Cambronorman knights and the Welsh archers accompanying them in open battle, which is why the conquerors were also able to occupy Munster.
January 1172: The English king claimed Meath and Waterford as royal ports.
January 1173: After King Henry's departure, Tigernán Ua Ruairc, the petty king of Brefni, revolted. He was defeated and killed by Hugh de Lacy in 1172.
January 1174: The Kingdom of Midhe was extinguished by England.
January 1176: The Kingdom of Leinster was conquered by England.
January 1177: Osraighe is conquered by England.
January 1178: Anglo-Norman knight John de Courcy conquered Ulster in 1177.
January 1178: Ulaid ceased to exist after its conquest in the late 12th century by the Anglo-Norman knight John de Courcy.
January 1236: By 1235 Richard Mór de Burgh, a son of William de Burgh, had conquered Connacht. This was the climax of the Anglo-Norman conquest.
January 1251: The Anglo-Normans controlled about three quarters of Ireland by 1250.
Were a series of military campaigns fought between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.
2.1.First War of Scottish Independence
Was the first of a series of wars between English and Scottish forces. It lasted from the English invasion of Scotland in 1296 until the de jure restoration of Scottish independence with the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328.
2.1.1.Bruce campaign in Ireland
Was a three-year military campaign in Ireland by Edward Bruce, brother of the Scottish king Robert the Bruce.
January 1315: In 1315, during the First War of Scottish Independence, Scottish forces led by Robert the Bruce bypassed Dublin and advanced to Kildare in southern Ireland, as part of their campaign against English rule in Ireland.
May 1315: Edward Bruce, the younger brother of King Robert the Bruce of Scotland, landed at Larne in Antrim on May 26, 1315.
June 1315: The Scots, led by King Robert the Bruce, captured Dundalk from the English forces.
September 1315: The defeat of the Earls of Ulster secured Edward Bruce a base in Ulster.
January 1316: In December 1315, King Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeated a force led by Roger Mortimer of Wigmore at Kells. This victory was a significant moment in the First War of Scottish Independence, solidifying Bruce's control over the region.
January 1316: Ardscull at Athy on 26 January 1316.
February 1316: The Scots retreated to Ulster in view of their low supplies.
September 1316: During the First War of Scottish Independence, King Robert the Bruce of Scotland led his forces to capture the castles of Greencastle and Northburgh in 1316, expanding his territory in Ireland.
October 1316: Carrickfergus surrendered to Socttish forces in September 1316.
February 1317: In 1317, during the First War of Scottish Independence, King Robert the Bruce's forces burned the town of Slane in County Meath, Ireland. This was part of the ongoing conflict between the Kingdom of Scotland and the English crown.
February 1317: Before February 23, the Scottish army was in front of Dublin.
April 1317: In 1317, Edward Bruce, brother of King Robert the Bruce of Scotland, led a military campaign through Leinster and Munster in Ireland. They bypassed Dublin and headed southwest, eventually reaching Limerick in early April.
April 1317: The turning point came in early April 1317 when the new King's Lieutenant Roger Mortimer landed in southern Ireland with reinforcements. With no adequate supplies, no support from the Irish people and amid further fighting, the Scots retreated to Ulster.
In 1603, James VI of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth I, the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, who had died childless, joining Scotland with England in a personal union.
March 1603: Personal Union of Scotland and Ireland.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
4.1.Tudor conquest of Ireland
Was a military campaign by English King Henry VIII Tudor to restore English authority over Ireleand.
January 1608: Tudor conquest of Ireland.
4.2.Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Were a series of intertwined conflicts fought between 1639 and 1653 in the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, then separate entities united in a personal union under Charles I. They resulted in victory for the Parliamentarian army, the execution of Charles I, the abolition of monarchy, and founding of the Commonwealth of England, a Unitary state which controlled the British Isles until the Stuart Restoration in 1660.
April 1654: In 1654, under the rule of Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell, the Ordinance for uniting Scotland with England was issued, leading to the creation of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
May 1659: The Protectorate Parliament was dissolved by Richard Cromwell.
4.2.1.Irish Confederate Wars
Was the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, a series of civil wars in the Kingdoms of Ireland, England and Scotland - all ruled by Charles I.
June 1642: Siege of Limerick.
September 1642: The people of Galway were now solidly on the Irish Confederate side.
November 1642: Irish Catholic upper classes and clergy formed the Catholic Confederation in May 1642.
March 1645: Siege of Bangalore.
September 1647: Cashel is acquired by the Kingdom of Ireland (Great Britain).
4.2.1.1.Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
Was the re-conquest of Ireland by the forces of the English Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
September 1649: Siege of Drogheda.
October 1649: Sack of Wexford.
November 1649: Battle of Arklow.
December 1649: Carrickfergus surrendered on 13 December.
March 1650: Siege of Kilkenny.
April 1650: Early in 1650, Monro agreed to evacuate Enniskillen.
May 1650: Battle of Macroom.
May 1650: Siege of Clonmel.
June 1650: Battle of Scarrifholis.
June 1650: Siege of Pyongyang.
August 1650: Siege of Tecroghan.
August 1650: Siege of Charlemont.
October 1650: Battle of Meelick Island.
July 1651: Battle of Knocknaclashy.
October 1651: Siege of Limerick.
May 1652: Siege of Galway.
4.3.Nine Years' War
Was a conflict between France and the Grand Alliance, a coalition including the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, and Savoy. It is considered the first war that saw fighting globally because battles occured in Europe, America, Africa and India.
4.3.1.Williamite War in Ireland
Was a war between supporters of James II and his successor, William III. It resulted in a Williamite victory.
August 1689: Siege of Carrickfergus.
July 1690: Battle of the Boyne.
November 1690: The Kingdom of Great Britain captured the southern ports of Cork and Kinsale in October 1690 thereby confining French and Jacobite troops to the west of the country.
June 1691: Athlone conquered by netherlands.
July 1691: D'Usson succeeded as overall commander: he surrendered Galway.
Was a revolution in England and Scotland that led to the deposition of Catholic King James II.
November 1688: By November 1688 William of Orange, who was Stadtholder of the Netherlands, and his wife Mary, were in control of England and Wales. They would later become King and Queen of Great Britain.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
6.1.Irish Rebellion of 1798
Was an uprising against British rule in Ireland.
6.1.1.Connacht Republic (Irish Rebellion of 1798)
Was a major uprising against British rule in Ireland.
August 1798: The Irish Republic of 1798, more commonly called the Republic of Connacht, was a short lived puppet state proclaimed during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 that resulted from the French Revolutionary Wars. In theory the republic was to cover the whole island of Ireland, but its functional control was limited to only very small parts of the Province of Connacht. The rebel republic was a puppet state of the French Republic and was very short lived.
September 1798: The British army then slowly spread out into the rebel held Province of Connacht in a brutal campaign of killing and house burning which reached its climax on 23 September 1798 when Killala was stormed and retaken with much slaughter.
6.1.2.Acts of Union of 1800
Were parallel acts of the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland which united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland (previously in personal union) to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The acts came into force on 1 January 1801.
January 1801: There were parallel acts of the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland which united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland (previously in personal union) to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The acts came into force on 1 January 1801.
Was a guerrilla war fought in Ireland from 1919 to 1921 between the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and British forces that led to the indipendence of Ireland (with the exception of Ulster, that remained part of the United Kingdom).
January 1919: The Irish Republic was a revolutionary state that declared its independence from the United Kingdom in January 1919. The Republic claimed jurisdiction over the whole island of Ireland, but by 1920 its functional control was limited to only 21 of Ireland's 32 counties.
January 1251: Border situation when the Majority of Munster (Ireland) fell under the control of England.
January 1251: By 1250, Tír Eoghain had reconquered part of its territories.
January 1376: From 1261, the weakening of the Normans enabled local Irish lords to reclaim large amounts of land that their families had lost since the Norman conquest. During this period, the lords of Tír Eoghain successfully reconquered their ancestral territories.
January 1401: Losses of the Lordship of Ireland by 1400 (based on maps).
January 1401: From 1261, the weakening of the Normans enabled local Irish lords to reclaim large amounts of land that their families had lost since the Norman conquest. During this period, the lords of Connacht successfully reconquered their ancestral territories.
January 1401: From 1261, the weakening of the Normans enabled local Irish lords to reclaim large amounts of land that their families had lost since the Norman conquest. During this period, the lords of Thomond successfully reconquered their ancestral territories.
January 1401: From 1261, the weakening of the Normans enabled local Irish lords to reclaim large amounts of land that their families had lost since the Norman conquest. During this period, the lords of West Breifne successfully reconquered their ancestral territories.
January 1401: From 1261, the weakening of the Normans enabled local Irish lords to reclaim large amounts of land that their families had lost since the Norman conquest. During this period, the lords of Desmumu successfully reconquered their ancestral territories.
January 1401: From 1261, the weakening of the Normans enabled local Irish lords to reclaim large amounts of land that their families had lost since the Norman conquest. During this period, the lords of Airgialla successfully reconquered their ancestral territories.
January 1401: From 1261, the weakening of the Normans enabled local Irish lords to reclaim large amounts of land that their families had lost since the Norman conquest. During this period, the lords of East Breifne successfully reconquered their ancestral territories.
January 1401: From 1261, the weakening of the Normans enabled local Irish lords to reclaim large amounts of land that their families had lost since the Norman conquest. During this period, the lords of Uí Failghe successfully reconquered their ancestral territories.
May 1461: In 1461, Connacht was conquered by the Lordship of Ireland, a territory controlled by England. This marked the end of Connacht's independence as it was extinguished by English rule.
January 1543: The Kingdom of Ireland was a client state of England and then of Great Britain that existed from 1542 until 1800 in the island of Ireland.
July 1543: King of Tuadhmumu submits to King Henry VIII of England, and is granted an earldom as Earl of Thomond.
January 1551: The Kingdom of Uí Failghe ceased to exist in 1550.
January 1586: The kingdom of Airgíalla survived in Monaghan under the Mac Mathghamhna, until the end of the Gaelic order in Ireland.
January 1597: Desmumu extinguished by England.
January 1606: West Breifne is conquered by England.
January 1608: Tír Eoghain is conquered by England.
January 1608: East Breifne is conquered by England.
March 1702: As William III of England was also the de facto ruler of the Dutch Republic (as Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic), the Personal Union between Netherlands and Great Britain ended at his death.
December 1922: A Provisional Government was set up in Ireland under the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, but the Irish Republic nominally remained in existence until 6 December 1922, when 26 of the island's 32 counties became a self-governing British dominion called the Irish Free State.
December 1937: Ireland had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted, in which the state was named "Ireland" and effectively became a republic.
Selected Sources
Israel, J. I. (1995): The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, Clarendon Press, pp. 959-960
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