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A polity that covers the British possessions in North America that were not part of a specific colony.
Establishment
March 1603: James VI of Scotland became King of England, joining Scotland with England in a personal union.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
In 1603, James VI of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth I, the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, who had died childless, joining Scotland with England in a personal union.
Was a revolution in England and Scotland that led to the deposition of Catholic King James II.
November 1688: By November 1688 William of Orange, who was Stadtholder of the Netherlands, and his wife Mary, were in control of England and Wales. They would later become King and Queen of Great Britain.
Was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. At the end of the war the main winner was Great Britain, that obtained territories in North America, the Caribbean and India, becoming the most powerful maritime and colonial of the European powers.
3.1.French and Indian War
Was a theater of war of the Seven Years' War, which pitted the North American colonies of the British Empire against those of the French, each side being supported by various Native American tribes.
3.1.1.Conquest of New France (1758-1760)
Was a British military campaign in New France during the Seven Years' War.
September 1760: In 1760, French military leaders Lévis and Vaudreuil surrendered the French colony of Canada to British forces. This marked the end of the French and Indian War in North America, with the British emerging victorious after the capitulation of Montreal.
June 1762: The French forces, led by the Comte d'Haussonville, successfully captured St. John's in 1762, forcing the British to surrender. This event was part of the wider conflict between France and Britain known as the Seven Years' War.
September 1762: In 1762, during the Seven Years' War, French forces captured St. John's in Newfoundland. General Amherst, a British military leader, sent his nephew William Amherst to recapture the territory. The Battle of Signal Hill in September 1762 resulted in the British regaining control of Newfoundland.
3.2.Treaty of Paris (1763)
Was a treaty signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, after Great Britain and Prussia's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War.
February 1763: France recognized the sovereignty of Britain over Canada, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Tobago. France lost all of its territory in mainland North America but had retained fishing rights off Newfoundland and the two small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
February 1763: The French formally ceded Prince Edward island, and most of New France to the British in the Treaty of Paris.
February 1763: Treaty of Paris (1763): France ceded the eastern half of French Louisiana to Britain, that is, the area from the Mississippi River to the Appalachian Mountains.
Was a revolt by a loose confederation of Native Americans who were dissatisfied with British rule in the Great Lakes region following the French and Indian War.
May 1763: Fort Sandusky was a British fort located in present-day Ohio. In 1763, during Pontiac's Rebellion, Native American forces attacked and captured the fort as part of their resistance against British colonization. This event marked the beginning of the conflict in the region.
May 1763: Potawatomis captured Fort St. Joseph in Niles, Michigan.
May 1763: Fort Miami falls into the hands of Indian rebels.
June 1763: Fort Michilimackinac in Mackinaw City, Michigan, was the fifth to fall, the largest fort taken by surprise. Ojibwas staged a game of stickball with visiting Sauks. The soldiers watched the game as they had done on previous occasions. The Indians hit the ball through the open gate of the fort, then they rushed in and were given weapons which Indian women had smuggled into the fort. They killed about 15 of the 35-man garrison in the struggle. They later tortured five more to death.
January 1765: The British military expeditions were led by Sir William Johnson and Colonel John Bradstreet. They aimed to assert British control over the Great Lakes region and establish alliances with Native American tribes against the French.
Were fought by European governments and colonists in North America, and later by the United States and Canadian governments and American and Canadian settlers, against various American Indian and First Nation tribes.
5.1.Cherokee-American wars
Were a series of skirmishes between the Cherokee and the American settlers on the frontier.
October 1768: To address the issue of settlers living beyond the boundaries established by earlier treaties, John Stuart, the Superintendent for Southern Indian Affairs, negotiated a treaty on October 17, 1768. This agreement resulted in the Cherokee surrendering their claims to lands between the Allegheny Mountains and the Ohio River to the Colony of Virginia. This territory now encompasses most of West Virginia and eastern Kentucky, as well as a portion of southwestern Pennsylvania.
November 1768: After Pontiac's War, the Iroquois Confederacy ceded to the British government its claims to the hunting grounds between the Ohio and Cumberland rivers, known to them and other Indians as Kain-tuck-ee, in the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix.
March 1775: Richard Henderson and his investors reached an agreement with the Cherokees to purchase a vast tract of lands west of the southern and central Appalachian Mountains. In the purchased region, they founded the extra-legal Transylvania Colony.
5.2.Northwest Indian War
Was an armed conflict for control of the Northwest Territory fought between the United States and a united group of Native American nations known today as the Northwestern Confederacy.
5.2.1.Jay Treaty
Was a 1794 treaty between the United States and Great Britain that averted war and resolved issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris of 1783. Among other things, the British agreed to peacefully vacate the forts it still controlled in the United States.
September 1783: Fort Lernoult and Fort Detroit were forts that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
September 1783: Fort Oswegatchie was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
Was a 1774 conflict between the British colony of Virginia and the Shawnee and Mingo.
October 1774: In 1774, Colonel Andrew Lewis led a force of Virginia militia to confront Shawnee Chief Cornstalk at Camp Pleasant (Point Pleasant). The ensuing Battle of Point Pleasant was a key conflict in Lord Dunmore's War.
Was the war of independence of the United States of America (at the time the Thirteen Colonies) against Great Britain.
7.1.Boston campaign
Was a military campaign by the United States Continetal Army mainly in the Province of Massachusetts Bay.
July 1775: Battle of Bunker Hill.
7.2.Invasion of Quebec (1775)
Was the unsuccesful invasion of the British Province of Quebec by the United States Continental Army.
May 1775: Battle of Crown Point.
October 1775: On October 18, Fort Chambly fell.
November 1775: Fort St. John is captured.
November 1775: General Richard Montgomery led his troops north and occupied Saint Paul's Island in the Saint Lawrence River.
November 1775: Montreal fell without any significant fighting.
December 1775: Battle of Quebec.
May 1776: After a loose siege, the Americans withdrew from Quebec City.
June 1776: General William Thompson’s 2,000 Americans land near Trois-Rivières and advance inland.
July 1776: Retreat of the Continental army from Trois-Rivières.
October 1776: An American failed counter-attack on June 8 ended their operations in Quebec. However, British pursuit was blocked by American ships on Lake Champlain until they were cleared on October 11 at the Battle of Valcour Island. The American troops were forced to withdraw to Ticonderoga, ending the campaign.
7.2.1.Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec
Colonel Benedict Arnold led a force of 1,100 Continental Army troops on an expedition from Cambridge in the Province of Massachusetts Bay to the gates of Quebec City.
September 1775: Continental Army troops led by Colonel Benedict Arnold sailed from Newburyport, Massachusetts to the mouth of the Kennebec River.
October 1775: The expedition of Colonel Benedict Arnold reached Lake Mégantic.
7.3.Southern theatre of the American Revolutionary War
Was the southern theater of war of the American Revolutionary War. It encompassed engagements primarily in Virginia, Georgia and South Carolina.
December 1782: British evacuate Charleston, South Carolina.
7.3.1.British invasion of Georgia
Was the British invasion and conquest of territories in Georgia during the American Revolutionary War.
December 1778: A British expeditionary corps of 3,500 men from New York, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell, captured Savannah, Georgia.
January 1779: A British force under General Augustin Prevost captures Fort Morris. This victory places eastern Georgia completely under British control.
February 1779: British take control of Augusta.
June 1781: U.S. forces recovered Augusta by siege in 1781.
July 1782: Savannah remained in British hands until 11 July 1782.
7.3.2.British conquest of South Carolina
Was the British invasion and conquest of large territories in South Carolian during the American Revolutionary War.
May 1780: Charleston (South Carolina) surrenders to British Geneal Henry Clinton after a six-week siege.
May 1780: Battle of Waxhaws. The British crush the last organized resistance in South Carolina.
August 1780: British victory in the Battle of Camden.
February 1781: Battle of Cowan's Ford. British cavalry under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton cross the Catawba River.
March 1781: Battle of Guilford Court House near Greensboro, North Carolina. British victory.
May 1781: Siege of Ninety-Six, South Carolina.
June 1781: British relief ends the Siege of Ninety-Six.
September 1781: Battle of Eutaw Springs (Eutawville, South Carolina).
7.3.3.Yorktown campaign
Was a series of military maneuvers and battles during the American Revolutionary War that culminated in the Siege of Yorktown in October 1781.
January 1781: The Raid on Richmond in 1780 was led by American cavalry officer Colonel Banastre Tarleton during the American Revolutionary War. The British forces successfully captured and plundered the capital of Virginia, Richmond, which was a significant blow to the American rebels.
February 1781: The Raid on Richmond in 1781 was led by British cavalry officer Banastre Tarleton during the American Revolutionary War. The raid resulted in the capture of Virginia Governor Thomas Jefferson and the burning of the city of Richmond. This event was part of the British strategy to weaken the American forces and gain control of the southern colonies.
April 1781: Battle of Blandford (modern-day Petersburg, Virginia).
July 1781: Battle of Green Spring (modern-day James City County, Virginia).
September 1781: Start of the American Siege of Yorktown.
7.4.New York and New Jersey campaign
Was a series of American Revolutionary War battles for control of the Port of New York and the state of New Jersey, fought between British forces under General Sir William Howe and the Continental Army under General George Washington.
August 1776: Battle of Long Island. British victory.
October 1776: Battle of Pell's Point. British victory.
October 1776: General William Howe and 13,500 British and Hessians square off against General George Washington and 14,500 Americans at White Plains, New York. British victory.
November 1776: Fort Washington, New York, is attacked by superior British forces.
December 1776: He sent General Lord Cornwallis to chase Washington's army through New Jersey. The Americans withdrew across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania in early December.
December 1776: British took took Newport, Rhode Island.
7.4.1.British Invasion of New York and New Jersey
Was the British invasion of New York and New Jersey during the American Revolutionary War.
August 1776: The British forces, led by General William Howe, landed on the shores of Gravesend Bay in southwest Kings County, across the Narrows from Staten Island in 1776. This marked the beginning of the British occupation of New York City during the American Revolutionary War.
7.5.Saratoga campaign
Was an attempt by the British high command for North America to gain military control of the strategically important Hudson River valley during the American Revolutionary War.
July 1777: Battle of Hubbardton.
July 1777: The British win the battle of Skenesborough.
July 1777: Battle of Fort Anne. The fort falls to the British.
September 1777: In 1777, American General Philip Schuyler led a campaign to reclaim Skenesboro (now Whitehall, New York) from the British during the American Revolutionary War. The British had abandoned the territory, allowing the Americans to take control.
September 1777: The British army had reached a position just north of Saratoga.
October 1777: British Lieutenant General John Burgoyne surrendered to the Americans.
December 1777: British troops withdrew from Ticonderoga and Crown Point.
December 1777: Lake Champlain was free of British troops by early December.
7.6.Philadelphia Campaign
Was a British effort in the American Revolutionary War to gain control of Philadelphia, which was then the seat of the Revolutionary-era Second Continental Congress.
August 1777: General Howe landed 15,000 troops in late August at the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay.
September 1777: Battle of Paoli.
September 1777: British occupation of Philadelphia.
October 1777: The British captured Fort Billingsport on the Delaware in New Jersey.
June 1778: British General Henry Clinton moved his troops from Philadelphia to New York in 1778 in order to increase that city's defenses against a possible Franco-American attack.
7.7.Western theatre of the American Revolutionary War
Was the western theater of war of the American Revolutionary War. It encompassed engagements primarily in the
Ohio Valley, Great Lakes region and Spanish Louisiana.
7.7.1.Illinois Campaign
Was a series of engagements during the American Revolutionary War in which a small force of Virginia militia led by George Rogers Clark seized control of several British posts in the Illinois Country of the Province of Quebec, located in modern-day Illinois and Indiana in the Midwestern United States.
July 1778: In late 1778, George Rogers Clark, a militia officer from Virginia, launched a campaign to take over the Illinois country, where the British had few garrisons. With a company of volunteers, Clark captured Kaskaskia.
January 1779: U.S. troops capture Vincennes at the end of 1778.
January 1779: The combined British/Indian column of Lieutenant Colonel Henry Hamilton recaptures the distant settlement of Vincennes (Indiana) from Captain Leonard Helm.
February 1779: Clark marches on Vincennes in a surprise winter march and captures British Lieutenant Hamilton.
7.8.Northern theatre of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga
Was the northern theater of war of the American Revolutionary War after the British Saratoga campaign. It encompassed engagements in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New England.
June 1779: In May 1779 British General Clinton captured the outpost at Stony Point, New York.
June 1780: The Battle of Connecticut Farms, fought June 7, 1780, was one of the last major battles between British and American forces in the northern colonies during the American Revolutionary War.
June 1780: The Battle of Springfield was fought during the American Revolutionary War on June 23, 1780, in Union County, New Jersey.
July 1780: The Battle of Connecticut Farms, fought June 7, 1780, was one of the last major battles between British and American forces in the northern colonies during the American Revolutionary War.
July 1780: The Battle of Springfield was fought during the American Revolutionary War on June 23, 1780, in Union County, New Jersey.
7.9.Anglo-Spanish War (1779-1783)
Was a war between Spain and Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War.
7.9.1.North American Theatre (Anglo-Spanish War of 1779-1783)
North American theatre of the Anglo-Spanish War (1779-1783).
April 1780: In 1780, during the American Revolutionary War, the British surrendered Fort Rosalie at Natchez to Spanish forces.
May 1780: Battle of Saint Louis. The 310-man Spanish garrison at St.Louis repulse an attack by 300 British soldiers and 900 Indians under Captain Emanuel Hesse.
January 1781: A Spanish expedition into present-day Illinois led to the occupation of Fort St. Joseph.
7.9.2.Treaty of Paris (1783)
Was the treaty that officially ended the American Revolutionary War between the United States and Great Britain as well as various other related wars. The treaty set the boundaries between British North America and the United States.
Was a war between the United States of America and Great Britain. Tensions originated in long-standing differences over territorial expansion in North America and British support for Native American tribes who opposed U.S. colonial settlement in the Northwest Territory.
8.1.Great Lakes and Western Territories Theatre
Was the theatre od war in the Great Lakes and Western territories of the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom.
July 1812: An American army commanded by William Hull invaded Upper Canada on July 12, arriving occupying Sandwich (Ontario) after crossing the Detroit River.
August 1812: General William Hull leaves Canada feeling threatened by the approach of British reinforcements
May 1813: The British abandoned Fort Erie fearing the approaching American army.
May 1813: An American amphibious force assaulted Fort George on the northern end of the Niagara River on May 27 and captured it without serious losses.
June 1813: United States troops held Fort Erie until 9 June 1813.
June 1813: An American force surrendered on June 24 to a smaller British force due to advance warning by Laura Secord at the Battle of Beaver Dams, marking the end of the American offensive into Upper Canada.
October 1813: The Battle of the Thames took place in Upper Canada, near Chatham. The British lost control of Southwestern Ontario as a result of the battle.
November 1813: Late in 1813, the Americans abandoned the Canadian territory that they occupied around Fort George.
November 1813: The Americans arrived near Morrisburg, Ontario..
November 1813: Battle of Crysler's Farm. The Americans are repulsed by the British.
January 1815: The Americans retained the captured post at Fort Malden near Amherstburg until the British complied with the treaty that ended the War of 1812.
8.2.Southern theatre (War of 1812)
Was the southern theatre of the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom.
March 1815: In March, after being informed of the Treaty of Ghent that had ended the War of 1812, British ships finally left the southern United States.
8.3.Treaty of Ghent
Was the treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom.
December 1814: Treaty of Ghent: The treaty ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain (and Spain). All captured territories were restored.
December 1814: Treaty of Ghent: The treaty ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain. All captured territories were restored.
January 1656: France appointed a governor in Plaisance (Placentia), a former Basque fishing settlement, thus starting a formal French colonization period in Newfoundland.
January 1669: Nonsuch reached the bay and traded for beaver pelts, leading to the creation of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) which still bears the historic name. The HBC negotiated a trading monopoly from the English crown for the Hudson Bay watershed, called Rupert's Land.
January 1671: When granted the English Royal Charter in 1670 by King Charles II of England, the Hudson’s Bay Company, under the governorship of the king's cousin Prince Rupert of the Rhine, was granted "the sole Trade and Commerce of all those Seas, Streights, Bays, Rivers, Lakes, Creeks, and Sounds, in whatsoever Latitude they shall be, that lie within the entrance of the Streights commonly called Hudson's Streights, together with all the Lands, Countries and Territories, upon the Coasts and Confines of the Seas, Streights, Bays, Lakes, Rivers, Creeks and Sounds, aforesaid, which are not now actually possessed by any of our Subjects, or by the Subjects of any other Christian Prince or State", "and that the said Land be from henceforth reckoned and reputed as one of our Plantations or Colonies in America, called Rupert's Land".
January 1697: Nova Scotia was split off in 1696.
January 1702: The 1701 Nanfan Treaty was an agreement made between representatives of the Iroquois Confederacy with John Nanfan, the acting colonial governor of New York. The Iroquois abandoned their nominal claims to "beaver hunting" lands north of the Ohio in favor of England.
March 1702: As William III of England was also the de facto ruler of the Dutch Republic (as Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic), the Personal Union between Netherlands and Great Britain ended at his death.
October 1702: Sieur Juchereau, Lieutenant General of Montréal, along with thirty-four Canadiens, founded Fort Vincennes on October 28, 1702, to trade for Buffalo hides with American Indians.
April 1713: With the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession, France ceded to the British its claims to Newfoundland (including its claims to the shores of Hudson Bay) and to the French possessions in Acadia.
January 1719: Iroquois claims relinquished to Great Britain in 1718.
January 1723: The Virginia Colony expanded its territories with the Treaty of Albany (1722).
January 1741: French military officer and explorer La Vérendrye built the first forts in the Winnipeg Lake area.
January 1745: Iroquois claims relinquished to Great Britain in 1744.
January 1751: Establishment of the Wabash Confederacy, a loose alliance of native village leaders.
January 1759: The British forces, led by General Jeffery Amherst, captured Île Royale and Île Saint-Jean from the French during the Seven Years' War, also known as the French and Indian War. This marked a significant victory for British North America in their efforts to gain control of the region.
January 1764: Proclamation of 1763.
January 1769: 1768 Boundary Line Treaty of Fort Stanwix with Indigenous Americans.
January 1769: The Iroquois Confederacy, a powerful Native American alliance, sold their remaining land claims to the British colonists at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768. This treaty solidified British control over the territory south of the Ohio River in British North America.
January 1769: The Treaty of Fort Stanwix was a treaty signed between representatives from the Iroquois and Great Britain. The treaty established a Line of Property following the Ohio River that ceded the Kentucky portion of the Virginia Colony to the British Crown, as well as most of what is now West Virginia.
January 1775: The Virginia Colony expanded its territories with the Treaty of Camp Charlotte (1774).
January 1779: Captain James Cook was a renowned British explorer and navigator who made significant voyages to the Pacific Ocean. In March 1778, he landed on Bligh Island and named the inlet "King George's Sound" in honor of King George III of England. The territory eventually became part of British North America.
May 1784: As part of theTreaty of Paris of 1783, Great Britain ceded part of West Florida to the united states.
October 1790: In 1790, the Nootka Convention was signed between Spain and Great Britain, following a dispute over sovereignty on the Pacific coast. This agreement allowed the English to establish settlements in areas claimed by Spain but not settled by them. This marked a shift in determining sovereignty based on settlement rather than prior discovery. The Pacific coast became de facto joint English-Spanish territory.
January 1791: By 1790, the Spanish Empire in America had expanded further inland in both South and North America, acquired the Galápagos Islands, and controlled California as well as parts of Oregon. Southern Argentina was only nominally under Spanish rule.
January 1791: By 1790, the British had expanded further inland in Canada, and their North American possessions came to border those of the Spanish Empire.
January 1812: The Red River Colony (or Selkirk Settlement) was a colonization project set up in 1811 by Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk, on 300,000 square kilometres of land. This land was granted to him by the Hudson's Bay Company, which is referred to as the Selkirk Concession, which included the portions of Rupert's Land, or the watershed of Hudson Bay, bounded on the north by the line of 52° N latitude roughly from the Assiniboine River east to Lake Winnipegosis. It then formed a line of 52° 30′ N latitude from Lake Winnipegosis to Lake Winnipeg, and by the Winnipeg River, Lake of the Woods and Rainy River.
January 1813: By 1812, whole northern Canada was under British control.
October 1818: The Convention of 1818 established the 49th parallel north west of the Lake of the Woods as the U.S. border with British-held lands.
February 1825: The Treaty of Saint Petersburg of 1825 was signed between Russia and Britain, with the Russian-American Company gaining control of the territory up to 54 degrees 40 minutes north latitude in the Pacific Northwest of North America.
July 1827: The Republic of Madawaska (French: République du Madawaska) was a putative republic in the northwest corner of Madawaska County, New Brunswick (also known as the "New Brunswick Panhandle") and adjacent areas of Aroostook County in the US state of Maine and of Quebec.
September 1827: The Republic of Madawaska is ended by U.S. and British authorities and its founder, John Baker, arrested.
December 1837: William Lyon Mackenzie proclaimed the independent Republic of Canada.
December 1838: In 1838, the Republic of Canada, led by William Lyon Mackenzie and Louis-Joseph Papineau, fell to British forces in the rebellions of Upper and Lower Canada. This marked the end of the short-lived attempt to establish an independent republic in Canada.
June 1846: The Oregon Treaty is a treaty between Great Britain and the United States that was signed on June 15, 1846, in Washington, D.C.. The treaty brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling competing American and British claims to the Oregon Country.
July 1867: In 1867, Canada was formed from the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. The British North America Act united these provinces into the Dominion of Canada, with John A. Macdonald becoming the first Prime Minister. Canada remained a self-governing colony within the British Empire.
July 1870: The United Kingdom transferred most of its remaining land in North America to Canada, with the North-Western Territory and Rupert's Land becoming the North-West Territories.
July 1871: The British colony of British Columbia joined Canada as the sixth province.
July 1873: The British colony of Prince Edward Island, led by Premier James Colledge Pope, joined Canada as the seventh province. This decision was made in 1873, following negotiations with Canadian Prime Minister John A. Macdonald.
September 1880: The United Kingdom transferred its Arctic Islands to Canada.
Disestablishment
January 1908: Newfoundland remained a colony until acquiring Dominion status in 1907. A dominion constituted a self-governing state of the British Empire or British Commonwealth and the Dominion of Newfoundland was relatively autonomous from British rule.
Selected Sources
1768 Boundary Line Treaty of Fort Stanwix. National Park Service. Retrieved on 7 April 2024 on https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/1768-boundary-line-treaty-of-fort-stanwix.htm
5 Nations Cession. Wikipedia. 9 October 2012. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:5NationsCession.jpg
Carsted, F: The Siege of Fort Erie 1814. The War of 1812 Website. Retrieved on 3 April on https://www.warof1812.ca/forterie.htm.
Elting, John R. (1995). Amateurs to Arms. New York: Da Capo Press. p. 323.
Fleming, T. (2005): New Jersey in the American Revolution. Rivergate Books, Rutgers University Press, pp. 174-175
Fleming, T. (2005): New Jersey in the American Revolution. Rivergate Books, Rutgers University Press, pp. 232, 302
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.115
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.116
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British North America
