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Is a cluster that includes all the forms of Great Britain from the Personal Union of England and Scotland in 1603 until modern-day United Kingdom.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Personal Union of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland
Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
Kingdom of Great Britain (Dutch Republic)
Kingdom of Great Britain
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Establishment
March 1603: James VI of Scotland became King of England, joining Scotland with England in a personal union.
March 1603: Personal Union of Scotland and Ireland.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
In 1603, James VI of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth I, the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, who had died childless, joining Scotland with England in a personal union.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
2.1.Tudor conquest of Ireland
Was a military campaign by English King Henry VIII Tudor to restore English authority over Ireleand.
January 1608: Tudor conquest of Ireland.
2.2.Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Were a series of intertwined conflicts fought between 1639 and 1653 in the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, then separate entities united in a personal union under Charles I. They resulted in victory for the Parliamentarian army, the execution of Charles I, the abolition of monarchy, and founding of the Commonwealth of England, a Unitary state which controlled the British Isles until the Stuart Restoration in 1660.
April 1654: In 1654, under the rule of Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell, the Ordinance for uniting Scotland with England was issued, leading to the creation of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
May 1659: The Protectorate Parliament was dissolved by Richard Cromwell.
2.2.1.Irish Confederate Wars
Was the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, a series of civil wars in the Kingdoms of Ireland, England and Scotland - all ruled by Charles I.
June 1642: Siege of Limerick.
September 1642: The people of Galway were now solidly on the Irish Confederate side.
November 1642: Irish Catholic upper classes and clergy formed the Catholic Confederation in May 1642.
March 1645: Siege of Bangalore.
September 1647: Cashel is acquired by the Kingdom of Ireland (Great Britain).
2.2.1.1.Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
Was the re-conquest of Ireland by the forces of the English Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
September 1649: Siege of Drogheda.
October 1649: Sack of Wexford.
November 1649: Battle of Arklow.
December 1649: Carrickfergus surrendered on 13 December.
March 1650: Siege of Kilkenny.
April 1650: Early in 1650, Monro agreed to evacuate Enniskillen.
May 1650: Battle of Macroom.
May 1650: Siege of Clonmel.
June 1650: Battle of Scarrifholis.
June 1650: Siege of Pyongyang.
August 1650: Siege of Tecroghan.
August 1650: Siege of Charlemont.
October 1650: Battle of Meelick Island.
July 1651: Battle of Knocknaclashy.
October 1651: Siege of Limerick.
May 1652: Siege of Galway.
2.2.2.First English Civil War
Was a civil war in England and Wales that opposed the Royalists (that believed in the in the superiority of the king over the parliament) and the Parliamentarians (that wanted a constitutional monarchy). The war was won by the Parliamentarians who imposed a constitutional monarchy on king Charles I. The refusal of the king to make concession caused the Second English Civil War.
August 1642: In 1642, Charles I declared war on Parliament, sparking the English Civil War.
September 1644: Battle of Tippermuir.
September 1644: Battle of Aberdeen (1644).
February 1645: Battle of Inverlochy.
May 1645: Battle of Auldearn.
August 1645: Battle of Kilsyth.
2.3.Thirty Years' War aftermath wars
Were a series of wars that were a continuation of the Thirty Years' War.
2.3.1.Franco-Spanish War (1648-1659)
Was a war between Spain and France that ended with the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659.
June 1658: Siege of Dunkirk.
November 1659: The English received Dunkirk.
2.4.Second Anglo-Dutch War
Was a conflict between England and the Dutch Republic partly for control over the seas and trade routes.
2.4.1.Treaty of Breda
Was the treaty that ended the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
2.4.2.English occupation of French Guyana
French Guyana was occupied by England during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
2.5.Nine Years' War
Was a conflict between France and the Grand Alliance, a coalition including the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, and Savoy. It is considered the first war that saw fighting globally because battles occured in Europe, America, Africa and India.
2.5.1.Asia and the Caribbean (Nine Years' War)
Were battles that took place in Asia and in the Caribbean during the Nine Years' War.
August 1689: The French sieged English Governor Thomas Hill's troops at Fort Charles, forcing their to surrender.
2.5.2.Williamite War in Ireland
Was a war between supporters of James II and his successor, William III. It resulted in a Williamite victory.
August 1689: Siege of Carrickfergus.
July 1690: Battle of the Boyne.
November 1690: The Kingdom of Great Britain captured the southern ports of Cork and Kinsale in October 1690 thereby confining French and Jacobite troops to the west of the country.
June 1691: Athlone conquered by netherlands.
July 1691: D'Usson succeeded as overall commander: he surrendered Galway.
2.5.3.King William's War
Was the North American theater of the Nine Years' War.
May 1690: The British captured Port Royal (in Nova Scotia), then the capital of Acadia.
July 1690: Joseph Robineau de Villebon, one of Meneval's assistants, returned to Port Royal from France in June, and reestablished French authority.
October 1690: The Battle of Québec in 1690 was led by French Governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac and English General Sir William Phips. It resulted in a victory for the French, defending the city against the English invasion during King William's War.
October 1690: The Battle of Québec in 1690 was a significant conflict during King William's War between New France, led by Governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac, and Massachusetts Bay, under the command of Sir William Phips. The outcome of the battle resulted in a victory for New France, solidifying their control over the territory of Quebec City.
August 1696: The Siege of Pemaquid occurred during King William's War when French and Native forces from New France attacked the English settlement at Pemaquid (present-day Bristol, Maine).
August 1696: The siege of the English settlement of Pemaquid (present-day Bristol, Maine) by French and Native forces from New France ended on August 14-15, 1696.
Were a series of wars fought between settlers of the Virginia Colony and Algonquin Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy in the early 17th century.
3.1.First Anglo-Powhatan War
Was a war between the Virginia Colony and Algonquin Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy.
January 1615: The English colonists concluded a peace with the Powhatan that was sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to colonist John Rolfe.
3.2.Second Anglo-Powhatan War
Was a war between the Virginia Colony and Algonquin Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy.
September 1632: A final peace was made between the English settlers and the Powhatan Confederacy in the Virginia Colony. This agreement gave Virginia the Eastern Shore and both sides of the James, as well as the southern shore of the York.
3.3.Third Anglo-Powhatan War
Was a war between the Virginia Colony and Algonquin Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy.
November 1646: The extent of the Virginia Colony open to patent was defined as the land between the Blackwater and York rivers.
Was a process of military conquest from 1609 to 1621 by the Dutch East India Company of the Banda Islands.
December 1616: English merchant-adventurer Nathaniel Courthope took control of the island of Run with 30 soldiers.
November 1620: The Dutch proceeded to besiege the English fortress of Run for 1,540 days (over 4 years) and finally managed to conquer it in 1620, after which the English abandoned the island.
Was a global conflict between the Portuguese Empire and the Dutch Empire. The conflict primarily saw the Dutch companies invading Portuguese colonies in the Americas, Africa, and the East Indies.
5.1.Operations in the Pacific and Indian Oceans
Were the military operations of the Dutch in the Pacific and Indian Oceans during the Dutch-Portuguese War.
January 1622: The Battle of Hormuz in 1621/2 against the English East India Company resulted in the loss of the fortress of Hormuz to the combined forces of Persia and England which dislodged the Portuguese from the Middle East.
Was as an armed conflict that took place between 1636 and 1638 in New England between the Pequot tribe and an alliance of the colonists from the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies and their allies from the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes.
July 1637: The Fairfield Swamp Fight was the last engagement of the Pequot War and marked the defeat of the Pequot tribe. Their territory was integrated into Connecticut.
Was a war between the Kingdom of Spains and the Commonwealth of England caused by commercial rivalry.
7.1.Caribbean Theatre of the Anglo-Spanish War (1654-1660)
Was the Caribbean Theatre of the Anglo-Spanish War (1654-1660).
April 1655: Siege of Santo Domingo.
June 1655: Weakened by fever, the English force sailed west for the Colony of Santiago, the only Spanish West Indies island that did not have new defensive works. They landed in May 1655 at a place called Santiago de la Vega, now Spanish Town.
7.2.Low Countries Theatre of the Anglo-Spanish War (1654-60)
Was the Low Countries Theatre of the Anglo-Spanish War (1654-1660).
September 1657: Mardyck was captured and garrisoned by Commonwealth troops.
7.3.Treaty of Madrid (1670)
Was the treaty that ended the Anglo-Spanish War (1654-1660).
August 1670: The 1670 treaty was signed by Spanish King Charles II and British King Charles II. The cession of Jamaica and the Cayman Islands marked the end of Spanish control in the region and solidified British dominance in the Caribbean.
Were a series of conflicts fought intermittently during the 17th century in North America throughout the Saint Lawrence River valley in Canada and the lower Great Lakes region which pitted the Iroquois League against the Hurons, northern Algonquians and their French allies.
January 1657: The Iroquois defeated and assimilated the Erie Tribe.
January 1671: Iroquois expansion in the Susquehannas territories.
January 1673: Iroquois expansion in the Susquehannas territories.
January 1678: In 1677, the Iroquois adopted the majority of the Iroquoian-speaking Susquehannock into their nation.
January 1680: Iroquois expansion until 1679.
January 1701: Iroquois expansion until 1700.
January 1712: Iroquois expansion until 1711.
Was Royal Charter that united four English settlements together into the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
July 1663: The Royal Charter of 1663 consolidated four settlements into a single entity known as the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
Were a series of conflicts mainly fought between the Dutch Republic and England (later Great Britain) from mid-17th to late 18th century.
10.1.Third Anglo-Dutch War
Was a conflict between the Dutch Republic and England, in alliance with France.
September 1673: The Dutch recaptured New Netherland from England with a fleet of 21 ships led by Vice Admiral Cornelius Evertsen and Commodore Jacob Binckes.
March 1674: The Treaty of Westminster concluded the Third Anglo-Dutch War and ceded New Netherland to England.
Was a revolution in England and Scotland that led to the deposition of Catholic King James II.
November 1688: By November 1688 William of Orange, who was Stadtholder of the Netherlands, and his wife Mary, were in control of England and Wales. They would later become King and Queen of Great Britain.
November 1688: William of Orange came ashore on 5/15 November.
November 1688: Plymouth surrendered to William of Orange, who was leading the invasion of England to overthrow King James II during the Glorious Revolution.
November 1688: In 1688, William of Orange took control of Exeter in the Kingdom of Great Britain (Dutch Republic) after the magistrates fled the city on 9 November (Julian calendar).
November 1688: Wincanton Skirmish.
November 1688: William's forces were at Sherborne.
December 1688: Hindon conquered by netherlands.
December 1688: On 4 December 1688, William of Orange was at Amesbury.
December 1688: Three days later William of Orange had reached Hungerford.
December 1688: A Protestant mob stormed Dover Castle, where the Catholic Sir Edward Hales was governor, and seized it.
December 1688: William at the same time ordered all English troops to depart from the capital, while his forces entered on 17 December. No local forces were allowed within a twenty-mile radius until the spring of 1690.
February 1689: By November 1688 William of Orange, who was Stadtholder of the Netherlands, and his wife Mary, were in control of England and Wales. They would later become King and Queen of Great Britain.
May 1689: William and Mary accepted the Crown of Scotland.
Were a series of wars fought by the British East India Company in the Indian Subcontinent that resulted in the British conquest and colonial rule of the region.
12.1.Child's War
Was a conflict between the English East India Company and the Mughal Empire. It was the first Anglo-Indian War on the Indian subcontinent.
January 1689: Emperor Aurangzeb issued orders for the occupation of the British possessions all over the subcontinent, and the confiscation of their property. As a result, possessions of East India Company were reduced to the fortified towns of Madras and Bombay.
January 1691: In 1690 the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb's court to plea for a pardon and to renew the trade firman. The company's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor, pay a large imperial fine of 1,50,000 rupees, and promise better behavior in the future. Emperor Aurangzeb then ordered Sidi Yaqub to lift the Siege of Bombay and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta.
January 1691: Set up of a new english base in Calcutta.
12.2.Carnatic Wars
The Carnatic Wars were a series of military conflicts in the middle of the 18th century in India's coastal Carnatic region. As a result of these military contests, the British East India Company established its dominance among the European trading companies within India.
12.2.1.Second Carnatic War
Was the continuation of the first Carnatic War in India despites the end of the War of the Austrian Succession in Europe.
January 1752: In 1751, however, Robert Clive led British troops to capture Arcot.
12.2.2.Third Carnatic War
The outbreak of the Seven Years' War in Europe in 1756 resulted in renewed conflict between French and British forces in India.
12.3.Anglo-Mysore Wars
Were a series of four wars fought during the last three decades of the 18th century between the Sultanate of Mysore on the one hand, and the British East India Company, Maratha Empire, Kingdom of Travancore, and the Kingdom of Hyderabad on the other. The fourth war resulted in the dismantlement of Mysore to the benefit of the East India Company, which took control of much of the Indian subcontinent.
12.3.1.First Anglo-Mysore War
Was a conflict in India between the Sultanate of Mysore and the East India Company.
December 1768: In November 1768 he split his army into two, and crossed the ghats into the Carnatic, regaining control of many minor posts held by the British. En route to Erode Hyder overwhelmed one contingent of British, who were sent as prisoners to Seringapatam when it was established that one of its officers was fighting in violation of a parole agreement. After rapidly establishing control over much of the southern Carnatic.
April 1769: The Treaty of Madras was a peace agreement signed between Mysore and the British (Lord Verelst) East India Company which brought an end to the First Anglo-Mysore War. The treaty agree to revert to the status quo ante bellum.
12.3.2.Second Anglo-Mysore War
Was a conflict between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company from 1780 to 1784.
January 1780: By 1779, Mysore ruler Haider Ali had captured parts of modern Tamil Nadu and Kerala in the south, extending the Kingdom's area to about 80,000 mi2 .
October 1781: Hyder Ali's forces invaded Tanjore.
December 1781: Coote marched into the Carnatic, and occupied Cuddalore.
December 1781: The British forces, led by Sir Eyre Coote, successfully captured Negapatam after a three-week siege in October and November 1781. This defeat prompted Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore, to retreat from Tanjore, which ultimately fell under the control of the British East India Company.
March 1782: In February, Hyder detached Tipu with a sizeable force to recover Tanjore. Intelligence failures led the main British garrison to become surrounded by this superior force; Colonel Brathwaite and 2,000 men surrendered.
April 1782: Cuddalore was occupied without resistance in 1782 by the Kingdom of Mysore.
December 1783: British East India Company troops entered Coimbatore against little resistance.
December 1783: Troops from Stuart's army were joined with those of Colonel William Fullarton in the Tanjore region, where he captured the fortress at Palghautcherry in November.
March 1784: The Second Anglo-Mysore War was ended on 11 March 1784 with the signing of the Treaty of Mangalore, at which both sides agreed to restore the others' lands to the status quo ante bellum.
12.3.2.1.Capture of Arcot
Was the siege and capture of Arcot by the Kingdom of Mysore during the Second Anglo-Mysore War.
November 1781: Arcot conquered by kingdom of mysore.
12.3.3.Third Anglo-Mysore War
Was a conflict in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company, the Kingdom of Travancore, the Maratha Empire, and the Nizam of Hyderabad. It was the third of four Anglo-Mysore Wars.
12.3.3.1.Treaty of Seringapatam
Was the treaty that ended the Third Anglo-Mysore War. Mysore lost about one-half of its territories.
March 1792: Treaty of Seringapatam: Under its terms Mysore ceded about one-half of its territories to the other signatories. The Peshwa acquired territory up to the Tungabhadra River, the Nizam was awarded land from the Krishna to the Penner River, and the forts of Cuddapah and Gandikota on the south bank of the Penner. The East India Company received a large portion of Mysore's Malabar Coast territories between the Kingdom of Travancore and the Kali River, and the Baramahal and Dindigul districts. Mysore granted the rajah of Coorg his independence, although Coorg effectively became a company dependency.
12.3.4.Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
Was the fourth and final Anglo-Mysore war. After the war, the Kingdom of Mysore became a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with British India.
12.3.4.1.Partition of Mysore
After the loss of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, Mysore was occupied and partitioned. The remnant territories became a princely state of British India.
June 1799: After the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, several Mysore territories were ceded to neighbour states.
June 1799: Britain took indirect control of Mysore, restoring the Wodeyar Dynasty to the Mysore throne.
12.4.Anglo-Maratha Wars
Was a series of wars fought between the British East India Company and Maratha Empire in India.
12.4.1.First Anglo-Maratha War
Was the first of three Anglo-Maratha Wars fought between the British East India Company and Maratha Empire in India. .
March 1775: The Treaty of Surat on 6 March 1775. According to the treaty, Raghunathrao ceded the territories of Salsette and Bassein (Vasai) to the British, along with part of the revenues from Surat and Bharuch districts.
March 1775: The British occupied Salsette Island in 1774.
March 1776: The Treaty of Purandhar (1 March 1776) annulled that of Surat, Raghunathrao was pensioned and his cause abandoned, but the revenues of Salsette and Broach districts were retained by the British.
November 1778: Following a treaty between France and the Poona Government in 1776, the Bombay Government decided to invade and reinstate Raghoba, a claimant to the Maratha throne. They sent a force under Col. Egerton, which reached Khopoli in 1778 during the First Anglo-Maratha War.
January 1779: The British East India Company made its way through the Western Ghats at Bhor Ghat and onwards toward Karla.
January 1779: Finally the British were forced to retreat back to Wadgaon, but were soon surrounded. The British surrendered and were forced to sign the Treaty of Wadgaon on 16 Jan. 1779, a victory for the Marathas.
February 1779: In 1779, British General Goddard led 6,000 troops to capture Ahmedabad's Bhadra Fort from the Marathas, marking a significant victory for the British East India Company in their expansion across India.
August 1780: Bengal detachment led by Captain Popham captured Gwalior.
December 1780: Goddard also captured Bassein.
May 1782: The Treaty of Salbai was signed on 17 May 1782, by representatives of the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company after long negotiations to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War. The borders were reverted to the status quo ante bellum and British forces left the occupied regions.
12.4.2.Second Anglo-Maratha War
Was the second conflict between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India. .
December 1802: Baji Rao, the last Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy, fled the Maratha invasion to British protection, and in December the same year concluded the Treaty of Bassein with the British East India Company, ceding territory for the maintenance of a subsidiary force.
October 1803: British forces took the pettah of Asirgarh Fort.
December 1803: Raghoji II Bhonsale of Nagpur signed the Treaty of Deogaon in Odisha with the British after the Battle of Argaon and gave up the province of Cuttack (which included Mughal and the coastal part of Odisha, Garjat/the princely states of Odisha, Balasore Port, parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal).
December 1803: On 30 December 1803, the Daulat Scindia signed the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon with the British after the Battle of Assaye and Battle of Laswari and ceded to the British Rohtak, Gurgaon, Ganges-Jumna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, some districts of Gujarat and the fort of Ahmmadnagar.
January 1804: The British strategy included Wellesley securing the Deccan Plateau.
12.4.3.Third Anglo-Maratha War
Was the final and decisive conflict between the English East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India. The war left the Company in control of most of India.
November 1817: In 1817, General Sir Thomas Hislop led the British East India Company troops, including Colonel Smith, to cross the river and establish positions at Ghorpadi during the Third Anglo-Maratha War in India.
January 1818: Battle of Koregaon.
January 1818: After the Battle of Mahidpur The ministers made overtures of peace, and on 6 January 1818 the Treaty of Mandeswar was signed. Holkar accepted the British terms in totality and came under British authority as an independent prince subject to the advice of a British Resident.
February 1818: British General Smith entered Satara and captured the royal palace of the Marathas.
February 1818: Mountstuart Elphinstone mentions the capture of Sinhagadh in his diary entry.
April 1818: General Smith's forces had taken the forts of Sinhagad and Purandar.
June 1818: Baji Rao surrendered to the British.
12.5.Anglo-Nepalese War
Was a war between the Kingdom of Nepal and the British East India Company. .
12.5.1.First Campaign (Anglo-Nepalese War)
Was a British military campaign in Nepal during the Anglo-Nepalese War.
February 1814: The British advance to Jit Gadh in 1814 was led by General Amar Singh Thapa, a prominent military leader in the Gorkha Kingdom. The territory was eventually occupied by Great Britain as part of their expansion in the region.
November 1814: Battle of Nalapani.
December 1814: British Major General Martindale occupied the town of Nahan.
April 1815: Nepalese provincial governor Bam Shah surrendered Almora to the British on 27 April 1815.
May 1815: The Nepalese forces under the command of Amar Singh Thapa lost control of Malaon and Jaithak to the British forces led by General David Ochterlony in 1815.
12.5.2.Second Campaign (Anglo-Nepalese War)
Was a British military campaign in Nepal during the Anglo-Nepalese War.
February 1816: The Nepalese troops, led by General Amar Singh Thapa, were driven back from Hariharpur Gadhi by the British forces, led by Major General David Ochterlony, during the Anglo-Nepalese War in 1816. This marked a significant victory for the British in their military occupation of the territory.
March 1816: During the Anglo-Nepalese War, British troops led by General Rollo Gillespie retreated from Sindhuli Gadhi and regrouped in Makawanpur in March 1816. The war ended with the signing of the Sugauli Treaty later that year.
12.5.3.Treaty of Sugauli
Was the treaty that ended the Anglo-Nepali War. Nepal lost one-third of its territory.
March 1816: The Anglo-Nepalese War ended with the Treaty of Sugauli, which has been considered as an unequal treaty vecause it led to Nepal losing one-third of its territory. The river Mechi became the new Eastern border and the Mahakali the Western boundary of Nepal.
March 1816: The Treaty of Sugauli, signed following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16, established the boundary line of Nepal.
12.6.British War with Burma to annex Manipur
Was an armed conflict between the British Empire and the Kingdom of Manipur.
February 1826: The conflict between Britain and Burma, known as the First Anglo-Burmese War, was sparked by the discovery of Burmese plans to attack the Sylhet district of Bengal. This led to Britain declaring war on Burma on 5 March 1824.
12.7.Anglo-Burmese Wars
Were a series of wars between the British Empire and the Konbaung dynasty of Burma. After the third and last war, Burma was annexed to British India.
12.7.1.First Anglo-Burmese War
Was the first of a series of wars between the British Empire and the Konbaung dynasty of Burma. Burma lost territories in Assam, Manipur, and Arakan.
12.7.1.1.Western theatre (First Anglo-Burmese War)
Was a British military campaign in western Burma during the First Anglo-Burmese War.
February 1824: British forces reached Cachar and Jaintia.
March 1824: Burmese general Thado Thiri Maha Uzana defeated the British units in Cachar and Jaintia in January 1824.
12.7.1.2.Burma interior Campaign (First Anglo-Burmese War)
Was a British military campaign in the interior of Burma during the First Anglo-Burmese War.
May 1824: A British naval force of over 10,000 men (5,000 British soldiers and over 5,000 Indian sepoys) entered the harbour of Yangon (Rangoon), taking the Burmese by surprise.
August 1824: The British launched attacks on Burmese lines, and by July 1824, had successfully pushed the Burmese towards Kamayut, 8 km from Shwedagon.
November 1824: Burmese general Bandula commanded a force of 30,000 massed outside Yangon.
December 1824: The Burmese were driven out of their last remaining stronghold at Kokine.
April 1825: Battle of Danubyu.
May 1825: The British proceeded to occupy the rest of Arakan.
January 1826: Battle of Prome.
January 1826: With a large portion of the Burmese army dispersed at Prome, the British army led by Campbell advanced toward Ava unimpeded until they encountered a stockaded defence at Bagan.
February 1826: Battle of Prome.
February 1826: British army at Yandabo village, only 80 km from the capital Ava, the Burmese were forced to accept the British terms without discussion. According to the treaty, the Burmese agreed to: Cede to the British- Assam without any consent and approval of the Ahom Kingdom in their own region, Manipur, Rakhine (Arakan), and the Taninthayi (Tenasserim) coast south of the Salween River.
12.7.1.3.Treaty of Yandabo
Was the peace treaty that ended the First Anglo-Burmese War. .
February 1826: The Treaty of Yandabo ended the First Anglo-Burmese War. The treaty resulted in the cession of Assam, Manipur, Tripura, Rakhine, and Tenasserim to the British.
12.7.2.Second Anglo-Burmese War
Was the first of a series of wars between the British Empire and the Konbaung dynasty of Burma. Burma lost the Pegu province (renamed Lower Burma by the British).
April 1852: In 1852, during the Second Anglo-Burmese War, the port of Martaban was taken by British forces led by General Godwin.
April 1852: Rangoon was occupied on the 12th by British forces led by General Godwin. This marked the beginning of British military occupation in the region, following the Second Anglo-Burmese War.
April 1852: Shwedagon Pagoda conquered by great britain.
May 1852: Bassein was seized by the British on 19 May.
June 1852: Pegu, a city in Burma, was taken by British forces on 3 June 1852 during the Second Anglo-Burmese War. The British military occupation of Pegu marked a significant turning point in the conflict between the British Empire and the Burmese Kingdom.
October 1852: British Major-General Godwin occupied Prome on 9 October.
January 1853: Lord Dalhousie was the Governor-General of India at the time, and King Pagan was the ruler of the province of Pegu. The British East India Company annexed Pegu in 1853 as part of their expanding colonial territories in India.
12.7.3.Third Anglo-Burmese War
Was the last of a series of wars between the British Empire and the Konbaung dynasty of Burma. Burma was annexed to British India.
November 1885: British General Harry Prendergast was ordered to conquer Upper Burma with 11,000 men, light boats and elephants. Also due to disagreements within the Burmese troops, Prendergast's troops reached the capital Mandalay on November 26 with little resistance and forced the king to abdicate.
January 1886: The Shan States and Karenni States became princely states of the British Empire after the defeat of Burma in the Anglo-Burmese Wars.
12.7.3.1.British annexion of Burma
Annexion of the Konbaung Dynasty of Burma by British India after the Third Anglo-Burmese War.
November 1885: The British, led by General Sir Harry Prendergast, annexed the remaining territories of the Konbaung dynasty in Burma during the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885. This was in response to the growing influence of French Indochina in the region.
12.8.Anglo-Afghan Wars
Were three wars in which the British Empire tried to extend its influence in modern-day Afghanistan.
12.8.1.First Anglo-Afghan War
Was a war between the British Empire and the Emirate of Afghanistan. As the British wanted to extend their influence to Afghanistan, they invaded and occupied the country. An uprising in Kabul led the British to the decision of leaving the country. The whole British army but one man was slaughtered during its retreat.
12.8.1.1.British Invasion (First Anglo-Afghan War)
Was the British invasion of Afghanistan during the First Anglo-Afghan War.
April 1839: In 1839, British forces led by Sir John Keane crossed the Bolan Pass and captured Quetta, a strategic city in southern Afghanistan. This marked the beginning of British military occupation in the region.
April 1839: British forces camped at Kandahar on 25 April 1839.
July 1839: In 1839, during the First Anglo-Afghan War, British-led forces under the command of General Sir John Keane launched a surprise attack and captured the fortress of Ghazni. This strategic victory allowed for the military occupation of Ghazni by Great Britain.
August 1839: In 1838 British viceroy Lord Auckland, restored Shah Shojāʿ to the Afghan throne in Kabul on August 1839 and made Afghanistan a British protectorate.
12.8.1.2.1842 retreat from Kabul
After an uprising in Kabul, the british-indian army was allowed to leave Afghanistan but was then massacrated during the retreat.
January 1842: After an uprising in Kabul, the British-Indian army was allowed to leave Afghanistan but in reality the British forces were massacrated at Gandamak (January 13 1842).
12.8.1.3.Punitive Expedition to Kabul
The Battle of Kabul was part of a punitive campaign undertaken by the British against the Afghans following the disastrous retreat from Kabul of 1842.
September 1842: The Battle of Kabul in 1842 was led by British General William Elphinstone against Afghan forces, seeking retribution for the massacre of British troops during the retreat from Kabul. The British occupation of Kabul was a response to the Afghan uprising against British rule.
November 1842: After the Kabul Expedition, the British demolished parts of Kabul before withdrawing to India, concluding the First Anglo-Afghan War.
12.8.2.Second Anglo-Afghan War
Was a war between Afghanistan and the British Empire. At the end of the war, Afghanistan became a British protectorate.
12.8.2.1.First British Invasion
Was the British invasion of Afghanistan at the beginning of the Second Anglo-Afghan War.
November 1878: Battle of Peiwar Kotal.
12.8.2.1.1.Treaty of Gandamak
Was signed on 26 May 1879 to officially end the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Under the treaty, the Afghan Emir, Mohammad Yaqub Khan, ceded various frontier areas to the British Raj and the country became a British protectorate.
May 1879: A peace treaty was signed on 26 May 1879 to officially end the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Under its terms, the Afghan Emir, Mohammad Yaqub Khan, ceded various frontier areas to the British Raj, including Quetta, Pishin, Harnai, Sibi, Kurram, and Khyber, while retaining sovereignty over the rest of Afghanistan.
May 1879: With British forces occupying Kabul, Afghan Amir Yaqub Khan, signed the Treaty of Gandamak on 26 May 1879. According to this agreement and in return for an annual subsidy and vague assurances of assistance in case of foreign aggression, Yaqub relinquished control of Afghan foreign affairs to Britain.
12.8.2.2.Afghan Revolt
Was an uprising in Kabul, agains the British forces that had occupied Afghanistan at the beginning of the Second Anglo-Afghan War.
September 1879: An uprising in Kabul led to the slaughter of Sir Louis Cavagnari, the British representative, along with his guards.
12.8.2.3.Second British Invasion (Second Anglo-Afghan War)
Was the second invasion of Afghanistan during the Second Anglo-Afghan War, after a revolt in Kabul had forced the British to leave the country.
October 1879: British forces defeated the Afghan Army at Charasiab.
October 1879: In 1879, during the Second Anglo-Afghan War, Kabul was occupied for two days by British forces led by General Frederick Roberts and Sir Donald Stewart. This military occupation marked a significant moment in the conflict between Afghanistan and Great Britain.
July 1880: Battle of Maiwand.
August 1880: Siege of Kandahar.
September 1880: The Battle of Kandahar brought a close to the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Emir Ayub Khan had been decisively beaten. The British appointed Abdur Rahman as emir of Afghanistan, under a protected state which gave Britain control of Afghanistan's foreign policy.
October 1880: After the British victory against Afghan forces in the Battle of Kandahar (1880), the British appointed Abdur Rahman as the ruler and left the occupied territories in Afghanistan. Afghanistan became a protectorate with British control over the country's foreign policy.
12.8.3.Third Anglo-Afghan War
Was a conflict that began in 1919 when the Emirate of Afghanistan invaded British India.
May 1919: Afghan troops crossed the frontier at the western end of the Khyber Pass and captured the town of Bagh.
May 1919: An Uprising took place in Peshwar with the support of Afghan forces.
May 1919: The inhabitants of Peshawar complied and by dawn on 8 May the situation in the city was under control and the threat of an uprising abated.
May 1919: A second attack was made on Bagh by the British 1st and 2nd Infantry Brigades, under Major General Fowler, and this time it proved successful.
May 1919: The British commander in Quetta decided to attack the Afghan fortress at Spin Baldak, capturing it.
June 1919: The Afghan camp at Yusef Khel was seized by British force.
August 1919: The Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 brought the Third Anglo-Afghan War to an end. It was signed on 8 August 1919 in Rawalpindi by Great Britain and Afghanistan. Britain recognised Afghanistan's independence (as per Article 5 of the treaty), agreed that British India would not extend past the Khyber Pass and stopped British subsidies to Afghanistan. Afghanistan also accepted all previously agreed border arrangements with British India.
12.9.Anglo-Sikh Wars
Were two military conflicts between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company that resulted in the fall of the Sikh Empire.
12.9.1.First Anglo-Sikh War
Was a military conflict between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company.
December 1845: Battle of Mudki.
December 1845: Battle of Ferozeshah.
January 1846: Battle of Aliwal.
February 1846: Battle of Sobraon.
12.9.1.1.Treaty of Lahore
In the Treaty of Lahore of 9 March 1846 that ended the First Anglo-Sikh War, the Sikhs surrendered the Jullundur Doab region to the British.
March 1846: The Lahore Durbar was required to pay an indemnity of 15 million rupees to the British. Because it could not readily raise this sum, it ceded Kashmir, Hazarah and all the forts, territories, rights and interests in the hill countries situated between the Rivers Beas and Indus to the East India Company, as equivalent to ten million of rupees.
March 1846: In the Treaty of Lahore the Sikhs were made to surrender the valuable region (the Jullundur Doab) between the Beas River and Sutlej River.
12.9.2.Second Anglo-Sikh War
Was a military conflict between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company that took place in 1848 and 1849 and resulted in the fall of the Sikh Empire.
January 1849: Captain John Nicholson, leading irregular cavalry based at Peshawar, seized the vital fort of Attock on the Indus River from its Sikh garrison.
January 1849: Battle of Chillianwala.
January 1849: Mulraj surrendered on 22 January.
February 1849: Battle of Chillianwala.
February 1849: Battle of Gujrat.
March 1849: Chattar Singh and Sher Singh surrendered near Rawalpindi.
March 1849: Sikh ruler Duleep Singh signed away all claims to the rule of the Punjab to the British, who annexed the region.
12.10.Anglo-Manipur War
Was an armed conflict between the British Empire and the Kingdom of Manipur.
September 1890: In the Kingdom of Manipur, Prince Kulachandra Singh led his brothers in a revolt against reigning Maharaja Surchandra, dethroning him.
March 1891: The Tamu column seized Thoubal.
April 1891: The Tamu column retreated from Thoubal in order to join the other columns.
April 1891: On 21 April, the Silchar column reached Thoubal.
April 1891: In 1891, during the Anglo-Manipur War, the Tamu column led by British General Thangal clashed with Meitei troops outside Palel. The Meitei troops, led by King Kulachandra, were pursuing the British troops but were ultimately pushed back. This event marked a significant turning point in the conflict.
April 1891: The Silchar, Tamu and Kohima columns united to capture Imphal.
Were a series of wars from 1694 until 1700 largely between the Dutch West India Company and the English Royal African Company in present-day Ghana, over trade rights.
May 1700: At the end of the komenda wars, the british took de facto over the Eguafo kingdom. British-supported mercenary force moved upon Eguafo and on May 9, 1700, Takyi Kuma was named the new king of Eguafo.
The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters. It was a global war, with fighting taking place in Europe, Asia, and America. At the end of the war, Philip II, who was the successor chosen by Charles II as a descendant of Charles' paternal half-sister Maria Theresa, became King of Spain and of its overseas empire. The Spanish possessions in Europe were partitioned between various European Monarchies.
14.1.Spanish Theatre (War of the Spanish Succession)
Was the theatre of war in Spain during the War of the Spanish Succession.
August 1704: British forces captured Gibraltar.
September 1708: In 1708, an English expedition led by Admiral John Norris and General John Campbell landed in Sardinia as part of the War of the Spanish Succession. The island was occupied by Great Britain for strategic purposes, aiming to secure naval dominance in the Mediterranean.
September 1708: British forces captured Minorca.
14.2.Queen Anne's War
Was a war between the American territories of Great Britain against the the American territories of Spain and France. In Europe, it is generally viewed as the American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession; in the Americas, it is more commonly viewed as a standalone conflict.
14.2.1.Acadia and New England (Queen Anne’s War)
Was the theatre of War in Acadia and New England during Queen Anne’s War.
October 1710: In October 1710, 3,600 British and colonial forces led by Francis Nicholson finally captured Port Royal after a siege of one week. This ended official French control of the peninsular portion of Acadia.
14.3.Treaty of Utrecht
Were a series of treaties to end the War of the Spanish Succession.
April 1713: In 1713, as part of the Treaty of Utrecht, Spain ceded the rock of Gibraltar and the island of Menorca in the Balearic Islands to England. This decision was made by the Spanish King Philip V and the British Queen Anne as a result of the War of Spanish Succession.
April 1713: In 1713, as part of the Treaty of Utrecht, Spain ceded the rock of Gibraltar and the island of Menorca in the Balearic Islands to England. This agreement was signed by the Spanish King Philip V and the British diplomat John Methuen.
14.4.Treaty of Rastatt
Was a peace treaty between France and Austria that was concluded on 7 March 1714 in the Baden city of Rastatt to end the War of the Spanish Succession between both countries.
March 1714: At the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, Austria was awarded the Spanish territories in Italy, including Naples, Milan, Sardinia, as well as the Southern Netherlands.
August 1714: The Electorate of Hanover was in personal union with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland since 1714.
In 1707, the Kingdoms of England and Scotland were united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain under the terms of the Acts of Union. The Acts took effect on 1 May 1707. On this date, the Scottish Parliament and the English Parliament united to form the Parliament of Great Britain.
May 1707: In 1707, the two kingdoms were united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain under the terms of the Acts of Union. The Acts took effect on 1 May 1707. On this date, the Scottish Parliament and the English Parliament united to form the Parliament of Great Britain.
Was a war fought in North Carolina mainly between the Tuscarora people and the English settlers.
January 1713: South Carolina sent Colonel John Barnwell with a force of 30 white officers and about 500 Native Americans from South Carolina, including Yamasee, Wateree, Congaree, Waxhaw, Pee Dee, and Apalachee. Barnwell's expedition traveled over 300 miles and arrived in January 1712. There the force was supplemented by 50 local militiamen and attacked the Tuscarora, who retreated to Fort Neoheroka in Greene County.
February 1713: In 1713, Colonel John Barnwell led an expedition against the Tuscarora. This disappointed the North Carolina settlers who had hoped for a complete defeat of the Tuscarora. Barnwell later left for South Carolina, leaving the territory to be incorporated into the Province of North Carolina.
A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
17.1.Great Northern War
Was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
17.1.1.Phase 2: Sweden Defending itself
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
17.1.1.1.North German Front of the Great Northern War
Was the theatre of war of northern Germany in the second phase of the Great Northern War.
May 1715: Following Prussian and Hanoverian occupation, Denmark ceded Bremen-Verden to Hanover on May 2, 1715 in exchange for a compensation payment.
Was a war initiated by Spain to recover territories lost after the War of the Spanish Succession.
November 1719: A British fleet captured Vigo and marched inland to Pontevedra in October 1719.
Was a European conflict caused by the succession to the Habsburg Domains. Maria Theresa succeeded her father Charles VI, and the opposition to female inheritance of the throne was a pretext for starting a war. It was a global conflict that saw fight in Europe, Asia, America and Africa.
19.1.War of Jenkins' Ear
Was a war between the British Empire and the Spanish Empire that took place in the Americas.
November 1739: In 1739, Admiral Edward Vernon led the British attack on Porto Bello, a strategic port in Panama. The successful siege resulted in the town falling to British military occupation within a day. Vernon was a prominent British naval officer known for his aggressive tactics during the War of Jenkins' Ear.
December 1739: In 1739, during the War of Jenkins' Ear, British Admiral Edward Vernon led an unsuccessful siege on Porto Bello in present-day Panama. The British occupied the town for three weeks before withdrawing, having first destroyed its fortifications, port, and warehouses. This event marked a significant defeat for the British in their attempts to gain control of Spanish America.
March 1740: Captain Cevallos was a Spanish military officer who defended the fort of San Lorenzo el Real Chagres against a British military occupation in 1740. Despite his resistance for two days, he eventually surrendered the fort to the British forces.
March 1740: In 1740, during the War of Jenkins' Ear, the British forces, led by Admiral Edward Vernon, attacked and destroyed the fort at San Lorenzo el Real Chagres in Spanish America. They seized the guns and two Spanish patrol boats in the process.
June 1740: In 1740, the British colony of Georgia, led by General James Oglethorpe, launched an overland attack on the fortified city of St. Augustine in Florida, which was then under Spanish control. The attack was part of the larger conflict known as the War of Jenkins' Ear between Britain and Spain.
July 1740: The siege of St. Augustine in 1740 was led by British General James Oglethorpe against Spanish Governor Manuel de Montiano. The failure of the Royal Navy blockade allowed supplies to reach the Spanish settlement, leading to the collapse of the siege.
19.2.King George's War
Was a war between the British Empire and the French Empire that took place in the Americas. The conflict was part of the War of the Austrian Succession.
June 1745: In 1745, British colonial forces led by William Pepperrell and Peter Warren captured Fortress Louisbourg, a strategic French stronghold in Nova Scotia, after a six-week siege during the War of the Austrian Succession.
August 1745: The New Englanders also assumed control of Port-La-Joye on present-day Prince Edward Island.
January 1747: The New Englanders also assumed control of Port-La-Joye on present-day Prince Edward Island.
19.3.Jacobite rising of 1745
Was an uprising in Great Britain that attempted to regain the British throne for the House of Stuart.
August 1745: The rebellion was launched with the raising of the Royal Standard at Glenfinnan.
September 1745: They reached Perth where they were joined by more sympathisers.
September 1745: Charles Edward Stuart, who was a Jacobite claimant to the British throne, entered Edinburgh unopposed.
November 1745: The last elements of the Jacobite army left Edinburgh on 4 November and government forces under General Handasyde retook the city on 14th.
November 1745: Murray divided the army into two columns to conceal their destination from General Wade, government commander in Newcastle, and entered England on 8 November without opposition. On 10th, they reached Carlisle. The castle capitulated on 15 November.
November 1745: After the defeat at the Battle of Prestonpans, Jacobite Rebels led by Charles Edward Stuart advanced south to Preston in 1745. The garrison left behind was under the command of General Sir John Cope.
November 1745: Manchester conquered by Jacobite Rebels.
December 1745: The Jacobite army entered Derby on 4 December.
December 1745: The fast-moving Jacobite army evaded pursuit with only a minor skirmish at Clifton Moor, crossing back into Scotland.
January 1746: The Siege of Stirling Castle in 1746 was a key event during the Jacobite Rising. The castle was held by British forces loyal to King George II, while Jacobite rebels, led by Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie), attempted to capture it. The siege ended with the castle surrendering to the Jacobites.
April 1746: Charles Stuart and his uprising were defeated at the Battle of Culloden.
19.4.First Carnatic War
Was the Indian theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession and the first of a series of Carnatic Wars. In this conflict the British and French East India Companies fought for control of their respective trading posts at Madras, Pondicherry, and Cuddalore.
September 1746: Fall of Madras to the French.
19.5.Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen.
October 1748: In 1748, the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle restored Louisbourg to France. Louisbourg was a French fortress located on Cape Breton Island in present-day Nova Scotia, Canada. The treaty was signed by representatives of France, Great Britain, and other European powers to end the War of the Austrian Succession.
October 1748: France accepted the re-establishment of the status quo in the overseas territories. Madras given back to the British.
Was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. At the end of the war the main winner was Great Britain, that obtained territories in North America, the Caribbean and India, becoming the most powerful maritime and colonial of the European powers.
20.1.French and Indian War
Was a theater of war of the Seven Years' War, which pitted the North American colonies of the British Empire against those of the French, each side being supported by various Native American tribes.
April 1754: In 1754, Governor Dinwiddie sent William Trent with 40 men to construct a fort at Fort Duquesne. This action sparked the beginning of the French and Indian War between Great Britain and France for control of the Ohio River Valley.
April 1754: In 1754, George Washington led forces to Fort Duquesne, where they were allowed to withdraw by Contrecœur. The fort was later completed and became a strategic stronghold in the French and Indian War.
May 1754: Following the battle, George Washington, a young Virginia militia officer, pulled back several miles and established Fort Necessity. The fort was attacked by French forces, leading to Washington's surrender and the territory falling under Great Britain's military occupation in 1754.
July 1754: The Canadians attacked Fort Necessity under the command of Louis Coulon de Villiers, brother of Joseph Coulon de Jumonville. George Washington, a young British officer, surrendered after a brief battle on July 3, 1754, and negotiated a withdrawal under arms with the Iroquois Confederation.
June 1755: Colonel Robert Monckton, a British military officer, captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755 during the Seven Years' War. This victory cut off the French Fortress Louisbourg from land-based reinforcements, marking a significant strategic success for Great Britain in the conflict.
August 1757: In early August 1757, French General Montcalm and his 7,000 troops besieged Fort William Henry, leading to its capitulation. The British forces agreed to withdraw under parole, handing over the territory to France.
August 1757: The French forces, led by General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and his subordinate Louis Antoine de Bougainville, remained at Fort William Henry for several days after its surrender by the British in 1757. They destroyed the remaining British fortifications before departing on August 18th to return to Fort Carillon.
20.1.1.Conquest of New France (1758-1760)
Was a British military campaign in New France during the Seven Years' War.
July 1758: Louisbourg was a strategic French fortress located in present-day Nova Scotia, Canada. Major-General James Wolfe was a British Army officer known for his role in the capture of Quebec City during the Seven Years' War. The capture of Louisbourg was a significant victory for the British in their efforts to gain control of North America.
September 1759: Quebec city capitulated to Britain after the Battle of the Plains Abraham, securing British predominance in North America.
September 1760: In 1760, French military leaders Lévis and Vaudreuil surrendered the French colony of Canada to British forces. This marked the end of the French and Indian War in North America, with the British emerging victorious after the capitulation of Montreal.
June 1762: The French forces, led by the Comte d'Haussonville, successfully captured St. John's in 1762, forcing the British to surrender. This event was part of the wider conflict between France and Britain known as the Seven Years' War.
September 1762: In 1762, during the Seven Years' War, French forces captured St. John's in Newfoundland. General Amherst, a British military leader, sent his nephew William Amherst to recapture the territory. The Battle of Signal Hill in September 1762 resulted in the British regaining control of Newfoundland.
20.2.Indian Theatre (Seven Years' War)
Was the theatre of war of the Seven Years' War in the Indian Subcontinent.
20.2.1.Capture of Calcutta
The Mughal Empire captured British-held Calcutta during the Seven Years' War.
June 1756: The Siege of Calcutta was a battle between the Bengal Subah and the British East India Company on 20 June 1756. The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, aimed to seize Calcutta to punish the Company for the unauthorised construction of fortifications at Fort William.
20.3.French Capture of Minorca
Was the French invasion of British-held Minorca during the Seven Years' War.
June 1756: The French opened the campaign against the British with an attack on Menorca in the Mediterranean. A British attempt at relief was foiled at the Battle of Minorca, and the island was captured on 28 June.
20.4.Central German Theatre
Was the theatre of war in central Germany of the Seven Years' War.
20.4.1.French Invasion (German Theatre of the Seven Years' War)
Was a French large-scale invasion of Germany during the Seven Years' War.
August 1757: The French army captured the city of Hanover on 11 August.
September 1757: On 10 September at Klosterzeven the British and French signed the Convention of Klosterzeven which secured the immediate end of hostilities. The terms called for several conditions. The national contingents from Brunswick and Hesse would return to their homelands. Half the Hanoverian force would be interned at Stade, while the remainder were to withdraw across the River Elbe. Most of Hanover would be under French occupation, except for a demilitarised zone. The French would evacuate the Duchy of Bremen, provided the British withdrew their ships from the River Weser.
20.4.2.Counteroffensive against the French invasion of Germany
Was the Prussian and British counteroffensive against the French invasion of Germany during the Seven Years' War.
April 1758: The British and Hanoverian forces drove the French back across the River Rhine so that by the spring Hanover had been liberated.
20.5.African Theatre (Seven Years' War)
Was the African theatre of the Seven Years' War.
20.5.1.Capture of Senegal
Was a British naval expedition against the French island of Gorée off the coast of Senegal during the Seven Years' War.
May 1758: In 1758, during the Seven Years' War, British General Jeffrey Amherst led the military occupation of Saint-Louis, Senegal. The French garrison, under Governor Jean-Baptiste du Casse, was caught off guard and the fort surrendered to the British forces led by Colonel William Marsh on May 1, 1758. Local traders in the area then pledged their loyalty to the British.
November 1758: In 1758, during the Seven Years' War, the French trading station on the Gambia was captured by British forces led by Admiral Augustus Keppel and Lieutenant Colonel Robert Boyd. This military occupation of the whole French Senegalese coast was part of Britain's strategy to gain control of key trading posts in West Africa.
January 1759: The Capture of Gorée occurred in December 1758 when a British naval expedition led by Augustus Keppel against the French island of Gorée off the coast of Senegal.
20.6.British expedition against Guadeloupe
Was the British invasion of French Guadeloupe during the Seven Years' War.
May 1759: The French forces on the island of Guadeloupe surrendered to the British after months of fighting, leading to a military occupation by Great Britain.
20.7.Invasion of Dominica (1761)
Was a British military expedition to capture the Caribbean island of Dominica in June 1761, as part of the Seven Years' War.
June 1761: In 1761, during the Seven Years' War, British forces led by Admiral George Rodney and General Robert Monckton arrived in Dominica. The French settlers in Dominica surrendered to the British on June 7, leading to the territory coming under British military occupation.
20.8.British expedition against Martinique
Was the British invasion of French Martinique during the Seven Years' War.
February 1762: On 3 February 1762, Fort Royal in Martinique surrendered to British forces.
February 1762: The rest of the island of Martinique is conquered by British forces.
March 1762: Between 26 February and 3 March, British detachments arrived at the islands Saint Lucia, Grenada and Saint Vincent, all of which fell without resistance.
20.9.Anglo-Spanish War (1762-63)
Was a military conflict fought between Britain and Spain as part of the Seven Years' War.
August 1762: British forces captured Havana.
October 1762: The British forces, led by Admiral Samuel Cornish and Brigadier General William Draper, successfully captured Manila from the Spanish in 1762 during the Seven Years' War. The Battle of Manila resulted in significant plunder being taken from the city.
20.10.Treaty of Paris (1763)
Was a treaty signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, after Great Britain and Prussia's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War.
February 1763: Grenada was ceded to the British under the Treaty of Paris.
February 1763: With the Treaty of Paris (1763) the Anglo-Portuguese army left the territories it had occupied in Spain.
February 1763: Treaty of Paris (1763): Britain restored Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Gorée, and the Indian factories to France.
February 1763: The French formally ceded Prince Edward island, and most of New France to the British in the Treaty of Paris.
February 1763: Great Britain established West and East Florida in 1763 out of land acquired from France and Spain after the French and Indian War.
February 1763: Treaty of Paris (1763): Britain restored Manila and Havana to Spain.
February 1763: Treaty of Paris (1763): France and Spain restored all their conquests to Britain and Portugal.
February 1763: France recognized the sovereignty of Britain over Canada, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Tobago. France lost all of its territory in mainland North America but had retained fishing rights off Newfoundland and the two small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
February 1763: Treaty of Paris (1763): France ceded the eastern half of French Louisiana to Britain, that is, the area from the Mississippi River to the Appalachian Mountains.
February 1763: Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1763), which put an end to the Seven Years' War, France ceded all its North American possessions, but Britain returned Saint-Pierre and Miquelon to France.
February 1763: East Florida was founded as a colony by the British colonial government in 1763, with its capital at St. Augustine, which had been the capital of Spanish La Florida.
Was a revolt by a loose confederation of Native Americans who were dissatisfied with British rule in the Great Lakes region following the French and Indian War.
May 1763: Fort Sandusky was a British fort located in present-day Ohio. In 1763, during Pontiac's Rebellion, Native American forces attacked and captured the fort as part of their resistance against British colonization. This event marked the beginning of the conflict in the region.
May 1763: Potawatomis captured Fort St. Joseph in Niles, Michigan.
May 1763: Fort Miami falls into the hands of Indian rebels.
June 1763: Fort Michilimackinac in Mackinaw City, Michigan, was the fifth to fall, the largest fort taken by surprise. Ojibwas staged a game of stickball with visiting Sauks. The soldiers watched the game as they had done on previous occasions. The Indians hit the ball through the open gate of the fort, then they rushed in and were given weapons which Indian women had smuggled into the fort. They killed about 15 of the 35-man garrison in the struggle. They later tortured five more to death.
January 1765: The British military expeditions were led by Sir William Johnson and Colonel John Bradstreet. They aimed to assert British control over the Great Lakes region and establish alliances with Native American tribes against the French.
Were fought by European governments and colonists in North America, and later by the United States and Canadian governments and American and Canadian settlers, against various American Indian and First Nation tribes.
22.1.Cherokee-American wars
Were a series of skirmishes between the Cherokee and the American settlers on the frontier.
October 1768: To address the issue of settlers living beyond the boundaries established by earlier treaties, John Stuart, the Superintendent for Southern Indian Affairs, negotiated a treaty on October 17, 1768. This agreement resulted in the Cherokee surrendering their claims to lands between the Allegheny Mountains and the Ohio River to the Colony of Virginia. This territory now encompasses most of West Virginia and eastern Kentucky, as well as a portion of southwestern Pennsylvania.
November 1768: After Pontiac's War, the Iroquois Confederacy ceded to the British government its claims to the hunting grounds between the Ohio and Cumberland rivers, known to them and other Indians as Kain-tuck-ee, in the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix.
March 1775: Richard Henderson and his investors reached an agreement with the Cherokees to purchase a vast tract of lands west of the southern and central Appalachian Mountains. In the purchased region, they founded the extra-legal Transylvania Colony.
22.2.Northwest Indian War
Was an armed conflict for control of the Northwest Territory fought between the United States and a united group of Native American nations known today as the Northwestern Confederacy.
22.2.1.Jay Treaty
Was a 1794 treaty between the United States and Great Britain that averted war and resolved issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris of 1783. Among other things, the British agreed to peacefully vacate the forts it still controlled in the United States.
September 1783: Fort Oswegatchie was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
September 1783: Fort Mackinac was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
September 1783: Fort Ontario was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
September 1783: Fort Lernoult and Fort Detroit were forts that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
September 1783: Fort Niagara was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
September 1783: Fort au Fer was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
September 1783: Fort Miami was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
September 1783: Fort Dutchman's Point was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Niagara. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort au Fer. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Dutchman's Point. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Oswegatchie. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Mackinac. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Miami. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Lernoult (including Fort Detroit). With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Ontario. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
Were two wars between the Carib inhabitants of Saint Vincent, in the Caribbean, and colonial invaders.
23.1.First Carib War
Was a military conflict between the Carib inhabitants of Saint Vincent and British military forces supporting British efforts at colonial expansion on the island.
January 1773: The British commissioners involved in the military assault on the Caribs in 1772 were Governor William Young and General Robert Melville. The Caribs were the indigenous people of the Southern portion of Saint Vincent Island, and the British sought to remove them from the territory through force.
January 1774: British unfamiliarity with the windward lands of the island and effective Carib defence of the island's difficult mountain terrain blunted the British advance, and political opposition to the expedition in London prompted an enquiry and calls for it to be ended. With military matters at a stalemate, a peace agreement was signed in 1773 that delineated boundaries between British and Carib areas of the island.
23.2.Second Carib War
Was a conflict between the British military forces against a coalition of Black Carib, runaway slaves, and French forces for control of the island of Saint Vincent.
April 1795: In March 1795, the Caribs successfully gained control of most of the island of Saint-Vincent except for the immediate area around Kingstown.
January 1798: A major military expedition by General Ralph Abercromby was eventually successful in crushing the Carib opposition in 1797. The Caribs were deported from Saint Vincent to the island of Roatán off the coast of present-day Honduras, where they became known as the Garifuna people.
Was a 1774 conflict between the British colony of Virginia and the Shawnee and Mingo.
October 1774: In 1774, Colonel Andrew Lewis led a force of Virginia militia to confront Shawnee Chief Cornstalk at Camp Pleasant (Point Pleasant). The ensuing Battle of Point Pleasant was a key conflict in Lord Dunmore's War.
Was the war of independence of the United States of America (at the time the Thirteen Colonies) against Great Britain.
July 1776: United States Declaration of Independence: the Thirteen Colonies at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule.
25.1.Boston campaign
Was a military campaign by the United States Continetal Army mainly in the Province of Massachusetts Bay.
April 1775: The Battle of Lexington and Concord marked the beginning of the conflict between the United Colonies and British forces.
May 1775: Battle of Chelsea Creek.
July 1775: Battle of Bunker Hill.
March 1776: Siege of Boston: British forces evacuate the town.
25.2.Invasion of Quebec (1775)
Was the unsuccesful invasion of the British Province of Quebec by the United States Continental Army.
May 1775: Capture of Fort Ticonderoga.
May 1775: Battle of Crown Point.
October 1775: On October 18, Fort Chambly fell.
November 1775: Fort St. John is captured.
November 1775: General Richard Montgomery led his troops north and occupied Saint Paul's Island in the Saint Lawrence River.
November 1775: Montreal fell without any significant fighting.
December 1775: Battle of Quebec.
May 1776: After a loose siege, the Americans withdrew from Quebec City.
June 1776: General William Thompson’s 2,000 Americans land near Trois-Rivières and advance inland.
July 1776: Retreat of the Continental army from Trois-Rivières.
October 1776: An American failed counter-attack on June 8 ended their operations in Quebec. However, British pursuit was blocked by American ships on Lake Champlain until they were cleared on October 11 at the Battle of Valcour Island. The American troops were forced to withdraw to Ticonderoga, ending the campaign.
25.2.1.Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec
Colonel Benedict Arnold led a force of 1,100 Continental Army troops on an expedition from Cambridge in the Province of Massachusetts Bay to the gates of Quebec City.
September 1775: Continental Army troops led by Colonel Benedict Arnold sailed from Newburyport, Massachusetts to the mouth of the Kennebec River.
October 1775: American forces reached Norridgewock Falls, location of the last settlements on the Kennebec River.
October 1775: Two colonial battalions reached the Dead River.
October 1775: The expedition of Colonel Benedict Arnold reached Lake Mégantic.
25.3.Southern theatre of the American Revolutionary War
Was the southern theater of war of the American Revolutionary War. It encompassed engagements primarily in Virginia, Georgia and South Carolina.
January 1776: Battle of Great Bridge.
December 1782: British evacuate Charleston, South Carolina.
25.3.1.Snow Campaign
Was a U.S. military campaign in Carolina during the American Revolutionary War.
September 1775: Patriot militia seized Fort Johnson, the principal fortification overlooking the Charleston harbor.
November 1776: By November 27 a Colonial army led by Colonel Richardson reached the Congaree River.
December 1776: By December 2, 1776, General George Washington had reached the Dutch Fork region in South Carolina.
December 1776: The Patriot force occupied the North Carolina interior by December 23. The Patriot forces then made their way back toward the coast.
25.3.2.British invasion of Georgia
Was the British invasion and conquest of territories in Georgia during the American Revolutionary War.
December 1778: A British expeditionary corps of 3,500 men from New York, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell, captured Savannah, Georgia.
January 1779: A British force under General Augustin Prevost captures Fort Morris. This victory places eastern Georgia completely under British control.
February 1779: British take control of Augusta.
June 1781: U.S. forces recovered Augusta by siege in 1781.
July 1782: Savannah remained in British hands until 11 July 1782.
25.3.3.British conquest of South Carolina
Was the British invasion and conquest of large territories in South Carolian during the American Revolutionary War.
May 1780: Charleston (South Carolina) surrenders to British Geneal Henry Clinton after a six-week siege.
May 1780: Battle of Waxhaws. The British crush the last organized resistance in South Carolina.
August 1780: British victory in the Battle of Camden.
February 1781: Battle of Cowan's Ford. British cavalry under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton cross the Catawba River.
March 1781: Battle of Guilford Court House near Greensboro, North Carolina. British victory.
May 1781: Siege of Ninety-Six, South Carolina.
June 1781: British relief ends the Siege of Ninety-Six.
September 1781: Battle of Eutaw Springs (Eutawville, South Carolina).
25.3.4.Yorktown campaign
Was a series of military maneuvers and battles during the American Revolutionary War that culminated in the Siege of Yorktown in October 1781.
January 1781: The Raid on Richmond in 1780 was led by American cavalry officer Colonel Banastre Tarleton during the American Revolutionary War. The British forces successfully captured and plundered the capital of Virginia, Richmond, which was a significant blow to the American rebels.
February 1781: The Raid on Richmond in 1781 was led by British cavalry officer Banastre Tarleton during the American Revolutionary War. The raid resulted in the capture of Virginia Governor Thomas Jefferson and the burning of the city of Richmond. This event was part of the British strategy to weaken the American forces and gain control of the southern colonies.
April 1781: Battle of Blandford (modern-day Petersburg, Virginia).
July 1781: Battle of Green Spring (modern-day James City County, Virginia).
September 1781: Start of the American Siege of Yorktown.
25.4.New York and New Jersey campaign
Was a series of American Revolutionary War battles for control of the Port of New York and the state of New Jersey, fought between British forces under General Sir William Howe and the Continental Army under General George Washington.
August 1776: Battle of Long Island. British victory.
October 1776: Battle of Pell's Point. British victory.
October 1776: General William Howe and 13,500 British and Hessians square off against General George Washington and 14,500 Americans at White Plains, New York. British victory.
November 1776: Fort Washington, New York, is attacked by superior British forces.
December 1776: He sent General Lord Cornwallis to chase Washington's army through New Jersey. The Americans withdrew across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania in early December.
December 1776: British took took Newport, Rhode Island.
25.4.1.American Counterattack in New York and New Yersey (American Revolutionary War)
Was the U.S. counterattack to the British invasion of New York and New Jersey during the American Revolutionary War.
January 1776: General Howe withdrew most of his army from New Jersey, only leaving outposts at New Brunswick and Perth Amboy.
25.4.2.British Invasion of New York and New Jersey
Was the British invasion of New York and New Jersey during the American Revolutionary War.
August 1776: The British forces, led by General William Howe, landed on the shores of Gravesend Bay in southwest Kings County, across the Narrows from Staten Island in 1776. This marked the beginning of the British occupation of New York City during the American Revolutionary War.
25.5.Saratoga campaign
Was an attempt by the British high command for North America to gain military control of the strategically important Hudson River valley during the American Revolutionary War.
July 1777: Battle of Hubbardton.
July 1777: The British win the battle of Skenesborough.
July 1777: Battle of Fort Anne. The fort falls to the British.
September 1777: In 1777, American General Philip Schuyler led a campaign to reclaim Skenesboro (now Whitehall, New York) from the British during the American Revolutionary War. The British had abandoned the territory, allowing the Americans to take control.
September 1777: The British army had reached a position just north of Saratoga.
October 1777: British Lieutenant General John Burgoyne surrendered to the Americans.
December 1777: British troops withdrew from Ticonderoga and Crown Point.
December 1777: Lake Champlain was free of British troops by early December.
25.6.Philadelphia Campaign
Was a British effort in the American Revolutionary War to gain control of Philadelphia, which was then the seat of the Revolutionary-era Second Continental Congress.
August 1777: General Howe landed 15,000 troops in late August at the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay.
September 1777: Battle of Paoli.
September 1777: British occupation of Philadelphia.
October 1777: The British captured Fort Billingsport on the Delaware in New Jersey.
June 1778: British General Henry Clinton moved his troops from Philadelphia to New York in 1778 in order to increase that city's defenses against a possible Franco-American attack.
25.7.Western theatre of the American Revolutionary War
Was the western theater of war of the American Revolutionary War. It encompassed engagements primarily in the
Ohio Valley, Great Lakes region and Spanish Louisiana.
25.7.1.Illinois Campaign
Was a series of engagements during the American Revolutionary War in which a small force of Virginia militia led by George Rogers Clark seized control of several British posts in the Illinois Country of the Province of Quebec, located in modern-day Illinois and Indiana in the Midwestern United States.
July 1778: In late 1778, George Rogers Clark, a militia officer from Virginia, launched a campaign to take over the Illinois country, where the British had few garrisons. With a company of volunteers, Clark captured Kaskaskia.
January 1779: U.S. troops capture Vincennes at the end of 1778.
January 1779: The combined British/Indian column of Lieutenant Colonel Henry Hamilton recaptures the distant settlement of Vincennes (Indiana) from Captain Leonard Helm.
February 1779: Clark marches on Vincennes in a surprise winter march and captures British Lieutenant Hamilton.
25.8.Anglo-French War (1778-1783)
Was a war between France, allied to the United States, and Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War.
September 1778: Early on 7 September 1778, French forces landed on the southeastern coast of the island. They rapidly took over some of the island's defenses, and eventually gained control of the high ground overlooking the island capital, Roseau.
March 1779: In March 1779, during the Anglo-French War, British forces led by Admiral Edward Hughes and General James Stuart captured Mahé from the French, marking a significant victory for Great Britain in the Indian Ocean region.
June 1779: In 1779, French military leaders D'Estaing and de Bouille launched operations against British possessions in the Caribbean. They successfully captured the isle of Saint Vincent on June 18th, as part of their strategic campaign in the region.
July 1779: The French army captured Grenada.
January 1780: British occupation of Martinique.
January 1780: Gorée was part of Great Britain in 1779-1783.
January 1781: French reconquest of Martinique.
March 1781: 17 March 1781 - 26 November 1781: British occupation of Saint Bartholomew (Saint Barthélemy).
November 1781: 25 Nov 1781 - 7 Feb 1784: French occupation of Sint Estatius.
November 1781: 3 Feb 1781 - 26 Nov 1781: British occupation of Saba.
November 1781: 17 March 1781 - 26 November 1781: British occupation of Saint Bartholomew (Saint Barthélemy).
November 1781: In 1781, French forces led by Admiral de Grasse occupied the Dutch part of Saint Martin during the Anglo-French War. The French control would last until 1784 when the Treaty of Paris returned the territory to the Dutch.
January 1782: The French captured Tobago, in 1781.
April 1782: The French fleet of Comte de Grasse, which aimed to annex British Jamaica, left Martinique and headed towards the archipelago of les Saintes. Caught in the Dominica Passage by the British and inferior in number, it was crushed by the vessels of the vices-admirals of Great Britain, Baron George Brydges Rodney and Viscount Samuel Hood. The defeat put les Saintes under British control.
January 1783: During the American Revolutionary War, French Admiral Comte de Grasse captured Montserrat in 1782 as part of France's support for the American colonies against British rule. This military occupation lasted until the end of the war.
September 1783: The Treaty of Paris (1783) confirmed the Turks and Caicos islands as a British colony. This treaty was signed by representatives of Great Britain, France, and Spain, officially ending the American Revolutionary War.
September 1783: St Kitts was recognised as British territory in the Treaty of Paris.
September 1783: In 1783, the French agreed to return the island of Montserrat to Great Britain under the Treaty of Paris. This decision was made after the French had briefly occupied the territory but had no intention of fully colonizing it.
September 1783: The Treaty of Versailles in 1783 ended the Anglo-French War and resulted in the British regaining control of St. Vincent and the Grenadines from France. This marked the beginning of British colonial rule in the territory.
September 1783: The Treaty of Paris (1783) returned Dominica to British control.
September 1783: Grenada and Saint Vincent were captured by the French during the American Revolutionary War. The 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the war, required France to return both territories to Britain.
January 1785: During the Anglo-French War, the British forces led by Admiral George Rodney captured St. Lucia from the French in 1778. However, the Treaty of Paris in 1783 returned the island to French control, officially transferring it back to Martinique in 1784.
February 1785: In 1785, Pondichéry was restored to France as part of the Treaty of Paris. This territory had been under British control since 1761. The return of Pondichéry was negotiated by French diplomat Charles Maurice de Talleyrand and marked a significant victory for France in the region.
February 1785: Karikal was a French colonial territory in India. The territory was restored to French control on 26 Feb 1785 as part of a treaty between the French and the British East India Company. This event was significant for the French colonial presence in India during the late 18th century.
March 1785: British conquest of Yanaon.
June 1785: Chandernagore was a French colony in India. On 27 June 1785, the territory was transferred to British control following a treaty signed between Governor-General of India Warren Hastings and French Governor-General Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau.
25.8.1.Capture of St. Lucia
Was the French capture of St. Lucia, in the Caribbean, during the American Revolutionary War.
December 1778: Upon the British ships' arrival on December 13, Major General James Grant ordered Brigadier General William Medows to land with a force of 1,400 at Grand Cul-de-Sac.
December 1778: In 1778, during the American Revolutionary War, General James Grant led the British forces to capture the fort at Morne Fortune and the capital, Castries, in Saint Lucia. This military occupation was part of Britain's strategy to secure the Caribbean islands during the conflict.
December 1778: Battle of St. Lucia.
December 1778: In 1778, during the Anglo-French War, a force of 9,000 French troops led by Admiral d'Estaing was landed near Castries, St. Lucia to attack General Medows' smaller force of 1,400 British troops. The territory ultimately went to Martinique, a French colony.
December 1778: The French garrison, led by Governor Francois Claude Amour, surrendered to British Admiral Samuel Barrington on 28 December 1778. The remaining French troops, including Governor Amour, embarked on their ships that same night, marking the British military occupation of the coast near Castries.
25.8.2.French Invasion of St. Kitts
Was the French invasion of St. Kitts, in the Caribbean, during the American Revolutionary War.
January 1782: French forces land on Saint Kitts.
January 1782: After landing on Saint Kitts, the French troops of the Marquis de Bouillé stormed and besieged Brimstone Hill.
February 1782: After a month of siege the heavily outnumbered and cut-off British garrison of St. Christopher surrendered to the French.
25.9.Northern theatre of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga
Was the northern theater of war of the American Revolutionary War after the British Saratoga campaign. It encompassed engagements in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New England.
June 1779: In May 1779 British General Clinton captured the outpost at Stony Point, New York.
June 1780: The Battle of Connecticut Farms, fought June 7, 1780, was one of the last major battles between British and American forces in the northern colonies during the American Revolutionary War.
June 1780: The Battle of Springfield was fought during the American Revolutionary War on June 23, 1780, in Union County, New Jersey.
July 1780: The Battle of Connecticut Farms, fought June 7, 1780, was one of the last major battles between British and American forces in the northern colonies during the American Revolutionary War.
July 1780: The Battle of Springfield was fought during the American Revolutionary War on June 23, 1780, in Union County, New Jersey.
25.10.Anglo-Spanish War (1779-1783)
Was a war between Spain and Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War.
25.10.1.North American Theatre (Anglo-Spanish War of 1779-1783)
North American theatre of the Anglo-Spanish War (1779-1783).
September 1779: Battle of Baton Rouge. Spanish forces under Don Bernardo de Gálvez capture the remote British post at Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
April 1780: In 1780, during the American Revolutionary War, the British surrendered Fort Rosalie at Natchez to Spanish forces.
April 1780: Spanish conquest of Mobile, the Capital of British West Florida.
May 1780: Battle of Saint Louis. The 310-man Spanish garrison at St.Louis repulse an attack by 300 British soldiers and 900 Indians under Captain Emanuel Hesse.
January 1781: A Spanish expedition into present-day Illinois led to the occupation of Fort St. Joseph.
May 1781: The Spanish siege of Pensacola (1781) results in the occupation of the city.
25.10.2.Central America (Anglo-Spanish War of 1779-1783)
Central American theatre of the Anglo-Spanish War (1779-1783).
May 1780: The siege of the Fortress of the Immaculate Conception in April ended in success for the British, who, however, as well as short of supplies, were decimated by the diseases brought by the abundant tropical rains that fell on the region.
December 1780: The British forces, led by General John Campbell, attempted to capture Fortezza dell'Immacolata Concezione in 1780 during the Spanish American War. However, they were unsuccessful and ultimately withdrew in November without achieving their objective.
April 1782: The Black River settlement was located in present-day Belize. The Spanish forces were led by Governor Arturo O'Neill, while the British garrison was under the command of Captain Thomas Paslow. The settlers were primarily British logwood cutters and their families.
June 1782: The Spanish force was led by Bernardo de Gálvez, a Spanish military leader who played a key role in the American Revolutionary War. The capture of Nassau was part of Spain's efforts to support the American colonies in their fight against British rule.
August 1782: In 1782, the British, led by Governor Alexander Lindsay, responded to the Spanish occupation of the Black River settlement by regrouping the settlers and sending reinforcements from Jamaica. The British forces, along with the settlers, successfully recaptured the territory from the disease-depleted Spanish force.
May 1783: In April 1783, the island of Nassau was recaptured by the British forces.
25.10.3.Invasion of Minorca
Was the reconquest of Menorca by Franco-Spanish forces during the American Revolutionary War.
August 1781: Spanish Admiral Luis de Córdova led the Spanish fleet in the Battle of Cape Spartel in 1781. The fleet successfully landed at Mesquida bay, marking the beginning of Spain's military occupation of the territory.
August 1781: When the Spanish troops entered the town of Mahón, most of the remaining population was on their side, and greeted them with cheers.
August 1781: In 1781, during the American Revolutionary War, Georgetown (today Es Castell, on the Island of Menorca) was captured by Spanish forces led by Governor Bernardo de Gálvez. Only 152 prisoners were taken as the Spanish military occupation of the territory began.
August 1781: In 1781, during the American Revolutionary War, Spanish troops led by Bernardo de Gálvez captured the British-held territories of Ciudadela and Fornells in Menorca. The small British garrison of about 50 men offered little resistance.
February 1782: The Siege of Fort St. Philip in 1782 was a key battle during the Anglo-Spanish War. The British forces, led by General Murray, defended the fort against the Spanish, led by the Duke of Crillon. After a long and bloody siege, the fort fell to the Spanish, leading to the military occupation of Menorca by Spain.
25.11.Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
Was a conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic during the American Revolutionary War.
February 1781: British forces captured Sint Eustatius.
February 1781: 3 Feb 1781 - 26 Nov 1781: British occupation of Saba.
February 1781: In 1781, the British military occupied the entire island of Saint Martin in the Caribbean.
April 1781: During the American Revolutionary War, the British military under the command of Sir George Rodney and Sir John Vaughan captured the Dutch colonies of Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo in 1781. This was part of the British strategy to secure control over the valuable sugar-producing colonies in the Caribbean.
July 1781: British occupation of Dutch Bengal.
August 1781: Henry Botham, one of the directors, commandeered the fleet, and with 100 company soldiers sailed for Padang. On 18 August, Jacob van Heemskerk, the VOC chief resident at Padang, surrendered all of the west coast outposts without a fight, unaware that Botham's force was relatively weak.
November 1781: The Siege of Negapatam in 1781 was a military conflict between British forces led by Admiral Sir Edward Hughes and French forces commanded by Admiral Suffren during the Anglo-French War. The British eventually captured Negapatam, a key port city in India, leading to its military occupation by Great Britain.
January 1782: Sadras, a town in India, was captured by the British East India Company.
January 1782: British forces captured Trincomalee.
February 1782: During the period of 27 February 1782 to February 1783, the French military occupied the colonies of Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo after forcing Governor Robert Kinston to surrender. This was part of the larger conflict between France and Britain during the American Revolutionary War.
August 1782: In August, the French recaptured Trincomalee.
January 1783: In 1782, during the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, Britain seized Fort Nassau, Fort Amsterdam, Fort Lijdzaamheid, Fort Goede Hoop, and Fort Crêvecoeur from the Dutch. This was part of Britain's military occupation of the Dutch territories during the war.
January 1783: The Dutch Republic only managed to seize Fort Sekondi from the British.
January 1784: Sadras, a territory in Dutch Coromandel, was returned to the British under the Treaty of Paris in 1784. This decision was made after negotiations between the British and the Dutch, following the end of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War.
May 1784: The Treaty of Paris of 1784 returned Fort Nassau, Fort Amsterdam, Fort Lijdzaamheid, Fort Goede Hoop, and Fort Crêvecoeur to the Dutch, ending the hostilities between the Dutch and the British over control of the Dutch Gold Coast.
May 1784: The Treaty of Paris of 1784 was signed between Great Britain and the Netherlands, ending the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War. As a result, Fort Sekondi in the British Gold Coast was returned to the Dutch, as stipulated in the treaty.
May 1784: End of British occupation of Dutch Bengal.
25.11.1.Treaty of Paris (1783)
Was the treaty that officially ended the American Revolutionary War between the United States and Great Britain as well as various other related wars. The treaty set the boundaries between British North America and the United States.
Expansion during the rule of Shahu II in the Maratha Empire.
January 1784: In 1780, Cambay was captured by the British Army under the leadership of General Goddard Richards during the First Anglo-Maratha War. However, the territory was later returned to the Maratha Empire in 1783 as a result of the Treaty of Salbai.
Was the graudal French conquest of modern-day Senegal that started in 1659 when France established the trading post of Saint-Louis.
January 1784: In 1783, French Senegal was returned to France after the American Revolutionary War, where France emerged victorious. This decision was made as part of the Treaty of Paris, which ended the war and resulted in territorial exchanges between European powers.
January 1810: Saint-Louis (Senegal) conquered by great britain.
As a consequence of the conquest of the Dutch Republic by French revolutionary forces, Great Britain invaded and annexed the Dutch Cape Colony.
September 1795: The Dutch governor passed control of his Cape colony to the British.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
January 1798: The citizens of Parga, a town in western Greece, revolted against French rule in 1815. They sought protection from the British, who had military occupation of the territory since 1797.
February 1803: With the German Mediatisation of 1803, Oldenburg acquired the Oldenburg Münsterland and the Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck.
January 1804: The Osnabrück Prince-Bishopric is acquired by the Electorate of Hanover (England).
January 1807: In 1806, during the Napoleonic Wars, the Kingdom of Prussia annexed the territory of Hannover. This decision was made as a result of the Treaty of Tilsit.
January 1808: In 1807, Heligoland was seized by the United Kingdom during the Napoleonic Wars. It was strategically important for controlling access to the North Sea. The territory was eventually returned to Germany in 1890 in exchange for Zanzibar.
January 1809: Bestowed with the grit and instinct of survival, making self-preservation a priority the Raja of Patiala entered into a treaty with the British against Ranjit Singh in 1808, thus becoming collaborators in the empire building process of the British in the sub-continent of India.
29.1.Haitian Revolution
Was the succesful insurrection by self-liberated slaves of the colony of Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti) against French rule leading to the creation of the independent country of Haiti, the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean.
September 1793: About 600 British soldiers from Jamaica landed at Jérémie.
September 1793: On 22 September 1793, Mole St. Nicolas, the main French naval base in Saint-Domingue, surrendered to the Royal Navy peacefully. Everywhere the British went, they restored slavery, which made them hated by the mass of common people.
June 1794: In 1794, General Whyte, a British military leader, captured Port-au-Prince during the military occupation of Great Britain in Haiti. This event was part of the larger conflict between Britain and France during the French Revolutionary Wars.
January 1795: The French stormed and retook Tiburon in a surprise attack.
May 1798: In 1798, British General Maitland met with Toussaint Louverture, the leader of the slave rebellion in Haiti, to negotiate an armistice. As a result, the British forces left Port-au-Prince on May 18th, marking a significant moment in the Haitian Revolution.
29.1.1.War of Knives
Was a civil war from June 1799 to July 1800 between the Haitian revolutionary Toussaint Louverture, a black ex-slave who controlled the north of Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti), and his adversary André Rigaud, a mixed-race free person of color who controlled the south.
September 1800: By August, 1800, Toussaint Louverture was ruler of all Saint-Domingue.
29.2.War of the First Coalition
Were a series of wars between the Kingdom of France (later the French Republic) and several European Monarchies. The French Revolution had deteriorated the relations of France with the other European countries, that tried several times to invade France in order to crash the revolutionary government.
March 1794: In the Caribbean, the British fleet landed in Martinique in February, taking the whole island by 24 March.
May 1794: Guadeloupe conquered by great britain.
June 1794: In 1794, the British were driven out of Guadeloupe by Victor Hugues, a French politician and revolutionary.
April 1796: The colony was on 22 April 1796 again captured by Britain, however who now remained in possession of the colony until 27 March 1802, when Berbice was restored to the Batavian Republic under the terms of the Treaty of Amiens.
March 1802: Great Britain held Martinique until the Peace of Amiens.
29.2.1.British Invasion of Corsica
British forces invaded and succesfully occupied Corsica during the War of the First Coalition.
February 1793: The French forces, led by General Napoleon Bonaparte, withdrew from San Fiorenzo in 1793 after facing military occupation by Great Britain. This event marked a strategic victory for the British forces in the Mediterranean region during the French Revolutionary Wars.
May 1794: In 1794, during the French Revolutionary Wars, the city of Bastia in Corsica surrendered to British Admiral Samuel Hood offshore. This marked the beginning of Great Britain's military occupation of the territory, which lasted until 1796.
August 1794: In 1794, during the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom, negotiations between British commander Stuart and French commander Raphaël de Casabianca in Calvi, Corsica, resulted in a truce and eventual capitulation on August 10th.
29.2.2.Italian theatre (War of the first coalition)
Was the Italian theatre of the War of the First Coalition.
October 1796: Spain signed the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso with France on 19 August 1796, entering the war against Britain on the side of France in return for concessions in Italy. In response, Britain withdrew from Corsica. On 19 October 1796, the French reconquered Bastia and Corsica became a French département.
29.3.French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars - Theatre of war in the overseas colonies
The theatre of war in the overseas colonies during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
May 1793: In 1793 the British landed in Saint-Pierre and, the following year, again expelled the French.
June 1793: Chandernagore was a French colony in India. In 1793, during the French Revolutionary Wars, the British East India Company captured the territory.
June 1793: Karikal conquered by great britain.
July 1793: Yanaon (Yanam) conquered by great britain.
July 1793: Mahé, a French colony, was occupied by British forces on 16 July 1793.
August 1793: In 1793, Pondichéry was occupied by the British military. This event was part of the larger conflict between Great Britain and France during the French Revolutionary Wars. Pondichéry was a French colonial territory in India, and its capture by the British was a significant blow to French influence in the region.
May 1794: The British frigate "Orpheus" commanded by Captain Henry Newcome arrived at Mahé on 16 May 1794, during the War of the First Coalition. Terms of capitulation were drawn up and the next day Seychelles was surrendered to Britain.
January 1795: British conquest of the island of Marie-Galante.
July 1795: British troops occupied Dutch Coromandel to prevent it from being overrun by the French. Dutch governor Jacob Eilbracht capitulated to the British on 15 July 1795.
July 1795: British occupation of Dutch Bengal.
January 1796: British occupation of Malacca during the Napoleonic Wars (1795-1818).
January 1796: As a result of the Kew Letters, Dutch settlements on the Malabar Coast were surrendered to the British in 1795, in order to prevent them from being overrun by the French.
February 1796: In the period 1788 - 1795 there was no cordiality between the Dutch and the British. The British had planned after their conquest of India to take over a dozen Dutch possessions in the region, with Ceylon as the biggest prize. Their chance came when in the winter of 1794/95 Holland was overrun by the French army. On 14 February 1796, the Dutch forces surrendered with minimal bloodshed.
January 1797: Eseequibo annexed by the British.
January 1797: British forces captured the Maluku Islands in 1796.
January 1797: In 1796, the British colony of Saint Peter (located in present-day Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada) was sacked by French troops during the French Revolutionary Wars. This event was part of the military occupation of the territory by France.
January 1797: The British forces, led by Sir Ralph Abercromby and Lieutenant Colonel Alured Clarke, recaptured the territories of Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice from the Dutch in 1796 during the French Revolutionary Wars. This military occupation solidified British control over the region.
January 1797: The British expelled the Dutch from Ceylon in 1796 and included Maldives as a British protected area.
February 1797: In 1796, French troops led by General Victor Hugues sacked the British colony of Saint Peter in present-day Guyana. This event marked a significant moment in the conflict between France and Great Britain during the late 18th century.
April 1797: Sir Ralph Abercromby was a British Army officer who led the invasion of Puerto Rico in 1797. The military occupation by Great Britain lasted only a few months before the island was returned to Spanish control as part of the Treaty of Amiens in 1802.
September 1800: Curaçao was occupied by the British from 13 September 1800 to 13 January 1803.
March 1801: 20 March 1801 - 10 July 1802: British occupation of Saint Barthélemy.
March 1801: In 1801, the island of Saint Martin in France was occupied by the British from March 24.
April 1801: 16 April 1801 - January 1803: British occupation of Saba.
April 1801: 21 April 1801 - 21 November 1802: British occupation of Sint Estatius.
January 1802: British forces left the Maluku Islands in 1801.
January 1802: Britain occupied the Danish West Indies in 1801-02.
July 1802: 20 March 1801 - 10 July 1802: British occupation of Saint Barthélemy.
November 1802: 21 April 1801 - 21 November 1802: British occupation of Sint Estatius.
December 1802: Great Britain leaves the Island of Saint Martin where the French (northern part of the Island) and the Dutch (southern part of the Island) resume control.
December 1802: On 31 Dec 1802, Dharampur State, under the rule of Raja Rajendra Singh, became a British protectorate. This decision was made as part of the Treaty of Bassein between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire.
January 1803: Britain occupied the Danish West Indies in 1801-02.
January 1803: In 1802, Puerto Rico was reconquered by the Spanish, led by Governor Toribio Montes. This marked the return of the territory to Spanish America after a brief period of British occupation.
January 1803: Curaçao was occupied by the British from 13 September 1800 to 13 January 1803.
February 1803: 16 April 1801 - January 1803: British occupation of Saba.
March 1803: 20 Mar 1803 - 22 Jun 1816: British occupation of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
October 1803: In September 1803 the British occupied Berbice again, this time for good.
January 1804: Birtish reconquest of the Demerara territories.
January 1804: The British again occupied Essequibo during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1804: During the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain captured Gorée in 1803.
January 1804: British occupation of Saint Lucia.
February 1805: Aruba was occupied by the British from 12 February 1805 to 20 November 1805.
November 1805: Aruba was occupied by the British from 12 February 1805 to 20 November 1805.
January 1807: Curaçao was occupied by the British from 1 January 1807 to 4 March 1816.
December 1807: British occupation of the Saint Croix island.
January 1808: 1807-1815: British occupation of the Danish West Indies during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1809: The Royal Navy took possession of Marie-Galante to stop French privateers using its port.
February 1809: 24 Feb 1809 - 9 Dec 1814: British occupation of Martinique.
April 1809: During the Napoleonic Wars, Admiral Sir Alexander Forrester Inglis Cochrane led the British armada to reconquer the Iles des Saintes from French control on 14 April 1809. This strategic victory helped secure British dominance in the Caribbean region.
February 1810: In 1810, the British captured the island of Guadeloupe again.
February 1810: The British occupy the entire island of Saint Martin.
February 1810: 21 February 1810 - 1 February 1816: British occupation of Sint Estatius.
February 1810: 22 Feb 1810 - 22 Feb 1816: British occupation of Saba.
August 1810: In 1810, British forces led by Admiral Robert Stopford occupied the Maluku Islands, also known as the Spice Islands, as part of the Napoleonic Wars. This military occupation was part of the British strategy to control key trading ports in the Dutch East Indies.
January 1811: Britain assumed full control of the Seychelles including Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches upon the surrender of Mauritius in 1810.
September 1811: 18 September 1811 - 19 August 1816: the Dutch Dejima Factory was occupied by the British.
March 1813: In 1810, the British captured Guadeloupe from France during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1813, the island was handed over to Sweden under the Treaty of Stockholm, marking a shift in colonial control in the Caribbean.
May 1814: The Treaty of Paris ceded Tobago to the British in 1814.
May 1814: Under the Treaty of Paris Article VIII France ceded to Britain the islands of "Tobago and Saint Lucia, and of the Isle of France and its dependencies, especially Rodrigues and Les Seychelles.
August 1814: Essequibo became official British territory on 13 August 1814 as part of the Treaty of London and was merged with the colony of Demerara.
August 1814: The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 restored Bengal to Dutch rule.
August 1814: On 13 August 1814, the British combined the colonies of Demerara and Essequibo into the colony of Demerara-Essequibo.
December 1814: 24 Feb 1809 - 9 Dec 1814: British occupation of Martinique.
January 1815: The British leave northern Saint Martin.
May 1815: End of British occupation of Bonaire.
June 1815: 5 Jun 1815 - 28 Apr 1816: British occupation of Martinique.
July 1815: After Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, the French-controlled Les Saintes islands were annexed by Great Britain on 6 July 1815.
August 1815: The British re-occupied the French part of Saint Martin in the Caribbean.
October 1815: Organised settlement of Ascension Island began in 1815, when the British garrisoned it as a precaution after imprisoning Napoleon on Saint Helena to the southeast. On 22 October the Cruizer-class brig-sloops Zenobia and Peruvian claimed the island for King George III.
November 1815: Danish reconquest of the Saint Croix island.
January 1816: Ile Bourbon was restored to France by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
January 1816: 1807-1815: British occupation of the Danish West Indies during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1816: The British returned Marie-Galante Island to France.
January 1816: In 1816, the southern part of Saint Martin was returned to the Dutch.
February 1816: 21 February 1810 - 1 February 1816: British occupation of Sint Estatius.
February 1816: 22 Feb 1810 - 22 Feb 1816: British occupation of Saba.
March 1816: Curaçao was occupied by the British from 1 January 1807 to 4 March 1816.
March 1816: End of British occupation of Aruba.
April 1816: 5 Jun 1815 - 28 Apr 1816: British occupation of Martinique.
June 1816: The Treaty of Paris (1814) gave the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon back to France.
July 1816: After being occupied by the British during the Napoleonic Wars, the Iles des Saintes were returned to French control on 22 July 1816.
August 1816: The formal annexation of the Islands of Refreshment was made on August 14, 1816, partly as a measure to ensure the French could not use the islands as a base for a rescue operation to free the deposed Napoleon I of France from his prison on Saint Helena.
August 1816: 18 September 1811 - 19 August 1816: the Dutch Dejima Factory was occupied by the British.
November 1816: After the British occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, the French Saint-Martin administration resumed control of the territory in 1816.
December 1816: Pondichéry and Chandernagore restored to France.
January 1817: Karikal was a French colonial territory in India. The territory was restored to French control on January 14, 1817, after being temporarily occupied by the British during the Napoleonic Wars.
April 1817: Yanaon was given back to the French on 12 Apr 1817.
29.3.1.Newfoundland expedition
Was a French-Spanish military expedition to occupy Newfoundland during the Anglo-Spanish War (1796-1808).
29.3.2.French India (Treaty of Amiens)
Restoration of French rule in French India according to the Treaty of Amiens.
29.4.Boer revolt against the Dutch East India Company
In 1795 the dissatisfaction towards the Dutch East India Company (and against British Rule) caused a revolt of the Boers, who founded several secessionist states.
November 1795: The Republic of Swellendam was ended on 4 November 1795 when the Cape was occupied by the Kingdom of Great Britain.
January 1796: In 1795, the burghers of Graaff-Reinet, who were annoyed by company taxation, proclaimed themselves to be the independent.
February 1796: Before the authorities at Cape Town could take decisive measures against the rebels of Graaff-Reinet, they were compelled to capitulate to the British who had invaded and occupied the Cape Colony.
February 1799: In January 1799, Marthinus Prinsloo, a leader of the 1795 independence movement, led a rebellion against British rule in Graaff-Reinet.
May 1799: The rebels of Graaff-Reinet surrendered to British forces in April 1799.
29.5.War of the Second Coalition
Was the second war that saw revolutionary France against most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.
March 1802: In 1802, Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens, ending the war of the War of the Second Coalition. Britain returned most of occupied Dutch Guiana to the Batavian Republic.
29.5.1.Malta during the War of the Second Coalition
During the War of the Second Coalition, Malta, at the time controlled by the Knights Hospitalier, was conquered by France but shortly after occupied by Great Britain.
September 1800: Malta (proper - without Gozo island) conquered by great britain.
August 1801: Cassar continued to rule Gozo independently until 20 August 1801, when the British Civil Commissioner, Charles Cameron, removed him from the position.
29.5.2.War of the Oranges
Was a brief conflict in 1801 in which Spanish forces, instigated by the government of France, and ultimately supported by the French military, invaded Portugal.
August 1801: To minimise the impact of the ban on using Portuguese ports, in July a British force occupied the island of Madeira.
29.5.3.Treaty of Amiens
Was a treaty between France and Great Britain that ended the War of the Second Coalition.
March 1802: In 1802, Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens, ending the war of the War of the Second Coalition. Britain returned the Island of Menorca to Spain.
March 1802: At the Peace of Amiens (1802), the Netherlands received the Essequibo colony for a short time.
March 1802: In 1802, Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens, ending the war of the War of the Second Coalition. Britain returned the Cape Colony to the Dutch.
March 1802: The Treaty of Amiens in 1802 restored the island of Marie-Galante to France. With the restoration, slavery too was reinstated .
January 1806: The outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803) invalidated the Peace of Amiens. In January 1806, the British occupied the colony for a second time after the Battle of Blaauwberg.
29.5.3.1.Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Treaty of Amiens)
The Treaty of Amiens of 1802 returned Saint Pierre and Miquelon to France.
August 1802: The Treaty of Amiens of 1802 returned the Saint Peter islands to France.
29.6.Anglo-Spanish War (1796-1808)
Was a war between Spain and Great Britain fought intermittently during the Coalition Wars.
November 1798: A British expedition captured the island of Menorca (historically called "Minorca" by the British) from Spain.
November 1798: In 1798, during the French Revolutionary Wars, a British expedition led by Admiral John Duckworth captured the island of Menorca from Spain. The British occupation of Minorca lasted until 1802 when it was returned to Spain under the Treaty of Amiens.
29.6.1.Invasion of Trinidad (1797)
Was the British invasion of Trinidad during the Anglo-Spanish War (1796-1808).
February 1797: In 1797, a fleet of 18 warships led by Sir Ralph Abercromby invaded and captured the Island of Trinidad. This marked the beginning of British colonial rule in Trinidad, which was previously under Spanish control. Abercromby was a British Army officer known for his successful military campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.
29.6.2.British invasions of the River Plate
Was the British invasion of modern-day Argentina during the Anglo-Spanish War (1796-1808).
June 1806: The British took Quilmes, near Buenos Aires.
June 1806: In 1806, British forces led by Sir Home Popham occupied Buenos Aires during the British invasions of the River Plate.
August 1806: Beresford surrendered to Spanish forces on 14 August.
February 1807: British forces captured the city of Montevideo.
October 1807: The occupation of Montevideo by the British army lasted until September 1807, when troops were withdrawn in compliance with the agreement signed following the surrender of British forces in Buenos Aires in July 1807.
29.7.Irish Rebellion of 1798
Was an uprising against British rule in Ireland.
29.7.1.Connacht Republic (Irish Rebellion of 1798)
Was a major uprising against British rule in Ireland.
August 1798: The Irish Republic of 1798, more commonly called the Republic of Connacht, was a short lived puppet state proclaimed during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 that resulted from the French Revolutionary Wars. In theory the republic was to cover the whole island of Ireland, but its functional control was limited to only very small parts of the Province of Connacht. The rebel republic was a puppet state of the French Republic and was very short lived.
September 1798: The British army then slowly spread out into the rebel held Province of Connacht in a brutal campaign of killing and house burning which reached its climax on 23 September 1798 when Killala was stormed and retaken with much slaughter.
29.7.2.Acts of Union of 1800
Were parallel acts of the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland which united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland (previously in personal union) to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The acts came into force on 1 January 1801.
January 1801: There were parallel acts of the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland which united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland (previously in personal union) to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The acts came into force on 1 January 1801.
29.8.Franco-Swedish War
Was a war between France and Sweden that took place in Swedish Pomerania.
29.8.1.Offensive in Hanover (Franco-Swedish War)
Were a series of battles in the region of Lauenburg during the Franco-Swedish War.
September 1806: During the summer of 1806, Prussia, under the leadership of King Frederick William III, formed the Fourth Coalition against France, led by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. As a result, Sweden, under King Gustav IV Adolf, was granted the right to occupy Lauenburg, a territory located in northern Germany.
December 1806: In 1806, during the Napoleonic Wars, French forces advanced rapidly in western Germany, leading to the retreat of Swedish troops towards Lübeck. The territory of Lauenburg was subsequently taken over by the Electorate of Hanover (England).
29.9.War of the Fourth Coalition
Was a war between the French Empire and a coalition of European monarchies, mainly Prussia and Russia.
February 1807: In 1807, Aruba, a Dutch colony, was occupied by Great Britain.
February 1807: In 1807, Bonaire, a Dutch colony, was occupied by Great Britain.
29.10.Anglo-Turkish War (1807-1809)
Was a war between Great Britain and the Ottoman Empire caused by the agreement of the Ottomans to open the Dardanelles exclusively to French warships. .
March 1807: The Alexandria expedition of 1807 was led by General Alexander Mackenzie Fraser and Admiral John Thomas Duckworth. The British troops occupied Alexandria in response to the French occupation of Egypt and to secure British interests in the region.
September 1807: End of the British occupation of Alexandria.
29.11.Gunboat War
Was a naval conflict between Denmark-Norway and the British during the Napoleonic Wars. The war's name is derived from the Danish tactic of employing small gunboats against the materially superior Royal Navy.
September 1807: The British were instead more successful on 11 September when HMS Carrier brought to the British Admiralty the despatches from Admiral Thomas McNamara Russell announcing the capitulation of the small island of Heligoland to the British.
February 1808: The Danish possessions at Tranquebar was taken over by the British East India Company.
May 1809: The island of Anholt was captured by British forces.
January 1814: The Treaty of Kiel was signed in 1814, ending the Napoleonic Wars. Denmark-Norway ceded Heligoland to Britain and Norway to Sweden. Denmark regained control of Anholt island as part of the agreement.
29.12.Peninsular War
Was the military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars.
May 1814: The British left Madeira after the End of the Peninsular War.
29.13.Adriatic campaign of 1807-1814
Was the theatre of war in the Adriatic Sea during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1808: In 1807, the Royal Navy, under the command of Admiral William Hoste, seized the Dalmatian Island of Lissa from the French forces. This strategic move was part of the Napoleonic Wars, with Lissa serving as a key naval base in the Mediterranean.
October 1809: In 1809, during the Napoleonic Wars, HMS Warrior, commanded by Captain William Hoste, successfully landed on the island of Cephalonia and forced the Neapolitan garrison to surrender. This marked the beginning of Great Britain's military occupation of the territory.
October 1809: The islands of Zante and Ithaca surrendered to the British forces led by Sir James St. Clair-Erskine.
October 1809: In 1809, the detached frigate HMS Spartan, commanded by Jahleel Brenton, successfully invaded Cerigo, which was under Ottoman control at the time. This military occupation was part of the British efforts during the Napoleonic Wars to control strategic locations in the Mediterranean.
April 1810: The island of Santa Maura, also known as Lefkada, surrendered to the British forces on 16 April 1810.
December 1813: Surrender of the strategic port of Zara to the British.
February 1814: By 16 February 1814 every French harbour in the Illyrian provinces had been captured by British or Austrian troops. Over 700 French merchant ships had been seized and the only remaining French outpost in the region was Corfu.
May 1814: The abdication of Napoleon in early April 1814 brought the War of the Sixth Coalition to a close. Corfu, the longest-held French territory in the Adriatic surrendered and was added to the United States of the Ionian Islands under British protection.
29.14.War of the Fifth Coalition
Was a conflict between a colition of European monarchies and Napoleon's French Empire.
29.14.1.Walcheren Campaign
Was an unsuccessful British expedition to the Netherlands in 1809, during the War of the Fifth Coalition.
July 1809: The British seized the swampy island of Walcheren at the mouth of river Scheldt, as well as South Beveland island, both in the present-day Netherlands.
September 1809: The British expedition in the Netherlands ("Walcheren Campaign") was called off in early September.
29.14.2.Treaty of Schönbrunn
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Fifth Coalition.
October 1809: The Illyrian Provinces (in French: Gouvernement des Provinces Illyriennes) were a French governorate of the Napoleonic era, a sort of exclave of metropolitan France, created with the union of the territories ceded by the Austrian Empire and the Italian Kingdom Napoleonic empire to the French Empire as a result of the Treaty of Schönbrunn (October 14, 1809).
29.15.Mauritius campaign of 1809-1811
Was a series of British amphibious operations and naval actions fought to take possession of the French Indian Ocean territories of Isle de France and Île Bonaparte during the Napoleonic Wars.
29.15.1.Invasion of Île Bonaparte
British invasion of Île Bonaparte (today called Réunion).
July 1810: The island of Ile Bonaparte was invaded by a Royal Navy squadron led by Commodore Josias Rowley in 1810, who used the old name of "Bourbon".
29.15.2.Invasion of Isle de France
British invasion of Isle de France (today called Mauritius).
December 1810: Invasion of Isle de France: a substantial British military force was landed by the Royal Navy at Grand Baie on Isle de France (now Mauritius). Marching inland against weak French opposition, the British force was able to overwhelm the defenders.
29.16.Invasion of Java (1811)
Was a successful British amphibious operation against the Dutch East Indian island of Java that took place between August and September 1811 during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1811: The Dutch-held islands of Amboyna, Harouka, Saparua, Nasso-Laut, Buru, Manipa, Manado, Copang, Amenang, Kemar, Twangwoo and Ternate had surrendered to a force led by Captain Edward Tucker in 1810.
January 1811: Captain Christopher Cole was a British naval officer who led the capture of the Banda Islands in 1810. This marked the final conquest of Dutch territories in the Maluku Islands by Great Britain during the Napoleonic Wars.
August 1811: British naval forces landed at 14:00 at Cilincing.
August 1811: In 1811, during the Napoleonic Wars, the British forces led by Sir Samuel Auchmuty and Sir Robert Gillespie advanced on Batavia, the capital of the Dutch East Indies. The city was left undefended by the Dutch colonial authorities, leading to its occupation by the British.
August 1811: The British forces, led by Lieutenant Colonel Gillespie, attacked Fort Cornelis in Java, which was held by the Dutch. The fort was captured after a fierce battle in 1811, marking the beginning of British military occupation in the region.
September 1811: In 1811, British forces led by Captain Robert Maunsell suspected the presence of French General Jan Janssen in Cirebon, Indonesia. They landed a force from several ships, including HMS Lion and HMS President, prompting the defenders to surrender quickly. This marked the British military occupation of Cirebon.
September 1811: On 16 September Salatiga fell to the British.
September 1811: With his effective force reduced to a handful of men, Janssens surrendered two days later, on 18 September.
August 1814: The British returned Java to the Dutch East Indies in 1814 under the Convention of London.
29.17.War of the Sixth Coalition
Was a war between France and a a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, and a number of German States. The coalition emerged after the decimation of the French army in the French invasion of Russia. The coalition ultimately invaded France and forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile.
October 1813: Napoleon is defeated in Leipzig by the Coalition forces. The French Army is forced to leave Germany.
December 1813: On 16 December 1813, Radhanpur became a British protectorate.
29.18.Congress of Vienna
Was a series of international diplomatic meetings after the end of the Napoleonic wars whose aim was a long-term peace plan for Europe. It redraw the borders of Europe and partially restored the Monarchies of the pre-revolutionary period.
October 1814: After the fall of Napoleon in 1814, George III regained his lands in Hanover and acquired additional territories from Prussia, becoming the King of Hanover.
October 1814: The Kingdom of Hanover was established in 1814 at the Congress of Vienna as the successor state to the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg. This territory was given to the Kingdom of Hanover, which was ruled by the House of Hanover, a British royal family.
October 1814: The "Electorate of Hanover" (the core duchy) was enlarged with the addition of other lands and became the kingdom of Hanover in 1814 at the peace conferences (Congress of Vienna) settling the future shape of Europe in the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars.
January 1815: In 1814 the Kingdom of Hanover bartered Saxe-Lauenburg against Prussian East Frisia.
June 1815: The "Electorate of Hanover" was enlarged with the addition of other lands and became the kingdom of Hanover in 1814 at the peace conferences of Vienna.
June 1815: Lingen fell to Hanover with the Congress of Vienna.
November 1815: The British gradually took control of the islands, and following the Treaty of Paris, the islands were formally organised into the United States of the Ionian Islands under British protection.
Were a series of wars betweent the British Empire and the native Sinhalese Kingdom of Kandy on the island of Sri Lanka. The Kingdom of Kandy was eventually inglobated into British Ceylon.
30.1.First Kandyan War
Was the first of the Kandyan Wars between the British Empire and the Sinhalese Kingdom of Kandy.
March 1803: After fierce fighting the British found Kandyan capital Senkadagala deserted and occupied it in February 1803.
April 1803: The Kandyans counter-attacked in March and seized Senkadagala.
January 1804: The Kandy army was utterly routed by superior British firepower, forcing Sri Vikrama Rajasinghe to flee back into the mountains.
January 1804: The Kandyan army, led by King Sri Vikrama Rajasinha and his chief minister Pilimatalawe, advanced through the mountain passes to Hanwella in 1803 during their military occupation of the territory.
January 1805: In 1804, the Kingdom of Kandy successfully defended its territory against the British, continuing a pattern of resistance that had been ongoing for centuries. The Kandyans, led by King Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, were able to maintain their independence in the mountainous region.
January 1805: In 1804, the British dispatched a force under Captain Arthur Johnston towards Senkadagala, which was the capital of the Kingdom of Kandy in Sri Lanka. This military occupation marked the beginning of British control over the region, ultimately leading to the annexation of the kingdom in 1815.
January 1806: In 1805, British forces led by General Thomas Maitland captured Katuwana from the Kingdom of Kandy. This military occupation marked a significant advancement in the British colonization of Sri Lanka.
30.2.Second Kandyan War
Was the second of the Kandyan Wars between the British Empire and the Sinhalese Kingdom of Kandy, which was annexed by the British Empire.
February 1815: The British forces entered Kandy.
March 1815: The Kandyan Convention was signed in 1815 between the British Empire and the Kingdom of Kandy, marking the end of Kandyan rule in Sri Lanka. The treaty was signed by British Governor Robert Brownrigg and the Kandyan chiefs, leading to the annexation of the Kingdom of Kandy by the British Empire.
Were a series of struggles between the Kingdom of Cotiote and the British East India Company. Following the war, Cotiote was annexed to the Madras Presidency.
November 1805: Cotiote War ended within months of the death of Cotiote leader, Pazhassi Raja in a skirmish on 30 November 1805. Following this war, kingdom of Cotiote was annexed into district of Malabar in Madras Presidency.
From 1801 to 1807, The Kingdom of Koya (or the Temne Kingdom) fought a war with British colonists and the Susu. Koya lost the northern shoreline of Sierra Leone to the British and Port Loko to the Susu.
January 1808: Koya was a powerful ruler of the Temne people in Sierra Leone. He led a resistance against British colonists and the Susu people from 1801 to 1807. As a result of the war, Koya lost control of the northern shoreline of Sierra Leone to the British and Port Loko to the Susu.
Expansion during the rule of Ranjit Singh in the Sikh Empire.
January 1810: Sikh invasion of the Kangra region.
January 1840: Expansion of the Sikh Empire by 1839.
33.1.Punjab War
The Sikh Empire took control of the entirety of Punjab from the Afghans.
January 1821: The Sikh Empire, led by Ranjit Singh, took control of the entirety of Punjab from the Afghans as well as local princes.
Was a war fought between the Ashanti Empire and the Fante Confederacy.
January 1812: The Ashanti captured a Dutch fort and a British fort at Apam and Tantamkweri respectively.
Was a war between the United States of America and Great Britain. Tensions originated in long-standing differences over territorial expansion in North America and British support for Native American tribes who opposed U.S. colonial settlement in the Northwest Territory.
35.1.Great Lakes and Western Territories Theatre
Was the theatre od war in the Great Lakes and Western territories of the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom.
July 1812: An American army commanded by William Hull invaded Upper Canada on July 12, arriving occupying Sandwich (Ontario) after crossing the Detroit River.
July 1812: The British conquered the strategically important border fortress of Fort Mackinac in a coup on July 17, 1812.
August 1812: General William Hull leaves Canada feeling threatened by the approach of British reinforcements
August 1812: force of 400 Potawatomie massacre the small American garrison of Captain Nathan Heald at Fort Dearborn (Chicago), Illinois Territory, after the Americans were ordered to evacuate that post by General William Hull.
August 1812: The American garrison in Detroit surrenders to British forces.
May 1813: The British abandoned Fort Erie fearing the approaching American army.
May 1813: An American amphibious force assaulted Fort George on the northern end of the Niagara River on May 27 and captured it without serious losses.
June 1813: United States troops held Fort Erie until 9 June 1813.
June 1813: An American force surrendered on June 24 to a smaller British force due to advance warning by Laura Secord at the Battle of Beaver Dams, marking the end of the American offensive into Upper Canada.
October 1813: The Battle of the Thames took place in Upper Canada, near Chatham. The British lost control of Southwestern Ontario as a result of the battle.
October 1813: American attempts to regain Detroit were continually thwarted by poor communications and the difficulties of maintaining militia contingents in the field, until the Americans won a naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie on 10 September 1813. This isolated the British at Amherstburg and Detroit from their supplies and forced them to retreat. Hull's successor Major General William Henry Harrison pursued the retreating British and their Indian allies and defeated them at the Battle of the Thames, where Tecumseh was killed.
November 1813: Late in 1813, the Americans abandoned the Canadian territory that they occupied around Fort George.
November 1813: The Americans arrived near Morrisburg, Ontario..
November 1813: Battle of Crysler's Farm. The Americans are repulsed by the British.
December 1813: British Capture of Fort Niagara.
July 1814: During the War of 1812, British Admiral Sir Thomas Hardy led the invasion of the northern part of Massachusetts (Maine) on July 11, 1814. As a result, Fort Sullivan at Eastport fell under British control, marking a significant military occupation by Great Britain in the region.
July 1814: The Siege of Prairie du Chien ended in a British victory on July 20, 1814.
August 1814: During the War of 1812, British forces under the command of Sir John Coape Sherbrooke captured Castine, Hampden, Bangor, and Machias in Maine as part of a military occupation in 1814.
August 1814: British occupation of Washington D.C.
August 1814: The British occupation of Washington lasted only about one day.
September 1814: The "Battle for Baltimore" began with the British landing at North Point.
September 1814: Battle of Baltimore.
January 1815: The Americans retained the captured post at Fort Malden near Amherstburg until the British complied with the treaty that ended the War of 1812.
35.2.Southern theatre (War of 1812)
Was the southern theatre of the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom.
January 1815: British conquest of Fort Point Peter.
February 1815: The British took Cumberland Island, located off the coast of Georgia.
February 1815: British capture of St. Simons Island.
February 1815: In January 1815, British Admiral Cockburn succeeded in blockading the southeastern U.S. coast by occupying Camden County, Georgia.
February 1815: Second Battle of Fort Bawyer.
February 1815: HMS Brazen brought news of the Treaty of Ghent, and the British abandoned the Gulf Coast.
March 1815: In March, after being informed of the Treaty of Ghent that had ended the War of 1812, British ships finally left the southern United States.
35.3.Treaty of Ghent
Was the treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom.
December 1814: Treaty of Ghent: The treaty ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain. All captured territories were restored.
December 1814: Treaty of Ghent: The treaty ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain (and Spain). All captured territories were restored.
Were a series of independence wars by the Spanish colonies in America that started after the French occupation of mainland Spain during the Napoleonic Wars.
36.1.Venezuelan War of Independence
Was the independence war of the Captaincy General of Venezuela against Spanish rule.
36.1.1.Proclamation of Gran Colombia
In 1819 Bolívar proclaimed the Republic Gran Colombia, which he planned to include Venezuela and New Granada.
January 1818: Venezuelan leaders Piar and Mariño occupied defenceless Angostura (a city at the narrowest and deepest part of the Orinoco River).
36.1.1.1.Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada
Was a military campaign led by Simon Bolívar, part of the Colombian and Venezuelan wars of independence.
November 1823: Puerto Cabello managed to resist a siege before finally capitulating to Colombian forces. The city was the last Spanish stronghold in the region.
Were a series of wars between the British Empire and the Ashanti Empire (in present-day Ghana) that resulted in the latter becoming a British protectorate.
37.1.First Anglo-Ashanti War
Was a war between the British Empire and the Ashanti Empire of modern-day Ghana.
August 1824: On 7 August, the Ashanti army appeared and attacked the centre of the British line where the best troops were held.
September 1824: The novelty of the weapons, the explosions, rocket trails, and grievous wounds caused by flying metal shards caused the Ashanti retreat from the British territory.
January 1832: In 1831, the Pra River was accepted as the border between the British Gold Coast and the Ashanti Empire in a treaty.
37.2.Second Anglo-Ashanti War
Was a war between the British Empire and the Ashanti Empire of modern-day Ghana.
January 1865: Ashanti forces leave the territories they conquered during the Second Anglo-Ashanti War.
37.3.Third Anglo-Ashanti War
Was a war between the British Empire and the Ashanti Empire of modern-day Ghana.
February 1874: In 1874, the British forces, led by Governor Sir Garnet Wolseley, captured Kumasi, the capital of the Ashanti Empire. The Ashanti people abandoned the city to avoid further conflict with the British Gold Coast.
February 1874: The British leave Kumasi, the capital of the Ashanti Empire, after a brief occupation.
August 1874: The Ashanti signed the Treaty of Fomena in July 1874 to end the Third Anglo-Ashanti War.
37.4.Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War
Was a war between the British Empire and the Ashanti Empire of modern-day Ghana. The Ashanti Empire became a British Protectorate.
February 1896: Colonel Sir Francis Scott left Cape Coast with the main expeditionary force of British and West Indian troops, Maxim guns and 75mm artillery in December 1895, and travelling along the remnants of the 1874 road arrived in Kumasi in January 1896.
February 1896: Ashanti Empire becomes a british protectorate. Asantehene Agyeman Prempeh was unable or unwilling to pay the 50,000 ounces of gold so was arrested and deposed. He was forced to sign a treaty of protection, and with other Ashanti leaders was sent into exile in the Seychelles.
Was a war fought between the British East India Company and the State of Coorg in 1834.
April 1834: The Raja of Coorg was Chikka Veerarajendra, who defied the British East India Company in 1834. The advanced guard was led by General Lindsay, who besieged the fortified position of Somwarpet, resulting in a short but bloody campaign.
April 1834: Two divisions entered Mercara bringing an end to the hostilities.
Were a series of frontier wars of the Xhosa people of South Africa against the British Empire and the Boers. The Xhosa were eventually inglobated in the British Cape Colony.
January 1837: Queen Adelaide's Province was disannexed from the Cape in December 1836, the Cape's border was re-established at the Keiskamma river.
March 1860: In the wake of the great Xhosa cattle-killing, the Cape Colony again dis-annexed British Kaffraria, and it became a separate crown colony.
April 1866: British Kaffraria was re-incorporated into the Cape Colony.
39.1.Third Xhosa War
Was a frontier war between the British Cape Colony and the Xhosa people.
July 1799: In 1799, British military leader General Vandeleur and Dutch East India Company official Jacob Glen Cuyler reached Oudtshoorn. Fearing a Khoi uprising, the government made peace with the Xhosa people and permitted them to settle in the Zuurveld region.
July 1799: Commandos from Graaf-Reinet and Swellendam then started fighting in a string of clashes. Fearing general Khoi rising, the government made peace with the Xhosa and allowed them to stay in Zuurveld.
39.2.Fourth Xhosa War
Was a frontier war between the British Cape Colony and the Xhosa people.
January 1812: By 1811, Xhosa had occupied the area of Zuurveld.
April 1812: BritishColonel John Graham was tasked with driving the Xhosa out of the Zuurveld. He led a mixed force of professional soldiers and volunteers and defeated the Xhosa in early 1812, forcing the 20,000 Xhosa to evacuate the area.
39.3.Fifth Xhosa War
Was a frontier war between the British Cape Colony and the Xhosa people.
April 1819: On April 22, 1819, Xhosa warrior and leader, Chief Maqoma, led 10,000 men in an attack on Grahamstown, which was held by a garrison of 350 British soldiers.
April 1819: In 1819, during the Fifth Xhosa War, the British Cape Colony in Grahamstown was under siege by Xhosa warriors. The British forces, led by Colonel Thomas Brereton, were struggling until they received crucial support from a Khoikhoi group led by Jan Boesak, which helped them successfully repel the siege.
January 1820: The British pushed the Xhosa further east beyond the Fish River to the Keiskamma River. The resulting empty territory was designated as a buffer zone for loyal Africans' settlements, but was declared to be off limits for either side's military occupation. It came to be known as the "Ceded Territories". The Albany district was established in 1820, on the Cape's side of the Fish River.
39.4.Sixth Xhosa War
Was a frontier war between the British Cape Colony and the Xhosa people.
January 1835: Xhosa invaded and raided border regions (between the fish river and Keiskamma river).
February 1835: The Xhosa were repulsed an the Anglo-Boer army that was thus able to occupy the territory up to the Keiskamma River.
May 1835: After the 6th Frontier War ("Hintsa's War") the area of British Kaffraria was seized by the British Governor Sir Benjamin d'Urban, and annexed to the Cape Colony as Queen Adelaide Province.
39.5.Seventh Xhosa War
Was a frontier war between the British Cape Colony and the Xhosa people.
April 1846: Large numbers of Xhosa poured across the border with the Cape Colony as the outnumbered imperial troops fell back, abandoning their outposts.
May 1846: A force of 8,000 Xhosa attacked the last remaining British garrison, at Fort Peddie, but fell back after a long shootout with British and Fengu troops.
December 1847: Great Britain announced the annexation of the region between the Keiskamma and the Kei rivers to the British crown. This area was not, however, incorporated with the Cape Colony, but made a crown dependency under the name of British Kaffraria Colony, with King William's Town as capital.
39.6.Eigth Xhosa War
Was a frontier war between the British Cape Colony and the Xhosa people.
December 1850: On 24 December, a British detachment of 650 men under Colonel Mackinnon was ambushed by Xhosa warriors in the Boomah Pass. The party was forced to retreat to Fort White, under heavy fire from the Xhosa, having sustained forty-two casualties.
December 1850: during Christmas festivities in towns throughout the border region of British Kaffraria, apparently friendly Xhosa entered the towns to partake in the festivities. At a given signal though, they fell upon the settlers who had invited them into their homes and killed them.
January 1851: The Khoi of the Blinkwater River Valley and Kat River Settlement revolted against the British, under the leadership of a half-Khoi, half-Xhosa chief Hermanus Matroos, and managed to capture Fort Armstrong.
39.6.1.British counterattack (Eigth Xhosa War)
Was a British military action during the Eigth Xhosa War.
January 1851: Xhosa forces were repulsed in separate attacks on Fort White and Fort Hare.
January 1851: The British expelled the remainder of Hermanus' rebel forces (now under the command of Willem Uithaalder) from Fort Armstrong and drove them west toward the Amatola Mountains.
February 1852: Insurgents led by Maqoma established themselves in the forested Waterkloof. Only Waterkloof remains in Xhosa hands.
March 1853: In February 1853, Sandile and the other Xhosa chiefs surrendered to the British.
39.7.Ninth Xhosa War
Was a frontier war between the British Cape Colony and the Xhosa people.
November 1877: The British crossed the frontier and pushed into Gcalekaland. Dividing into three lightly equipped, fast-moving columns, the commandos devastated the Gcaleka armies, which dispersed and fled eastwards. The Cape units tracked the fleeing remnants right through Gcalekaland, stopping only when they reached neutral Bomvanaland on the far side. The Ninth Xhosa War was over in three weeks.
December 1877: With few incentives to conquer or occupy Gcalekaland, and with the violence subsiding, the Cape Government recalled their commandos, who returned home and disbanded.
January 1879: British commander Veldman Bikitsha, managed to engage and finally defeat the Gcaleka on 13 January (near Nyumaxa).
A period (1839-1949) of foregin interventions in China resulting in the occupation, conquest or lease of large territories by foregin countries.
40.1.Opium Wars
Were two wars between Qing China and the Western powers. The first war was caused by the Chinese prohibition against opium trafficking by British merchants, and the conflicts took their name from this fact.
40.1.1.First Opium War
Was a war between Qing China and the British Empire whose immediate cause was the Chinese prohibition against opium trafficking by British merchants. At the end of the war Hong Kong Island (part of modern-day Hong Kong) was ceded to Britain.
July 1840: British forces captured Chusan.
January 1841: In 1841, during the First Opium War, British forces led by Admiral Sir Hugh Gough and Captain Charles Elliot achieved a significant victory in the Second Battle of Chuenpi. The British fleet destroyed 11 Chinese junks and captured the Humen forts, solidifying their military occupation of the territory.
February 1841: Battle of First Bar.
March 1841: Battle of Whampoa.
March 1841: British attacked Canton, taking the Thirteen Factories (the sole warehouses of Western trade in China at the time).
May 1841: On 25 May, and the British counter-attacked, taking the last four Qing forts above Canton and bombarding the city. The Qing army fled in panic when the city heights were taken, and the British pursued them into the countryside.
May 1841: In 1841, during the First Opium War, British forces led by Captain Charles Elliot occupied Canton after the fighting subsided. This marked a significant moment in the conflict between Britain and China over trade and opium.
May 1841: Following the capture of Canton, the British command and the governor-general of Canton agreed to a cease-fire in the region. Under the terms of the limited peace (later widely referred to as "The Ransom of Canton"), the British were paid to withdraw beyond the Bogue forts, an action they completed by 31 May.
August 1841: Battle of Amoy.
September 1841: The Qing army retook the city of Xiamen and restored order.
October 1841: Chusan had been exchanged for Hong Kong on the authority of Qishan in January 1841, after which the island had been re-garrisoned by the Qing. Fearing that the Chinese would improve the island's defences, the British began a military invasion. The British attacked the Qing on 1 October. The battle of the Second Capture of Chusan ensued. The British forces killed 1500 Qing soldiers and captured Chusan.
October 1841: A British naval force bombarded and captured a fort on the outskirts of Ningbo.
October 1841: During the First Opium War, British forces led by Captain Charles Elliot captured Zhenhai in 1841, enabling them to take control of Ningpo without facing resistance. This military occupation was part of Britain's efforts to secure trading rights and expand their influence in China.
March 1842: When pursuing the retreating Chinese army after the Battle of Ningpo, the British captured the nearby city of Cixi on 15 March.
May 1842: During the First Opium War, British forces led by Captain Charles Elliot captured the strategic port of Zhapu in 1842. This victory allowed Great Britain to establish military occupation in the area.
June 1842: The mouth of the Huangpu River was captured by the British fleet.
June 1842: After the Battle of Woosung, the British captured the towns of Wusong and Baoshan.
June 1842: During the First Opium War, British forces led by Captain Charles Elliot occupied the outskirts of Shanghai in 1842. This military occupation was part of the Treaty of Nanking, which ceded the territory to Great Britain.
July 1842: Battle of Chinkiang.
40.1.1.1.Convention of Chuenpi
Was an agreement between the British Empire and the Qing Dynasty during the First Opium War.
January 1841: In 1841, during the First Opium War, the forts in Chusan were restored to the Qing Dynasty on 21 January. The ceremony was conducted by Captain James Scott, who was serving as the temporary governor of the fort at Chuenpi.
January 1841: British Commodore Bremer took formal possession of Hong Kong.
40.1.1.2.Treaty of Nanking
Was the peace treaty which ended the First Opium War.
June 1843: The Treaty of Nanking was a peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (Great Britain left the territories occupied in Qing China).
40.1.2.Second Opium War
Was a war that saw the Qing Dynasty fighting against the French and British Empires.
October 1856: In 1856, during the Second Opium War, British forces led by Admiral Sir Michael Seymour bombarded Canton (now Guangzhou) in China. The city walls were breached, allowing British troops to enter and occupy the territory.
November 1856: British forces captured the French Folly Fort.
November 1856: Humen conquered by great britain.
January 1857: Battle of Macao Fort.
January 1857: In 1857, during the Second Opium War, the British forces returned to Hong Kong after the territory of Canton was ceded to the Qing Dynasty. This marked a significant event in the ongoing conflict between the British Empire and the Qing Dynasty over trade and territorial control in China.
40.1.2.1.Four Treaties of Tientsin
In June 1858, the first part of the Second Opium War was ended with the four Treaties of Tientsin, which opened several Chinese ports to foreign trade.
July 1858: In June 1858, the first part of the Second Opium War ended with the four Treaties of Tientsin. The European powers and the U.S. evacuated most of the territories they had occupied in China.
40.2.Concessions in China
During the XIX and XX century China was forced into treaties with foreign powers that established concessions (factually enclaves) in its territory.
November 1846: China leasea a concession the the British in Shanghai.
January 1859: The British briefly occupied Qingniwa during the Second Opium War in 1858.
October 1860: China leases a concession in Tientsin to United Kingdom.
January 1861: Great Britain returned the British Concession in Dalian to Chinese (Qing) control in 1860.
March 1861: China leases a concession in Hankow to United Kingdom.
January 1862: Establishment of the British Concession in Jiujiang in accordance to the Treaty of Tientsin signed after China's defeat in the Second Opium War..
January 1862: Establishment of the British Concession in Zhenjiang in accordance to the Treaty of Tientsin signed after China's defeat in the Second Opium War..
September 1863: The Shanghai International Settlement is created by the amalgamation of American and British concessions.
May 1898: The British occupy Weihaiwei (Weihai Wei-hai).
June 1898: New Territories in Hong Kong leased to U.K. by China for 99 years.
June 1902: Land Regulations were approved by the government of China in May 1902.
January 1927: Chinese Nationalist forces occupy the British Concession in Hankou.
January 1928: The British Concession in Jiujiang was occupied by National government's troops to prevent it from being looting by violent crowds of demonstrants.
January 1930: The Kuomintang government revoked the British concession at Zhenjiang in 1929.
October 1930: British Weihaiwei returned to China.
October 1930: Establishment of the Liugong Island Concession.
October 1940: Japanese military landing and occupation of Liugong Island on 1 October 1940.
December 1941: The Japanese occupied the British Concession in Tianjin upon their declaration of war against Britain on 7 December 1941.
January 1943: Japanese occupation of Gulangyu Island began in 1942.
40.3.Sino-Japanese Wars
Were two major wars between China and Japan in the XIX and XX centuries.
40.4.Boxer Rebellion
Was an anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901. The rebels were known as the "Boxers" in English because many of its members had practiced Chinese martial arts, which at the time were referred to as "Chinese boxing".
40.4.1.Initial revolt of the Boxers
Was the revolt by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (known as the "Boxers" by western countries) that started the Boxer Rebellion.
June 1900: Thousands of boxers from the countryside converged on Tientsin, and on June 15, 1900, they rampaged through the walled city destroying Christian churches and killing Chinese Christians. On June 16, a mob of partially armed boxers advanced on the foreign settlements.
40.4.2.Eight Nations Alliance Invasion of China
Was the invasion of Qing China by the Eight-Nation Alliance (formed by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Japan) during the Boxer Rebellion.
July 1900: The international force captured Tianjin.
40.5.British expedition to Tibet
Was a British military invasion of Tibet, at the time part of Qing China.
March 1904: Start of the British expedition to Tibet. The British army that departed Gnathong in Sikkim on 11 December 1903 and reached the pass of Guru, near Lake Bhan Tso, on 31 March.
May 1904: The battle at Karo La, which occurred on May 5-6 between British and Tibetan forces, is possibly the highest altitude action in history.
June 1904: On 28 June British Colonial forces cleared the Tsechen monastery.
July 1904: British storming of Gyantse Dzong.
July 1904: British troops reached the walls of another fortress, Peté Jong.
July 1904: On 25 July, British Colonial forces began to cross the Tsangpo river.
August 1904: The British force arrived in Lhasa to discover that the thirteenth Dalai Lama had fled to Urga.
January 1909: After Chinese and Tibetan Authorities had finished to pay indemnities to the British, the Chumbi Valley was given back to Tibet.
40.5.1.Treaty of Lhasa
Was the treaty that ended the British invasion of Tibiet.
September 1904: The Treaty of Lhasa ended the British expedition to Tibet, ceding the Chumbi Valley to Great Britain. Following the treaty, British forces evacuated the remaining occupied territories of Tibet.
Was a British punitive expedition that captured the forts along the Pearl River, Guangdong province, China, on 2-3 April 1847.
April 1847: A British punitive expedition captured the forts along the Pearl River, Guangdong province, China.
January 1848: At the end of the expedition in Canton, the British evacuated the regions occpied in China.
Was a war between Great Britain and Qajar Iran caused by disputes over territories in western Afghanistan.
December 1856: British forces under the command of Major General Sir John Cheape landed on the island of Kharag, located in the Bay of Bengal.
December 1856: Battle of Bushire.
March 1857: The British withdraw from southern Iran.
March 1857: British forces entered the Shatt al Arab.
April 1857: Territorial change based on available maps.
April 1857: The town of Ahvaz fell to the British on 1 April 1857.
Was a war fought between British India and Bhutan from 1864 to 1865.
43.1.Treaty of Sinchula
Was the treaty that ended the Bhutan War. Under the terms of the Treaty, signed 11 November 1865, Bhutan ceded territories in the Assam Duars and Bengal Duars, as well as the 83 km² of territory of Dewangiri in southeastern Bhutan to British India.
November 1865: Under the terms of the Treaty of Sinchula, signed 11 November 1865, Bhutan ceded territories in the Assam Duars and Bengal Duars, as well as the 83 km² of territory of Dewangiri in southeastern Bhutan.
Was a Convention between Great Britain and the Netherlands for an Interchange of Territory on the Gold Coast of Africa in which all Dutch forts to the east of Elmina were handed over to Britain.
March 1867: The British forts west of Elmina were handed over to the Netherlands.
March 1867: In 1867, the Convention between Great Britain and the Netherlands for an Interchange of Territory on the Gold Coast of Africa was signed, in which all Dutch forts to the east of Elmina were handed over to Britain.
Was a punitive expedition by the armed forces of the British Empire against the Ethiopian Empire whose emperor had imprisoned several missionaries and two representatives of the British government.
October 1867: The British troops occupied the area from the dry bed of the Kumayli River to the Suru Pass. At the pass the engineers were busy at work building a road to Senafe 101 km long, rising to 2,300 m for the elephants, gun-carriages, and carts.
October 1867: In 1867, the advance guard of engineers, led by British military officer General Robert Napier, landed at Zula on the Red Sea. This marked the beginning of Great Britain's military occupation of the territory, as part of their efforts to expand their influence in the region.
February 1868: Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia accepts the submission of the inhabitants of Delanta. The area was quickly overran by the British.
March 1868: In 1868, British forces, led by General Robert Napier, undertook a grueling three-month trek over 640 km of mountainous terrain to reach Emperor Tewodros II's fortress at Magdala in Antalo, Ethiopia. This military campaign resulted in the British occupation of the territory.
March 1868: On 17 March, the British army reached Lake Ashangi.
April 1868: British force reached the Bashilo.
April 1868: Battle of Magdala.
April 1868: Having first blown up the fortress and burned Amba Mariam (then known as Magdala), Brtish officer Robert Napier commenced the return march.
June 1868: By June 2, the British base camp in Abyssinia had been dismantled. The British forces evacuated Ethiopia and set sail for England on June 10.
Were a series of secessions and revolts against the centralist government of Mexico in the period 1835-1846.
46.1.Caste War of Yucatán
Was a revolt of native Maya people of the Yucatán Peninsula against Hispanic populations.
January 1871: The Maya briefly took Corozal Town in 1870.
September 1872: After the Battle of Orange Walk the maya withdrew to their territories.
Punitive expedition from October 1871 until February 1872, in response to the murder of missionary John Coleridge Patteson by natives of Nukapu, one of the easternmost islands of the Solomon Islands in the South Pacific Ocean.
November 1871: Punitive expedition from October 1871 until February 1872, in response to the murder of missionary John Coleridge Patteson by natives of Nukapu, one of the easternmost islands of the Solomon Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. A Royal Navy warship was sent to the island, sinking a group of hostile war-canoes and landing men to attack a fortified village.
March 1872: Punitive expedition from October 1871 until February 1872, in response to the murder of missionary John Coleridge Patteson by natives of Nukapu, one of the easternmost islands of the Solomon Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. A Royal Navy warship was sent to the island, sinking a group of hostile war-canoes and landing men to attack a fortified village.
Was a conflict between Aussa, Oromo, and Somali tribesmen, and the Khedivate of Egypt from 1874 to 1885. In 1874, the Egyptians invaded Eastern Ethiopia and ruled it for 11 years.
January 1874: In August 1873, Egyptian garrisons, under the rule of Khedive Isma'il Pasha of the Ottoman Empire, occupied Berbera. This move was part of Egypt's efforts to expand its influence in the region and control key strategic ports along the Red Sea coast.
April 1884: Egypt surrendered all of its possessions south of the Red Sea in March 1884.
January 1885: The British withdrew from Harar in 1884, leaving the city to Abdullahi II, son of the previous emir,
January 1885: Egyptian occupation of the Gulf of Tadjoura.
Was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire, and including Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.
June 1878: A British protectorate under nominal Ottoman suzerainty was established over Cyprus by the Cyprus Convention of 4 June 1878, following the Russo-Turkish War.
Was a war between the Zulu Kingdom and the British Empire. At the end of the war the Zulu Kingdom became a British protectorate.
50.1.First Invasion (Anglo-Zulu War)
Was a British military campaign against the Zulu Kingdom during the Anglo-Zulu War.
January 1879: In January 1879 a British force under Lieutenant General Frederick Augustus Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford invaded Zululand, without authorization by the British Government. The exact date of the invasion was 11 January 1879. Chelmsford crossed the Buffalo River at Rorke's Drift.
January 1879: The centre column was led by Lieutenant Colonel Henry Pulleine and Lieutenant Colonel Anthony Durnford. Isandlwana was the site of a major battle during the Anglo-Zulu War, where British forces suffered a devastating defeat at the hands of the Zulu army in January 1879.
January 1879: Meanwhile, the left flank column at Utrecht, under Colonel Evelyn Wood, had originally been charged with occupying the Zulu tribes of north-west Zululand and preventing them from interfering with the British central column's advance on Ulundi. To this end Wood set up camp at Tinta's Kraal, just 10 miles south of Hlobane Mountain.
January 1879: The Battle of Isandlwana was the greatest victory that the Zulu kingdom would enjoy during the war. The British centre column was wrecked and its camp annihilated with heavy casualties as well as the loss of all its supplies, ammunition and transport. The defeat left the British forces no choice but to hastily retreat out of Zululand.
March 1879: The British constructed an entrenched camp in Eshowe in an effort to defend the territory against the Zulu forces.
April 1879: The Zulu burned down Eshowe.
50.2.Second invasion (Anglo-Zulu War)
Was a British military campaign against the Zulu Kingdom during the Anglo-Zulu War.
June 1879: Chelmsford reorganised his forces and again advanced into Zululand in June, this time with extreme caution building fortified camps all along the way to prevent any repeat of Isandlwana.
July 1879: After the Anglo-Zulu War, the Zulu Kingdom, led by King Cetshwayo, became a de facto protectorate of the British Empire.
Were two wars between the British Empire and the independent Boer republics of South Africa. The British wanted to extend their control over the interior of South Africa and its resources. At the end of the two wars the Boer Republics became British colonies.
51.1.First Boer War
Was a war between the British Empire and the South African Republic, a Boer Republic in modern-day Transvaal.
December 1880: The Boers self-proclaimed Transvaal as an independent republic.
51.2.Second Boer War
Was a war that saw the British Empire fight against two Boer republics, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State. At the end of the war the Boer republics became part of the British Empire.
51.2.1.Boer offensive
Was a military invasion of the British Colony of Natal by the Boers during the Second Boer War.
October 1899: The Potchefstroom and Lichtenburg commandos under General Koos de la Rey (one of General Piet Cronjé's field generals) attacked and captured the British garrison and railway siding at Kraaipan between Vryburg and Mafeking, some 60 kilometres south west of Mafeking.
October 1899: The Siege of Kimberley in 1899 was a key event in the Second Boer War. The city was besieged by Boer forces led by General Piet Cronje, but was eventually relieved by British forces under the command of General John French. The siege lasted for 124 days and ended with the territory being taken over by the South African Republic and the Free State of Orange.
October 1899: The Boer force, led by General Piet Joubert, occupied Elandslaagte during the Second Boer War in 1899. This strategic victory allowed the South African Republic and Free State of Orange to gain control of the territory through military occupation.
November 1899: The Siege of Ladysmith took place during the Second Boer War, with British forces under the command of Sir George White being besieged by Boer forces led by General Piet Joubert. The siege lasted for 118 days, from November 1899 to February 1900, before being relieved by British reinforcements.
51.2.2.British offensive (Second Boer War)
Was a British military campaign in the South African Republic and the Orange Free State. Both were occupied by the British.
February 1900: Siege of Kimberley by British forces.
February 1900: Siege of Ladysmith by British forces from the Natal Colony.
March 1900: British general Roberts advanced into the Orange Free State from the west, putting the Boers to flight at the Battle of Poplar Grove and capturing Bloemfontein, the capital, unopposed.
May 1900: At the end of the Second Boer War the military occupation of the Orange Free State ended. The State was annexed by Great Britain and renamed the Orange River Colony.
May 1900: British troops captured Johannesburg on 31 May.
June 1900: The capital of the Transvaal, Pretoria, was taken by British forces.
September 1900: The British declared the Second Boer War over on 3 September 1900. The occupied territories ceased to be under military occupation, and the South African Republic was annexed, becoming the Transvaal Colony. Minor parts of the territories of the Republic were integrated into the Cape and Natal Colonies.
After helping the Egyptian government to end a nationalist uprising, the British made Egypt a protectorate.
October 1882: The Battle of Tel el Kebir between British and Egyptian forces on September 13, 1882, established British control of Egypt.
Wars that saw the partecipation of Muhammad Ali Pasha, the Wali of Egypt.
53.1.Egyptian conquest of Sudan
Were a series of military expeditions of the nominally Ottoman Eyalet of Egypt in Sudan that resulted in the annexion of the region.
January 1884: The Egyptians leave Mangbetu.
53.2.Egyptian-Ottoman Wars
Were two major wars between Muhammad Ali Pasha's Egypt (nominally an Ottoman vassal but factually independent) and the Ottoman Empire over the control of territories in the Levant.
53.2.1.Egyptian-Ottoman War (1839-1841)
Was a military conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Egypt initiated by the Ottomans to reoccupy lands lost to Muhammad Ali in the First Turko-Egyptian War.
September 1840: Open war broke out on September 11, when Napier bombarded Beirut and effected a landing at Jounieh with 1,500 Turks and Marines to operate against Ibrahim, who was prevented by the revolt from doing more than trying to hold the coastal cities.
September 1840: With a mixed squadron of British, Turkish and Austrian ships, bombarded Sidon on September 26 and landed with the storming column. Sidon capitulated in two days.
October 1840: The Egyptians had abandoned Beirut on October 3.
November 1840: In 1840, the city of Acre and several nearby coastal cities were occupied by the British military.
November 1840: On 27 November 1840, the Convention of Alexandria took place. British Admiral Charles Napier reached an agreement with the Egyptian government, where the latter abandoned its claims to Syria and returned the Ottoman fleet.
Was a war by Mahdist Sudan against Egyptian rule. The Mahdista were finally defeated by Egyptian and British forces, and Sudan became an Anglo-Egyptian condominium.
March 1884: Sennar, Tokar and Sinkat were under Mahdist siege.
January 1885: Siege of Khartoum.
54.1.Mahdist Attacks to Ethiopia
Was the invasion of Ethiopia by Mahdist Sudan during the Mahdist War.
October 1884: According to the Hewett Treaty of 3 June 1884, Ethiopia agreed to facilitate the evacuation of Egyptian garrisons in southern Sudan. In September 1884, Ethiopia reoccupied the province of Bogos, which had been occupied by Egypt.
54.2.Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan
Was the joint Anglo-Egyptian military invasion of Mahdist Sudan that ended the Mahdist War.
March 1896: British forces enter the city of Akasha, which they found deserted.
September 1896: In 1896, during the reconquest of Sudan, British General Horatio Kitchener led his forces to Dongola. Wad Bishara, a Sudanese leader, retreated as the British gunboats engaged the town's defenders. Kitchener's main force arrived on September 23, leading to the British military occupation of Dongola.
September 1896: The towns of Merow and Korti were occupied by British forces.
December 1897: In 1897, the Kingdom of Italy, led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi, returned Kassala to the Kingdom of Egypt under British leadership. This was done in order to gain international recognition of Italy's colony of Eritrea, which was established in the late 19th century.
April 1898: After the defeat of the Mahdist forces led by Khalifa Abdullahi at the Battle of Atbara, the Mahdists retreated to Omdurman, allowing the Egyptian army under British command to occupy Metemma and the Sixth Cataract in 1898 during the Sudan Campaign of the Mahdist War.
September 1898: Battle of Omdurman.
September 1898: In 1898, Al Qadarif was retaken from Mahdist forces by British General Herbert Kitchener and his Anglo-Egyptian forces during the Sudan Campaign.
September 1898: Egyptian and British flags planted at Er Roseires.
December 1898: Gallabat, a town in present-day Sudan, was reoccupied by British forces on 7 December 1898.
54.2.1.Fashoda Incident
Was a French expedition to Fashoda whose aim was to conquer territories in Sudan.
November 1898: The Fashoda Incident in 1898 involved French Captain Jean-Baptiste Marchand and British Major-General Herbert Kitchener. The French troops were ordered to withdraw by the French government, avoiding a potential conflict with Great Britain.
Expansion during the rule of Menelik II in the Ethiopian Empire.
March 1889: Expansion of Ethiopia by the end of the reign of Yohannes IV.
January 1898: Ethiopia's expansion under Menlik II until 1897.
January 1899: Ethiopia's expansion under Menlik II until 1898.
June 1899: Territorial change based on available maps.
Was a British military expedition against the princely states of Hunza and Nagar in the Gilgit Agency.
January 1892: At the end of the 19th century the troops of the British Empire tried to consolidate their control over the tribal areas of the north-east of the Raj, encountering some resistance especially in the principalities of Hunza and Nagar. In 1891, Colonel Algernon George Arnold Durand was therefore sent to Nagar and Hunza which, following the battle of Nilt Nagar, were occupied.
Were two wars between the British South African Company led by Cecile Rhodes against the Matabele Kingdom, in modern-day Zimbabwe.
57.1.First Matabele War
Was the military invasion and occupation of the Matabele Kingdom by the British South Africa Company.
October 1893: British South Africa Company forces commanded by Major Patrick Forbes invade Matabeleland.
October 1893: The Matabele army mobilised to prevent Forbes from reaching the city, and twice engaged the column as it approached: on 25 October, 3,500 warriors assaulted the column near the Shangani River.
January 1895: After the death from smallpox of Matabele king Lobengula, his successor izinDuna submitted to the British South Africa Company's superior firepower.
The Durand Line was established in 1893 as the international border between India and the Emirate of Afghanistan by Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat of the Indian Civil Service, and Abdur Rahman Khan, the Afghan Emir.
November 1893: The British in 1893 forced Afghanistan to consent to the Durand Line and annexed a third of Afghanistan.
Was a military conflict fought between the United Kingdom and the Zanzibar Sultanate on 27 August 1896. The conflict lasted between 38 and 45 minutes, marking it as the shortest recorded war in history.
August 1896: Death of the pro-British Sultan Ḥamad bin Thuwayni on 25 August 1896 and the subsequent accession to the throne of Sultan Khalid bin Barghash.
August 1896: The Anglo-Zanzibar War lasted 38 minutes and is considered the shortest war in history. The war marked the end of the Sultanate of Zanzibar as a sovereign state and the start of a period of heavy British influence.
Was a British military campaign against the Kabul Khel, a Waziri tribe in Pakistan that had rebelled.
January 1897: Kabul Khel, who had then been in a state of rebellion since 1896.
November 1902: In 1902, the British launched an expedition against the Kabul Khel (a Waziri tribe in Pakistan), who had then been in a state of rebellion since 1896. Troops under the command of Major-General Egerton began their invasion of Kabul Khel tribal territory from Thal, Idak and Barganatu. British forces advanced with ease, capturing Gumatti.
November 1902: With the Kabul Khel having been pacified, British forces withdrew on the 25th, ending the expedition.
Was a punitive expedition by a British force against the Benin Empire.
February 1897: The 'Sapoba' column, and the 'Main column' reached Benin City after 10 days of bitter fighting.
Was a conflict between the Aro Confederacy in present-day Eastern Nigeria, and the British Empire.
December 1901: Arochukwu was captured by British forces after four days of fierce battles in and around the city.
January 1902: By 1901 the city of Obegu signed a treaty with Great Britain and was integrated into the Southern Nigeria Colony.
March 1902: The Aro Confederacy lost Ikotobo to British forces after the Battle of Ikotobo.
April 1902: The Aro Confederacy ceased to exist after its defeat by British forces in the Battle of Bende.
Was a British military expedition that led to the fall of the Sokoto Caliphate and its partition between Great Britain and Germany.
January 1902: The British occupied the city of Sokoto.
March 1903: At the grand market square of Sokoto, the last Vizier of the Sokoto Caliphate officially surrendered to British forces. The Caliphate was partitioned between great Britain, France and Germany in accordance with the borders decided at the Berlin Conference.
63.1.British conquest of the Kano Emirate
The Kano Emirate, in northern Nigeria, was conquered by the British after a military expedition.
March 1903: Kano Vizier Ahmadu Mai Shahada and much of the Kano Cavalry was ambushed and defeated by British forces at Katarkwashi (Battle of Kano, 1903). The Vizier died, and the 7th emir of Kano was exiled. The British made Kano an important administrative centre and kept most of the Emirates institutions in the form of the Kano Emirate Council subject to the British Colony of Northern Nigeria.
Was a skirmish on the border between the British protectorate of Egypt and the Ottoman Empire.
May 1906: The Ottoman Sultan leaves Taba to the British.
January 1907: The Taba Crisis of 1906 started when Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire decided to build a post at Taba, on the border between the Ottoman Empire and British Egypt.
The Union of South Africa came into being on 31 May 1910 with the unification of the Cape Colony, the Natal Colony, the Transvaal, and the Orange River Colony.
May 1910: The Union of South Africa came into being on 31 May 1910 with the unification of the Cape Colony, the Natal Colony, the Transvaal, and the Orange River Colony.
Were a series of wars and events that resulted in the establishment of modern-day Saudi Arabia.
December 1915: The British entered into the Treaty of Darin, which made the lands of the House of Saud a British protectorate.
July 1919: The First Saudi-Hashemite War or the Al-Khurma dispute took place in 1918-1919 between Abdulaziz Ibn Abdul Rahman AlSaud of the Emirate of Nejd and the Hashemites of the Kingdom of Hejaz. It resulted in the defeat of the Hashemite forces and capture of al-Khurma by the Saudis.
January 1922: The Sultanate of Nejd was the second iteration of the third Saudi state, from 1921.
January 1924: The Sheikdom of Upper Asir was occupied and annexed by the Sultanate of Nejd in 1923.
December 1925: In December 1925 the Kingdom of Hejaz surrendered to the forces of Abdul Aziz, who was thereafter proclaimed king of Hejaz in January 1926 and merged his dominions into the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd.
January 1927: Border expansion of Nejd and Hejaz (based on maps).
May 1927: The Treaty of Darin was superseded by the Treaty of Jeddah. It recognised the independence of Ibn Saud and sovereignty over what was then known as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd.
September 1932: On 23 September 1932, Ibn Saud proclaimed the union of the main Saudi dominions of al-Hasa, Qatif, Nejd and the Hejaz as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
66.1.Kuwait-Najd War
Was a war between the Saudi state of Nejd and Kuwait caused by the Saudis goal to annex Kuwait.
October 1920: Battle of Jahra.
December 1922: The Uqair Protocol or Uqair Convention was an agreement at Uqair on 2 December 1922 which defined the boundaries between Iraq and the Sultanate of Nejd and between Kuwait and Nejd. It was imposed by Percy Cox, the British High Commissioner to Iraq, in response to Bedouin raiders from Nejd under Ibn Saud.
66.2.Conquest of Ha'il
Was a war between the Emirate of Jabal Shammar and the Saudi Sultanate of Nejd.
November 1921: The last Al Rashid dynasty rulers surrendered Jabal Shammar to the Saudi forces.
66.3.Second Saudi-Hashemite War
Was a military campaign of the Saudi Sultanate of Nejd that resulted in the annexion of the Kingdom of Hejaz.
August 1924: Ibn-Saud began his military campaign against Hejaz by advancing towards Taif, which surrendered without a major struggle.
October 1924: In 1924, the city of Mecca fell without struggle to the forces of Abdulaziz Ibn Saud, the founder of the Sultanate of Nejd.
December 1925: The city of Medina surrendered to Saudi forces.
December 1925: Yanbu conquered by great britain.
January 1926: Jeddah was handed to Sultan Abdulaziz of Nejd and Saudi forces on December 1925, with the Saudi forces entering its gates on January 8, 1926, after capitulation and safe passage was negotiated between King bin Ali, Sultan Abdulaziz, and the British Consul by the city's ruler Sheikh Abdullah Alireza.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
67.1.World War I African Theatre
Was the African Theatre of World War I.
January 1917: The British incorporated Darfur into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1916.
November 1918: The German leader in the African Great Lakes, Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck, did not surrender until notified about the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that ended the war.
67.1.1.Somaliland campaign
Was a long guerrilla conflict which took place between 1900 and 1920 in the territories corresponding to present-day Somalia and in the border areas between Somalia and present-day Ethiopia. The Somali Islamist leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan succeeded in uniting various clans and tribes in his country in a unitary movement of opposition to Italian and British colonial rule.
July 1903: The Dervishes bypassed the British line of resistance, and settled in the upper Nogal valley, conquering a region between British Somaliland and the Italian protectorate of Migiurtinia and equipped with an outlet to the sea at the small port of Illig.
January 1904: British forces led by General Egerton invaded the Nogal valley and engaged the main Dervish army near the village of Gid Ali in combat on 10 January 1904, inflicting a crushing defeat.
March 1905: On 5 March 1905, Dervish leader Abdullah Hassan signed a truce with the British and Ethiopians in Illig, promising to stop his attacks in exchange for the cession of the territory of Nogal.
October 1908: The Dervishes resumed the conflict. A column invaded the Sultanate of Obbia and attacked the Mudugh region.
February 1913: After various raids, in June 1912 the Dervish Mullah moved further south and created an independent Somali national state. The core of his territory was protected by a chain of forts to the west, and went from Mount Shimbiris on the coast to the village of Gid Ali in the interior.
August 1913: On 9 August 1913 a Dervish column engaged the only remaining British mobile force in the Somaliland Colony, Colonel Richard Corfield's Camel Constabluray, near Dul Madoba hill, destroying it.
September 1913: 60 mounted dervishes entered western Somaliland and sacked the town of Burrao.
October 1913: 60 mounted dervishes entered western Somaliland and sacked the town of Burrao.
March 1915: The forces of Migiurtinia reoccupied the Nogal valley and then encroached on Somaliland as well.
March 1915: In February 1915, an offensive by the reconstituted British Somaliland Camel Corps led to the capture of the Dervish fortifications set up on Mount Shimbiris and other minor positions, forcing the Mullah to withdraw his western line of resistance near his stronghold of Taleh.
February 1920: The Dervish Mullah managed to fall back with a core of warriors on Taleh. A land assault was launched on 9 February.
December 1920: On December 21, 1920 (the precise date is not clear) Abdullah Hassan, who was the leader of the Dervish movement, died after six days of illness (also unspecified, malaria or pneumonia). The Mullah's death effectively ended the Dervish Revolt.
67.1.2.Togoland Campaign
Was a French and British invasion of the German colony of Togoland in West Africa, which began the West African campaign of the First World War.
August 1914: Allied troops led by French General Joseph Gaudérique Aymerich occupied the capital Lomé in Togoland, a German colony.
August 1914: The heaviest battle in Togo took place on August 22, 1914 near the Chra River. Due to the demoralized mercenaries and porters, and lack of ammunition, the position had to be evacuated by the Germans the following day.
August 1914: German Togo was occupied by France and Great Britain at the beginning of WWI.
December 1916: Militarly occupied Togoland was divided into French and British administrative zones.
67.1.3.East African campaign
Was a series of battles and guerrilla actions during World War I, which started in German East Africa (GEA) and spread to portions of Mozambique, Rhodesia, British East Africa, Uganda, and Belgian Congo.
67.1.3.1.Fall of Taveta
Was the conquest of Taveta (Kenya) by German forces during World War I.
August 1914: Taveta, a town on the British side of Kilimanjaro, was captured by two companies of Askari (German colonial troops) from German East Africa.
67.1.3.2.British Offensive (East African campaign)
Was the British offensive against German forces in the East Africa Campaign of World War I.
March 1916: British conquest of Taveta.
March 1916: British conquest of Moshi.
April 1916: British conquest of Arusha.
April 1916: British conquest of Kondoa-Irangi.
June 1916: British conquest of Handeni.
July 1916: British conquest of Bukoba.
July 1916: British conquest of Mwanza.
August 1916: British conquest of Malangali.
August 1916: British conquest of Dodoma, Kilosa.
August 1916: British conquest of Morogoro.
August 1916: British conquest of Iringa.
September 1916: British conquest of Kilwa and Lindi.
September 1916: British conquest of Dar-Es-Salaam.
67.1.3.3.Belgian Offensive (East Africa Campaign)
Was the Belgian offensive against German forces in the East Africa Campaign of World War I.
September 1917: To prevent Belgian claims on German territory in a post-war settlement, South African military leader Jan Smuts ordered their forces to return to the Congo, leaving them as occupiers only in Rwanda and Burundi.
October 1917: British conquest of Mahenge.
67.1.3.4.British intervention in Portuguese East Africa
Was the British intervention in Portuguese Mozambique against German forces during World War I.
January 1918: British conquest of Port Amelia.
April 1918: British conquest of Medo.
May 1918: British conquest of Korewa.
July 1918: British conquest of Quelimane.
July 1918: British conquest of Mozambique.
67.1.3.5.German Invasion of Rhodesia
Was the German invasion of Rhodesia during World War I.
November 1918: On 13 November, two days after the Armistice was signed in France, the German Army took Kasama, which had been evacuated by the British.
67.1.3.6.Surrender of German East Africa
After the surrender of Germany in Europe, the troops of General Lettow-Vorbeck in German East Africa surrendered.
November 1918: When German general Lettow-Vorbeck received a telegram announcing the signing of the armistice by Germany, he agreed to a cease-fire. He marched his force to Abercorn and formally surrendered to the Entente on 25 November 1918. All the territories occupied by German forces in eastern Africa were freed, and the German colonies occupied.
67.1.4.Kamerun Campaign
Took place in the German colony of Kamerun in the African theatre of the First World War when the British, French and Belgians invaded the German colony.
August 1914: On August 25, 1914, after a brief skirmish, a British-Nigerian unit occupied the border town of Tepe in northern Cameroon.
October 1914: Battle of Jabassi.
December 1914: The northern runway in Nkongsamba was conquered by British units.
March 1916: After the conquest of German Cameroon by French and British forces, part of the occupied territories was integrated into French Equatorial Africa.
March 1916: Provisional division of militarly occupied German Kamerun between France and the United Kingdom.
67.1.4.1.Naval Operations
Naval operations during the Kamerun campaign of World War I.
September 1914: Around 1,000 British and French soldiers landed at Douala (Cameroon), occupying the port without resistance.
October 1914: Allied forces landed at Bonaberi. After some fighting the town was surrendered and the German force retreated into the interior of the colony.
67.1.5.Senussi Campaign
The campaign was fought by the Kingdom of Italy and the British Empire during World War I against the Senussi, a religious order of Arabic nomads in Libya and Egypt.
67.1.5.1.Band of oases
Was the theatre of war in the oases during the Senussi campaign.
June 1915: The Senussi Revolt spreads in Bu Njem, Egypt.
February 1916: Egyptian patrols arrived in Siwa, entering unopposed, where the inhabitants appeared happy to be rid of the Senussi.
February 1916: The oasis at Farafra was occupied by the Senussi.
February 1916: 500 Senussi occupied the oasis at Bahariya.
February 1916: The Senussi moved on to the oasis at Dakhla.
March 1916: By 19 March, Senussi defeats on the coast had lowered Senussi morale. The Senussi retired from Kharga of their own accord.
March 1916: Garrisons were installed at Dakhla and Bahariya and civilian government resumed. By the end of March, the oasis and its 20,000 occupants had been cleared of the Senussi.
December 1916: In November a British expedition to Farafra took more prisoners.
December 1918: In 1918, the Senussi Campaign came to an end in Bani Walid, Libya. The campaign was a series of battles between the British Empire and the Senussi Order, led by Sayyid Idris. The territory of Bani Walid was left without a ruling entity after the conflict.
67.1.5.2.Coast Theatre of War (Senussi War)
Was the theatre of war on the coast during the Senussi campaign.
January 1916: An Egyptian column reached Baqqush late on 13 January.
January 1916: The British Western Frontier Force advanced on 22 January to Bir Shola.
February 1916: An Egyptian column attacked the Senussi and captured Jaafar Pasha, commander of the Senussi forces on the coast.
February 1916: British commander Lukin advanced to Sidi Barrani and entered unopposed.
March 1916: A British infantry column reached Buq Buq on 11 March,.
March 1916: The British cavalry reached Alem abu Sheiba.
March 1916: A British infantry column reached Augerin and armoured cars occupied the Median and Eragib passes.
March 1916: British forces advanced to Bir Tegdida.
March 1916: The Senuss fled into the desert, leaving Sollum to British forces.
67.1.6.South West Africa campaign
Was the conquest and occupation of German South West Africa by forces from the Union of South Africa during World War I.
February 1915: Battle of Kakamas: To disrupt South African plans to invade South West Africa, the Germans launched a pre-emptive invasion of their own.
February 1915: The South Africans successfully defended the fords at Kakamas against the Germans. This prevented the Germans from crossing the river and gaining control of the territory.
67.1.7.Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition
Was a military operation by the British Empire and the Sultanate of Egypt, launched as a preemptive invasion of the Sultanate of Darfur.
March 1916: Um Shanga, a village in Sudan, was occupied by British forces.
April 1916: In 1916, during World War I, the Anglo-Egyptian force led by British General Reginald Wingate and Egyptian General Ahmed Sharif captured the territory of Burush from the Ottoman Empire. The force included two mounted infantry companies, artillery pieces, Maxim machine guns, and the 13th Sudanese Battalion companies.
April 1916: British forces continued their advance towards Um Kedada.
April 1916: On 8 April, the Anglo-Egyptian reconnaissance continued, reaching Abiad early the next day only to find that the Fur troops had left the previous evening.
April 1916: 200 men belonging to the Kababish tribe (loyal to the British) occupied Jebel Meidob.
May 1916: The British army led by Lieutenant Colonel Philip Kelly reached the village of Meliat.
May 1916: British mounted troops entered the capital of Darfur, finding it deserted except for some women. Sultan Ali Dinar had left El Fasher accompanied by 2,000 troops.
August 1916: British troops led by officer Kelly occupied Kebkebia, 130 km west of El Fasher.
October 1916: British forces reached Dibbis on 13 October.
November 1916: In 1916, Reverend Trevor Huddleston led the military occupation of Kulme in present-day Namibia. The village was taken over by Great Britain as part of their military campaign in the region during World War I.
November 1916: Dinar (the sultan of Darfur), avoiding battle, fled to Jebel Juba. British Major Huddleston reached Dinar's camp on 6 November and opened fire at a range of 460 m. The Fur troops fled, followed by Huddleston's force, around 1.6 km from the Fur camp. Huddleston's troops discovered the body of Dinar shot through the head. This was the end of the Sultanate of Darfur.
67.2.World War I Middle East Theatre
Was the theatre of war in the Middle East during World War I.
67.2.1.Capture of Cheikh Saïd
Capture of Cheikh Saïd by British forces during World War I.
November 1914: British forces captured Cheikh Saïd.
67.2.2.Mesopotamian campaign
Was a military operation by the British Empire to conquer Ottoman-held Mesopotamia.
November 1914: The British occupied the city of Basra .
December 1914: The British forces defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Qurna and occupied the city.
December 1914: At the Battle of Qurna they succeeded in capturing Subhi Bey.
July 1915: In July 1915, a force led by General George Frederick Gorringe, a British Army officer, captured the city of Nasiriyah in present-day Iraq.
March 1916: By early March 1916, the British were at the outskirts of Baghdad.
March 1916: On 11 March 1917, the British entered Baghdad.
November 1916: The British Indian Expeditionary led by Charles Townshend arrived at Ctesiphon where an inconclusive battle took place.
November 1916: The British ended up retreating from the battlefield of Ctesiphon.
January 1917: The British occupied Kut.
April 1917: British forces captured Hīt and Khan al Baghdadi in March.
May 1917: Kifri conquered by great britain.
May 1918: Najaf is besieged by Great Britain.
November 1918: British troops led by general Cobbe marched unopposed into the city of Mosul on the 14 November 1918.
67.2.3.Persian Campaign
Was a series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire, British Empire and Russian Empire in Iran during World War I.
September 1915: In August 1915, following the occupation of Bushehr by the British, the gendarmes under Akhgar's control retreated to Borazjan.
June 1916: On June 12, British soldiers advanced into southern Persia, which was conquered with the capture of Kerman by Percy Sykes' troops.
August 1918: During July 1918, the British army occupied a large portion of Mesopotamia, as well as a large part of Persian Azerbaijan.
67.2.4.Sinai and Palestine campaign
Was a campaign fought by the Arab Revolt and the British Empire, against the Ottoman Empire and its Imperial German allies.
October 1918: The Armistice of Mudros, concluded on 30 October 1918, ended the hostilities, at noon the next day, in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I. As part of several conditions to the armistice, in the Caucasus, the Ottomans had to retreat to within the pre-war borders between the Ottoman and the Russian Empires.
67.2.4.1.Ottoman Invasion of Sinai
Was the Ottoman invasion of Sinai during World War I.
January 1915: Two smaller flanking columns of the Ottoman Army made secondary attacks near Kantara in the northern sector of the Canal and near Suez in the south.
February 1915: Kress von Kressenstein's Ottoman Suez Expeditionary Force advanced from Southern Palestine to arrive on the Canal on 2 February when they succeeded in crossing the Canal near Ismailia on the morning of 3 February 1915.
February 1915: The Ottoman companies held their positions until the evening of 3 February 1915, when the commanding officer ordered them to withdraw. Subsequently, Ottoman advance troops and outposts were maintained on the Sinai peninsula on a line between El Arish and Nekhl.
August 1916: Battle of Romani: During the night of 3-4 August 1916 the advancing force, including the German Pasha I formation and the Ottoman 3rd Infantry Division, launched an attack from Katia on Romani.
August 1916: Egyptian forces reac Bir el Abd.
January 1917: Battle of Rafa - The Allied troops captured the town.
67.2.4.2.British Campaign in Palestine
Was the British Campaign in Ottoman-held Palestine during Wolrd War I.
March 1917: From April to October 1917 the Ottoman and British Empire forces held their lines of defence from Gaza to Beersheba. Both sides constructed extensive entrenchments.
October 1917: Karm conquered by great britain.
October 1917: Battle of Beersheba.
November 1917: Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe.
November 1917: Third Battle of Gaza. Ottoman garrison abandons Gaza.
November 1917: Battle of Mughar Ridge: a Junction Station known as Wadi es Sara was captured by the British, and the Ottoman railway link with Jerusalem was cut. As a result of this victory the Ottoman Eighth Army withdrew behind the Nahr el Auja and their Seventh Army withdrew toward Jerusalem.
November 1917: The Battle of Nebi Samwil was the first attempt by the forces of the British Empire to capture Jerusalem. The village of Nebi Samwil, also known as the "Tomb of Samuel", was part of the Ottoman defences in front of Jerusalem. The village was captured by the 234th Brigade, part of the 75th Division, on 21 November 1917.
December 1917: Jerusalem surrendered to the British on 30 December 1917.
February 1918: The British capture of Jericho occurred between 19 and 21 February 1918.
March 1918: British occupation of Es Salt in the hills of Moab between 24 and 25 March.
April 1918: The city of Berukin was captured by the British.
September 1918: Tulkarm and Tabsor conquered by great britain.
September 1918: Units of the British 4th and 5th Cavalry Divisions converged to capture Afulah with the 4th Cavalry Division capturing Beisan in the afternoon. The Australian Mounted Division captured Jenin.
September 1918: The British 5th Cavalry Division captured the town of Nazareth.
September 1918: British divisions also captured Haifa and Acre following the Battle of Haifa.
September 1918: British forces captured Tiberias.
September 1918: Second Battle of Amman.
September 1918: Battle of Nablus.
September 1918: Daraa was captured by the British on 27 September 1918.
October 1918: Damascus conquered by great britain.
October 1918: Battle of Aleppo.
67.2.5.Gallipoli Campaign
Was an unsuccesful military operation by the Entente that wanted to take control of the Ottoman straits.
April 1915: The invasion of Gallipoli began on April 25, 1915. After heavy bombardment by Allied naval artillery, the 29th Division was dropped off at Helles at the tip of the peninsula.
April 1915: The ANZAC, the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, landed at Gallipoli, north of Ari Burnu.
April 1915: British forces advanced on Cape Hellas in Gallipoli, Turkey. This strategic move was part of the Gallipoli Campaign led by British General Sir Ian Hamilton.
May 1915: The Second Battle of Krithia took place during World War I in 1915 in Cape Helles, Gallipoli.
August 1915: By decision of the British Dardanelles Committee, two new infantry divisions (10th (Irish) and 11th (Northern) Division) landed in Suvla Bay on the night of August 6th.
August 1915: Battle of Hill 60 and Battle of Scimitar Hill.
January 1916: After eight months' fighting, with approximately 250,000 casualties on each side, the Gallipoli campaign was abandoned and the invasion force withdrawn. It was a costly defeat for the Allies. The last units left Gallipoli on 9 January 1916.
67.3.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
June 1919: The Treaty of Versailles transferred the Kionga Triangle, a 1,000 km2 territory south of the Rovuma River from German East Africa to Mozambique.
67.3.1.Treaty of Versailles
Was the treaty that ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allied Powers.
67.3.1.1.Occupation of the Rhineland
The German armistice after World War I included the military occupation of the Rhineland by the victorious powers.
67.3.1.2.Territorial cessions of Germany in Africa
Were territorial cessions of Germany in Africa after World War I.
January 1920: After World War I, the Treaty of Versailles transferred German East Africa to British control. The territory was renamed Tanganyika.
Was a Civil War in Russia that involved varios factions but mainly the Bolsheviks and the conservative White Army in the core Russian territories, as well as a multitude of local secessionist states. At the end of war the Bolsheviks were victorious and established the Soviet Union.
68.1.Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War
Local independence movement caused several secessions and revolts during the Russian Civil War.
68.1.1.Pro-independence and White movements in the Caucasus during the Russian Civil War
Were a series of revolts and secessions in the Caucasus during the Russian Civil War.
August 1918: The Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan was a British-controlled anti-communist short-lived state founded in the Lankaran region on August 1, 1918.
May 1919: The Extraordinary Congress of the "Councils of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies" of Lankaran district proclaimed the Mughan Soviet Republic.
December 1919: Following the German defeat in the First World War, British occupation forces arrived in Georgia, with the permission of the Georgian government.
April 1920: The Bolshevik army started its mobilization and was occupying the government buildings and started imposing Martial laws on Baku.
May 1920: On May 8, the Ossetians declared a Soviet republic in the Roki area on the Russian-Georgian border. A Bolshevik force from Vladikavkaz crossed into Georgia and helped the local rebels to defeat a Georgian force in the Java district. The rebellious areas were effectively incorporated into Soviet Russia.
June 1920: Vladimir Lenin’s desire to keep peace with Georgia at that time and eventual military failures of the rebels forced the Bolsheviks to distance themselves from the Ossetian struggle. The Georgian People's Guard under Valiko Jugheli crushed the revolt with great violence.
August 1920: On 14 April 1919, the governor disbanded the council and left the city of Batumi in July 1920, ceding the entire region to Georgia.
November 1920: Since the fall of the Armenian Republic, Georgia had taken de facto control of the "lori neutral zone" in joint control with armenia since the armenian-georgian war. Georgia had taken over the Lori "neutral zone" in a disputed Armeno-Georgian borderland on the pretext of defending the district and approaches to Tiflis in October 1920, in the course of the Turkish-Armenian War.
January 1921: British-held Batumi remained out of Georgia's control until 1920.
68.2.Malleson mission
Was a British military offensive against the Bolheviks in Turkmenistan, during the Russian Civil War.
November 1918: By 1 November 1918, British forces had successfully re-occupied Merv, a strategic city in present-day Turkmenistan.
January 1919: The British Government decided on 21 January to withdraw from Merv and Annenkovo, and the last troops left for Persia on 5 April.
Was a series of military campaigns waged by the Turkish National Movement after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I. The war led to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.
November 1918: British troops occupy Musul.
November 1918: British troops occupy İskenderun and the two sides of the Dardanelles.
November 1918: Ottoman troops withdraw from Baku, which was occupied by British troops in the followind days.
December 1918: British troops based in Syria occupy Kilis,.
December 1918: British troops occupy Batum.
January 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Jerablus.
January 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Antep.
February 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Maraş.
February 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Birecik.
March 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Urfa.
December 1921: The British troops evacuate Kilis that had been under British administration since three years.
69.1.Franco-Turkish War
Was a war between France and the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. France started a military campaign in the southern territories of the Ottoman Empire because in the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement with the United Kingdom it had agreed to take control of the region.
December 1918: French troops occupy Antakya.
October 1919: French troops occupy Maraş and replace the British troops stationed in the city.
69.1.1.French Occupation of strategic places in Turkey after WWI
Were a series of French military actions to occupy territories in the southern part of the Ottoman Empire.
November 1918: A French brigade entered Constantinople on 12 November 1918. On 8 February 1919, French general Franchet d'Espèrey - commander-in-chief of allied occupation forces in the Ottoman Empire - arrived in Constantinople to coordinate the occupation government.
Was a guerrilla war fought in Ireland from 1919 to 1921 between the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and British forces that led to the indipendence of Ireland (with the exception of Ulster, that remained part of the United Kingdom).
January 1919: The Irish Republic was a revolutionary state that declared its independence from the United Kingdom in January 1919. The Republic claimed jurisdiction over the whole island of Ireland, but by 1920 its functional control was limited to only 21 of Ireland's 32 counties.
Were a series of armed uprisings by Kurdish Sheykh Mahmud Barzanji against the Iraqi authority in newly conquered British Mesopotamia and later the British Mandate in Iraq.
October 1922: The Kingdom of Kurdistan was a short-lived unrecognised state proclaimed in the city of Sulaymaniyah following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.
August 1924: With British forces greatly exceeding his in ammunition and training, the British finally subdued the Kingdom of Kurdistan to central British Iraqi rule in 1924.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
72.1.World War II (Asia & Pacific)
Was the East Asian, South Asian and Pacific theatre of World War II.
August 1943: Japan handed over part of the Shan States of occupied British Burma to Thailand, which annexed the territories to the newly formed province of Saharat Thai Doem. With this acquisition, Thailand also gained a direct border with China.
August 1945: Kelantan reverted to British occupation upon the end of World War 2 in August 1945.
72.1.1.Second Sino-Japanese War
Was a military conflict between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. The war made up the Chinese theater of the wider Pacific Theater of the Second World War.
72.1.1.1.Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road
Was a Chinese intervention to aid their British allies in the 1942 Japanese invasion of Burma.
72.1.1.1.1.Battle of Oktwin
Was one of the key battles in the Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road in the Burma Campaign of World War II and Second Sino-Japanese War.
72.1.1.1.2.Battle of Toungoo
Was one of the key battles in the Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road in the Burma Campaign of World War II and Second Sino-Japanese War.
72.1.1.1.3.Battle of Yenangyaung
Was one of the key battles in the Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road in the Burma Campaign of World War II and Second Sino-Japanese War.
72.1.2.Malayan Campaign
Was a military campaign of Japan against British Malaya that ended with the expulsion of the British forces from the area.
December 1941: Japanese occupation of Malaya.
December 1941: Kelantan was where the Japanese first landed during their invasion of Malaya, on 8 December 1941.
December 1941: Perlis was occupied by Japan (Malay Federation) until 18 October 1943.
December 1941: In World War II, Kedah (along with Kelantan) was the first region of Malaya to be invaded by Japan.
December 1941: Terengganu is occupied by Japan.
December 1941: Japanese conquest of Krah.
December 1941: Japanese conquest of Sungei Patani.
December 1941: The fortress of Penang is evacuated by British forces.
December 1941: During World War II, Penang was occupied by Japan on December 19, 1941.
December 1941: Japanese conquest of Kuala Kongsar.
December 1941: Perak is occupied by Japan.
January 1942: Japanese conquest of Lumut.
January 1942: The Japanese invade Labuan Island.
January 1942: Japanese conquest of Kuantan.
January 1942: Pahang was occupied by Japan.
January 1942: Selangor, Putraja and Kuala Lumpur are occupied by Japan.
January 1942: Japanese conquest of Endau.
January 1942: Japanese conquest of Malacca.
January 1942: During World War II, Johor was occupied by Japan from January 31, 1942.
February 1942: The Malayan Campaign of the Japanese ends with the surrender of Singapore.
February 1942: End of the Malayan Campaign. Japanese forces control Malaysia.
72.1.3.Gilbert and Marshall Islands Campaign
Were a series of battles fought from August 1942 through February 1944, in the Pacific theatre of World War II between the United States and Japan.
December 1941: The Imperial Japanese Navy occupied the Gilbert Islands.
November 1943: Battle of Makin and Battle of Tarawa on the Gilbert Islands.
72.1.4.Battle of Borneo (1941-42)
Was a successful campaign by Japanese Imperial forces for control of Borneo island, which was a British (the northern part) and Dutch (the southern part) possession.
December 1941: On December 15, Japanese troops landed, taking Miri, Seria and Lutong without great difficulty.
December 1941: Japanese forces took control of Brunei in six days.
December 1941: The Japanese occupy the Kuching area.
December 1941: On December 31, forces under Lt. Col. Watanabe advanced on Labuan and Jesselton.
January 1942: Japanese force lands at Sandakan, British North Borneo.
January 1942: British North Borneo is surrendered to Japanese at Sandakan
April 1942: After ten weeks of resistance in the jungle, the Allied troops in Sarawak finally surrendered to the Japanese on April 1.
72.1.5.Battle of Hong Kong
Was a Japanese military campaign against the British colony of Hong Kong that ended with Japanaese occupation.
December 1941: Battle of Hong Kong. The British garrison of Hong Kong surrenders ot Japanese forces.
72.1.6.Dutch East Indies campaign
Was the conquest of the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) by forces from the Empire of Japan in the early days of the Pacific campaign of World War II.
72.1.6.1.Battle of Java
Was the Japanese invasion of the island of Java, at the time part of the Dutch East Indies.
March 1942: The Japanese complete the conquest of Java and thereby gain control of the entire Durch East Indies.
72.1.7.Japanese conquest of Burma
Was a Japanese military campaign against British Burma that resulted in the Japanese occupation of the region.
72.1.8.Burma Campaign
Was the battle between the Japanese and British forces in Burma, during World War II.
May 1944: British conquest of Ritpong area.
June 1944: The 77th Brigade under Brigadier Michael Calvert, later assisted by Chinese forces of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, captured the town of Mogaung from the occupying forces of Imperial Japan.
August 1944: Siege of Lichfield.
72.1.8.1.First Arakan Campaign
Was the first tentative Allied attack into Burma, following the Japanese conquest of Burma earlier in 1942, during the Second World War.
December 1942: The 14th Indian Division advanced to Rathedaung and Donbaik.
April 1943: British units in Burma retreated back almost to the Indian frontier.
72.1.8.2.Allied offensive in Arakan
Was an Allied offensive in Arakan against the Japanese occupation of Burma, during World War II.
January 1944: The 5th Indian Division captured the small port of Maungdaw.
72.1.8.3.Operation U-Go
Was the Japanese offensive launched in March 1944 against forces of the British Empire in the northeast Indian regions of Manipur and the Naga Hills.
March 1944: Japanese advance up to Imphal.
April 1944: Japanese advance up to Kohima.
June 1944: Battle of Kohima. The Japanese, reduced in many cases to a rabble, fell back to the Chindwin.
July 1944: The Battle of Imphal took place in the region around the city of Imphal, the capital of the state of Manipur in northeast India from March until July 1944. The Japanese, reduced in many cases to a rabble, fell back to the Chindwin.
72.1.8.4.Allied reoccupation of Burma
Was an Allied offensive in Burma against the Japanese occupation, during World War II.
December 1944: Bhamo was liberated on 15 December.
January 1945: Two British African divisions converged on Myohaung near the mouth of the Kaladan River, cutting the supply lines of the Japanese troops in the Mayu Peninsula.
January 1945: The Japanese evacuated Akyab Island on 31 December 1944.
January 1945: British forces cleared the Myebon Peninsula.
February 1945: The Indian 20th Division had a hard battle to take Monywa.
February 1945: During January, the Indian 19th Division and British 2nd Division cleared Shwebo.
February 1945: Battle of Ramree Island: it lasted for six weeks after the initial landings on 21 January by the 26th Indian Division before the survivors of the small but tenacious Japanese garrison withdrew from the island.
February 1945: British forces reached Taungtha, halfway to Meiktila, by 24 February.
March 1945: British forces assault Meiktila.
March 1945: The Sikhs occupied Pagan without resistance.
March 1945: British forces reached Lashio, which was captured on 7 March.
March 1945: At Mandalay, British forces enter Fort Dufferin, finding that Japanese forces had withdrawn.
March 1945: Myingyan was captured by British forces after four days' fighting from 18 to 22 March.
April 1945: The British Fourteenth Armyseized Pyinmana. The town and bridge were captured before the Japanese forces could mount a defense.
April 1945: British Indian Division reached the town of Toungoo.
May 1945: The 26th Indian Division started to land as the monsoon began and took over Rangoon, which had seen an orgy of looting and lawlessness since the Japanese had left.
72.1.9.Solomon Islands campaign
Was the battle between the Japanese Empire and the Allies in the Solomon Islands.
72.1.9.1.Japanese Invasion of the Solomon Islands
Japanese forces occupied the Solomon Islands in January 1942.
February 1942: Japanese forces occupied the Solomon Islands in January 1942.
May 1942: Japanese forces occupied Tulagi and nearby islands.
June 1942: The Japanese Navy established small garrisons on the other northern and central Solomon Islands.
72.1.9.2.Operation Cleanslate
Was the occupation of Russell Islands about sixty miles northwest of Guadalcanal by the United States.
February 1942: Unopposed Japanese seizure of the Russell Islands (Operation Cleanslate).
72.1.9.3.Guadalcanal Campaign
Was an Allied offensive against Japanese forces on the island of Guadalcanal and surrounding areas.
August 1942: A British landing force split into two groups, with one group assaulting Guadalcanal, and the other Tulagi, Florida, and nearby islands.
August 1942: The Marines secured the island of Tulagi and nearby islets.
September 1942: British gains on the front line after the battle of Edson Ridge.
October 1942: a force of Marines successfully crossed the Matanikau River.
October 1942: Front line on the Solomon Islands by 23 october (Battle of henderson field).
November 1942: Japanese forces are defeated on the coast at Point Cruz.
November 1942: Allied forces land at Aola Bay.
January 1943: The Allies renewed the offensive on 10 January, reattacking the Japanese on Mount Austen, capturing it on January 23rd.
February 1943: The Japanese evacuate the remaining forces from Guadalcanal. As resistence ends, Guadalcanal is occupied by Allied forces.
72.1.10.Japanese Invasion of Christmas Island
Japanese occupation of Christmas Island during World War II.
April 1942: Battle of Christmas Island: Because of a mutiny by Indian soldiers against their British officers, Japanese troops were able to occupy Christmas Island without any resistance.
72.1.11.Madagascar Campaign (World War II)
Was a British campaign to capture the Vichy French-controlled island of Madagascar during World War II.
May 1942: British forces land at Courier Bay in Madagascar, against little opposition from Vichy France forces.
September 1942: Amphibious landings at Majunga (Madagascar) by British and East African forces.
September 1942: A British East African Command lands without opposition on the coast of Tamatave (Madagascar).
September 1942: Tannanarive fell to British forces on 23 September.
November 1942: Ambalavao conquered by great britain.
November 1942: An armistice was signed in Ambalavao on 6 November 1942, and Madagascar colonial governor Armand Annet surrendered two days later to the Allies.
72.1.12.Operation Cartwheel
Was a major military operation of the Allies in the Pacific theatre of World War II. Cartwheel was an operation aimed at neutralising the major Japanese base at Rabaul.
June 1943: Allied forces land unopposed at Segi Point (New Georgia).
June 1943: New Georgia Island is occupied by Australian and American forces. Scattered Japanese forces remain on the interior of the island.
July 1943: Allied forces attack Rendova where now most of Japanese forces are concentrated.
August 1943: Allied forces land on Arundel at the southern tip of Nauro Peninsula without opposition.
October 1943: Battle of Vella Lavella. U.S. forces engage Japanese naval forces and take Vella Lavella.
October 1943: British raid on Choiseul.
November 1943: Japanese raid on Choiseul - retreat of the allied forces.
November 1943: Battle of the Treasury Islands. New Zealand 3rd Division, completes elimination of small enemy garrison on Mono.
72.1.13.Allied operations in Malysia
Were a series of events and battles that took place in modern-day Malaysia after its occupation ba the Japanese Empire.
September 1945: The British recaptured Singapore, with the Japanese garrison on the island surrendering on 12 September.
September 1945: Formal surrender by Japan in the Straits Settlements to British Military Administration.
September 1945: Following the end of the war, Johor was placed under Great Britain's military occupation.
September 1945: Borneo placed under a military administration on the Japanese capitulation in 1945.
September 1945: After the Singapore surrender, British forces reached Kuala Lumpur, where the Commander of the Japanese 29th Army surrendered.
72.1.14.Borneo Campaign
Was the last major Allied campaign in the South West Pacific Area during World War II to liberate Japanese-held British Borneo and Dutch Borneo.
72.1.14.1.Battle of North Borneo
Was a series of Allied amphibious landings in North Borneo to clear North Borneo from Japanese forces.
June 1945: Brunei conquered by great britain.
June 1945: Another landing was made by Allied forces on Borneo at Weston.
June 1945: The British secured Limbang.
June 1945: Minor allied landings were made at Mempakul on 19 June.
June 1945: Uopposed British landing at Lutongù.
June 1945: Sabang conquered by great britain.
June 1945: Kuala Belait was reached by British forces on 24 June.
June 1945: Battle of Beaufort.
July 1945: By 12 July British forces occupied Papar.
July 1945: During July, guerrillas assigned to Operation Semut captured Marudi from the Japanese.
72.1.15.Japanese Surrender (World War II)
Were the evacuation of the Japanese forces from occupied territories after the formal surrender of the Empire of Japan.
August 1945: After the dropping of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan accepts the Allied unconditional surrender terms (14 August 1945). Japanese forces leave occupied territories.
August 1945: The Thai army evacuated Saharat Thai Doem (territories of British Burma it had received from Japan in 1943) in August 1945.
August 1945: Hong Kong is re-occupied by the Royal Navy after Japanese surrender.
September 1945: Thailand returns annexed territories to the United Kingdom.
September 1945: Japanese Surrender in the Solomon Islands.
November 1945: In October 1945, British HMS Rother re-occupied Christmas Island.
72.2.World War II (Western Front)
Was the Western European theatre of World War II.
June 1940: German occupation of the Channel Islands, which lasted for most of World War II.
72.2.1.Administrative changes of occupied Denmark and its possessions during World War II
Were the administrative territorial changes of Denmark (occupied by Germany) and its overseas territories (free from German occupation) during World War II.
May 1940: The United Kingdom occupied Iceland to pre-empt a German occupation.
May 1940: After the occupation of Denmark, British forces from 12 April 1940 made a pre-emptive bloodless invasion of the Faroe Islands to prevent their occupation by German troops.
July 1941: The defence of Iceland was transferred from Britain to the United States.
May 1945: Following the liberation of Denmark and the end of World War II in Europe, the occupation of the Faroe Islands was terminated in May 1945 and the last British soldiers left in September.
72.3.World War II (East African Theatre)
Was the East African theatre of World War II.
72.3.1.Italian invasion of Sudan
Was an Italian military campaign in Sudan during World War II.
July 1940: The Italian army captured Kassala, then Gallabat.
July 1940: Karora and Kurmuk were taken by Italian forces.
January 1941: British General William Platt occupied the Eritrean city of Gallabat.
January 1941: On 21 January 1941, the Italian command, under British pressure, decided to evacuate Cassala and other difficult to defend locations to shorten the front.
72.3.2.Italian Invasion of Kenya
Was the Italian invasion of British East Africa (Kenya) during World War II.
July 1940: The Italians carried out a larger attack by about four battalions on 10 July, after a considerable artillery bombardment and after three days the British withdrew unopposed. The Italians eventually advanced to water holes at Dabel and Buna, nearly 100 km inside Kenya but lack of supplies prevented a further advance.
March 1941: Dabel and Buna remained under Italian control until liberated in February 1941.
72.3.3.Italian conquest of British Somaliland
Was the Italian conquest of British Somaliland during World War II.
August 1940: The Italian invasion force occupied Hargeisa.
August 1940: The Italian eastern column, comprising mainly Eritrean Bande (colonial troops), reached Odweina.
August 1940: The Italian northern column reached Zeila despite naval bombardments.
August 1940: By 10 August, de Simone had closed up on the British positions behind the Tug Argan and prepared the Italian attack.
August 1940: In the north, the Bertoldi column captured Zeila, about 240 km north-west of Berbera, cutting communications with French Somaliland and then began a slow advance south-east along the coast road, under intermittent air attack from Aden and bombardment from the sea, pushing back the SCC rearguards as far as the village of Bulhar by 17 August.
August 1940: The British retirement was followed up cautiously by the Italians, who attacked the defenders at Barkasan.
August 1940: Italian forces entered Berbera victorious on 19 August 1940, just over 2 weeks after the start of the offensive in British Somaliland.
72.3.4.British invasion of Italian East Africa
Was the British invasion and occupation of Italian East Africa during World War II.
January 1941: The brigade retreated on the night of 22/23 January, leaving Italian General Ugo Fongoli, his staff and 800 men behind as prisoners.
January 1941: Battle of Agordat.
February 1941: On the night of 31 January/1 February, the Italians retreated along a track towards Tole and Arresa and on 8 February, abandoned vehicles were found by the pursuers.
February 1941: On 2 February, the British took Hobok.
February 1941: Banno was captured by British forces.
February 1941: Afmadu was captured on 11 February by British forces.
February 1941: The port of Kismayu, located in present-day Somalia, was captured by British forces.
February 1941: Mega conquered by great britain.
February 1941: An advance force of the South African Division captured Jumbo.
February 1941: Jelib was attacked on both flanks and from the rear. The Italians were routed and 30,000 were killed, captured or dispersed in the bush.
February 1941: Moyale, 110 km south-east of Mega on the border with Kenya, was occupied.
February 1941: British forces occupied Italian Somaliland and militarily administered the territory.
February 1941: On 25 February 1941, the motorised 23rd Nigerian Brigade (11th African Division) advanced 378 km up the coast in three days and occupied the Somali capital of Mogadishu unopposed.
March 1941: By early March Cunningham's forces had captured most of Italian Somaliland.
March 1941: The 5th Indian Division captured Fort Dologorodoc.
March 1941: The town of Barbera was captured by the British.
March 1941: By 17 March, the 11th (African) Division completed a 17-day dash along the Italian Strada Imperiale (Imperial Road) from Mogadishu to Jijiga in the Somali region of Ethiopia.
March 1941: On 20 March, Hargeisa was captured by the British.
March 1941: British forces advanced westwards into eastern Ethiopia and in late March, linked with forces from the Southern Front around Harar and Diredawa.
March 1941: On 26 March, Harar was captured by the British.
March 1941: Keren was captured by British forces after a battle lasting 53 days.
March 1941: On 29 March 1941, Dire Dawa was occupied by British forces.
April 1941: The British came to control Ogaden, and later Haud, in the aftermath of the East African Campaign in 1941.
April 1941: Asmara was declared an open town and the British entered unopposed.
April 1941: On 6 April 1941, Addis Ababa was occupied by British forces led by officer Harry Wetherall.
April 1941: Bonetti surrendered and the Allied force took 9,590 prisoners and 127 guns. Aosta ordered the governor, Agenore Frangipani, to surrender the city to forestall a massacre of Italian civilians, as had occurred in Dire Dawa. Ashamed of not being allowed by his superior to fight to the death in the old style, the Italian governor, General Agenore Frangipani, killed himself with poison the next day.
April 1941: The South Africans captured Dessie on the main road north from Addis Ababa to Asmara.
May 1941: The Duke of Aosta and his garrison surrendered in Amba Alagi to the British commander, Lieutenant-General Sir Alan Cunningham.
May 1941: British occupation of Eritrea.
June 1941: Italian forces held out at Assab, the last Italian harbour on the Red Sea. Operation Chronometer took place from 10 to 11 June, with a surprise landing at Assab by the 3/15th Punjab Regiment from Aden, carried by a flotilla comprising HMS Dido, Indus, Clive, Chakdina and SS Tuna.
June 1941: Italian general Gazzera abandoned Jimma and about 15,000 men surrendered to the British.
September 1941: On 28 September 1941, after losing 950 casualties and running out of provisions, Gonella surrendered with 1,629 Italian and 1,450 Ethiopian soldiers to the 25th East African Brigade (Brigadier W. A. L. James).
November 1941: British forces captured Gondar.
November 1941: The Occupied Enemy Territory Administration in Ethiopia was a British military occupation administration in Ethiopia during East African Campaign of World War II. It expanded from early 1941 until the final Italian defeat in November.
December 1941: The Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement was a joint effort between Ethiopia and the United Kingdom at reestablishing Ethiopian independent statehood following the ousting of Italian troops by combined British and Ethiopian forces in 1941 during the Second World War.
72.4.World War II (All other Vichy France Colonies)
Refers to the events that happened in French Colonies that decided to be loyal to the German puppet state of Vichy France.
July 1942: British and British East African troops land on the island of Mayotte, in the Mozambique Channel, and secure it for seaplane base.
October 1944: During World War II, Mayotte was occupied by British forces from July 1942 to September 1944. Despite the occupation, French administration continued to govern the territory.
72.5.World War II (North African Theatre)
Was the North African theatre of World War II.
April 1943: The Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames was a territory in the southern part of the former Italian colony of Libya occupied and administered by the French from 1943.
May 1943: The British Military Administration of Libya was the control of the regions of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania of the former Italian Libya by the British from 1943.
72.5.1.Operation Compass
Was a British military operation against Italian forces in Western Egypt and Cyrenaica.
January 1941: Battle of Bardia.
January 1941: British conquest of Tobruk.
February 1941: British conquest of Derna.
February 1941: British conquest of Beda Fomm.
March 1941: British forces captured Kufra.
March 1941: Siege of Giarabub by British forces.
72.5.2.Operation Sonnenblume
Was a joint German and Italian military Campaign against British forces in Cyrenaica, during World War II.
March 1941: The Axis force raided and quickly defeated the British at El Agheila.
March 1941: Mersa Brega conquered by italy.
April 1941: German Group Schwerin was out of fuel and stranded near Ben Gania.
April 1941: The German units of Group Schwerin arrived in Mechili.
April 1941: Ponath reached the coast road and advanced on the airfield south of Derna.
April 1941: Siege of Tobruk.
April 1941: By 15 April, Italian troops pushed the British back to the border at Sollum and besieged Tobruk.
72.5.3.Operation Crusader
Was a military operation of the Western Desert Campaign during the Second World War by the British Eighth Army against the Axis forces.
November 1941: British conquest in Lybia and Egypt during the offensive of general Auchinleck.
December 1941: British conquest in Lybia and Egypt during the offensive of general Auchinleck.
72.5.4.Battle of Gazala
Was a battle between the Axis and British forces west of the port of Tobruk in Libya, during World War II.
May 1942: Advancement of Axis forces in North Africa by c. 27 may.
June 1942: German General Klopper's forces occupy Tobruk.
June 1942: British withdrawal to Bardia.
June 1942: Allied forces retreat and withdraw from Gazala. It will be totally occupied on June 21, 1942 by the Axis forces.
72.5.5.British Invasion of Libya
Was a British military campaign in Italian Libya during World War II that resulted in the occupation of the region.
72.5.5.1.Second Battle of El Alamein
Was a battle of the Second World War that took place near the Egyptian railway halt of El Alamein.
November 1942: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt.
72.5.5.2.Battle of El-Agheila
Was a battle of the Second World War that took place in Libya.
December 1942: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt.
December 1942: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt. Sirte falls to the British Eighth Army.
January 1943: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt.
February 1943: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt.
72.6.World War II (Balkan Theatre)
Was the theatre of conflict of World War II that took place in the Balkans.
72.6.1.Dodecanese campaign
Was the battle between Germany and Great Britain for the control of the Italian Dodecanese after Italy's surrender on 8 September 1943.
May 1945: The Dodecanese Islands were occupied by the British and Peter Bevil Edward Acland was appointed governor.
72.7.World War II (Middle Eastern Theatre)
Was the Middle Eastern theatre of World War II.
72.7.1.Anglo-Iraqi War
Was a British-led Allied military campaign during the Second World War against the Kingdom of Iraq.
April 1941: In response to the initial Iraqi moves, the 10th Indian Infantry Division, under Major-General Fraser, occupied Basra airport, the city's docks, and the power station. Elements of the 20th Indian Infantry Brigade, under Brigadier Powell, were used to occupy these sites. Between 18 and 29 April, two convoys had landed this brigade in the Basra area.
May 1941: Late on 6 May, the Iraqis besieging Habbaniya pulled out. By dawn on Wednesday 7 May, RAF armoured cars reconnoitred the top of the escarpment and reported it to be deserted.
May 1941: Starting on 7 May and ending 8 May, elements of the 20th Indian Infantry Brigade and the 21st Indian Infantry Brigade captured Ashar, near Basra.
May 1941: Having secured Fallujah, Roberts returned to Shaibah and to his duties with the 10th Indian Infantry Division.
May 1941: On the morning of 31 May, the Mayor of Baghdad and a delegation approached British forces at the Washash Bridge. With the Mayor was Sir Kinahan Cornwallis, the British Ambassador, who had been confined to the British Embassy in Baghdad for the past four weeks. Terms were quickly reached and an armistice was signed. Iraq fell under British occupation.
October 1947: End of British occupation of Iraq.
72.7.2.Syria-Lebanon campaign
Was the invasion of Syria and Lebanon (then controlled by Vichy France) in June and July 1941 by British Empire forces, during the Second World War.
June 1941: Battle of the Litani River.
June 1941: Battle of Jezzine.
June 1941: Battle of Sidon.
June 1941: Following a strong Vichy French counterattack, the British garrison was forced to withdraw from Marjayoun.
June 1941: Battle of Kissoué.
June 1941: Battle of Damascus.
June 1941: Battle of Merdjayoun.
July 1941: Battle of Palmyra.
July 1941: Battle of Deir ez-Zor.
July 1941: Battle of Damour.
July 1941: Battle of Beirut.
July 1941: On 10 July, as the Australian 21st Brigade was on the verge of entering Beirut, Dentz sought an armistice. At one minute past midnight on 12 July, a ceasefire came into effect and ended the campaign.
January 1946: In 1945, the British evacuated Syria and Lebanon, which were under French mandate at the time.
72.7.3.Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
Was the joint invasion of the neutral Imperial State of Iran by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union in August 1941.
August 1941: The British and Soviet forces met at Sanandaj.
August 1941: Qazvin conquered by russia.
72.7.3.1.British invasion of Central Iran
British operations in Central Iran during the Anglo-Sovieto invasion of Iran.
August 1941: British forces moved into the Naft-e Shah oilfield with little opposition.
August 1941: The British force broke through the border with Iran at the town of Qasr-e Shirin.
August 1941: The British captured Gilan-e-Gharb.
August 1941: With overwhelming firepower and decreasing Iranian morale, the British captured that town of Sarpol-e-Zahab.
August 1941: The British reached the outskirts of Shahabad in the early morning hours after delays.
August 1941: The British had reached the town of Kerend.
September 1941: The defenders declared Kermanshah an open city and the British entered on 1 September. They also entered Sanandaj peacefully.
72.7.3.2.British invasion of Khuzestan
British operations in Khuzestan during the Anglo-Sovieto invasion of Iran.
August 1941: Khorramshahr conquered by great britain.
August 1941: By the early morning of 27 August, the British forces had reached Ahvaz.
72.7.3.3.Partition of Iran
Iran was partitioned between Britain and the Soviet Union after the the Anglo-Soviet invasion, with the Soviets stationed in northern Iran and the British south of Hamadan and Qazvin.
October 1941: The Allies withdrew from Tehran on 17 October and Iran was partitioned between Britain and the Soviet Union, with the Soviets stationed in northern Iran and the British south of Hamadan and Qazvin.
72.7.3.4.Allied withdrawal from Iran after World War II
Was the withdrawal from Iran by Great Britain and the USSR, that had occupied the country during World War II.
March 1946: Full Withdrawal of the British troops from Iran. British troops were present in Iran since 1941.
72.8.Free France
Refers to events that happened in French colonies that either remained loyal or soon became loyal to Free France very soon during World War II.
December 1942: Transfer of Madagascar to Free France by the British.
72.9.End of World War II in Europe
Refers to the surrender of Axis forces and the end of World War II and to the territorial changes that were a direct consequence of World War II but happened after the traditional end of the War.
May 1945: After the end of World War II, the Dodecanese Islands came under provisional British administration.
May 1945: On May 11, 1945, the German capitulation was also completed on Heligoland. British soldiers occupied the island.
February 1947: Treaty of Paris: Italy transfers the Dodecanese to Greece, which reached its present borders.
April 1949: On 1 April 1949 (prior to the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany), the border areas in the territories of North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate were temporarily divested to Belgium.
April 1949: An area of Germany of a total size of 69 km2 was allocated to the Netherlands.
May 1949: The Federal Republic of Germany was established on the territory of the Western occupied zones, with Bonn as its "provisional" capital.
72.9.1.The Surrender of German forces
Surrender of German forces at the end of World War II.
May 1945: German forces on the Channel Islands surrender.
May 1945: At the end of World War II Greece freed its islands from German forces.
72.9.2.Austrian State Treaty
The Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state after World War II.
May 1945: In the immediate aftermath of World War II, Austria was divided into four occupation zones and jointly occupied by the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France.
July 1955: The Austrian State Treaty was signed on May 15, 1955, in Vienna, Austria. The treaty was signed by the foreign ministers of the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and France, officially ending the Allied occupation of Austria and re-establishing the country as a sovereign state.
72.9.3.Allied occupation of Germany
The Allies occupied Germany, but the Western allies and Soviet Union formed separate governments covering specific parts of Germany (West Germany, as well as West Berlin, and East Germany).
August 1945: The Allies divided Germany into four occupation zones.
72.9.4.The Surrender of Japanese forces
Surrender of Japanese forces at the end of World War II.
September 1945: The Japanese garrison in Penang surrenders.
September 1945: Japanese in Sarawak surrender.
Were a series of wars which were waged in Southeast Asia from 1946 to 1991, by communist Indochinese forces (mainly the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) against anti-communist forces (mainly French, the State of Vietnam, American, Cambodian, Laotian Royal, and Chinese forces). The term "Indochina" originally referred to French Indochina.
73.1.First Indochina War
Was a war between France and the Viet Minh coalition whose goal was the independence of Vietnam from Indochina. At the end of the war the French left French Indochina, which was dissolved and succeeded by the State of Vietnam, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the Kingdom of Laos and the Kingdom of Cambodia.
March 1946: Agreement between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and France where the latter recognized Vietnam as a sovereign state.
Was the partition of British India in two independent entities: India (with a Hindu majority) and Pakistan (with a Muslim majority). This included the several princely states that were dependent on the British Colony.
July 1947: The accession to the Indian Union was signed by the Maharaja of Bikaner on 7 August 1947.
August 1947: Mysore joined the Indian Union on 9 August 1947.
August 1947: The Khanate of Kalat was briefly independent from 12 August 1947.
August 1947: Accession of Tripura State to India.
August 1947: Khaipur state acceded to the Dominion of Pakistan .
August 1947: Ballabhgarh acceded India.
August 1947: Accession to India. The Indian Independence Act came into being on 15 August.
August 1947: The Dominion of Pakistan was an independent federal dominion in South Asia that was established in August 1947 as a result of the Pakistan Movement, which led to the Partition of British India along religious lines in order to create a separate country for British Indian Muslims. The country encompassed actual Pakistan and Bangladesh.
August 1947: In 1947 British India was partitioned and Chitral opted to accede to Pakistan. After accession, it gradually lost its autonomy, finally becoming an administrative district of Pakistan in 1969.
August 1947: British seizuranity over the Ajaigarh State ended.
August 1947: Lathi acceded India.
August 1947: British seizuranity over the Alipura State ended.
August 1947: Akkalkot acceded India.
August 1947: Jaisalmer State acceeded to the Indian Union.
August 1947: In 1947, Hyderabad, a princely state in India, did not accede to either Pakistan or India. The Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan, wanted to maintain independence.
August 1947: Maharaja Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir, along with his prime minister Ram Chandra Kak, decided not to accede to either Pakistan nor India, becoming thus independent.
August 1947: The last ruler of the Baoni State, Muhammad al-Hasan Mushtaq, signed the instrument of accession to the Indian Union on 15 August 1947 and continued to rule the state .
August 1947: The Amb State become independent from Great Britain.
August 1947: The last ruler of the Charkhari Princely state signed the accession to the Indian Union on 15 August 1947.
August 1947: In 1947, Junagarh State, ruled by Nawab Muhammad Mahabat Khan III, chose not to join either India or Pakistan after the partition. This decision led to the territory being de facto independent.
August 1947: In 1947 the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two independent dominions, a Hindu-majority Dominion of India and a Muslim-majority Dominion of Pakistan.
August 1947: Kochi was the first princely state to willingly join the new Dominion of India in 1947.
August 1947: In 1947, Sikkim State remained independent as it did not join either Pakistan or India. The territory was under the rule of the Kingdom of Sikkim, with Chogyal Tashi Namgyal as the reigning monarch at the time.
August 1947: In August 1947 the Bharatpur State acceded to the newly independent Dominion of India.
September 1947: On 14 September 1947, following the independence of the new Dominions of India and Pakistan, the Khan Sahib Ghulam Moinuddin Khanji unilaterally acceded the state of Manavadar to Pakistan, even though, being a de facto vassal state of Junagadh State, the state had no such right to do so. This act was done at the same time as his master, the Nawab of Junagadh.
October 1947: British Princely states were given the option to join either Pakistan or India upon withdrawal of British suzerainty in August 1947. The city and princely state of Bahawalpur acceded to Pakistan on 7 October 1947 under Nawab Sadiq Muhammad Khan Abbasi V Bahadur.
December 1947: Accession of Raigarh State to India.
January 1948: Accession to India (exact date not known). The Indian Independence Act came into being on 15 August.
January 1948: The last Raja of the Tigiria State signed the accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1948.
January 1948: Sardargardh Bantva acceded to Pakistan in 1947.
January 1948: Torawati State acceeded to the Indian Union.
January 1948: Following the independence of India in 1947, the Janjira State was merged with India.
January 1948: After India's independence in 1947, the Maharaja of Datia acceded unto the Dominion of India.
January 1948: Changbhakar State acceded to the Union of India on 1 January 1948.
January 1948: In 1947, the Benares Kingdom was annexed to India. The kingdom was ruled by Maharaja Prabhu Narayan Singh. The annexation was part of the integration of princely states into the newly independent Union of India.
January 1948: On 1 January 1948 the last ruler of Gangpur signed the accession to the Indian Union.
January 1948: The Bastar State acceded to the Union of India on 1 January 1948.
January 1948: Basoda became a British protectorate until 1947, when its last ruler, Nawab Masood Ali Khan, signed the accession to the Indian Union.
January 1948: On 1 January 1948 Bamra's last princely ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union.
January 1948: In 1948, one year after Indian independence, Bhaisunda was merged into the Indian state of Vindhya Pradesh.
January 1948: After the independence of India in 1947 Hindol merged into the Union of India on 1 January 1948.
January 1948: After the Independence of India in 1947, the Loharu State acceded to the Union of India and many of the ruling family and the city's Muslim inhabitants re-settled in Lahore, Pakistan.
January 1948: Following Indian independence in 1947 Maharaja Hanwant Singh, the last ruler of Jodhpur state, signied the Instrument of Accession to India.
January 1948: guler acceeded to the Indian Union.
January 1948: Saraikela, along with 24 other princely states of the Eastern States Agency, acceded to the Government of India on 1 January 1948.
January 1948: The last ruler of Narsinghpur Princely State signed the accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1948.
January 1948: Nabha State, with its capital at Nabha, was one of the Phulkian princely states of Punjab during the British Raj in India. It acceded to the Union of India in 1947.
January 1948: In 1947, at the time of the Partition of India, Bhajji's ruler acceded to the newly independent Union of India.
January 1948: Its last ruler of the Baudh State signed the accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1948.
January 1948: When the British left India in 1947, they abandoned their subsidiary alliances with the princely states, and the Maharajah of Faridkot acceded his state to the new Union of India.
January 1948: In 1947, Phulra State acceded to the Dominion of Pakistan. The decision was made by the ruler of Phulra State, Nawab Sir Sadiq Muhammad Khan Abbasi V, in response to the partition of British India and the creation of Pakistan as a separate nation for Muslims.
January 1948: In 1947, the ruler of Nagar State, Mir Shaukat Ali Khan, decided to accede to the Dominion of Pakistan.
January 1948: Dhar State acceeded to the Indian Union.
January 1948: Jandol became part of Pakistan.
January 1948: The Ranas ruled the Dhaulpur State until the independence of India in 1947, when the kingdom was merged with the Union of India.
January 1948: Jashpur was one of the states of the Eastern States Agency. The last ruler of this princely state signed the accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1948.
January 1948: At the time of the British Raj, Talcher State was one among the 26 feudatory states of Odisha. The state's accession to the Indian Union was signed by its last ruler Hrudaya Chandra Dev Birabar on 1 January 1948.
January 1948: Mahant Ritu Purna Kishor Das, the last ruling Chief of Chhuikhadan, acceded to the Union of India on 1 February 1948.
February 1948: Accession of Vala State to India.
February 1948: Chuda State ceased to exist on 15 February 1948 by accession to newly independent India's Saurashtra State.
February 1948: The Morvi State's last ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union on 15 February 1948.
February 1948: Accession of Porbandar State to India.
February 1948: Dhrangadhra ceased to exist by accession to recently independent India's western state Saurashtra (now in Gujarat) on 15 February 1948.
February 1948: The last ruler of Dhrol State, Thakur Sahib Chandrasimhji Dipsinhji, signed the accession to the Indian Union on 15 February 1948.
February 1948: The last ruler of Gondal State, Maharaja Bhojrajji Bhagwatsimhji, signed the instrument of accession to the Indian Union on 15 February 1948.
February 1948: Accession of Wankaner State to India.
February 1948: Accession of Sangli State to India.
March 1948: On 17 March 1948, Makran acceded to Pakistan.
March 1948: On 17 March 1948, Kharan acceded to Pakistan.
April 1948: Baghal joined India on 15 April 1948.
April 1948: Raja Durga Singh acceded Baghat State to the Union of India on 15 April 1948.
April 1948: Its last ruler of the Suket State signed the accession to the Indian Union on 15 April 1948.
April 1948: On 15 April 1948 Bonai's last ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union.
April 1948: The last ruler of Mandi signed the accession to the Indian Union thus being incorporated into the State of Himachal Pradesh as Mandi district on 15 April 1948.
June 1948: Danta's last ruler signed the accession to join the Indian Union on 6 November 1948.
June 1948: The Ratlam State's last ruler signed the instrument of accession to the Indian Union on 15 June 1948.
June 1948: After India's independence in 1947, the last ruling Rajgarh acceded to the Indian government on 15 June 1948.
June 1948: Nawab Muhammad Usman 'Ali Khan (ruled 1947-1948) acceded to the Government of India on 15 June 1948.
June 1948: Accession of Gwalior State to India.
June 1948: Accession of Piploda State to India.
June 1948: Accession of Sailana State to India.
August 1948: On 8 Feb 1948, Dir accedes to the newly created Muslim dominion of Pakistan, initially continuing as one of the surviving princely states of Pakistan.
August 1948: The last ruler of the Aundh was Raja Shrimant Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi ("Bala Sahib"). The state joined the Union of India.
August 1948: Jafarabad State acceded to the Indian Union on 8 March 1948.
August 1948: Raja Shrimant Sir Raghunathrao Shankarrao Babasaheb Pandit Pant Sachiv was the last ruler of the Bhor State. During his reign, he implemented many reforms such as abolition of untouchability, freedom of association and introduction of representative government. He signed the accession to the Indian Union on 8 March 1948 which ended the separate existence of Bhor state.
August 1948: Phaltan acceded to the Dominion of India on 8 March 1948 and is currently a part of Maharashtra state.
August 1948: Accession of Miraj State to India.
August 1948: Accession of Mudhol State to India.
August 1948: Accession of Ramdurg State to India.
September 1948: In August 1947 Kalahandi became part of the Eastern States Union of India, an entity that was formed in Rajpur and that gathered most of the princely states of Orissa and Chhattisgarh.
October 1948: The Chhota Udaipur State merged with the Union of India on 10 March 1948.
October 1948: Accession of Sant State to India.
October 1948: Bansda's last ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union.
October 1948: Accession of Mohanpur State to India.
October 1948: Accession of Rajpipla State to India.
October 1948: The last ruler of Balasinor signed the accession to join the Indian Union on 10 June 1948.
October 1948: On 10 June 1948 Idar became part of the Indian Union.
October 1948: Cambay's last ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union.
October 1948: Bilaspur acceded to India on 28 October 1948.
January 1949: Accession to India (exact date not known). The Indian Independence Act came into being on 15 August.
January 1949: Khairagarh State acceded the Indian Union.
January 1949: Accession to the Indian Union of Limbdi State.
January 1949: Accession to the Indian Union of Chamba State.
January 1949: After India's independence in 1948, the Rana of Barwani acceded to India, and Barwani became part of the Nimar District of Madhya Bharat state.
January 1949: Sirmur Kingdom acceeded to the Indian Union.
January 1949: The last ruler of the Jaso State signed the accession to the Indian Union in 1948.
January 1949: Banka-Pahari State: The Hasht-Bhaiya Jagirs were British protectorates between 1823 and 1947. Their last jagirdars (rulers) joined the Indian Union in 1948.
January 1949: Baudh State acceeded to the Indian Union.
January 1949: In 1947, the Deputy Prime Minister of the newly independent Indian Union, Vallabhbhai Patel, undertook the process of unifying 565 princely states with the Union. The last Maharaja of Bhavnagar, Krishna Kumarasingh Bhavasingh handed over the administration of his Bombay State to the people's representative in 1948.
January 1949: In 1948, the ruler of Banganapalle acceded to newly independent India, and Banganapalle was incorporated into Kurnool district of the then Madras Presidency.
January 1949: Bushahr State acceeded to the Indian Union.
January 1949: Datarpur State acceeded to the Indian Union.
January 1949: After Indian independence in 1947, Alirajpur acceded to the Union of India, and the principality was incorporated into the new state of Madhya Bharat.
January 1949: Its last ruler of the Athmallik State signed the accession to the Indian Union in 1948.
January 1949: The State of Baria was merged into India and became part of Bombay state.
January 1949: In 1947 Cutch joined India.
January 1949: After India's independence in 1947, the Maharajas of Dewas acceded to India.
January 1949: In 1948, the Khaniadhana State acceded to the Union of India.
January 1949: Kamta-Rajaula was a princely state in India during the British Raj. In 1948, the territory was integrated into the Union of India.
January 1949: The rulers acceded to the Government of India after India's independence in 1947.
January 1949: In 1947, at the time of the Indian independence, Patna's ruler did not immediately accede to the newly independent Dominion of India, delaying accession until 1948.
January 1949: Sitamau State was a princely state of the British Raj before 1947. Its capital was in Sitamau town, Mandsaur district, Madhya Pradesh. The total area of the state was 350 square miles. The average revenue of the state was Rs.130,000. The ruling dynasty was historically related to the Rathores of Ratlam State.
January 1949: Accession of Sandur State to India.
January 1949: Bhopal State was merged into the Union of India in 1949 as Bhopal.
July 1949: Accession of Tonk State to India.
July 1949: Accession of Karauli State to India.
July 1949: Bundi's last ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union on 7 April 1949.
July 1949: The last ruler of Udaipur State signed the accession to Independent India on 7 April 1949.
July 1949: Accession of Alwar to the Dominion of India.
July 1949: Jaipur's last princely ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union on 7 April 1949.
January 1950: Accession of Kota State to India.
January 1950: The last Raja of Nagod, HH Shrimant Mahendra Singh, signed the accession of his state to the Indian Union on 1 January 1950.
January 1950: The Garhwal Kingdom acceded to India and joined the Union of India.
January 1950: When the British colonial rule was finally terminated in India, the Koch Bihar state immediately acceded to and merged with India in 1949 and became a part of West Bengal.
January 1950: Yashwant Rao Holkar II, the last ruler of the Indore State, signed the instrument of accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1950.
January 1950: Its last ruler of Atgarh State signed the accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1950.
January 1950: The Bijawar State acceded to India on 1 January 1950, and became part of the state of Vindhya Pradesh.
January 1950: On 1 January 1950, Dhurwai acceded to the Indian Union and was merged into the Indian state of Vindhya Pradesh with the other Hasht-Bhaiya Jagirs.
January 1950: Accession of Kothi State to India.
January 1950: Accession of Jigni State to India.
January 1950: Accession of Tori Fatehpur to India.
January 1950: Accession of Pratapgarh State to India.
January 1950: Accession of Shahpura State to India.
January 1950: In 1947, the Benares Kingdom was annexed to India. The kingdom was ruled by Maharaja Prabhu Narayan Singh. The annexation was part of the integration of princely states into the newly independent Union of India.
January 1950: In 1949 Banswara was merged into the Indian Union.
January 1950: Raja Yadvendra Singh, the last ruler of Beri State signed the instrument of accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1950.
January 1950: Pratap Singh Ju Dev signed the accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1950.
January 1950: Accession of Sohawal State to India.
January 1950: Chhatarpur's last ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1950.
January 1951: Accession of Samthar State to India.
January 1951: Accession of Panna State to India.
January 1951: Accession of Orchha State to India.
January 1958: Accession of Kutlehar State to India.
October 1969: In 1969, Swat State officially acceded to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. This decision was made by the Wali of Swat, Miangul Abdul Haq Jahanzeb, who was the last ruler of Swat before it became part of Pakistan.
is an ongoing conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbours, as well as with Palestine, an area factually controlled by Israel itself. The conflict begun when the British Mandate in Palestine (a former Ottoman territory) was partitioned into an Arab and a Jewish state.
75.1.Palestine War
Was a war that took place in Palestine, initially a British Mandate, between the Jewish population and the the Arab population (later with the support of the Arab league) of the region. It is traditionally divided in two phases: a civil war in the final phase of the British Mandate, and a full-scale invasion by a coalition of Arab countries after the British left Palestine. During the war the State of Israel was established.
75.1.1.1947-1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
Was a civil war between the Jewish and Arab populations of the British Mandate for Palestine, and the first phase of the 1948 Palestine War. The goal of the Jewish population was the creation of their own nation, whereas the Arab community, which represented the majority of the country, opposed this plan.
November 1947: When obligatory consicription was instituted, the Jewish held territories encompassed the zones with a Jewis-majority population.
April 1948: Tiberias fell in mid-end April.
April 1948: Haifa fell on 23 April. 15,000 Arabs evacuated the city during 21-22 April.
April 1948: Jaffa was conquered at the end of April 1948 with Operation Hametz.
May 1948: Israeli conquests until end of May during the 1947-1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine.
75.1.1.1.Operation Nachshon
Was a military operation carried out by Jewish paramilitary brigades during the 1947-1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine.
April 1948: Arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Nachshon.
April 1948: Between 5-20 April 1500 men from the Givati and Harel brigades took control of the road to Jerusalem.
August 1948: Bayt Thul was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Nachshon.
75.1.1.2.Battle of Mishmar HaEmek
Was a battle between the Arab Liberation Army (Yarmouk Battalion) and the Haganah (Palmach and HISH) during the 1947-1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine.
April 1948: Ghubayya al-Fauqa was occupied until mid-April, along with nearby Ghubayya al-Tahta.
April 1948: Palmach units gained control of the village of Abu Zurayq on April 12.
April 1948: Palmach units took the villages of Al-Mansi and Naghnaghiya.
75.1.1.3.Operation Yiftach
Was a military operation carried out by Jewish paramilitary brigades during the 1947-1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine.
April 1948: Arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yiftach.
May 1948: Arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yiftach.
May 1948: The elders of the city of Beisan surrendered to the Golani battalion.
May 1948: Al-Shawka al-Tahta was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yiftach.
May 1948: Khan al-Duway was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yiftach.
May 1948: Al-Zawiya was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yiftach.
June 1948: Al-Dirbashiyya was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yiftach.
June 1948: Al-Didara was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yiftach.
75.1.1.4.Operation Yevusi
Was a military operation carried out by Jewish paramilitary brigades during the 1947-1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine.
April 1948: On the night of 24/25 April the Palmah's Harle Brigade, under the command of Yitzhak Rabin, captured Sheikh Jarrah.
May 1948: The Palmah force took over Katamon, a neighborhood in south-central Jerusalem, at the end of April 1948.
75.1.1.5.Operation Ben-Ami
Was a military operation carried out by Jewish paramilitary brigades during the 1947-1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine.
May 1948: Arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Ben-Ami.
May 1948: al-Tall was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Ben-Ami.
May 1948: al-Kabri was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Ben-Ami.
75.1.1.6.Operation Kilshon
Was a military operation carried out by Jewish paramilitary brigades during the 1947-1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine.
May 1948: Jewish forces from the Haganah and Irgun executed Operation Kilshon ("Pitchfork"). Its aim was to capture the Jewish suburbs of Jerusalem.
75.1.2.1948 Arab-Israeli War
Was a war between the newly established State of Israel and a coalition of Arab states. It was the second phase of the Palestine War of 1948. After the evacuation of the British forces from the Mandate for Palestine, Israel declared its independence, and Palestine was invaded by a coalition of Arab states.
May 1948: Unilateral declaration of Independence of the State of Israel.
75.1.2.1.Southern Front - Operation Uvda
Was a military operation by Israeli forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
March 1948: The Jewish Alexandroni Brigade moved from Beersheba through Mamshit towards Sodom.
March 1948: Jewish Negev forces moved towards Umm Rashrash through the Valley of Fingers.
March 1948: The Jewish Alexandroni Brigade captured Masada.
March 1948: On March 9, Golani forces captured Gharandal.
March 1948: The Jewish Alexandroni Brigade captured Ein Gedi.
March 1948: On March 10, the Negev Brigade completed the occupation of southern Negev.
75.1.2.2.Central Front (1948 Arab-Israeli War)
Were a series of battles on the central front of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War at the beginning of the war.
May 1948: Jordanian forces invaded Mandatory Palestine and moved towards Nablus and Ramallah.
May 1948: Lydda and Ramleh are occupied by the 3rd Jordanian Brigade.
May 1948: Iraqi forces march on the triangle of Jenin - Nablus - Tulkarem.
May 1948: The Jewish quarter of Jerusalem fell to the Jordanian Arab Legion on 28 May 1948.
75.1.2.3.Northern Front (1948 Arab-Israeli War)
Were a series of battles on the northern front of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War at the beginning of the war.
May 1948: Galilee is conquered by the Arab Liberation Army.
75.1.2.4.Southern Front (1948 Arab-Israeli War)
Were a series of battles on the southern front of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War at the beginning of the war.
May 1948: Until May 21, the Egyptian forces had occupied Beersheba and reached Bethlehem.
May 1948: Egyptian troops moved up the coast through what is now the Gaza Strip, to above Ashdod, before being stopped in late May.
January 1949: With Operation Yaov, northern Negev was conquered by Israeli forces by 7 January 1949.
75.1.2.5.Central Front - Operation Danny
Was a military operation by Israeli forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
July 1948: Rantiya was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Danny.
July 1948: Lydda was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Danny.
July 1948: Al-Muzayri'a was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Danny.
July 1948: Majdal Yaba was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Danny.
July 1948: Al-Haditha was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Danny.
July 1948: Suba was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Danny.
July 1948: Kh al-Buwayra was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Danny.
July 1948: al-Burj was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Danny.
July 1948: Barfiliya was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Danny.
July 1948: Bayt Nabala was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Danny.
July 1948: Bir Ma'in was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Danny.
July 1948: Salbit was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Danny.
July 1948: Shilta was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Danny.
75.1.2.6.Southern Front - Operation Horev
Was a military operation by Israeli forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
December 1948: Arab defeat at al-Auja on December 27, 1948.
75.1.3.1949 Armistice Agreements
Were a series of agreements between Israel, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria that formally ended the 1948 Arab-Israel War.
July 1949: By 20 July Israel made Armistice Agreements with Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria, ending the 1947-1949 Palestine war. Israel was left with the part of Mandatory Palestine it had conquered during the war.
July 1949: By 20 July Israel made Armistice Agreements with Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria, ending the 1947-1949 Palestine war. Israel left the territories that it had occupied outside Mandatory Palestine.
July 1949: By 20 July Israel made Armistice Agreements with Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria, ending the 1947-1949 Palestine war. Western Jordan remains occupied by Jordan.
Was an armed conflict of Saudi Arabia against Oman and the Trucial States over the control of the Buraimi oasis.
August 1952: On 31 August 1952, a group of some 80 Saudi Arabian guards, 40 of whom were armed, led by the Saudi Emir of Ras Tanura, Turki bin Abdullah Al Otaishan, crossed Abu Dhabi territory and occupied Hamasa, one of three Omani villages in the oasis.
October 1955: The Trucial Oman Levies quickly took the oasis and captured all fifteen of the Saudi contingent.
Was a civil war in the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman caused by the effort of the internal region (Oman) to become independent.
77.1.Secession of Oman
Was the secession of Oman from the Sultanate of Muscan and Oman at the beginning of the Jebel Akhdar War.
October 1954: De facto secession of Oman.
77.2.Sultanate Counterattack with british support
Was the reconquest of the secessionist Imamate of Oman by the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman with British military support at the end of the Jebel Akhdar War.
January 1959: The SAS occupied Saiq and Shuraijah.
Was a revolution in Zanzibar that led to the overthrow of the Sultan of Zanzibar and his mainly Arab government by the island's majority Black African population.
January 1964: Jamshid bin Abdullah, the last sultan, was deposed and lost sovereignty over the last of his dominions, Zanzibar, marking the end of the Sultanate.
Was an armed rebellion by the National Liberation Front (South Yemen) (NLF) and the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen (FLOSY) against the Federation of South Arabia, a British Protectorate of the United Kingdom, which led to the proclamation of the People's Republic of South Yemen.
November 1967: The Federation of South Arabia was abolished on 30 November 1967, when its status as a British protectorate came to an end, along with that of the Protectorate of South Arabia, and they became the People's Republic of Southern Yemen.
Was the takeover of Abu Musa and the Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb islands on 30 November 1971 by the Imperial Iranian Navy, when British forces withdrew from the islands in the Strait of Hormuz.
November 1971: Takeover of Abu Musa and the Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb islands in 30 November 1971, when British forces withdrew from the islands in the Strait of Hormuz. After the British forces had withdrawn, the Imperial Iranian Navy took territorial control of the islands.
Was a war between the United Kingdom and Argentina over the Falkland, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, all British overseas territories. Argentina, that claims the ownership of the islands, invaded and occupied it in April 1982. The United Kingdom launched a military offensive shortly after, regaining control of the islands.
81.1.Argentine Invasionof the Falklands
Invasion of the Falkland Islands by Argentine forces at the beginning of the Falklands War.
April 1982: Argentinian invasion of the Falkland Islands.
April 1982: Argentine invasion of South Georgia.
81.2.British Reconquest of the Falklands
British reconquest of the Falkland, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands from Argentine forces during the Falklands War.
April 1982: Operation Paraquet was the code name for the British military operation to recapture the island of South Georgia from Argentine military.
May 1982: During the night of 21 May, the British Amphibious Task Group under the command of Commodore Michael Clapp (Commodore, Amphibious Warfare - COMAW) mounted Operation Sutton, the amphibious landing on beaches around San Carlos Water.
May 1982: From early on 27 May until 28 May, 2 Para (approximately 500 men), with naval gunfire support from HMS Arrow and artillery support from 8 Commando Battery, Royal Artillery, approached and attacked Darwin and Goose Green, which was held by the Argentine 12th Infantry Regiment. After a tough struggle that lasted all night and into the next day, the British won the battle.
May 1982: In 1982, during the Falklands War, a skirmish took place at Top Malo House on Mount Simon between British forces led by Lieutenant Colonel H. Jones and Argentine forces. Lieutenant Colonel Jones was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his bravery in this battle.
June 1982: On the night of 11 June, after several days of painstaking reconnaissance and logistic build-up, British forces launched a brigade-sized night attack against the heavily defended ring of high ground surrounding Stanley.
June 1982: The commander of the Argentine garrison in Stanley, Brigade General Mario Menéndez, surrendered to British Major General Jeremy Moore, ending the British reconquest of the Falkland Islands.
June 1982: The British retook the South Sandwich Islands.
May 1604: In 1604, the English explorer Captain Charles Leigh attempted to establish the settlement of Oyapoc in French Guiana, at the mouth of the Oyapock river. The territory was later ceded to the French, leading to the abandonment of the English settlement.
January 1606: West Breifne is conquered by England.
May 1607: The Popham Colony was actually established on August 19, 1607 by the Plymouth Company in present-day Phippsburg, Maine. It was led by George Popham and Raleigh Gilbert, with the goal of establishing a successful English settlement in the New World.
May 1607: In 1607, the English established the Jamestown settlement in Virginia Colony. Led by Captain John Smith and funded by the Virginia Company, Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in North America.
January 1608: Tír Eoghain is conquered by England.
January 1608: East Breifne is conquered by England.
January 1609: In 1608, the Popham Colony in present-day Maine was abandoned. The colony was established by English settlers led by George Popham and Raleigh Gilbert. Due to harsh conditions and lack of supplies, the settlers decided to return to England.
January 1610: The Territory of Sagadahock, also called the Sagadahoc Colony and New Castle, was an English colonial territory which included the eastern part of what was later colonial Maine and was more sparsely settled than the western region. The area included was east of the Kennebec River. On some accounts, the English first settled Sagadahoc in 1608-09.
January 1610: A a flotilla of seven ships left England under the company's admiral, Sir George Somers to relieve the colony of Jamestown. However the flotilla was broken up by a storm and landed in Bermuda. They started a new settlement here, and Bermuda was claimed for the English Crown.
January 1611: Macapá was claimed by Portuguese Brazil.
January 1612: The English settled in the Masulipatnam in 1611.
January 1613: In 1612, England established its first Indian trading factory in Surat.
July 1613: In June 1613, the English East India Company established a trading post in Hirado, Japan.
January 1617: A Dutch fort is established in Suratte (today called Surat) by Pieter van den Broecke in 1616.
January 1617: The Cautionary Towns were sold to the Dutch Republic in 1616.
January 1620: The British East India Company established trading posts in Surat (1619).
August 1620: James VI and I of Scotland and England granted a Royal Patent for colonisation of Nevis to the Earl of Carlisle in 1620. European settlement did not begin until 1628, establishing Nevis as a British territory.
December 1620: On December 21, 1620, the first landing party arrived at the site of Plymouth.
August 1622: The first patent establishing the Province of Maine was granted on August 10, 1622 to Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason by the Plymouth Council for New England, which itself had been granted a royal patent by James I to the coast of North America between the 40th to the 48th parallel "from sea to sea".
January 1623: Wessagusset Colony (sometimes called the Weston Colony or Weymouth Colony) was a short-lived English trading colony in New England located in Weymouth, Massachusetts. It was settled in August 1622 by between fifty and sixty colonists who were ill-prepared.
January 1624: The first English colony was established in 1623 on the island of St. Christopher, now known as St. Kitts. The colony was founded by Sir Thomas Warner and was the first English settlement in the Caribbean.
January 1624: Wessagusset Colony (sometimes called the Weston Colony or Weymouth Colony) was a short-lived English trading colony in New England located in Weymouth, Massachusetts. It was settled in August 1622 by between fifty and sixty colonists who were ill-prepared.
January 1624: The English East India Company established a trading post at Hirado in June 1613, which operated until December 1623.
January 1626: Dutch and English settlers landed at Saint Croix in 1625, joined by some French refugees from Saint Kitts. However, the English expelled the Dutch and French settlers.
January 1626: By 1625 a factory had been established at Masulipatnam (present-day Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh).
February 1627: The first English ship, which had arrived in Barbados on 14 May 1625, was captained by John Powell. The first settlement began on 17 February 1627.
September 1629: Spanish occupation of St. Christopher.
January 1630: The Province of New Hampshire was a colony of England and later a British province in North America. The name was first given in 1629 to the territory between the Merrimack and Piscataqua rivers on the eastern coast of North America, and was named after the county of Hampshire in southern England by Captain John Mason, its first named proprietor.
January 1630: The first documented Scottish settlement in the Americas was Nova Scotia in 1629.
January 1630: By 1629, the British settlement of Oyapuc had faded away.
January 1631: A flotilla of ships sailed from England beginning in April 1630, sometimes known as the Winthrop Fleet. They began arriving at Salem in June and carried more than 700 colonists, Governor John Winthrop, and the colonial charter.
January 1631: The Spanish leave the central part of Saint Christopher island to the British.
January 1632: Fort Amsterdam, the first British fort on the Gold Coast, was captured in 1665 by Engel de Ruyter, a Dutch naval commander known for his successful military campaigns in West Africa. The territory then went to the British Gold Coast.
March 1632: The Scots were forced to abandon their Nova Scotia colony in its infancy. The French under Isaac de Razilly reoccupied Nova Scotia (Acadia), establishing their new capital at LaHave.
June 1632: In 1632, the territory that is now Maryland was granted to the English Lord Baltimore by King Charles I.
January 1633: Montserrat conquered by great britain.
January 1633: Antigua conquered by great britain.
January 1636: The Saybrook Colony was an English colony established in late 1635 at the mouth of the Connecticut River in present-day Old Saybrook, Connecticut by John Winthrop, the Younger, son of John Winthrop, the Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
March 1636: Connectitut was organized on March 3, 1636 as a settlement for a Puritan congregation.
January 1637: Roger Williams, a Puritan theologian and founder of Providence Plantations, received land from Narragansett sachem Canonicus in 1636. This led to the establishment of the actual cities of Providence and Warren in Rhode Island.
January 1638: In 1637, another group of Massachusetts dissenters purchased land from the Indians on Aquidneck Island, which was called Rhode Island at the time, and they established a settlement called Pocasset. The group included William Coddington, John Clarke, and Anne and William Hutchinson, among others. That settlement, however, quickly split into two separate settlements. Samuel Gorton and others remained to establish the settlement of Portsmouth (which formerly was Pocasset).
April 1638: Puritans seeking religious freedom established the New Haven Colony. The settlers were soon joined by additional individuals from Massachusetts, expanding their community.
January 1639: New Haven Colony was established.
January 1639: British Honduras was a British Crown colony on the east coast of Central America, south of Mexico, from 1638 to 1964.
January 1639: Leonard Calvert captured Kent Island by force in February 1638.
January 1640: Madras is acquired by the British East India Company.
January 1640: In 1639, William Coddington and John Clarke established the settlement of Newport in what is now Rhode Island.
January 1641: In 1560 the Portuguese founded Fort São Francisco Xavier, in modern Osu, district of Accra.
January 1642: In 1641, the communities in the Province of New Hampshire were placed under the government of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, under the leadership of Governor John Winthrop.
January 1643: The second plantation settlement on the mainland was Samuel Gorton's Shawomet Purchase from the Narragansetts in 1642.
January 1643: In 1642, the Connecticut survey line was established by John Winthrop Jr. and Uncas, the Mohegan sachem. This boundary line helped define the territory of Connecticut, ensuring clear borders and land ownership.
January 1643: In 1642, Port Royal on Roatán was occupied by English logwood cutters and settlers from what became British Honduras and now is known as Belize.
January 1645: In 1644, the Saybrook Colony, founded by John Winthrop the Younger, merged with the Colony of Connecticut. This consolidation helped to strengthen the English settlements in the region and laid the foundation for the future state of Connecticut.
January 1647: After the Third Anglo-Powhatan war, the Colony is composed by: the land between the Blackwater and York rivers, and up to the navigable point of each of the major rivers - which were connected by a straight line running directly from modern Franklin on the Blackwater, northwesterly to the Appomattoc village beside Fort Henry, and continuing in the same direction to the Monocan village above the falls of the James, where Fort Charles was built, then turning sharp right, to Fort Royal on the York (Pamunkey) river. Necotowance thus ceded the English vast tracts of still-uncolonized land, much of it between the James and Blackwater. English settlements on the peninsula north of the York and below the Poropotank were also allowed, as they had already been there since 1640.
January 1647: English trading post of Fort Egya was built in 1647.
January 1648: Fort Egya (today: Egya) conquered by the Dutch.
January 1649: English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera.
January 1649: The Dutch established a permanent settlement on the island of Tortola by 1648.
September 1650: Spanish invasion of Saint-Croix.
January 1651: Establishment of british colony of Suriname.
January 1651: In 1650, the Spanish forces, led by Governor Francisco de Segura, successfully reclaimed the Bay Islands from the English after fierce battles at Port Royal.
January 1651: In 1650, British colonization of Anguilla began, marking the territory's transition to becoming part of Great Britain.
January 1653: In the peace treaty of 1652 the Susquehannock ceded to Maryland large territories on both shores of the Chesapeake Bay in return for arms and for safety on their southern flank.
January 1654: In 1653, the territory under the leadership of Johan Björnsson Printz, governor from 1643 to 1653, expanded along the river from Fort Christina. This territory was part of New Sweden, a Swedish colony in North America.
January 1656: France appointed a governor in Plaisance (Placentia), a former Basque fishing settlement, thus starting a formal French colonization period in Newfoundland.
January 1658: In 1657, Oliver Cromwell granted the East India Company a charter to govern Saint Helena and, the following year, the company decided to fortify the island and settle it with planters.
January 1659: By 1658 Massachusetts had completed the assimilation of all of Gorges' original territory into its jurisdiction.
May 1661: On 11 May 1661, the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza, daughter of King John IV of Portugal, placed Bombay in possession of the English Empire, as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles.
January 1662: The English captured it in 1661 and renamed the island James Island and the fort Fort James after James, the Duke of York, later King James II of England.
February 1662: Iberian rule lasted until 1661, when it was given to England's King Charles II as part of the dowry of the Portuguese infanta Catherine of Braganza. The english Tangier was fully occupied in January 1662.
October 1662: The English received Dunkirk, although they elected to sell it to France in 1662.
January 1663: Two other English settlements in the State of Connecticut were merged into the Colony of Connecticut: Saybrook Colony in 1644 and New Haven Colony in 1662.
January 1663: Thomas Warner (son of Sir Thomas Warner, the governor of St Kitts) claimed Saint Lucia for England. He brought 1,000 men to defend it from the French, but after two years, only 89 survived with the rest dying mostly due to disease.
March 1663: Borders established by the Charter of Carolina (1663).
January 1664: Dutch Gorée was taken over by Great Britain in 1664. Gorée is a small island off the coast of Senegal, known for its role in the transatlantic slave trade.
May 1664: Robert Holmes conquered the Swedish Gold Coast colony.
August 1664: On August 27, 1664, four English frigates led by Richard Nicolls sailed into New Amsterdam's harbor and demanded New Netherland's surrender.
October 1664: English occupation of Gorée.
January 1665: Long Island was claimed by Connecticut until 1664 when it was annexed by the Province of New York under the leadership of English Duke of York, James II.
January 1665: In 1664, the Province of New Jersey was established as a proprietary colony. This decision was made after King Charles II of England granted the territory to his brother James, the Duke of York. The Duke then granted the land to Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley, who became the proprietors of the new colony.
January 1665: Fort Egya was demolished in 1665 by the British after they had recaptured it in the year before.
January 1665: In 1664, the Province of New York was established as a proprietary colony after the English successfully captured the territory from the Dutch. The Duke of York, who later became King James II, was granted the land by his brother King Charles II.
January 1665: The first European settlers in Delaware were the Swedes and the Dutch, with the land eventually coming under English control in 1664. This transfer of power was a result of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, during which the English successfully captured the Dutch colony of New Netherland, which included present-day Delaware.
January 1665: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1665: A part of the grant of King Charles II in 1664 to his brother the Duke of York included the territory between the St Croix and Pemaquid and northward, variously called the "Sagadahoc Territory" and "New Castle".
July 1665: During the Anglo-Dutch War, the English forces under Admiral Sir Robert Holmes captured Sint Eustatius from the Dutch in 1665. The island remained under British military occupation until the end of the war in 1666.
September 1665: Aug 1665 - Oct 1667: English occupation of Saba.
January 1666: Essequibo was occupied by the British in 1665.
January 1666: Fort Amsterdam, on the Gold Coast, was captured in 1665 by Engel de Ruyter.
January 1666: During the 17th century, Arguin was a key trading post in West Africa, controlled by the Dutch and later the French. In 1665, the English briefly took control of the territory before returning it to the French.
January 1667: The Dutch surrendered to pirates in Tobago.
January 1667: French occupation of Anguilla.
January 1667: The French West India Company resumed control on St. Lucia.
January 1667: Montserrat occupied by France.
January 1667: In 1666, Arguin was under Dutch control until it was briefly interrupted by English rule in 1665. This period of shifting colonial powers was part of the broader competition for control of trade routes and resources in the region.
July 1667: Anguilla returned to English control under the terms of the Treaty of Breda.
July 1667: When the second Anglo-Dutch war ended in 1667 with the Treaty of Breda, the English gained a foothold in Anomabo.
October 1667: 23 Sep 1667 - 8 Oct 1667: English occupation of French Guyana.
November 1667: Aug 1665 - Oct 1667: English occupation of Saba.
January 1668: Dutch rule in Tobago was restored.
January 1669: Nonsuch reached the bay and traded for beaver pelts, leading to the creation of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) which still bears the historic name. The HBC negotiated a trading monopoly from the English crown for the Hudson Bay watershed, called Rupert's Land.
July 1670: The Treaty of Madrid of 1670 was signed between England and Spain, formalizing England's control over the Cayman Islands and Jamaica.
January 1671: When granted the English Royal Charter in 1670 by King Charles II of England, the Hudson’s Bay Company, under the governorship of the king's cousin Prince Rupert of the Rhine, was granted "the sole Trade and Commerce of all those Seas, Streights, Bays, Rivers, Lakes, Creeks, and Sounds, in whatsoever Latitude they shall be, that lie within the entrance of the Streights commonly called Hudson's Streights, together with all the Lands, Countries and Territories, upon the Coasts and Confines of the Seas, Streights, Bays, Lakes, Rivers, Creeks and Sounds, aforesaid, which are not now actually possessed by any of our Subjects, or by the Subjects of any other Christian Prince or State", "and that the said Land be from henceforth reckoned and reputed as one of our Plantations or Colonies in America, called Rupert's Land".
January 1671: In 1670, the Chamber of the West India Company (WIC) in Zeeland, Netherlands, regained control of the Essequibo colony in South America.
July 1672: In 1672, the island of Sint Eustatius in the Dutch Caribbean was occupied by the English military. This occurred during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, a conflict between the Dutch Republic and England. The occupation lasted until the end of 1679.
July 1672: 4 Jul 1672 - 1679: English occupation of Saba.
January 1673: The English privateer Sir Henry Morgan captured the British Virgin Islands in 1672, including the island of Jost Van Dyke. This marked the beginning of British control over the territory, which continues to this day.
January 1673: In 1672, the English captured Tortola from the Dutch.
January 1673: In 1672 Tobago was ceded to England.
February 1673: In 1673, the Dutch East India Company, led by Admiral Abraham Blauvelt, seized Saint Helena from the English East India Company. However, English reinforcements under the command of Captain Richard Munden successfully restored control of the island to the English by May of that year.
June 1673: Between January and May 1673, the Dutch East India Company, led by Admiral Adam van Brederode, seized the island of Saint Helena. However, English reinforcements, under the command of Captain Richard Keigwin, successfully restored control of the island to the English East India Company.
January 1674: Fort James is located in Accra, Ghana. It was built by the Royal African Company of England as a trading post for both gold and slaves in 1673.
January 1675: West Jersey was established in 1674.
January 1675: Whorekills was restored to the Province of New York when New York was recaptured from the Dutch in November, 1674.
January 1675: East Jersey was established in 1674 by Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley. They were two of the original proprietors of the territory granted by the Duke of York. East Jersey became a haven for religious freedom and attracted a diverse population of settlers.
January 1675: Tobago restored to the W.I.C. in 1674.
May 1677: The Treaty of 1677 was signed in Virginia on May 28, 1677, between the English Crown and representatives from various Virginia Native American tribes, including the Powhatan Confederacy. This treaty marked a significant agreement between the colonists and the indigenous peoples of the region.
November 1679: In June 1672, the English occupied the island of Sint Eustatius, a Dutch colony in the Caribbean. The occupation lasted until the end of 1679, when the territory was returned to Dutch control.
November 1679: 4 Jul 1672 - 1679: English occupation of Saba.
January 1680: In 1679, Charles II issued a colonial charter for the Province of New Hampshire and appointed John Cutt as President. Cutt was a prominent merchant and politician who played a key role in the early governance of the province.
January 1681: The British annexed the Islands of Anegada and Virgin Gorda.
January 1681: Fort Christiansborg, located in present-day Osu, was occupied by the Portuguese in 1680.
January 1681: The mission on St. Catherines Island was established by Spanish Franciscan friars in 1602. In 1680, the territory was transferred to the Province of Carolina as part of the changing colonial powers in the region.
March 1681: The Province of Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn on March 4, 1681, through a royal charter from King Charles II. This territory was acquired from the Duke of York and became a haven for Quakers and other religious minorities seeking freedom in the New World.
March 1681: Maryland lost some of its original territory to Pennsylvania in the 1660s when King Charles II granted the Penn family, owners of Pennsylvania, a tract that overlapped the Calvert family's Maryland grant.
January 1683: Fort Sekondi, also Fort George, was an English fort on the Gold Coast, built in 1682 at Sekondi.
January 1683: Delaware was governed as part of Pennsylvania in 1682 by William Penn, who was the founder of the Province of Pennsylvania. This arrangement lasted until 1701 when Delaware was granted its own separate assembly.
January 1684: The British began building Fort Metl Cross (today: Dixcove, Ghana) in 1683.
January 1684: Expansion of Pennsylvania by 1683.
February 1684: Forces under Lord Dartmouth (including Samuel Pepys) methodically destroyed the town and its port facilities for five months prior to Morocco's occupation of the city.
January 1685: Expansion of Pennsylvania by 1684.
January 1685: Treaty of Albany (1684).
January 1686: British Bencoolen was a possession of the British East India Company (EIC) from 1685. It covered about 480 km along the southwestern coast of Sumatra.
January 1690: 4 Jan 1690 - 26 Jan 1690: English occupation of Saint Barthélemy.
January 1690: 4 Jan 1690 - 26 Jan 1690: English occupation of Saint Barthélemy.
June 1690: In 1690 the French left the central part of St. Christopher Island to the British.
July 1690: In 1690, during the Nine Years' War, the English under the command of Admiral William Phips occupied the entire island of Saint-Christophe (now St. Kitts) in the Caribbean. The French governor, Charles de Pechpeyrou-Comminges, surrendered the island to the English forces, leading to a period of British control lasting until 1699.
July 1690: 28 Jul 1690 - Apr 1696: English occupationof Sint Estatius.
October 1691: The Massachussets Bay Colony was chartered on October 7, 1691 by William III and Mary II, who were the joint monarchs of England, Scotland, and Ireland at the time. This marked the transition of the territory to the Province of Massachussets Bay.
January 1692: Sagadahoc Colony absorbed into the Province of Maine. In 1691, a new charter of Massachusetts was granted by William III and Mary II and included the Province of Maine, the "territory of Sagadahoc", and also Nova Scotia.
May 1692: A new charter was issued, combining Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts Bay Colony, and other territories. The official date of the proclamation was October 17, 1691, ending the existence of Plymouth Colony, though it was not put into force until the arrival of the charter of the Province of Massachusetts Bay on May 14, 1692, carried by the new royal governor Sir William Phips.
January 1693: The Province of Maine was incorporated into the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1692 under the 1628 patent.
January 1694: New Courland is finally sold to the British Empire by around 1690 to 1693.
January 1694: British occupation of Martinique.
January 1695: French reconquest of Martinique.
January 1695: Fort Winneba was a military structure designed to facilitate the slave trade. It was built in 1694 by the Royal African Company on the Gold Coast, in modern-day Ghana.
January 1696: Establishment of the Connecticut survey line 1695.
May 1696: 28 Jul 1690 - Apr 1696: English occupationof Sint Estatius.
January 1697: Nova Scotia was split off in 1696.
January 1697: The Scottish settlers were led by William Paterson, a Scottish trader and founder of the Bank of England. The expeditions were part of the ill-fated Darien scheme, a failed attempt to establish a Scottish colony in the New World for trade with Asia and the Americas.
January 1697: Establishment of the Brandenburg-Prussia Colony of Tertholen on the Caribbean Island of Tortola.
January 1698: Tertholen was transferred to the British Virgin Islands in 1697.
January 1698: In 1697, the Scottish fleet, led by Captain Robert Pinkerton, landed on Vieques island and claimed it for the Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and The Indies.
January 1699: Fort Komenda was established between 1695 and 1698 at Komenda, in contemporary Ghana.
January 1699: Scottish sovereignty of Vieques proved short-lived, as a Danish ship arrived shortly afterward and claimed the island.
January 1699: From July 16, 1690, to January 13, 1699, the English occupied the entire island of Saint-Christophe. However, in 1699, the territory was officially transferred back to Saint-Christophe, a French colony.
January 1700: In 1699, the Spanish launched an expedition led by Governor Don Diego de Vargas to eliminate the Scottish settlers in New Edinburgh, Scotland CO. By that time, many of the settlers had already died from disease or starvation, making the Spanish attack highly effective.
January 1702: The Lower Counties petitioned for and were granted an independent colonial legislature.
January 1702: The 1701 Nanfan Treaty was an agreement made between representatives of the Iroquois Confederacy with John Nanfan, the acting colonial governor of New York. The Iroquois abandoned their nominal claims to "beaver hunting" lands north of the Ohio in favor of England.
March 1702: As William III of England was also the de facto ruler of the Dutch Republic (as Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic), the Personal Union between Netherlands and Great Britain ended at his death.
March 1702: As William III of England was also the de facto ruler of the Dutch Republic (as Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic), the Personal Union between Netherlands and Great Britain ended at his death.
July 1702: The British annex the French part of St. Kitts.
October 1702: Sieur Juchereau, Lieutenant General of Montréal, along with thirty-four Canadiens, founded Fort Vincennes on October 28, 1702, to trade for Buffalo hides with American Indians.
January 1703: In 1702, East Jersey, governed by the Quakers, merged with West Jersey, governed by the Proprietors, to re-form the Province of New Jersey. This unification was overseen by Queen Anne of England.
January 1703: In 1702, the English East India Company founded a settlement on Côn Sơn Island.
January 1704: A joint Franco-Spanish expedition briefly occupied Nassau, Bahamas, during the War of the Spanish Succession.
February 1704: In 1704, the British successfully retook control of Nassau in the Bahamas from the Spanish, led by Captain John Leake and Captain John Hildesley. This marked a significant victory for the British in the ongoing struggle for control of the Caribbean.
January 1706: In 1705 the garrison and settlement were destroyed.
January 1709: Before 1708 the chiefdom of Anomabu was established in Ghana, possibly by Nana Eno who became its first king.
January 1711: Acadia was conquered by the British during Queen Anne's War.
January 1712: The "Partition of Carolina" in 1712 divided the Carolina territory into two separate colonies: the Province of North Carolina and the Province of South Carolina.
April 1713: With the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession, France ceded to the British its claims to Newfoundland (including its claims to the shores of Hudson Bay) and to the French possessions in Acadia.
April 1713: Île-Royale, consisting of Île Royale (now Cape Breton Island) and Île Saint-Jean (now Prince Edward Island), was a French colony in North America from 1713 to 1763. The territory was part of New France and was ceded to France in the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713.
April 1713: The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 ended the War of the Spanish Succession. As part of the treaty, France ceded Saint Pierre and Miquelon to Great Britain. This transfer of territory marked a significant change in the control of the islands.
January 1719: Expansion of Pennsylvania by 1718.
January 1719: Iroquois claims relinquished to Great Britain in 1718.
January 1722: The Baroda State was founded in 1721, when the Maratha general Pilaji Gaekwad conquered Songadh from the Mughals.
January 1723: The Virginia Colony expanded its territories with the Treaty of Albany (1722).
January 1723: The Al Qasimi emerged as a maritime power based both in Ras Al Khaimah on the Southern shore of the Persian Gulf and Qishm, Bandar Abbas and Lingeh on the Persian shore in the 18th-century.
January 1728: Fort Tantumquery is a military structure designed to facilitate the slave trade. The Royal African Company built it in the 1720s, at Otuam in the Mfantsiman Municipal District, Central Region, Ghana.
June 1732: The corporate charter of Georgia was granted to General James Oglethorpe by king George II, for whom the colony was named. The charter was finalized by the King's privy council on June 9, 1732.
January 1733: The 1732 charter boundary provided that the new colony of Georgia would consist of all the land between the headwaters of the Savannah and the Altamaha rivers, with its eastern boundary formed by the Atlantic Ocean and its western boundary by the "south seas," a reference to the Pacific Ocean.
January 1733: Expansion of Pennsylvania by 1732.
January 1733: The Black River settlement was a British settlement on the Mosquito Coast of present-day Honduras. It was established in 1732 by a British colonist named William Pitt.
January 1737: Pennsylvania land purchase through the Treaty with Canassatego (1736). Canassatego was a leader of the Onondaga nation.
January 1738: Expansion of Pennsylvania by 1737.
January 1741: French military officer and explorer La Vérendrye built the first forts in the Winnipeg Lake area.
January 1741: The Mosquito Kingdom became a british protectorate.
January 1742: In 1741, Governor Joseph François Dupleix arrived in India, aiming to establish a French territorial empire. Commanded by Marquis Bussy-Castelnau, Dupleix's forces gained control over the area from Hyderabad to Cape Comorin.
January 1743: The first records indicating permanent English settlements in the Bay Islands show that Port Royal, on the island of Roatán, was again occupied in the year 1742.
January 1743: The State of Las Bela was founded in 1742 by Jam Ali Khan I, a Baloch chieftain. It was established in the region of present-day Pakistan, near the Arabian Sea. Las Bela was known for its strategic location and its rulers played a significant role in the history of the region.
January 1745: Iroquois claims relinquished to Great Britain in 1744.
January 1745: In 1744, British privateers led by Captain Thomas South attack and expel French settlers from Saint Martin, a small island in the Caribbean.
October 1748: French settlers, led by Governor Jean-Baptiste Durand, returned to northern Saint Martin in 1748 following the Treaty of Aix La Chapelle, which ended the War of the Austrian Succession. The territory was under the control of the Saint Martin Colony at that time.
January 1750: Pennsylvania land purchase through the Treaty with Canassatego (1749). Canassatego was a leader of the Onondaga nation.
January 1750: Some areas of Massachussets were transferred to Connecticut in 1749 .
January 1750: After 1749, the British East India Company took possession of São Tomé de Meliapore.
June 1750: British forces occupied Mazulipatam in May-Jul 1750.
August 1750: British forces occupied Mazulipatam in May-Jul 1750.
January 1751: Establishment of the Wabash Confederacy, a loose alliance of native village leaders.
December 1754: The Governor of French India, Charles Godeheu, signed a treaty with the British on December 26, 1754, agreeing to evacuate all the territories in India conquered by his predecessor, Joseph Dupleix. The British also agreed to leave the territories of French India that they had occupied.
January 1755: Expansion of Pennsylvania by 1754.
June 1757: British Lieutenant Colonel Robert Clive defeated Indian and French forces in the Battle of Plassey.
January 1759: The British forces, led by General Jeffery Amherst, captured Île Royale and Île Saint-Jean from the French during the Seven Years' War, also known as the French and Indian War. This marked a significant victory for British North America in their efforts to gain control of the region.
January 1760: Murshidabad was a Dutch trading post from 1710 to 1759.
January 1760: British forces captured the French-controlled island of Marie-Galante in the Caribbean.
January 1760: British occupation of Martinique.
April 1760: Karikal is occupied by British forces on 15 Apr 1760.
January 1761: Expansion of the Ahom Kingdom by 1769.
January 1761: French reconquest of Martinique.
January 1761: Bishnupur was ceded to the British with the rest of Burdwan chakla in 1760.
January 1763: The British conquest of Cuba in 1762 was led by Admiral George Pocock and General George Keppel during the Seven Years' War. The military occupation lasted for a year before the territory was returned to Spain in exchange for Florida.
January 1763: Georgia expanded south of the Altamaha in 1762.
January 1764: Proclamation of 1763.
July 1765: On 7 April 1765, Sawantwadi State, ruled by Raja Khem Sawant III, became a British protectorate under the Treaty of Purandar. This agreement was signed between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire, leading to British influence in the region.
December 1765: On 12 August 1765, the British East India Company took over control of Bengal.
April 1766: Lord Robert Clive next applied to Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, who in August 1765 issued a decree granting the company rights to that territory. British began occupying the Northern Circars in March 1766.
December 1766: The nizam objected, issuing threatening letters to company authorities in Madras. He considered going to war against the company, but his poor financial condition made this impossible. Instead he negotiated a treaty with the company in November 1766. Under its terms the company received four of the five circar immediately (Guntur, the fifth, having been granted to the nizam's son as a jaghir, was to be delivered upon the son's death).
January 1767: The Falklands remained uninhabited until the 1764 establishment of Port Louis on East Falkland by French captain Louis Antoine de Bougainville, and the 1766 foundation of Port Egmont on Saunders Island by British captain John MacBride.
June 1767: The first European to have visited Tahiti according to existing records was Captain Samuel Wallis, who was circumnavigating the globe in HMS Dolphin, sighting the island on 18 June 1767, and eventually harbouring in Matavai Bay. This bay was situated on the territory of the chiefdom of Pare-Arue, governed by Tu (Tu-nui-e-a'a-i-te-Atua) and his regent Tutaha, and the chiefdom of Ha'apape, governed by Amo and his wife "Oberea" (Purea). Wallis named the island King George's Island.
January 1769: 1768 Boundary Line Treaty of Fort Stanwix with Indigenous Americans.
January 1769: The Treaty of Fort Stanwix was a treaty signed between representatives from the Iroquois and Great Britain. The treaty established a Line of Property following the Ohio River that ceded the Kentucky portion of the Virginia Colony to the British Crown, as well as most of what is now West Virginia.
January 1769: The Iroquois Confederacy, a powerful Native American alliance, sold their remaining land claims to the British colonists at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768. This treaty solidified British control over the territory south of the Ohio River in British North America.
January 1771: The problems at Saunders Island began when Spanish explorer Don Juan Ignacio de Madariaga discovered and captured Port Egmont in 1770, leading to tensions between Spain and Britain over control of the Falkland Islands.
January 1771: In 1770, Francis Light was instructed by the British East India Company (BEIC) to take Penang from Kedah. He achieved this by giving assurance to Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II that his army will protect Kedah from any Siamese invasion. In return, the Sultan agree to hand over Penang to the British.
January 1772: Restitution of Saunders Island to Britain in 1771.
January 1773: British invasion and occupation of Bhutan (1772).
January 1773: In 1772, Nagvanshi became a vassal of British rule.
January 1773: The Viceroy of Peru, Manuel de Amat y Juniet, following the instructions of the Spanish Crown, organised an expedition to settle and colonise the island in 1772, largely to prevent other powers from gaining a base in the Pacific from which to attack the coast of Peru, but also to evangelise.
February 1773: The British forces left Bhutan.
January 1775: Both the British and Spanish settlements coexisted in the archipelago until 1774, when Britain's new economic and strategic considerations led it to voluntarily withdraw from the islands, leaving a plaque claiming the Falklands for King George III.
January 1775: In 1774, the Southwick Jog, a small strip of land in Massachusetts, was transferred to Connecticut.
January 1775: The Virginia Colony expanded its territories with the Treaty of Camp Charlotte (1774).
January 1776: The region eventually ceded by the Nawab of Oudh to the Company Rule in India in 1775, who recognized Benares as a family dominion.
January 1777: Under the command of Commodore Esek Hopkins; US Marines, the US Navy occupied Nassau .
January 1777: Thanjavur was annexed by the Nawab of the Carnatic who ruled till 1776. The throne was restored to him by the Directors of the British East India Company. But his restoration came at a heavy price as it deprived him of his independence.
January 1778: After a few days, the British evacuated the U.S. Marines.
July 1778: Chandernagore was a French colony in India. The military occupation by Great Britain in 1778 was part of the Anglo-French War. The British forces were led by Admiral Sir Edward Hughes and General Sir Hector Munro. The occupation lasted until 1783.
August 1778: Karikal conquered by great britain.
September 1778: With France supporting the Americans during the American Revolutionary War, Britain invaded and razed the colony of Saint Pierre and Miquelon in 1778.
October 1778: British occupation of Pondichéry.
January 1779: The Transylvania Company's purchase was in violation of both Virginia and North Carolina law, as well as the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited private purchase of American Indian land and the establishment of any non-Crown sanctioned colony. In December 1778, Virginia's Assembly finally declared the Transylvania claim void. In compensation, Henderson and his partners received a grant of 12 square miles (31 km²) on the Ohio River below the mouth of Green River.
January 1779: Captain James Cook was a renowned British explorer and navigator who made significant voyages to the Pacific Ocean. In March 1778, he landed on Bligh Island and named the inlet "King George's Sound" in honor of King George III of England. The territory eventually became part of British North America.
February 1779: In 1779, British settlers from Tortola occupied the French part of Saint Martin, which was under the military occupation of Great Britain. This event was part of the ongoing conflict between Britain and France during the American Revolutionary War.
February 1779: During the Anglo-French War, British Admiral Sir George Rodney led the raids on Saint Barthélemy, destroying French defenses in early 1779. The attacks were part of Britain's military occupation of the island during this time.
February 1779: In 1779, British settlers from Tortola occupied the French part of northern Saint Martin. This event occurred during the Anglo-French War, with the British forces led by Governor George Leonard. The occupation lasted until the Treaty of Paris in 1783, when the territory officially went to Saint Martin Colony.
March 1779: The British leave Saint Barthélemy after a raid.
January 1781: In 1780, Cambay State was captured by the British Army under the command of General Goddard Richards. However, the territory was later returned to the Marathas in 1783.
April 1782: Syburi (present-day Kedah) and Trengganu in Malaysia are conquered by the Rattanakosin Kingdom.
January 1783: In 1782, the Danish Gold Coast, a Danish colony in Africa, was occupied by the British. This occupation lasted until 1785. The Danish Gold Coast was eventually transferred to British control as part of the Treaty of Kiel in 1814.
July 1783: End of the British occupation of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
January 1784: Gorée handed back to the French.
May 1784: As part of theTreaty of Paris of 1783, Great Britain ceded part of West Florida to the united states.
January 1785: In 1784, the British East India Company, represented by Warren Hastings, turned over the Bengal Duars territory to the Kingdom of Bhutan. The boundaries of the territory were poorly defined, leading to disputes between the two parties.
January 1785: During the Anglo-French War, the British forces led by Admiral George Rodney captured St. Lucia from the French in 1778. However, the Treaty of Paris in 1783 returned the island to French control, officially transferring it back to Martinique in 1784.
January 1785: U.S. treaty concluded at Fort McIntosh with the Wyandot, Delaware, Chippewa, and Ottawa.
January 1786: During the period of 1782 to 1785, the Danish Gold Coast was under British occupation. This was a result of the Anglo-Danish War, which ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1783. The British forces were led by Admiral Sir Charles Middleton and Major General Robert Howe.
January 1786: Territorial cessions of Siam to the British in 1785.
July 1786: Britain agreed to evacuate all British settlements from the Mosquito Coast. In exchange, Spain agreed to expand the territory available to British loggers on the Yucatan Peninsula, and allowed them to cut mahogany and other hardwoods that were increasing in value.
August 1786: Prince of Wales Island colony (under British East India Company) was ceded to Britain by Sultan of Kedah.
January 1787: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the XVIII century.
January 1787: The British appointed Captain John Moss as the first superintendent of Belize in 1786. This marked the formal establishment of British control over the territory, which was then known as British Honduras.
April 1787: The Colony of New South Wales was created as a penal colony by the Kingdom of Great Britain in Australia east of 135° east.
August 1787: The Black River settlement was a British outpost in present-day Belize. The transfer of control to Spanish authorities was part of the Treaty of Versailles, which aimed to resolve territorial disputes between Britain and Spain in the region.
January 1788: The British made an agreement with a Temne chief King Tom to have land on the coast for the settlement of freed slaves. In 1787, a naval vessel carrying 331 freed slaves and 60 white Londoners, supposedly prostitutes, arrived on the coast. The settlement became known as Granville Town.
March 1788: In January 1788, Governor Arthur Phillip ordered Lieutenant Philip Gidley King to lead a party of 15 convicts and seven free men to take control of Norfolk Island, and prepare for its commercial development. They arrived on 6 March.
January 1789: In 1788 the British East India Company gained control of the Circar of Guntur, the southernmost of the Northern Circars, which the company had acquired under earlier agreements with the Nizam.
January 1790: In 1789, the Bengal Presidency established a naval base and penal colony on Chatham Island in the southeast bay of Great Andaman.
January 1790: King Tom was the ruler of the Kingdom of Koya, while King Jemmy was his successor. Granville Town was a British colony located in present-day Sierra Leone. The attack and burning of the colony in 1789 by King Jemmy marked a significant event in the history of the region.
October 1790: Coorg became a protectorate of British India.
October 1790: In 1790, the Nootka Convention was signed between Spain and Great Britain, following a dispute over sovereignty on the Pacific coast. This agreement allowed the English to establish settlements in areas claimed by Spain but not settled by them. This marked a shift in determining sovereignty based on settlement rather than prior discovery. The Pacific coast became de facto joint English-Spanish territory.
January 1791: By 1790, the British had expanded further inland in Canada, and their North American possessions came to border those of the Spanish Empire.
January 1791: The British seized Cannanore.
January 1791: By 1790, the Spanish Empire in America had expanded further inland in both South and North America, acquired the Galápagos Islands, and controlled California as well as parts of Oregon. Southern Argentina was only nominally under Spanish rule.
June 1791: Sachin state was founded on 6 June 1791. Though over 85% of the subjects were Hindu, the state was ruled by Sunni Muslims of the Siddi dynasty of Danda-Rajpuri and Janjira State. The Siddi dynasty is of Abyssinian (Habesha) origin.
November 1791: The name "Chatham Islands" comes from the ship HMS Chatham of the Vancouver Expedition, whose captain William R. Broughton landed on 29 November 1791, claimed possession for Great Britain and named the islands after the First Lord of the Admiralty, John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham.
January 1793: A new colony was built in Sierra Leona and became known as Freetown. In 1792 some 1,200 Nova Scotian Settlers, freed slaves from Nova Scotia, and in 1800 another 551 from the Colony of Jamaica came to the new settlement.
August 1794: Territories conquered by the United States around the time of the Battle of Fallen Timbers, and later formally ceded by the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanees, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pattawatimas, Miamis, Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos,Piankeshaws, and Kaskaskias with the Treaty of Greenville (1795). Due to the situation regarding forts and borders with the British Empire, a small part of the territories practically became part of Great Britain.
January 1795: Palitana became a princely state under British protection.
January 1796: In 1795 CE after an heir dispute the Ramnad State was reduced to the status of zamidari by the East India Company.
January 1796: In 1795, the British took control of the west coast of Sumatra, including the Pagaruyung Kingdom. This period of British rule lasted until 1819. The British presence in the region was part of their larger colonial ambitions in Southeast Asia.
January 1796: Travancore became a princely state of the British Raj.
January 1796: Expansion of Cape Colony by 1795.
January 1799: In 1798, Nizam ʿĀlī Khan (Asaf Jah II) was forced to enter into an agreement that put Hyderabad under British protection. He was the first Indian prince to sign such an agreement.
January 1800: Ramdurg State was one of the Maratha princely states ruled by the Bhave family during the British Raj. It was administered as part of the Deccan States Agency of the Bombay Presidency, founded in 1799.
January 1800: When the British came to the Konkan area, the repeated attacks of the Marathas against Janjira ceased. Janjira State was administered as part of the Deccan States Agency of the Bombay Presidency, founded in 1799.
January 1801: The Antipodes Islands were discovered in 1800 by Captain Henry Waterhouse commanding HMS Reliance.
January 1801: Further British interest in the area led to a brief attempt in the 1790s to establish a base on the island of Bolama, where there was no evidence of any continuous Portuguese presence.
January 1801: Gwalior was ruled by the House of Scindia, a Hindu Maratha dynasty and was entitled to a 21-gun salute when it became a princely state of the British Empire.
January 1801: When the Marathas grew powerful in the 18th century, the Gaekwars of Baroda State exacted tribute from Rajpipla. The stranglehold of the Gaekwars was cast aside with the intervention of the British, and accession of the 33rd Gohil ruler Maharana Verisalji II on the gadi of Rajpipla.
January 1801: Shahpura became a princely state of the British Raj.
January 1801: Gã was partitioned between the Europeans.
January 1801: Together with the small state of Daphlapur, Jath State formed the Bijapur Agency, under the collector of Bijapur District.
January 1801: Torawati State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1801: One of the staunch allies of the British East India Company in the Carnatic, Anglo-Mysore and Polygar wars, the kingdom was brought under the Company's protection in 1800 as per the system of Subsidiary Alliance.
January 1801: King Vikram Dev (r 1758-1781) led his feudal lords and other little kings of the region in military opposition to the British colonial influence, leading to an attack by the British in 1775 which destroyed the fort at Jeypore. His son, Rama Chandra Dev II (r 1781-1825) reversed the strategy, preferring co-operation to resistance and being favoured by the British for that stance.
January 1802: Sitamau State was a princely state of the British Raj before 1947. Its capital was in Sitamau town, Mandsaur district, Madhya Pradesh. The total area of the state was 350 square miles. The average revenue of the state was Rs.130,000. The ruling dynasty was historically related to the Rathores of Ratlam State.
January 1802: Talcher became a princely state of the British Raj.
January 1802: Panna became a princely state of British India, and gained control states of the states of Nagod and Sohawal.
January 1802: Sardargardh became a princely state of the British Raj.
January 1802: In 1801, the territories of Nawab of the Carnatic (ruler of Arcot and Nellore), Nawab of Junagarh, and Rohilkhand of Lower Doab were annexed by the British East India Company.
January 1802: Bonai State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Charkhari State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Danta State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Baudh State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Datia State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Dhenkanal signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Dhrangadhra State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Kalahandi State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Kawardha State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Khilchipur was formerly the capital of this princely state, under the Bhopal Agency of British India's Central India Agency.
January 1802: During local princely states existence in Kathiyawad, there were approximately 222 small & medium princely states. During that era, Limbdi was also a princely state. During the time span from 1768 to 1948, many rulers had taken charge of Limbdi starting from Harisinhji, Bhojrajji, Harbhamji, Fatesinhji, Jashwantsinhji, Jatashankar.
January 1802: In 1801, the territory of Nabha State was established as one of the Phulkian princely states in Punjab, India. The capital was located in Nabha, and it was ruled by the Phulkian dynasty, specifically Maharaja Hira Singh and Maharaja Ripudaman Singh.
January 1802: Pathari State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Tigiria became a princely state of the British Raj.
January 1802: Vala became a princely state of the British Raj.
January 1802: Sachin State was under the protection of the Maratha Peshwa until it became a British protectorate.
January 1802: Ranasan State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Rampur State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Rajgarh State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Mohanpur State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Mandi State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Malpur State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: The state became a princely state of British India in the early 19th century, and was administered as part of Bundelkhand Agency in the Central India Agency.
January 1802: Khandpara State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Limbda State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Jobat State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Jawhar State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Idar State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Gondal State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Dewas State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Chuda is a town and Taluka headquarter of Chuda Taluka in Surendranagar district, Gujarat, India. It was formerly a Rajput princely state.
January 1802: Banganapalle became a princely state of British India in the early 19th century.
January 1802: Keonjhar State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Towards the beginning of the nineteenth century, and in much the same manner as neighbouring Sohawal, Kothi became a British protectorate.
January 1802: Pal Lahara State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: Chhota Udaipur State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1802: In 1801, Bastar State came under British control as part of the Central Provinces and Berar. It remained a princely state until it acceded to the Union of India on 1 January 1948.
January 1802: Under the British Raj, Barwani was a state of the Bhopawar Agency, a division of the Central India Agency.
January 1802: In 1801, the Nawab of Awadh, Saadat Ali, ceded some territory to the British in return for protection against a threat of attack from the north-west by Zaman Shah Durrani, the grandson of Ahmad Shah Durrani.
January 1802: Rairakhol State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
December 1802: On 31 Dec 1802, Dharampur State, under the rule of Raja Rajendra Singh, became a British protectorate. This decision was made as part of the Treaty of Bassein between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire.
December 1802: Cambay State was ceded to the British by the Peshwa after the Treaty of Bassein in 1803.
January 1803: The Nawab of Farrukhabad, Muhammad Khan Bangash, ceded Farrukhabad district to the British East India Company in 1802.
November 1803: Maharaja Bakhtawar Singh of Alwar concluded a defensive and offensive treaty with the British on 14th November 1803. The treaty also stipulated that the foreign relations of Alwar were to be regulated by the British government but the government was engaged not to “interfere with the country of Maharao Raja”. The Bntish demanded no tribute. This victory established British supremacy in Northern India.
January 1804: The state came under the influence of the Maratha rulers of Nagpur in the 18th century, and became a princely state of British India in 1803, at the conclusion of the Second Anglo-Maratha War at Deogaon of Orissa.
January 1804: Loharu town, the seat of the state's administration town got its name from the Lohars (local blacksmiths) who were employed in the minting of coins for the erstwhile Jaipur State. The princely state of Loharu was founded by Ahmad Baksh Khan in 1803 when he received the town of Loharu.
January 1804: Faridkot State was a self-governing princely state outside British India during the British Raj period in the Indian sub-continent. Patiala was one of the Phulkian States.
January 1804: In 1803, the British ousted the Marathas from the Puri-Cuttack region of Odisha during the Second Anglo-Maratha War.
January 1804: The British East India Company wrested control of much of Gujarat from the Marathas during the Second Anglo-Maratha War in 1802-1803.
January 1804: The Ranpur State became a British protectorate in 1803.
January 1804: After the East India Company occupied Orissa in September-October 1803 treaties were signed with estates of the region, including Hindol.
January 1805: The state of Pataudi was established in 1804 by the British East India Company, when Faiz Talab Khan, an Afghan Muslim Pashtun of the Barech tribe, who was made the first Nawab, aided them in their battle against the Maratha Empire, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War.
January 1805: In 1804 British protection was promised to the Maratha subedar, Rao Shiv Rao Hari Bhau resulting in his de facto independence of the Peshwas of Pune. He assumed the title of Rao of Jhansi in the year 1804. He became the first Rao of Jhansi, the area of which extended over 4,059 km2.
January 1806: British conquests in India until 1805.
January 1806: After the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805), the East India Company wrested control of much of Gujarat from the Marathas. However the Gaekwads of Baroda (Vadodara), made a separate peace with the British, entering into a subsidiary alliance which acknowledged British suzerainty and control of the state's external affairs in return for retaining internal autonomy.
January 1806: In 1805 war between the British and the Holkars broke out. Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Bharatpur agreed to help Holkar and the two Maharajas fell back to the Bharatpur fort. The British surrounded the fort and after three months Ranjit Singh agreed to peace and signed a treaty with the British, becoming a princely state.
August 1806: The whaler Ocean discovered the Auckland Islands in 1806, finding them uninhabited. Captain Abraham Bristow named them "Lord Auckland's" on 18 August 1806 in honour of his father's friend William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland.
January 1807: The Chhatarpur state was guaranteed to Kunwar Sone Singh Ponwar in 1806 by the British Raj.
January 1807: Jalaun State was a Maratha princely state in the Bundelkhand region. It was centered on Jalaun, in present-day Jalaun district, Uttar Pradesh. The town was the capital of the state from 1806 to 1840.
January 1807: The Baoni state became a British protectorate in 1806, following the defeat of the Maratha Confederacy.
January 1807: Dhaulpur State or Dholpur State was a kingdom of eastern Rajasthan, India, which was founded in AD 1806 by a Hindu Jat Rana Kirat Singh of Dhaulpur, Ruler.
January 1807: Nawab Muhammad Amir Khan (1769-1834), an adventurer and military leader of Pashtun descent, established the Tonk State. Amir Khan rose to be a military commander in the service of Yashwantrao Holkar of the Maratha Empire in 1798. In 1806, Khan received the state of Tonk from Yashwantrao Holkar.
January 1807: Nepalese invasion of Bilaspur.
January 1808: In February 1807, British reinforcements of about 8,000 men under Gen. Sir Samuel Auchmuty captured Montevideo after a fierce fight. In May Lt. Gen. John Whitelock arrived to take overall command and attacked Buenos Aires on 5 July 1807. After losing more than half his force, who were killed or captured, Whitelock signed a cease-fire and departed for Great Britain.
January 1808: Dhrol State became a British protectorate in 1807.
January 1808: In 1807, British abolitionist Thomas Clarkson and Royal Navy officer Fowell Buxton successfully lobbied for the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade. As a result, Sierra Leone became a Crown Colony in 1808 under British control.
January 1808: In 1807, Bhavnagar State became a British protectorate.
January 1808: During the reign of his heir, Nawab Mohammad Bahadur Khanji III, Junagarh was a tributary to the Maratha Empire. However, in 1807, it came under British suzerainty under Mohammad Hamid Khanji I, who was the ruler of Junagarh State at that time.
January 1808: In 1807 Nagod was a tributary to Panna and was included in the sanad granted to that state.
January 1808: In 1807 Wankaner State became a British protectorate when Maharana Raj Sahib Chandrasinhji II Kesarisinhji signed a treaty with the British.
January 1808: Gaurihar state was founded in 1807 after a split from Ajaigarh State.
January 1808: Following the British occupation of Central India Jaitpur became a British protectorate in 1807.
January 1808: The Morvi State became a British protectorate in 1807.
January 1808: The Wadhwan State became a British protectorate in 1807.
January 1809: The principality became a British protectorate in 1808 and was made part of the Bundelkhand Agency of Central India.
January 1809: Serampore was occupied by British forces during the Napoleonic Wars.
March 1809: On 3 May 1809 Maler Kotla became a British protectorate and was made part of the Cis-Sutlej states.
April 1809: On 25 April 1809, Jind State, under the rule of Raja Fateh Singh, became a British protectorate. This agreement was part of the British East India Company's expansion in India during the early 19th century.
May 1809: On 5 December 1809 Porbandar State became a British protectorate.
January 1810: Saint-Louis (Senegal) is reconquered by the French.
January 1810: Beri became a British protectorate in 1809 under the rule of Rao Jugal Prasad.
January 1810: Lal Sheoraj Singh was recognized as ruler of Nagod State by the British and confirmed in his territory by a separate sanad granted to him.
January 1810: Sohawal became a British protectorate initially subordinate to Panna State, but a separate sanad was granted to Rais Aman Singh in 1809.
January 1810: In 1809 Tripura became a British protectorate and in 1838 the Rajas of Tripura were recognised by the British as sovereigns.
January 1810: In 1809, after a brief battle with the French, British troops took possession of Rodrigues.
January 1810: After Ajaigarh was captured by the British in 1809, it became a princely state in the Bundelkhand Agency of the Central India Agency.
July 1810: Macquarie Island was discovered by Frederick Hasselborough, who claimed it for the United Kingdom and declared it part of New South Wales.
January 1811: 1811 - 18 February 1811: British occupation of Tamatave.
January 1811: Jigni became a British protectorate in 1810 under the rule of Pirthi Singh.
January 1811: The state of Reman was founded in Patani between the older principalities of Pujut, Jalor and Legeh. It emerged as a single polity under Tuan Tok Nik Tok Leh in 1810. Tuan Tok Nik, also known as Tuan Mansor, a Patani nobleman, was appointed to observe the mining-activities in the area during the reign of Muhammad Raja Bakar, the Sultan of Patani.
January 1811: George Stephen Caulker given old Kagboro chiefdom by his father, Stephen Caulker of Plantin (Shenge chiefdom).
January 1811: Discoveryof the Campbell Islands
February 1811: 1811 - 18 February 1811: British occupation of Tamatave.
March 1811: Bijawar became a British protectorate on 27 Mar 1811.
January 1812: The Red River Colony (or Selkirk Settlement) was a colonization project set up in 1811 by Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk, on 300,000 square kilometres of land. This land was granted to him by the Hudson's Bay Company, which is referred to as the Selkirk Concession, which included the portions of Rupert's Land, or the watershed of Hudson Bay, bounded on the north by the line of 52° N latitude roughly from the Assiniboine River east to Lake Winnipegosis. It then formed a line of 52° 30′ N latitude from Lake Winnipegosis to Lake Winnipeg, and by the Winnipeg River, Lake of the Woods and Rainy River.
January 1812: Jamkhandi State was one of the Maratha princely states of British India. It was founded in 1811 and its capital was at Jamakhandi. It was administered as part of the Deccan States Agency of the Bombay Presidency and was one of the former states of the Southern Maratha Country.
January 1812: The predecessor of the two states, Kurundvad State, was founded in 1733 following a grant by the Maratha Peshwa to Trimbakrao Patwardhan. A first division occurred in 1811. In 1819 Kurundvad State became a British protectorate.
January 1812: In 1811, during the period of Company Rule in India, it became part of the Bundelkhand Agency within the Central India Agency.
January 1812: In 1811, during the Napoleonic wars, the British took over Sungei Maluka and established a presence there. Alexander Hare, a British colonial administrator, then established the independent state of Maluka in the region.
January 1812: Fort Goede Hoop (today: Senya Beraku) was occupied by the local Akim between 1811 and 1816.
February 1812: Nawanagar came under British protection on 22 February 1812.
May 1812: On 5 October 1812, Rewa State became a British protectorate.
January 1813: Tori Fatehpur, also known as Tori, was a princely state in India during the British Raj. It was one of the Hasht-Bhaiya Jagirs, under the Bundelkhand Agency of British India. Today it is part of Jhansi District in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
January 1813: Bhaisaunda state was founded in 1812 by the Kalinjar family. It was one of the Chaube Jagirs, which were part of the Bagelkhand Agency of British India.
January 1813: Taraon was founded in 1812 and was located in Taraon Fort, which had been a former possession of the Rajas of Panna State. It was one of the Chaube Jagirs.
January 1813: Pahra was founded in 1812 when a sanad was granted to Sālig Rām Chaube, son of Rām Kishan of Kalinjar, confirming him in the possession of the territory. It was one of the Chaube Jagirs of the area.
January 1813: By 1812, whole northern Canada was under British control.
January 1813: The state of Maluka is established on the island of Borneo, in a land concession acquired by English adventurer Alexander Hare from the sultan of Banjarmassin.
January 1813: Paldeo was founded in 1812. It was one of the Chaube Jagirs.
January 1813: Kamta-Rajaula State was ruled by Raja Kamta Prasad Singh during the British Raj. In 1812, the territory of Kamta-Rajaula State was expanded through a successful military campaign.
January 1813: Dhurwai State was founded in the Bundelkhand region in 1812 by a descendant of the royal family of Orchha Diwan Rai Singh of Baragaon near Jhansi.
January 1813: The British sent expeditions against Kolhapur in 1765 and 1792; Kolhapur entered into treaty relations with the British, after the collapse of the Maratha confederacy in 1812.
July 1813: The Malta Protectorate was transformed into a British Crown colony in 1813.
January 1814: In 1813 Guler State was annexed to British India.
January 1815: Senegal was returned to France in 1814.
January 1815: In 1814, as per the Anglo-Dutch Treaty, the islands of Kochi, including Fort Kochi, were ceded to the United Kingdom. This agreement was made between the Dutch Governor-General Godert van der Capellen and British Governor-General Lord Minto. The Kingdom of Cochin (Princely State) lost control of the territory to the United Kingdom in this exchange for the island of Banca.
April 1815: The Treaty of Sugauli was signed between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Nepal. The British annexed Pauri Garhwal and made Tehri Garhwal a princely state under their control in 1815.
April 1815: Garhwal was restored as a Princely state of British India following the Treaty of Sugauli.
September 1815: On 21 September 1815, Bhajji State became a British protectorate under the leadership of Raja Fateh Singh. This marked the beginning of British influence in the region, leading to significant changes in governance and administration.
January 1816: 1807-1815: British occupation of the Danish West Indies during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1816: Bilaspur State came under British protection in 1815.
January 1816: Kumharsain State was ranked 6th in Order of precedence in the Shimla Hill States and 11th amongst the Punjab Hill States.
January 1816: The Kuthar State was freed by the British in 1815 after the Anglo-Nepalese War.
March 1816: The Gorkhas were defeated by the East India Company in Anglo-Nepalese War and were forced to cede Kumaon to the British as part of the Treaty of Sugauli in 1816.
June 1816: In 1816, the Oudh State, a Mughal vassal, became a British protectorate. This decision was made under the rule of the Nawab of Oudh, Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar, who was facing internal unrest and pressure from the British East India Company.
January 1817: The Dutch Gold Coast regained control of Fort Goede Hoop in 1816, marking the end of Akim occupation.
January 1817: In 1816 Jaso State became a British protectorate.
January 1817: In 1816, the ruler of Kombo sold St. Mary's Island to Captain Alexander Grant to set up a British base there.
January 1817: On the conclusion of the Gurkha War the British Government placed Fateh Parkash, the minor son of Karm Parkãsh, on the throne, annexing all the territories east of the Jumna with Kotaha and the Kiãrda Dan.
December 1817: Kandy definitively lost its autonomy following the Uva Rebellion of 1817.
December 1817: On 26 December 1817 Kota state became a British protectorate who were granted a hereditary salute of 17 guns by the British.
January 1818: Between 1817 and 1822 Basoda was occupied by Gwalior State.
January 1818: In 1817 Samthar was recognized as a state by the British.
January 1818: By treaty Tonk became a British protectorate in 1817.
January 1818: In 1817, Karauli's ruler signed a treaty with the East India Company and became a British protectorate.
January 1818: On 1 July 1818 Sandur formally became a British protectorate.
January 1818: By 1817, the British were anxious to have alliances with Rajput rulers and the Treaty of Friendship, Alliances and Unity was concluded between Mewar and East India Company (on behalf of Britain) on 13 January 1818. Under the treaty, the British Government agreed to protect the territory of Mewar, in return for which Mewar acknowledged British supremacy and agreed to abstain from political associations with other states and to pay one-fourth of its revenues as tribute for 5 years, and three-eight in perpetuity.
February 1818: Bishan Singh made a subsidiary alliance with the British East India Company on 10 February 1818, which brought him under its protection.
March 1818: The 13th Chief succeeding Udai Singh was Kalyan Singh (1797-1832) and in his time, on 26 March 1818, Kishangarh was brought under British Protection.
March 1818: The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 restored Dutch Coromandel to Dutch rule. After protracted negotiations, the Dutch possessions were eventually handed over on 31 March 1818.
June 1818: The British had no role in the state's affairs until 6 January 1818, when the Raja at that time, Man Singh, entered into a subsidiary alliance, after which the Rajas of Marwar (or Jodhpur) continued as rulers of a princely state.
September 1818: Bikaner State became a British protectorate on 9 March 1818.
October 1818: The Convention of 1818 established the 49th parallel north west of the Lake of the Woods as the U.S. border with British-held lands.
November 1818: On 11 December 1818 Jaisalmer became a British protectorate in the Rajputana Agency.
November 1818: Banswara State became a British protectorate on 16 November 1818.
January 1819: In 1818, following the defeat of the Maratha Empire and when the Nagpur kingdom became a British protectorate, local rule was restored by the British authorities on payment of a tribute of Rs 500.
January 1819: In 1818 Jaipur became a British protectorate by entering into a subsidiary alliance.
January 1819: The Jashpur State became a British protectorate in 1818.
January 1819: In 1818, Dungarpur State came under British Raj control through a treaty. It was a 15-gun salute state, indicating its status and importance within the British colonial hierarchy. The rulers of Dungarpur played a significant role in the region's history during this time.
January 1819: In 1818, the Bantva Manavadar became a British protectorate.
January 1819: After the defeat of the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha War, Bhopal became a British princely state in 1818.
January 1819: Alirajpur State came under British rule in 1818.
January 1819: After 1818, the Dhaulpur state was placed under the authority of British India's Rajputana Agency.
January 1819: In 1818 the British established their rule and in 1821 a settlement was reached by which the five jagirs would remain under direct dependence of the British Raj.
January 1819: The jagir remained part of the Maratha empire until the 1818 when Peshwa rule came to an end. The jagir then became part of the shortly lived Satara state with an agreement signed with the British East India Company in 1820.
January 1819: Piploda later benefited from the treaty of Mandsore, in which Jaora was confirmed as a princely state by the British. The Thakur of Piploda was allowed to rule in his estate on the condition that he pays Rs.28,000 as tribute to the Jaora nawab.
January 1819: After the collapse of the Maratha Empire in 1818, following the Third Anglo-Maratha War, Savanur accepted protection from British East India Company and became a British protectorate.
January 1819: By 1818 there were disputes regarding succession in Raghogarh, which were settled through the intervention of the British authorities.
January 1819: In 1818 Sarangarh became a British protectorate.
January 1819: Surgana State became a British protectorate in 1818.
January 1819: Surguja became a princely state of the British Raj.
January 1819: Udaipur State was founded in 1818 as an offshoot of Surguja State (Surguja).
January 1819: Serampore is given back to Denmark.
January 1819: Jaora State was founded by Abdul Ghafur Muhammad Khan. The state was confirmed by the British government in 1818.
February 1819: Singapore became the site of a British trading post in 1819 after its founder, Stamford Raffles, successfully involved the East India Company in a dynastic struggle for the throne of Johore. Thereafter the British came to control the entire island of Singapore, which was developed into a thriving colony and port. A formal treaty was signed on 6 February 1819.
May 1819: On 5 January 1819, John Malcolm mediated between Gwalior and Sailana upon which Raja Lakshman Singh accepted British protection and agreed to pay a fixed tribute of £4,200 to Gwalior until 1860, in return for Daulat Rao Sindhia agreeing to refrain from any interference in Sailana.
May 1819: In 1819, the British East India Company completed its conquest of the Maratha Empire. This marked the end of Maratha rule and the consolidation of British control over much of the Indian subcontinent.
May 1819: On 5 January 1819, Ratlam became a British protectorate.
May 1819: On 5 May 1819 Sangli State became a British protectorate.
October 1819: During the Pindhari raids, the state's territory was whittled away, until it was restored in size on 10 January 1819, when it signed a Subsidiary alliance agreement with the British East India Company and became a major Princely state.
October 1819: Sant State was party to an agreement between Scindia and Lunawada mediated by the British, which effectively made the state a British vassal.
December 1819: On 24 Dec 1819 the Korea state became a British protectorate.
January 1820: During the British control of the west coast of Sumatra between 1795 and 1819, the Pagaruyung Kingdom in the region faced political and territorial challenges. The British influence eventually ended in 1819, leading to the territory returning to the Pagaruyung Kingdom.
January 1820: The Arakkal Kingdom was annexed by the British East India Company.
January 1820: Mudhol State became a British protectorate in 1819.
January 1820: Parga, a city in Greece, was sold by the British to Ali Pasha of Ioannina in 1819. Ali Pasha was a powerful Ottoman ruler known for his military prowess and political influence in the region. The city eventually came under full Ottoman rule after the sale.
January 1820: Cutch, also spelled Kutch or Kachchh also historically known as Kingdom of Kutch, was a princely state under British rule from 1819.
February 1820: The Al Qasimi control of trade in the Persian Gulf area led to conflict with Oman and eventually with Oman's ally, Britain, and to the Al Qasimi being labelled by the British as pirates. This led to the identification of the southern shore of the Persian Gulf as the 'Pirate Coast', although following the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 and the 1853 Perpetual Maritime Peace, the various coastal emirates in the area became known as the Trucial States.
February 1820: In 1820, the Emirate of Umm Al Quwain in present-day UAE was one of the local rulers who signed a maritime truce with Britain, leading to the establishment of the Trucial States. This agreement aimed to maintain peace and security in the region.
February 1820: In 1820, the Emirate of Ajman in present-day UAE signed a maritime truce with Britain and local rulers, leading to the establishment of the Trucial States. This agreement aimed to maintain peace and security in the region and protect trade routes.
February 1820: In 1820, Britain and local rulers in the actual UAE (excluding the Al Qasimi domain) signed a maritime truce, leading to the establishment of the Trucial States. This agreement aimed to maintain peace and security in the region, with Britain playing a significant role in overseeing foreign relations.
July 1820: The Banana (Plantain) Islands settlement is incorporated into the Sierra Leone colony.
January 1821: Expansion of the Qing Dynasty by 1820 after the so-called "Ten Great Campaigns".
January 1821: Captain James Cook discovered the southern eight islands of the Sandwich Islands Group in 1775, although he lumped the southernmost three together, and their status as separate islands was not established until 1820 by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.
January 1821: After the fall of Peshwa rule, the British East India company entered separate treaties in 1820 with all the Jagirdars who were nominally subordinate to the Raja of Satara. Aundh became a princely state when Satara state was abolished by the British under the Doctrine of lapse.
January 1821: In 1820, the state of Miraj was divided between a Senior and Junior branch. The territory of both branches was widely scattered among other native states and also British districts.
January 1821: Nagod State became a British protectorate after the treaty of Bassein in 1820.
January 1821: Palanpur State became a British protectorate in 1809/17; its capital was the city of Palanpur.
January 1821: Bompey chiefdom under Caulker dynasty in south-central Sierra Leone, concentrated in the northwestern portion of Southern Province.
January 1822: Gangpur was a feudatory estate of Sambalpur. In 1821 the British authorities canceled the feudatory rights of Sambalpur over Gangpur and the ruler was granted a sanad, by which Gangpur was recognized as a state.
January 1822: Changbhakar became a tributary state of British India.
January 1823: Chandrasekhara Chikkaraya Chowta V was the last Chowta king who had some authority. He reigned from 1783 to 1822. Following the conquest of South Canara by the British the Chowtas lost all their power except that they received a small pension from the then government.
January 1823: Basoda State, located in present-day Madhya Pradesh, became a British protectorate in 1822. In 1947, Nawab Masood Ali Khan, the last ruler of Basoda State, signed the accession to the Indian Union.
January 1824: The protection of the British was sought in 1817; the pretensions of Jodhpur to suzerainty over Sirohi were disallowed, and in 1823 a treaty was concluded with the British government. Sirohi became a self-governing princely state within British India, and part of the Rajputana Agency.
January 1824: In 1823 Diwan Budh Singh was granted a sanad (a legal deed, a proection treaty) by the British authorities.
February 1824: British provisional protectorate of the Mombasa Sultanate declared.
March 1824: The British ceded Bencoolen to the Netherlands in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824.
March 1824: With the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, the Johor Sultanate was divided in zones of inluence between the British and the Dutch.
March 1824: With the desire to divide the Indies into two separate spheres of influence, the Dutch ceded all their establishment on the Indian peninsula to the British with the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824.
January 1825: Following the Burmese invasions, in 1824 the king of Manipur Gambhir Singh (Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba) asked the British for help and the request was granted. Sepoys and artillery were sent and British officers trained a levy of Manipuri troops for the battles that ensued. After the Burmese were expelled, the Kabaw Valley down to the Ningthi River was added to the state. In 1824 Manipur became a British protectorate and in 1826 peace was concluded with Burma.
February 1825: The Treaty of Saint Petersburg of 1825 was signed between Russia and Britain, with the Russian-American Company gaining control of the territory up to 54 degrees 40 minutes north latitude in the Pacific Northwest of North America.
March 1825: Malacca is relinquished by treaty to Great Britain.
June 1825: Seven years after the possessions were restored to the Dutch, Dutch Coromandel was again ceded to the British, owing to the provisions of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824.
July 1825: The borders of the "islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean" were moved north to 39°12' south, now including only a small part of New Zealand.
July 1825: New South Wales was extended west to 129° east, so that it would include a trading post set up on Melville Island.
December 1825: The southern islands of New South Wales were made the Colony of Van Diemen's Land.
January 1826: The Dutch ceded Tuticorn to the British in 1825.
January 1826: Kutlehar State was extinguished in 1825 when it was briefly annexed to Pañjab (Punjab). The same year, after the British established their domination in the area, the Raja of Kutlehar was granted a Jagir to the value of 10,000Rs.
February 1826: The British forces, led by General Sir Archibald Campbell, defeated the Burmese forces in the First Anglo-Burmese War in 1826. As a result, Burma was compelled to cede the territories of Arakan, Manipur, Assam (former Ahom Kingdom), and Tenasserim to the British East India Company. The British evacuated the remnant Burmese territories.
February 1826: After the conclusion of the First Anglo-Burmese War, the British allowed the Jaintia king only to rule north of the Surma River.
February 1826: In 1826, the former territory of the Dimasa Kingdom was transferred to the British East India Company after the Yandabo Treaty. The last king, Govinda Chandra Hasnu, was reinstated by the British following the treaty.
July 1826: Omani rule restored in Mombasa.
August 1826: On 14 Aug 1826, Prince of Wales Island Colony became part of the Straits Settlements. The Straits Settlements were a group of British territories in Southeast Asia.
August 1826: Straits Settlements (Malacca, Penang, Singapore) under British East India Company rule to 1 Nov 1858.
December 1826: The Sonepur state became a British protectorate on 13 December 1826.
January 1827: Adam Kok II, a Griqua leader, settled here with his people in 1826 and became the protector of the mission station.
January 1827: In 1826 Lunavada State became a British protectorate and was a second class state in the Rewa Kantha Agency.
January 1827: In 1826 Jambughoda State became a British protectorate.
June 1827: In 1827 Captain F. W. Beechey of HMS Blossom reached the island chain and claimed them as a British possession. In 1830, with the help of British Consul to the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) Richard Charlton Richard Millichamp and Matteo Mazzaro sailed to the islands.
July 1827: The Republic of Madawaska (French: République du Madawaska) was a putative republic in the northwest corner of Madawaska County, New Brunswick (also known as the "New Brunswick Panhandle") and adjacent areas of Aroostook County in the US state of Maine and of Quebec.
September 1827: The Republic of Madawaska is ended by U.S. and British authorities and its founder, John Baker, arrested.
January 1828: Unwilling to invest heavily in the development of Fernando Pó, from 1827 to 1843, the Spanish leased a base at Malabo on Bioko to the United Kingdom.
January 1828: In 1827 the state of Bremen bought a tract of land from the Kingdom of Hanover, where future Bremerhaven would be established.
January 1828: In 1827, British explorer Captain William Grant Francis and Sultan of Raheita, Moussa Reyyan, signed a protection treaty in the northern coast of present-day Djibouti. This marked the beginning of British influence in the region, eventually leading to the establishment of British Somaliland.
January 1829: Kentucky in Africa was a colony settled by freed African-American slaves in present-day Montserrado County, Liberia.
May 1829: In 1829, Dirk Hartog Island came under de facto English ownership.
May 1829: A colony commonly known as the Swan River Colony was founded in the remainder of Australia outside of New South Wales.
January 1830: The Mayurbhanj State became a British protectorate in 1829.
January 1830: In 1829, Jambughoda State was occupied by Baroda State, under the rule of Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III. The territory remained under British protection until 1849.
January 1830: In 1827 - 1829 Ramdurg State came under the British India administration.
January 1830: The British settled in Wulli in 1829.
July 1831: As part of the reforms of the newly acquired colonies on the South American mainland, the British merged Berbice with Demerara-Essequibo on 21 July 1831, forming the new crown colony of British Guiana.
July 1831: The union of Demerara-Essequibo and Berbice as British Guiana was a result of the British taking control of the Dutch colonies in the region. Demerara was named after the Demerara River, while Essequibo and Berbice were named after the rivers that flowed through them.
February 1832: The legal instrument required to formally appoint James Stirling governor of the Colony of Western Australia was proclaimed, and this is commonly held as the date that the Swan River Colony was renamed Western Australia.
January 1833: In 1832, Nana Kwaku Ackah gained control of nr 5 on the map, which belonged to Western Nzima. Nana Kwaku Ackah was a prominent leader in the region during this time period, exerting influence over the territory until 1848.
January 1833: Assiakoley I becomes the first king of the chiefdom of Abgodrafo.
January 1833: The British occupied the Falkland islands by expelling the Argentine military and their designated commander, José María Pinedo. They also declared their sovereignty over the whole archipelago, also occupying and claiming sovereignty over the South Georgia Islands and the South Sandwich Islands, which were uninhabited.
February 1833: On 22 February 1833, Abbasi III entered into subsidiary alliance with the British, by which Bahawalpur was admitted as a princely state of British India.
November 1833: The first person to possibly sight Heard Island was Peter Kemp, a British seal hunter who discovered it on November 27, 1833 while traveling on the Magnet from the Kerguelen Islands to Antarctica.
January 1834: Khairagarh State was one of the princely states of India during the period of the British Raj. Khairagarh town in Rajnandgaon District of Chhattisgarh was the capital of the state and the see of the Raja's residence.
January 1834: In 1833, the Peki (or Krepi) state was founded in present-day Ghana.
January 1835: In 1834 the Jafarabad State became a British protectorate.
January 1835: British demands for payment led to several military incursions into Bhutan between 1834 and 1835, resulting in defeat for Bhutan's forces and a temporary loss of territory.
January 1835: Sidol (d. c.1834) becomes the first king of the chiefdom of Togo.
February 1835: British demands for payment led to several military incursions into Bhutan between 1834 and 1835, resulting in defeat for Bhutan's forces and a temporary loss of territory.
March 1835: The Jaintias kidnapped four British men in 1832. Three were sacrificed in the Great Hindu temple in Faljur, with one escaping and informing the British authorities of the atrocities. After the Jaintia Raja declined to find the culprits, the British finally conquered the Jaintia Kingdom and annexed on 15 March 1835.
October 1835: Was a temporary association of Māori tribes in the north of the North Island of New Zealand, founded in 1834.
January 1836: British demands for payment led to several military incursions into Bhutan between 1834 and 1835, resulting in defeat for Bhutan's forces and a temporary loss of territory.
January 1836: In 1835 the British government asked German explorer Robert Hermann Schomburgk to map British Guiana and mark its boundaries. Presumably the internal territory of British Guiana was controlled from this point.
January 1836: Loharu ruler Ahmad Baksh Khan was succeeded by his eldest son, Sams-ud-din Khan (Samsudin Ahmad Khan), in 1827. His reign did not last long: in 1835 he was executed by the British Raj for being involved in the conspiracy to kill the British Resident to Delhi, Sir William Frazer. The state of Loharu was given to his brothers, Amin-ud-din and Zia-ud-din Khan, and became a British protectorate.
February 1836: British demands for payment led to several military incursions into Bhutan between 1834 and 1835, resulting in defeat for Bhutan's forces and a temporary loss of territory.
February 1836: The portion of New South Wales between 132° east and 141° east, and south of 26° south, was made the Province of South Australia.
June 1837: The personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 upon the accession of Queen Victoria because semi-Salic law prevented females from inheriting the Hanoverian throne while a dynastic male was still alive. Her uncle thus became the ruler of Hanover.
December 1837: William Lyon Mackenzie proclaimed the independent Republic of Canada.
January 1838: Official Portuguese occupation of the island of Bolama in 1837.
November 1838: Traditionally, Pitcairn Islanders consider that their islands "officially" became a British colony on 30 November 1838.
December 1838: In 1838, the Republic of Canada, led by William Lyon Mackenzie and Louis-Joseph Papineau, fell to British forces in the rebellions of Upper and Lower Canada. This marked the end of the short-lived attempt to establish an independent republic in Canada.
January 1839: Maharaja Madan Singh was the first ruler of independent Jhalawar, who died in 1845. His successor's adopted son, Zalim Singh, took over as chief of Jhalawar in 1875. Jhalawar was a princely state in India, located in the present-day state of Rajasthan.
January 1839: Between 1829 and 1838, the territory of Jambughoda State was occupied by Baroda State under the rule of Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III. In 1849, it became a British protectorate once again under the leadership of Governor-General Lord Dalhousie.
January 1839: Khairpur ruler Ali Murad signed a treaty with the British in 1832, in which he secured recognition as the independent ruler of Khairpur in exchange for surrendering control of foreign relations to the British in 1838.
January 1839: The islands of New Zealand were annexed to New South Wales.
January 1839: In 1839, the Sultanateof Lahe became Aden Protectorate of the British Empire, though nominally the 'Abdali Sultan retained his status.
June 1839: An engagement was entered into with Sultan Mana bin Salam of this tribe, of the same tenor as those with the Abdali, the Fadhli and the Yafai.
August 1839: An engagement was concluded between the British Government and the Fadhli in July 1839, after the capture of Aden. The Fadhli Sultanate was one of the original "Nine Cantons" that signed protection agreements with Great Britain in the early 20th century.
January 1840: Soon after the British capture of Aden an engagement was entered into in 1839 with Ali bin Ghalib, Sultan of the Lower Yafai.
January 1840: Since 1839 British emissaries stationed in the port cities of Zeila and Berbera.
January 1840: Serampore was sold to the British in 1839.
January 1840: Makran State in a subsidiary alliance with British India.
January 1840: The British annexed Port Natal on 4 December with a detachment of the 72nd Highlanders from Cape Colony.
January 1840: The Khanate of Kalat became a self-governing state in a subsidiary alliance with British India.
January 1840: During the Gurkha War, Mahindar Singh was a strong opponent of rising British power in the region. With the British victory, the rana was deprived of five of his eight parganas, which were transferred to Patiála for a payment of Rs. 130,000. The remaining three parganas of Básál, Bhocháli and Takroli were returned to Mahindar Singh. In 1839, Mahindar Singh died without issue, whereupon Baghát was treated as a lapsed state by the British. A pension to the amount of Rs. 1,282 were assigned to the royal family and the state was formally annexed to British India.
February 1840: Under the Treaty of Waitangi, the United Kingdom annexed the United Tribes of New Zealand.
August 1840: The whole Kombo country was sold to the British in July 1840.
November 1840: The Colony of New Zealand was chartered and split from New South Wales.
January 1841: Govindrao II, its last ruler of the Jalaun State, died without issue in 1840 and the state was annexed by the British in the same year.
January 1841: Zeila was more or less subject to Ottoman Turkey throughout the 19th century. She appoints "pasha", farmers responsible for taxes, like Ali Shermake or Abu Bekr in the 1840s.
May 1842: The Auckland Islands were part of the Colony of New Zealand under the Letters Patent of April 1842.
January 1843: In 1842, Mohammadgarh State was established in present-day Madhya Pradesh, India. The territory was created from parts of Basoda and Kurwai states when Ahsanullah Khan, the Nawab of Basoda, divided his state between his two sons, Bakaulla and Muhammad Khan.
January 1843: The Chatham Islands officially became part of the Colony of New Zealand in 1842.
January 1843: In 1842, Rochet d'Héricourt, a French naval officer, acquired the town of Tadjoura from the King of Shewa in the Gulf of Tadjoura. This acquisition marked the beginning of French influence in the region, eventually leading to the establishment of French Somaliland.
February 1843: In 1843, British Admiral Richard Thomas oversaw the military occupation of the Hawaiian Kingdom in response to the British consul's request for protection. This occupation was short-lived, lasting only five months before the Hawaiian Kingdom was restored under pressure from the United States.
May 1843: Natalia was proclaimed a British colony after the British government had annexed the Boer Republic of Natalia.
July 1843: In 1843, the British ended their occupation of Hawaii, returning the territory to the Kingdom of Hawaii. The Anglo-Franco Proclamation on 28 November of the same year officially recognized Hawaiian independence.
January 1844: Based on an agreement with Spain in 1843, Britain moved its base in Malabo to its own colony of Sierra Leone in West Africa.
January 1844: As Boer immigrants began to settle in Basotholand, king Moshoeshoe decided to seek support from the British at the Cape. A treaty was concluded in 1843 with Moshoeshoe, placing him under British protection.
September 1844: Norfolk Island was transferred from New South Wales to Van Diemen's Land.
January 1845: The Mosquito Kingdom was a British protectorate located on the Mosquito Coast, which is now part of present-day Nicaragua. Patrick Walker was appointed as consul-general to oversee British interests in the region, with his seat in Bluefields.
November 1845: Belasore in continental Danish India is sold to the British East India Company.
January 1846: In 1845, when war broke out between the Sikhs and the British, the Rajas of Suket and Mandi took the side of the British, signing a Treaty of Alliance in Bilaspur in 1846. In the same year a sanad was granted to Raja Ugar Sen II confirming him and his heirs in the possession of the Suket territories.
February 1846: The half of New South Wales north of 26° south was made the Colony of North Australia.
June 1846: The Oregon Treaty is a treaty between Great Britain and the United States that was signed on June 15, 1846, in Washington, D.C.. The treaty brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling competing American and British claims to the Oregon Country.
September 1846: On 9 Mar 1846, Chamba State became a British protectorate.
December 1846: The Crown Colony of Labuan was a British Crown colony on the northwestern shore of the island of Borneo established in 1848 after the acquisition of the island of Labuan from the Sultanate of Brunei in 1846. Brooke acquired the island for Britain through the Treaty of Labuan with the Sultan of Brunei, Omar Ali Saifuddin II on 18 December 1846.
January 1847: In 1846, after the First Anglo-Sikh War, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was established from territories that were previously part of the Sikh Empire. This marked the beginning of the rule of Maharaja Gulab Singh and the Dogra dynasty in the region.
January 1847: In 1847 after buying land from the Zulu king Mpande, a number of Boers settled in the area and called it the Republic of Klip River with Andries Spies as their commandant.
January 1847: As a result of the First Anglo-Sikh War (1846), the area between the Sutlej and Ravi rivers, including the hill states, were ceded by the Sikhs to the British East India Company. Thus, Lambagraon estate was annexed by the British and was one of the feudatory estates placed under the Simla Hill States' Superintendency.
January 1847: The Auckland Islands were excluded from New Zealand by the Act of 1846 which defined the southern boundary of New South Wales at 47° 10' south.
January 1847: After the British took over the Sikh territories in 1846, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's descendants became the ruling family of the Kapurthala State. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was a prominent Sikh leader and military commander during the 18th century.
January 1847: Following the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846) and the Treaty of Amritsar (1846), Gulab Singh was proclaimed the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, acquiring all the lands between the Ravi River and the Indus. Jasrota became part of his empire and got established as one of the five districts of the Jammu province.
December 1847: Following a change in government in the United Kingdom, North Australia was merged back in to New South Wales.
January 1848: The Republic of Klip River was annexed by the British.
February 1848: The Orange River Sovereignty (1848-1854) was a short-lived political entity between the Orange and Vaal rivers in Southern Africa.
February 1848: Sir Harry Smith proclaimed British sovereignty over Transorangia on 3 February 1848. A nominated legislative council was created, a high court established and other steps taken for the orderly government of the country, which was officially styled the Orange River Sovereignty.
August 1848: The Crown Colony of Labuan was a British Crown colony on the northwestern shore of the island of Borneo established in 1848 after the acquisition of the island of Labuan from the Sultanate of Brunei in 1846.
January 1849: These estates remained a fief within the state of Satara until 1848, when the rulers of Satara (Chhatrapati Shahu's designated successors) were deposed by the British.
January 1849: The Sambalpur State was annexed by the British East India Company.
January 1850: The Islamic State of Swat was established in 1849 under Sayyid Akbar Shah with Sharia law remaining in force. The state was in abeyance from 1878 to 1915, during which time it was under British control.
January 1850: Datarpur State, founded around 1550, was annexed by the British in 1849. The ruler at the time of annexation was Raja Fateh Singh, who had to cede control of the territory to the British East India Company.
January 1850: Jaitpur State was disbanded in 1849 after the childless death of Raja Khet Singh and incorporated into the Hamirpur district of the British East India Company.
March 1850: All of Denmark's Danish Gold Coast Territorial Settlements and forts of the Kingdom of Denmark were sold to Britain and incorporated into the British Gold Coast.
January 1851: Sakti State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1851: Baghal State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1851: Establishment of Asogli in Ghana.
January 1851: Ambliara becomes a princely state under British protection.
January 1851: European missionaries began settling in the area from Mombasa to Mount Kilimanjaro in the 1840s, nominally under the protection of the Sultanate of Zanzibar.
January 1851: In 1850, parts of the Khanate of Kalat were leased or ceded to form the province of British Baluchistan. This territory later became a Chief Commissioners province under British rule.
January 1851: Vijaynagar became a princely state of the British Raj.
January 1851: Pratapgarh State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1851: Narsinghpur State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1851: Raigarh State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1851: Kuthar was a princely state of the British Raj, located in modern-day Himachal Pradesh. It was one of the several states of the Punjab States Agency.
January 1851: Nayagarh State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1851: Nilgiri State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1851: Rajkot State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1851: Bansda State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1851: Until 1947, it was not part of British India but was subject to the suzerainty of the British crown, under the Orissa States Agency.
January 1851: Bamra State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1851: Balasinor became a princely state of the British Raj. It was a 9 gun salute state belonging to the Rewa Kantha Agency of the Bombay Presidency.
January 1851: Mohammadgarh State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1851: Kalsia State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1851: Phaltan State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
July 1851: The portion of New South Wales south of the Murray River and a line from the headwaters of the river to Cape Howe was made the Colony of Victoria.
January 1852: The South African Republic came into existence on 17 January 1852, when the British signed the Sand River Convention treaty with about 40,000 Boer people, recognising their independence in the region to the north of the Vaal River.
January 1854: Jhansi was an independent princely state ruled by the Maratha Newalkar dynasty under suzerainty of British India from 1804 till 1853, when the British authorities took over the State under the terms of the Doctrine of Lapse.
January 1854: Japanese colonists began moving to the Bonin Islands and Nanpō Islands in 1853 and Japan claimed the islands in 1861, annexing them in 1891 as part of Tokyo Prefecture.
February 1854: The Orange River Convention, recognising the independence of the country, was signed at Bloemfontein on 23 February by Sir George Clerk and the republican committee, and in March the Boer government assumed office and the republican flag was hoisted.
January 1856: The thirteenth Nawab, Ghulam Muhammad Ghouse Khan (1825-1855), died without issue, and the British annexed the Carnatic Nawabdom, applying the doctrine of lapse.
January 1856: Van Diemen's Land was renamed Tasmania, as a way to get away from its past as a penal colony.
February 1856: On 7 February 1856 by order of Lord Dalhousie, General of the East India Company, the king of Oudh (Wajid Ali Shah) was deposed, and its kingdom was annexed to British India under the terms of the Doctrine of lapse on the grounds of alleged internal misrule.
November 1856: Norfolk Island was split from Tasmania, becoming its own colony.
January 1858: The sultanate of Obock is sold to the French (1857) .
January 1858: The Jhansi State was annexed after the indian revolt of 1857.
January 1858: In 1857 Kharsawan estate was recognized as a state.
January 1858: Cornelis Kok's Land was incorporated into Cape Colony.
January 1858: In 1803, after the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon Haryana was transferred to British by Maratha Empire. British confirmed Ajit Singh's son Bahadur Singh as independent ruler of Ballabhgarh jagir, as a buffer state between British border and Sikhs rulers, and it remained an independent princely state until the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
January 1858: The Cocos islands were annexed by the British Empire in 1857.
August 1858: After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the British East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria.
January 1859: Amb State officially founded in 1858 by British government recognition.
January 1859: English protectorate on Buhera.
January 1859: In 1858 Sultan Ahmad ibn Fumo Bakari, from the old ruling family of the Nabahani, founded the town of Pate on the island of the same name and established an independent sultanate.
January 1859: After a crushing defeat in the war of 1857-1858, the last Mughal, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed by the British East India Company and exiled in 1858.
April 1859: At a convention held in Guatemala on April 30, 1859, the United Kingdom, under a great deal of pressure from the United States, agreed to surrender the Bay Islands to Honduras.
June 1859: Sherbo country, Ribbi, Bompeh annexed by British.
June 1859: The portion of New South Wales north of 29° south, the Dumaresq and Macintyre Rivers, and several mountain ridges, and east of 141° east, was made the Colony of Queensland.
November 1859: Actual Bendu Chiefdom in Sierra Leone as well as Turtle Island in Sierra Leone conquered by great britain.
January 1860: Annexation of Tulsipur by British India.
January 1860: The small khanate of Jandol entered the British Raj.
January 1860: Britain and Nicaragua signed the Treaty of Managua in January 28, 1860, which transferred suzerainty over the Caribbean coast between Cabo Gracias a Dios and Greytown to Nicaragua. Attempts to decide the sovereignty over the northern bank of the Wanks/Coco River which cuts Cabo Gracias a Dios in half, began in 1869, but would not be settled until ninety-one years later when the International Court of Justice decided in favor of Honduras.
March 1860: British forces occupy the Kowloon Peninsula.
January 1861: Kok III accepted a British offer to settle his people in the eastern section of the Cape Colony.
January 1861: In 1860 some parts of western Terai, known as Naya Muluk ("new country") were restored to Nepal.
February 1861: In 1861, with the Treaty of Tumlong, Sikkim became a British protectorate.
August 1861: Lagos was annexed under the threat of force by Commander Beddingfield of HMS Prometheus who was accompanied by the Acting British Consul, William McCoskry.
August 1861: Lagos was annexed on 6 August 1861 under the threat of force by Commander Beddingfield of HMS Prometheus. Prior to the arrival of the British, the Oba of Benin had "the undisputed right to crown or confirm the individual whom the people of Lagos elected to be their King".
October 1861: The portion of New South Wales west of South Australia was transferred to South Australia by letters patent.
January 1862: Malindi was conquered by Sultan Majid of Zanzibar in 1861.
March 1862: The portion of New South Wales north of South Australia and east of 138° east was transferred to Queensland.
January 1863: When Jhansi State lapsed in 1854, the Khanadhiana jagirdar claimed absolute independence. The matter was only settled in 1862 when Khaniadhana was declared to be directly dependent from the British government as successor to the Jhansi darbar and the Peshwa.
January 1863: A group of Griquas who had left the Cape of Good Hope in the 18th century, and had settled in the area around present-day Philippolis in 1826 faced the prospect of their area coming under the control of the emerging Orange Free State. Therefore they founded the independent state of Griqualand East in the are of modern-day Kokstad.
July 1863: The region of New South Wales north of South Australia was transferred to South Australia.
January 1864: The Auckland Islands were included by the New Zealand Boundaries Act of 1863, an act of the Imperial Parliament at Westminster which extended the boundaries of the colony once more.
May 1864: With the Treaty of London the Ionian Islands were united with Greece.
January 1865: The rulers of Baria were titled "Maharawal" from 1864 onwards. They were granted a hereditary salute of 9 guns by the British.
November 1865: The Kingdom of Bhutan becomes a protectorate of British India.
January 1866: The chiefs of Chhuikhadan were originally under the Bhonsles of Nagpur, the first Chief being Mahant Rup Das in 1750. However, after defeat of Marathas, they were recognized by British as feudatory chiefs in 1865 conferring the title and sanad to Mahant Laxman Das.
January 1866: Nandgaon State proper was founded in 1865 when the four feudatory parganas ruled by the Bairagi Mahants were merged and recognized as a princely state.
January 1867: In 1866, the Isle of Man obtained limited home rule, with partly democratic elections to the House of Keys, but the Legislative Council was appointed by the Crown. Since then, democratic government has been gradually extended.
July 1867: In 1867, Canada was formed from the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. The British North America Act united these provinces into the Dominion of Canada, with John A. Macdonald becoming the first Prime Minister. Canada remained a self-governing colony within the British Empire.
January 1868: The Republic of Manitobah was a short-lived, unrecognized state founded in June 1867 by Thomas Spence at the town of Portage la Prairie .
January 1868: In 1867 following the murder of the uncle of the ruler of Lawa together with a party of his followers, Lawa was declared a separate Chiefship under the protection of the British Government.
October 1868: Denmark's presence in the islands ended formally on 16 October 1868 when it sold the rights to the Nicobar Islands to Britain.
January 1869: The chiefdom of Gomoa in Ghana is established in c. 1868. Its first king was Ortabil.
January 1869: In 1868 Denkyira entered the Fante Confederacy to fight for Great Britain against the alliance of the Asante Empire and the Dutch people.
January 1869: Two months after its renewal, the Omani lease was cancelled by the Persian government, citing a clause which permitted its termination if the sultan of Oman were overthrown.
February 1869: A short skirmish between Boers and Sotho led to the conclusion of the treaty of Aliwal North, which defined the borders between the Orange Free State and Basutoland. The country lying to the north of the Orange River and west of the Caledon River, formerly a part of Basutoland, was ceded to the Free State, and became known as the Conquered Territory.
January 1870: In 1869 the Nicobar Islands were made part of British India.
May 1870: Thomas Spence served in the council for Louis Riel’s Provisional Government, whose actions led to the formation of the Province of Manitoba within Canada.
July 1870: The United Kingdom transferred most of its remaining land in North America to Canada, with the North-Western Territory and Rupert's Land becoming the North-West Territories.
July 1870: The Manitoba Act was passed in 1870, leading to the disbandment of the Métis Provisional government in the Red River Colony. This marked the transfer of the territory to Canada (Dominion) and the establishment of the province of Manitoba.
July 1871: From 1813 to 17 July 1871, the town and its surrounding area functioned as Waterboer's Land, named after Griqua leader Nicolaas Waterboer. In 1871, the territory was annexed by the British and became part of Griqualand West.
July 1871: The British colony of British Columbia joined Canada as the sixth province.
August 1871: Expansion of the Dominion of Canada with Treaty 1 of the so-called Numbered Treaties (or Post-Confederation Treaties). These were are a series of eleven treaties signed between the First Nations and the reigning monarch of Canada (Victoria, Edward VII or George V) from 1871 to 1921.
August 1871: Expansion of the Dominion of Canada with Treaty 2 of the so-called Numbered Treaties (or Post-Confederation Treaties). These were are a series of eleven treaties signed between the First Nations and the reigning monarch of Canada (Victoria, Edward VII or George V) from 1871 to 1921.
October 1871: The district of Klipdrift Republic, together with some adjacent territory to which the Transvaal had laid claim, was proclaimed, under the name of Griqualand West, British territory.
November 1871: Basutoland was annexed to the Cape Colony by Act No. 12 of 1871 of the Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope, confirmed by Order in Council of 3 November 1871.
January 1872: In 1871, the Dutch sold all their trade possessions on the Gold Coast to the British.
January 1872: The British authorities declared their authority over the Diamond Diggers Republic.
April 1872: In February of that year, a treaty had been signed with the United Kingdom, under which terms the whole colony was to be ceded for a sum of 46,939.62 Dutch guilders. On 6 April 1872, after ratification of the treaty by parliament, Elmina was formally handed over to Britain.
November 1872: amaPondomise was incorporated into Cape Colony.
January 1873: The Narsinghgarh State was a feudatory Jagir to the Holkar rulers of Indore State, but in 1872 Narsinghgarh estate recognized as a state.
July 1873: The British colony of Prince Edward Island, led by Premier James Colledge Pope, joined Canada as the seventh province. This decision was made in 1873, following negotiations with Canadian Prime Minister John A. Macdonald.
October 1873: Expansion of the Dominion of Canada with Treaty 3 of the so-called Numbered Treaties (or Post-Confederation Treaties). These were are a series of eleven treaties signed between the First Nations and the reigning monarch of Canada (Victoria, Edward VII or George V) from 1871 to 1921.
January 1874: The British successfully exploited rivalries among members of Fante Confederacy, and it disbanded in 1873.
January 1874: In 1873, the British intervened militarily in a civil war in Sungai Ujong to preserve British economic interests, and placed the country under the control of a British Resident.
January 1874: British protectorate established in Perak.
January 1874: The Pangkor Treaty of 1874 was a treaty signed between Great Britain and the Sultan of Perak on 20 January 1874, on HMS Pluto, off the coast of Perak. The treaty is significant in the history of the Malay states as it legitimised British control of the Malay rulers and paved the way for British imperialism in Malaya.
January 1874: The Dindings - named after the Dinding River in present-day Manjung District - which comprised Pangkor Island, and the towns of Lumut and Sitiawan on the mainland, were ceded by Perak to the British government under the Pangkor Treaty of 1874.
September 1874: Expansion of the Dominion of Canada with Treaty 4 of the so-called Numbered Treaties (or Post-Confederation Treaties). These were are a series of eleven treaties signed between the First Nations and the reigning monarch of Canada (Victoria, Edward VII or George V) from 1871 to 1921.
October 1874: The Kingdom of Fiji was annexed by the Colony of Fiji.
January 1875: In 1874, the Upper Aulaqi Sultanate came under the protection of the Aden Protectorate, with the tacit acceptance of the Ottoman Empire, which held suzerainty over Yemen. This arrangement was significant as it marked a shift in power dynamics in the region during that time.
January 1875: Baudh State, also known as Boudh State, was one of the princely states of India during the period of the British Raj. It was recognized as a state in 1874.
January 1875: The territory of eastern Griqualand was occupied by the British Empire and became a colony in 1874, shortly before the death of its founder and only leader, Adam Kok III.
January 1875: Britain annexed the whole region south of the Asante empire as the Gold Coast crown colony.
January 1875: Athmallik State was one of the princely states of India during the period of the British Raj. The state was a former jagir recognized as a state in 1874 and had its capital in Kaintaragarh.
September 1875: Expansion of the Dominion of Canada with Treaty 5 of the so-called Numbered Treaties (or Post-Confederation Treaties). These were are a series of eleven treaties signed between the First Nations and the reigning monarch of Canada (Victoria, Edward VII or George V) from 1871 to 1921.
January 1876: abaThembu was incorporated into Cape Colony.
September 1876: Expansion of the Dominion of Canada with Treaty 6 of the so-called Numbered Treaties (or Post-Confederation Treaties). These were are a series of eleven treaties signed between the First Nations and the reigning monarch of Canada (Victoria, Edward VII or George V) from 1871 to 1921.
January 1877: The Cape colony declares a protectorate over the Herero.
January 1877: The Cape colony declares a protectorate over the Damara.
April 1877: Established 12 April 1877.
September 1877: Expansion of the Dominion of Canada with Treaty 7 of the so-called Numbered Treaties (or Post-Confederation Treaties). These were are a series of eleven treaties signed between the First Nations and the reigning monarch of Canada (Victoria, Edward VII or George V) from 1871 to 1921.
January 1878: Fiji is integrated into the British Western Pacific Territories.
January 1878: In 1877 the islands of Tokelau were declared a British protectorate.
January 1878: Maharaja Raghubardayal Shah entitled "His Highness" and salute of "9 Guns " in 1877 at imperial assemblage of British. line of Rajputs.
January 1878: In 1877, the state expanded by annexing Griqualand West and Griqualand East.
January 1879: Ashmore Island was annexed by the United Kingdom in 1878.
January 1879: During the Scramble for Africa, the British occupied Walvis Bay with a small area surrounding the territory. They permitted the South African Union to complete the annexation of the territory in 1884, following initial steps which had been taken in 1878.
July 1879: The Torres Strait Islands were annexed to Queensland.
September 1879: In 1877 the Cape Parliament passed the Griqualand East Annexation Act (Act 38 of 1877). The act was only promulgated two years later on 17 September 1879, when four magistrates were set up, at Kokstad, Matatiele, Mount Frere and Umzimkulu. .
October 1879: British submission of Khonoma and the Naga Hills.
January 1880: He was unable to attract the interest of the governments of Austria and Germany, Overbeck withdrew in 1879. All his treaty rights with the Sultanates were transferred to Alfred Dent, who in 1881 formed the North Borneo Provisional Association Ltd.
September 1880: The United Kingdom transferred its Arctic Islands to Canada.
October 1880: The Griqualand West Annexation Act (Act 39 of 1877), was the act, passed in the Cape Colony Parliament on 27 July 1877, authorising the union of the Cape Colony with Griqualand West. The implementation of the act was set for 18 October 1880, when Griqualand West was formally united with the Cape Colony.
January 1881: In 1880 the Amir of Dhala signed an agreement by which he became a British stipendiary.
January 1881: The protectorate of the Cape Colony over Damara and Herero is disestablished.
January 1881: Sekondi was established.
December 1881: In 1881, Bompey was incorporated into Sierra Leone under British rule. This decision was made during the colonial period when Sierra Leone was under the control of the British Empire. The incorporation of Bompey into Sierra Leone was part of the British colonial administration's efforts to expand and consolidate their territorial holdings in the region.
December 1881: In 1881, the territory of Shenge was incorporated into Sierra Leone under British rule. This decision was made by the colonial authorities in Sierra Leone, which was a British colony at the time.
January 1883: The western coastal area bordering Sierra Leone between the Mano River and the Sherbo River was annexed by a violent act in 1882 from the British colony of Sierra Leone.
January 1883: Anguilla was federated with St Kitts and Nevis in 1882.
November 1883: The British colony of Queensland annexed south-eastern New Guinea.
March 1884: Basutoland was a British Crown colony that existed from 1884.
June 1884: The company of North Borneo acquired further sovereign and territorial rights from the sultan of Brunei, expanding the territory under control to the Putatan river.
July 1884: On July 5, 1884, Plakkoo, the baton bearer (= deputy) of King Mlapa III, who had probably died by then, and the German commissioner Gustav Nachtigal signed a "protection treaty". With this, individual places in today's Togo were declared a "German protected area".
August 1884: After Boer farmers, who lived in the area, helped Dinuzulu defeat his rival Zibhebhu for succession of the Zulu throne, land was given to them by way of session by the new Zulu king along the banks of the Mfolozi River. On August 5, 1884, the Boers formed the Nieuwe Republiek (New Republic) with recognition by Germany, ZAR and Portugal with Vryheid as its capital.
November 1884: The Santa Lucia Bay (German: Santa Lucia Bay) was the subject of a contract that came about in 1884 on behalf of the trading house Adolf Lüderitz on the coast of southern Africa. According to Lüderitz, the bay should be placed under the "protection" of the German Empire.
December 1884: The Padas district was acquired by North Borneo.
December 1884: Part of British Bights of Biafa and Benin Protectorate.
January 1885: In 1884, the UK established the protectorate of British Somalia through various treaties with the sultanates of Northern Somalia including Dir, Isaaq, Harti and Warsangali.
January 1885: The Niger Coast Protectorate was established by British colonial administrator Sir Ralph Moor in 1884. It was later renamed the Oil Rivers Protectorate before eventually becoming part of the larger British colony of Nigeria.
January 1885: In 1884, the UK established the protectorate of British Somalia through treaties with the Sultanate of Isaaq in the Sultanate of Isaaq. This marked the beginning of British colonial rule in the region, with the Sultanate of Isaaq becoming part of British Somaliland.
January 1885: Nomadic tribes of the Turkmens were brought into Russian citizenship.
January 1885: Warri was annexed by the British.
January 1885: Okolo-Ama becomes a British protectorate.
March 1885: The Kawang river area is acquired by North Borneo.
March 1885: baRôlông is annexed to the British Bechuanaland Protectorate.
March 1885: baNgwato is annexed to the British Bechuanaland Protectorate.
March 1885: Masubia is annexed to the British Bechuanaland Protectorate.
March 1885: baKgatla is annexed to the British Bechuanaland Protectorate.
March 1885: baKwêna is annexed to the British Bechuanaland Protectorate.
March 1885: baTawana (Ngamiland) is annexed to the British Bechuanaland Protectorate.
March 1885: baNgwaketse is annexed to the British Bechuanaland Protectorate.
March 1885: baLete is annexed to the British Bechuanaland Protectorate.
March 1885: baTlôkwa is annexed to the British Bechuanaland Protectorate.
March 1885: The Bechuanaland Protectorate was established by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in Southern Africa. It encompassed modernd-day Botswana but was bounded to the north by the 22° parallel south.
May 1885: As a result of a brief Anglo-German confrontation, the 1885 request was denied in favor of older United Kingdom rights. The German Imperial Government finally issued a waiver in London on May 7, 1885.
June 1885: The German Reich withdrew its protection over Mahin in favor of Great Britain.
June 1885: Part of Oil Rivers British protectorate (later Southern Nigeria).
June 1885: Nembe becomes part of the Oil Rivers British protectorate.
August 1885: Via the International Association of the Congo, king Leopold II of Belgium was able to lay claim to most of the Congo basin. On 29 May 1885, after the closure of the Berlin Conference, the king announced that he planned to name his possessions "the Congo Free State", an appellation which was not yet used at the Berlin Conference and which officially replaced "International Association of the Congo" on 1 August 1886.
September 1885: In December 1884 the British sent in a force under Sir Charles Warren, who invaded the country and abolished the republic in August of the following year before it was incorporated into British Bechuanaland.
September 1885: The northern boundary of the protectorate was formally extended northward by the British to include Ngamiland, which was then dominated by the Tawana state.
December 1885: The Johor Sultanate became a British protectorate as an unfederated Malay state.
January 1886: The Shan States and Karenni States became princely states of the British Empire after the defeat of Burma in the Anglo-Burmese Wars.
January 1886: The entire region that now forms the Chitral District was a fully independent monarchy until 1885, when the British negotiated a subsidiary alliance with its hereditary ruler.
January 1886: Incorporation of Xhosa into Cape Colony.
January 1886: baTswana was incorporated into Cape Colony.
January 1886: Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia signed an accord with Great Britain to cease fighting the Egyptians and to allow the evacuation of Egyptian forces from Ethiopia and the Somalia littoral. The Egyptian garrison was withdrawn from Tadjoura.
April 1886: In 1886, an Anglo-German agreement partitioned the "unclaimed" central Pacific, leaving Nauru in the German sphere of influence, while Ocean Island and the future GEIC wound up in the British sphere of influence.
July 1886: The border between the Gold Coast (now Ghana) and Togo was defined through a treaty between Great Britain and Germany in 1886.
January 1887: From 1886 the northern hinterland of Togo was conquered by Germans, some of it by force.
January 1887: In 1886 the Mahra Sultanate accepted a Protectorate Treaty with Great Britain.
May 1887: The Mombasa Sultanate is acquired by the Imperial British East Africa Company.
July 1887: In 1887, after signing successive treaties with the then ruling Somali Sultans from the Isaaq, Issa, Gadabursi, and Warsangali clans, the British established a protectorate in the region referred to as British Somaliland.
January 1888: The British annexed Zululand in 1887.
January 1888: The Kermadec Islands or Kermadec Islands are an archipelago of a few small islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean that have been part of New Zealand since 1887.
April 1888: Formation of the British East Africa Association which led to the Imperial British East Africa Company being chartered in 1888 and given the original grant to administer the dependency. It administered about 240 kilometres of coastline stretching from the River Jubba via Mombasa to German East Africa which were leased from the Sultan.
May 1888: A Protectorate Treaty was concluded with the Jemadar Abdulla bin Umar, and his brother Awadh bin Umar.
May 1888: North Borneo was made a British protectorate in 1888.
June 1888: Annexation of Christmas island by the British Crown.
September 1888: Pahang became a British protectorate.
September 1888: Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin made an attempt in 1888 to stop further British advances through diplomatic means. In the same year they signed a "Treaty of Protection" and made Brunei a British protectorate.
January 1889: Kenya was included in British East Africa.
January 1889: In 1888, the Kingdom of Dagbon was partitioned between the German Empire and British Empire. This division was a result of the colonial ambitions of Otto von Bismarck for Germany and the expansion of British influence in the western part of the kingdom, which eventually became part of the British Gold Coast.
January 1889: Nandi was included in British East Africa.
January 1889: In 1888, the Raj of Sarawak acquired protectorate status from the British Government.
January 1889: The Wahidi Sultanate of Balhaf becomes a British protectorate.
January 1889: In 1888, Ludwig Wolf, a German explorer and colonial administrator, founded the Bismarckburg station in German Togo. This station was named after Otto von Bismarck, the Chancellor of the German Empire at the time.
January 1889: Kathiri becomes a British Protectorate.
January 1889: Tobago and Trinidad are merged into one colony.
January 1889: The British colonial administration divided Hsenwi into two states.
January 1889: Through a Protectorate Treaty concluded between the British and the Lower Aulaqi Sultanate, the Sultanate joined the Aden Protectorate.
January 1889: The Wahidi Sultanate of Haban becomes a British protectorate.
January 1889: In 1888 it became a protectorate of the United Kingdom by its own request.
March 1889: Expansion of the Dominion of Canada with Treaty 6 (second part of adhesion) of the so-called Numbered Treaties (or Post-Confederation Treaties). These were are a series of eleven treaties signed between the First Nations and the reigning monarch of Canada (Victoria, Edward VII or George V) from 1871 to 1921.
April 1889: In response to the portuguese incursion, Johnston's deputy John Buchanan declared a Shire Highlands Protectorate in Johnston's absence.
May 1889: The Treaty of Wuchale was signed between Italy and Menelik II, the Emperor of Ethiopia. It established the borders between Italian Eritrea and the Ethiopian Empire in 1889.
November 1889: In 1889, Harry Johnston proclaimed the Nyasaland Districts Protectorate west of Lake Malawi, against Foreign Office instructions. The territory was eventually handed over to the African Lakes Corporation. Johnston was a British explorer and colonial administrator in Africa.
December 1889: After Serpa Pinto's departure owing to serious illness in November 1889, his second-in-command, João Coutinho, pushed on as far as Katunga, the nearest river port to Blantyre, and some Kololo chiefs fled to Blantyre for safety.
January 1890: Buhera became a part of the British Mashonaland protectorate in 1889.
January 1890: Mbire became a part of the British Mashonaland protectorate in 1889.
January 1890: Nhowe became a part of the British Mashonaland protectorate in 1889.
January 1890: Phulrah had been under suzerainty of the Raja of Kashmir until 1889, when it accepted a British protectorate, entering indirect rule.
January 1890: Shawasha became a part of the British Mashonaland protectorate in 1889.
February 1890: In 1888 a Protectorate Treaty was concluded with the Aqrabi, similar to that arranged with several other tribes, and was ratified on the 26th February 1890.
March 1890: There followed an Anglo-Portuguese Crisis in which a British refusal of arbitration was followed by the 1890 British Ultimatum of 11 January 1890. This demanded that the Portuguese give up all claims to territories beyond the Ruo River and west of Lake Malawi. The Portuguese government accepted under duress and ordered their troops in the Shire valley to withdraw to the south bank of the Ruo. This order was received by the commander at Katunga on 8 March 1890 and all Portuguese forces had evacuated Katunga and Chiromo by 12 March.
June 1890: Macquarie Island was transferred from New South Wales to Tasmania.
June 1890: Seeking the improvement of the military protection and with the intention to sign a treaty with the British Government, King Lewanika signed on 26 June 1890 the Lochner concession putting Barotseland under the protection of the British South Africa Company.
July 1890: Britain ceded Helgoland to Germany in 1890 in the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty.
July 1890: In the northeast was the Caprivi Strip, which was promised new trade routes and connected to the Zambezi River. This territorial gain was based on the Helgoland-Zanzibar Treaty concluded with Great Britain on July 1, 1890.
July 1890: In accord with the 1890 Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty, on 18 June 1890 a British protectorate was declared, and on 1 July 1890 imperial Germany renounced its protectorate, ceding the Wituland to Great Britain and becoming part of British East Africa.
July 1890: The Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty of 1890 delimited the boundaries between German and British spheres of influence in Africa.
July 1890: The column departed on 28 June 1890, and on 11 July crossed the Tuli River into Matabeleland.
August 1890: The British South Africa Company established the first settlement, Fort Tuli, near the riverbank in Tuli. This marked the beginning of British colonization in the region.
August 1890: In July 1890 an agreement was settled whereby the entire region north of Lake Victoria was given to Great Britain.
September 1890: The Pioneer Column of the British South Africa Company founds Fort Salisbury (modern-day Harare).
September 1890: Instructed by Rhodes to hurry east, Selous met with the Manica chief, Mtassa, on 14 September 1890, and agreed with him a concession whereby Mtassa promised not to ally with any other foreign power, and granted the Company exclusive rights to mine within his territory.
January 1891: Fort Charter conquered by great britain.
January 1891: Kahare was taken over by the British South Africa Company, led by Cecil Rhodes.
January 1891: By 1890 the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria was created. At this point most petty Kingdoms of southern Nigeria were already under British rule.
January 1891: In 1890, Major Patrick Forbes Pennefather and Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Seymour Johnson led the main force of the Pioneer Column and established Fort Victoria in present-day Zimbabwe. The territory was then claimed by the British South Africa Company under Cecil Rhodes.
January 1891: In December 1890 the British government took over Makrai State under the doctrine of lapse owing to bad administration.
January 1891: Bemba was taken over by the British South Africa Company, led by Cecil Rhodes.
January 1891: Most of Nyamwanga, now in Zambia, became part of the British South Africa Company.
January 1891: The German Misahöhe station was founded in 1890.
January 1891: By 1890, the colony of Senegal practically covered all the territories of modern-day Senegal.
January 1891: Mutondo was taken over by the British South Africa Company, led by Cecil Rhodes.
January 1891: From 1890, Labuan came to be administered by the North Borneo Chartered Company.
January 1891: Momba was taken over by the British South Africa Company, led by Cecil Rhodes.
January 1891: Charles Brooke, the Rajah of Sarawak, expanded the Raj's territory at the expense of Brunei.
August 1891: A treaty was signed placing the kingdom of Ilaro under the protection of the British queen.
January 1892: In 1891, the territory of Nkamanga was transferred to the British Central Africa Protectorate, which was established in 1889 and later ratified in 1891. This protectorate encompassed the region that is now known as Malawi.
January 1892: The sultanate of Muscat and Oman was finally placed under a British protectorate in 1891.
January 1892: The Goldsmid boundary between persia and Afghanistan proved to be inadequate, especially given the shifting of the course of the Helmand, and thus a more precise boundary was drawn up in three sections over the following decades: the northern section by General C.S. MacLean, British consul general for Khorasan and Sīstān, in 1888-91, the southern section by Colonel Sir Henry McMahon.
January 1892: The British Central Africa Protectorate was established under the leadership of British colonial administrator Harry Johnston. It was ratified in 1891, with the territory covering present-day Malawi.
January 1892: The British Central Africa Protectorate (BCA) was a British protectorate proclaimed in 1889 and ratified in 1891 that occupied the same area as present-day Malawi.
January 1892: In 1891, Mwanga concluded a treaty with Lugard whereby the Kingdom of Buganda would place his land and tributary states under the protection of the Imperial British East Africa Company.
May 1892: Ijebu becomes part of the Niger River Protectorate (later Northern Nigeria).
October 1892: From 1892 the Gilbert and Ellice Islands were administered by the British Western Pacific Territories.
January 1893: The Mir, Safdar Khan, fled to China and his younger brother Mir Mohammad Nazim Khan was installed by the British as Mir in September 1892. Hunza became a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with British India, a status it retained until 1947.
January 1893: The Karenni States were recognized as tributary to British Burma in 1892, when their rulers agreed to accept a stipend from the British government.
January 1893: The treaties of 1880 and 1892 effectively turned Bahrain into a British protectorate, giving the British control over defence and foreign relations.
January 1893: The chiefdom of Barra was extinguished by British colonial authorities.
February 1893: Carter signed a treaty of protection with the Alafin of Oyo.
March 1893: In 1893 the British declared a protectorate over the southern Solomon Islands of New Georgia, Guadalcanal, Malaita and San Cristobal, and this protectorate became known as the British Solomon Islands Protectorate.
May 1893: It was renamed on 12 May 1893.
August 1893: Acting Governor George Chardin Denton signed a protectorate agreement with Ibadan.
December 1893: The colonial powers, occupying the eastern neighboring state at the time (British Mashonaland Protectorate), later disregarded these agreements and invaded Mthwakazi on 3 November 1893. Mthwakazi fought a bitter defensive battle at Gadade, Mbembesi, but was overpowered by the enemy.
January 1894: In 1893 the British imposed peace on all of Yorubaland .
January 1894: In 1893 the name was changed to the Cook Islands Federation.
January 1894: A concession awarded to Sir John Swinburne was detached from Matabeleland to be administered by the British Resident Commissioner of the Bechuanaland Protectorate.
January 1894: In 1893 the British made a tour of Yorubaland signing treaties.
January 1894: Nagar, founded by Shins in the fourteenth century, was ruled by the Maqpons. The British gained control after the Hunza-Nagar Campaign, led by British officers like Sir John Biddulph and Colonel Durand.
January 1894: In 1893, Abeokuta became a British protectorate under the leadership of the Egba leader, Chief Akinpelu Obisesan. The territory was incorporated into the Niger Coast Protectorate, marking the beginning of British colonial rule in the region.
March 1894: amaPondo was incorporated into Cape Colony.
June 1894: In 1894, the British government declared that all occupied territories in Uganda would become a Protectorate of Uganda under British protection. This decision was made under the leadership of British colonial administrator Sir Gerald Portal and Commissioner Ernest Berkeley.
October 1894: Final Boundary Treaty for the Siam-Burma border between Thailand and Britain.
January 1895: Expansion of the Russian Empire by 1894 (based on maps).
January 1895: British officials arrived in the Ngamiland region in 1894.
January 1895: In 1894 Great Britain declared the Kingdom of Bunyoro its protectorate.
January 1895: From 1895 the inland of Gambia was part of the British Gambia Colony and Protectorate.
January 1895: Boundary treaty between Great Britain and China in 1894.
January 1895: Wa territories became part of China due to the British-Chinese boundary convention.
January 1895: Expansion of the Sultanate of Aceh by 1630.
July 1895: The British government proclaimed a protectorate on Zanzibar, the East Africa Protectorate.
July 1895: The Imperial British East Africa Company began to fail, and the British government proclaimed a protectorate.
July 1895: A Protectorate Treaty was concluded by the British with the Alawi Shaikh.
November 1895: The Bechuanaland Crown Colony was annexed to the neighboring British Cape Colony.
January 1896: Due to the remoteness of the relatively inaccessible mountain country, Mizoram remained outside the focus of world politics for a long time and the population lived in small tribal communities without forming larger state associations. After the Chin-Lushai Expedition, the Mizo tribes submitted completely. The Mizo Hills formally became part of British India in 1895.
January 1896: In 1895, the Wahidi Sultanate of Bir Ali, led by Sultan Ali bin Abdallah Al Wahidi, was placed under British protection. This decision was made as part of the broader British control over the Aden Protectorate in the Arabian Peninsula.
January 1896: Establishment of the British protectorate over the Ashanti Empire.
January 1896: The easternmost section of the Afghan border (now forming part of the Afghan-Tajik boundary) was not finally delimited until 1893-95, with the Afghans agreeing to waive any claims to lands north the Amu Darya.
January 1896: Tribal unions of Tajiks in modern-day Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Okrug of Tajikistan are annexed by the Russian Empire.
January 1896: In 1894/95, the colonial officer Hans Gruner led an expedition to the lower Niger on behalf of the German Togo Committee to conclude protection treaties with the Kingdoms there.
May 1896: On May 20, 1896, a decree of the President of the French Republic declared the annexation of the "territory of Obock as well as the protectorates of Tadjourah and the Danakil countries".
July 1896: In 1896, Selengor (GB Pr.) became part of the Federated Malay States.
July 1896: In 1896, Negeri Sembilan became part of the Federated Malay States under the British Protectorate. This decision was made by Sir Frank Swettenham, the Resident-General of the Federated Malay States, and Tuanku Muhammad Shah, the ruling monarch of Negeri Sembilan at that time.
July 1896: In 1896, Perak, a British protectorate in Malaya, became part of the Federated Malay States. This decision was made by Sir Frank Swettenham, the British Resident-General of the Federated Malay States, and Sultan Idris Murshidul Adzam Shah I of Perak.
July 1896: In 1896, Pahang, a territory under British protection, became part of the Federated Malay States. This decision was made by Sir Frank Swettenham, the British Resident-General of the Federated Malay States, and Sultan Ahmad Muazzam Shah of Pahang.
August 1896: The boundaries of Sierra Leone were demarcated with French Guinea and Liberia.
August 1896: On August 31, 1896, the kingdom of Koya became a British protectorate.
August 1896: The territory of Temne became a British protectorate.
January 1897: In 1894 the British government declares a protectorate over Buganda. Two years later British control is extended to cover the western kingdoms of Ankole, Toro and Bunyoro.
January 1897: Kooki was incorporated into the kingdom of Buganda in 1896.
January 1897: The British became interested in the broad areas north of Asante, known generally as the Northern Territories. This interest was prompted primarily by the need to forestall the French and the Germans, who had been making rapid advances in the surrounding areas. British officials had first penetrated the area in the 1880s, and after 1896 protection was extended to northern areas whose trade with the coast had been controlled by Asante.
February 1897: Bussa becomes part of British Niger Coast Protectorate.
February 1897: After China relinquished jurisdiction, Kokang came under British protection.
February 1897: Belgian forces led by Chaltin continued defeated the rebels in the Battle of Rejaf, securing the Lado Enclave as a Belgian territory.
March 1897: Ilorin becomes part of British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
April 1897: In connection with the Anglo-French tensions around Bondoukou and the areas on the Black Volta, the British established the Protectorate of the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast in early 1897 to prevent the French and Germans from occupying the lands north of Asante in the fight against the privateer kings.
January 1898: The colony of Natal annexed Zululand.
January 1898: In 1897, Niumi formally became part of the Gambia Colony and Protectorate under the British Empire. This decision was made by the British colonial authorities, including Governor Sir George Denton.
January 1898: The territory of Baddibu formally became part of the Gambia Colony and Protectorate.
January 1898: The capital of the Ilorin Emirate was occupied by the Royal Niger Company in 1897.
January 1898: After much consideration, the British resolved in 1897 to break up the state, restoring the greater part to Kota, but forming the two districts of Shahabad and the Chaumahla into a new state of area 810 square miles.
January 1898: In 1897, German military officer Major Viktor Franke established a military post at Namutoni in German South West Africa (now Namibia).
January 1898: The Kingdom of Benin was conquered by a British punitive expedition in 1897. [...] The British exiled Oba Ovonramwen, the last independent Oba, to Calabar and incorporated the Kingdom of Benin into the British colonial empire.
April 1898: Additional minor Padas territories were added to North Borneo in march 1898.
June 1898: In 1898, Agaie became part of the Niger River Protectorate, which later became Northern Nigeria.
June 1898: Lapai becomes part of the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
June 1898: British conquest of Niue Island.
January 1899: In 1898, with the decline of the Mahdists, sultan Ali Dinar managed to establish Darfurs independence.
January 1899: Wase becomes part of British Niger River Protectorate .
January 1899: Pategi state, an offshoot of Nupe, is founded. It was part of British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
January 1899: In 1898, Pategi state, an offshoot of the Nupe people, was founded in present-day Nigeria. The territory was previously under the control of the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
January 1899: The Pitcairn Islands fall under the administration of the British Western Pacific Territories.
January 1899: In 1898 Britain annexed the Santa Cruz and the Rennell and Bellona Islands.
January 1899: In 1898, Bushahr state was taken over by the British administration.
January 1899: The Sheikhdom became a British protectorate between 1899 and 1961 after the Anglo-Kuwaiti agreement of 1899 was signed between Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah and the British government in India due to threats to Kuwait's independence from the Ottoman Empire.
June 1899: Northern Nigeria was partitioned between Great Britain and France by the Anglo-French Convention of 1898.
June 1899: Abbas II of Egypt and the British decided to re-establish control over Sudan. Leading a joint Egyptian-British force, Lord Kitchener led military campaigns from 1896 to 1898. In 1899, Britain and Egypt formally agreed to establish a joint protectorate: Egypt on the basis of its previous claims and Britain by right of conquest. At this point the protectorate encompassed modern-day Sudan and South Sudan as well as the Sarra triangle.
June 1899: Territorial change based on available maps.
November 1899: Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia was a British protectorate in south central Africa formed in 1899.
December 1899: Fika becomes part of British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
January 1900: By 1890 the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria was created. At this point most petty Kingdoms of southern Nigeria were already under British rule.
January 1900: In 1899 the United Kingdom proclaimed a protectorate over Barotseland and governed it as part of Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.
January 1900: After King Msiri's death the Kingdom of Kazembe was divided in 1894 between Britain - the eastern shores of the Luapula and Lake Mweru became part of North-Eastern Rhodesia, administered by the British South Africa Company (BSAC) - and King Leopold II of Belgium's misnamed Congo Free State (CFS) but the real control was achieved only in 1899.
January 1900: Biu Emirate becomes part of British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
January 1900: Akyem Abuakwa became a British protectorate integrated in the British Gold Coast.
January 1900: Niger Coast merged with the chartered territories of the Royal Niger Company on 1 January 1900 to form the Southern Nigeria Protectorate.
January 1900: Annexed by the Niger Company.
January 1900: By 1899 German Togoland covered modern-day Togo and the Volta Region of Ghana, with the exception of the Salaga region.
January 1900: The British protectorate of North-Eastern Rhodesia was established in south central Africa in 1900.
February 1900: The so-called Salaga area was divided between Germany and Great Britain with the Samoa Treaty of 1899.
April 1900: The Bornu Empire was defeated and occupied by France after the Battle of Kousséri. In accordance with the borders decided at the Berlin Conference, part of the Bornu Empire was allotted to Great Britain.
May 1900: Tonga became a protected state under a Treaty of Friendship with Britain.
September 1900: On September 5, 1900, the borders of the French Colony of Chad were formally established.
October 1900: The island of Aitutaki was formally annexed by Great Britain by Proclamation dated 9 October 1900.
October 1900: In a document dated 19 October 1900, the "King" and Chiefs of Niue consented to "Queen Victoria taking possession of this island".
November 1900: In the year 1900, under the terms of Treaty of Berlin (14 November 1899), Germany transferred Choiseul, Santa Isabel, the Shortlands and Ontong Java Atoll Islands to the British Solomon Islands Protectorate.
January 1901: The chiefdoms of Busoga signed treaties with the British.
January 1901: In the aftermath of prolonged wars between the mainland Yoruba states, the British Lagos Colony established a protectorate over most of Yorubaland by 1900.
January 1901: Expansion of the Dominion of Canada with Treaty 8 of the so-called Numbered Treaties (or Post-Confederation Treaties). These were are a series of eleven treaties signed between the First Nations and the reigning monarch of Canada (Victoria, Edward VII or George V) from 1871 to 1921.
January 1901: Uganda was made into a British protectorate at the end of the 19th century. Prior to this, the region was divided between several closely related kingdoms.
January 1901: In the early 20th century, the Dathina Sheikhdom came under British rule.
January 1901: At the end of the 19th century, the British colonial rulers integrated Lower Niani as a district of the Gambia Colony.
January 1901: Jimara integrated into British Gambia Colony.
January 1901: Kantora integrated into British Gambia Colony.
January 1901: The Gobir region of Nigeria was partitioned between France and Great Britain.
January 1901: The Sheikhdom of Shaib signed a treaty of protection with Great Britain.
January 1901: The coast of modern-day Nigeria was part of the British Colony of Southern Nigeria by 1900.
January 1901: Jhabua State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1901: Mambila and nearby regions became part of the British Northen Nigeria Colony.
January 1901: Six colonies of the United Kingdom in Australia formed the Commonwealth of Australia.
January 1901: Tomani integrated into British Gambia Colony.
January 1901: In the 20th century, the British annexed Fogny and organized it into six districts of British Gambia.
January 1901: Jubaland annexed to East Africa Protectorate.
January 1901: Conquered by Britain. Uganda was made into a British protectorate at the end of the 19th century. Prior to this, the region was divided between several closely related kingdoms.
January 1901: The Ilorin Emirate was incorporated into the British colony of Northern Nigeria in 1900.
January 1901: Lafia becomes part of the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
January 1901: Kiang integrated into British Gambia Colony.
January 1901: The British incorporated Wukari into the protectorate of Nigeria around 1900.
January 1901: Niamina integrated into British Gambia Colony.
January 1901: Lafiagi becomes part of the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
January 1901: Nasarawa becomes part of the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
January 1901: Kontagora became part of the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
June 1901: "A British Protectorate was declared over Niue, after which the island was integrated into New Zealand.
October 1901: The Kingdom of Nkore was incorporated into the British Protectorate of Uganda by the signing of the Ankole agreement.
January 1902: The British controlled whole modern-day Ghana by 1901.
January 1902: In 1901 the Emirate of Muri became a province of the British protectorate of Northern Nigeria.
January 1902: All former Mpororo States become part of kingdom of Ankole (whch had already been integrated into British Uganda).
January 1902: From 1901 the Mamprusi Kingdom was under British protectorate.
January 1902: The Cook Islands Federation lasted until 1901, when it was given to New Zealand.
January 1902: Potiskum became part of the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
January 1902: All former Mpororo States (the regions inhabited by the Hororo people) become part of kingdom of Ankole (which had already been integrated into British Uganda).
January 1902: Igala became part of the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
January 1902: Nupe became part of the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
January 1902: Dir was a small Muslim princely state in a subsidiary alliance with British India within the Northwest Frontier Province.
February 1902: The Bauchi emirate was annexed to the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
March 1902: Gombe was annexed to the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
March 1902: British New Guinea was placed under the authority of the Commonwealth of Australia.
November 1902: Britain and Mexico, in 1893, agreed on the Rio Hondo as the border between Mexico and British Honduras, which was finalized in 1897.
January 1903: In 1902, the boundaries of the British Protectorate of Uganda were extended to include what was previously the Eastern Province of Uganda.
January 1903: Abuja is occupied by Britain, becoming part of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
January 1903: Jema`a becomes part of the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
January 1903: The Igbirra state is founded in Kogi, Nigeria.
January 1903: The Bade Emirate becomes part of the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
January 1903: Keffi becomes part of the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
January 1903: In 1902, the British East Africa Syndicate received a grant of 1,300 square kilometres to promote white settlement in the Highlands. Around this time the British were in control of the interior of modern-day Kenya.
February 1903: As one result of the Second Boer War, an addition was made to the territory of Natal, consisting of a portion of what had previously been included in the Transvaal. An act authorizing the annexation was passed during 1902 and the territories were formally transferred to Natal in January 1903.
April 1903: From March 1903 the Gwandu Emirate was part of the British protectorate of Northern Nigeria.
October 1903: The Alaska boundary dispute between Canada and the United States was resolved in favour of the United States claim.
November 1903: Katagum becomes part of the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
November 1903: Jama`are becomes part of the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
December 1903: A treaty was concluded at Aden with the Upper Aulaqi Shaikh, which became part of the British Aden Protectorate.
December 1903: The Territory of Oubangui-Chari is created by decree by French authorities.
January 1904: In October 1903 an Agreement was made by the British with Shaikh Mutahir Ali of the Upper Yafa Sultanate, by which he received a monthly stipend of 7 dollars and the Sultanate was integrated into the Aden Protectorate.
January 1904: Igbirra becomes part of the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
January 1904: Misau becomes part of the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
January 1904: In December 1903 a treaty was concluded by Great Britain with Sharif Ahmed bin Muhsin of the Emirate of Beihan.
January 1904: Gumel becomes part of the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
January 1905: Labuan and six smaller islands (Burung, Daat, Kuraman, Papan, Rusukan Kecil, and Rusukan Besar) became again a separate British Colony in 1904.
January 1905: The border between the British protectorate of northern Nigeria and German Kamerun was marked in 1903/1904 from Yola to Lake Chad.
January 1905: The Daura Emirate became a protectorate part of the Southern Nigeria Colony by 1904, when British authorities made Malam Musa new Emir.
January 1906: Charles Brooke, the Rajah of Sarawak, expanded the Raj's territory at the expense of Brunei.
January 1906: From 1905 Witu was administered as a part of Tana District of the British East Africa Protectorate.
January 1906: The southern section of the Afghan border was drawn by Colonel Sir Henry McMahon in 1903-05.
March 1906: The Lagos Colony was incorporated into Southern Nigeria in February 1906.
March 1906: After the Second Boer War, Eswatini became a British colony under the name of Swaziland.
April 1906: Hadejia became part of the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
January 1907: The British government extended the boundaries of the Straits Settlements to include Labuan (took effect on 1 January 1907).
January 1907: Kazaure became part of the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
July 1907: The British Central Africa Protectorate was renamed Nyasaland in 1907.
September 1907: In 1907, at the request of the New Zealand Parliament, King Edward VII proclaimed New Zealand a Dominion within the British Empire, reflecting its self-governing status.
December 1907: Bhutan became a Kingdom with the coronation of the first king of Bhutan, Gongsar Ugyen Wangchuk, in 1907.
January 1908: Newfoundland remained a colony until acquiring Dominion status in 1907. A dominion constituted a self-governing state of the British Empire or British Commonwealth and the Dominion of Newfoundland was relatively autonomous from British rule.
January 1908: The Habr Yunis Sultanate was brought under British administration.
July 1909: The Kedah Sultanate became a British Protectorate in 1909.
July 1909: A British protectorate (an unfederated Malay state) is established in Terengganu.
July 1909: A British protectorate (an unfederated Malay state) is established in Kelantan.
July 1909: A British protectorate (an unfederated Malay state) is established in Perlis.
January 1910: Cartier Island was annexed by the United Kingdom in 1909.
January 1910: The Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 forced Siam to relinquish its southern Malay vassal states of Kelantan, Trengganu, and Monthon Syburi to Great Britain.
January 1911: In 1910, following the Belgian annexation of the Congo Free State as the Belgian Congo in 1908 and the death of the Belgian King in December 1909, British authorities reclaimed the Lado Enclave as per the Anglo-Congolese treaty signed in 1894, and added the territory to Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
January 1911: The Tati Concessions Land Act of 21 January 1911 transferred new territories (modern-day North-East District of Botswana) to the Bechuanaland Protectorate.
August 1911: In 1911 several territories controlled by the British South Africa Company are amalgamated to form Northern Rhodesia.
January 1912: In 1911, British colonial troops forced the reigning Eze Nri (King of Nri) to renounce to effective political power and annexed the Kingdom to the Southern Nigeria Colony.
January 1912: To mark the borders between French Senegal and British Gambia, various pillars were erected in 1911.
April 1913: Through a German-British border agreement, the Bakassi Peninsula came to Cameroon in 1913.
January 1914: In 1914, Southern Nigeria was joined with Northern Nigeria Protectorate to form the single colony of Nigeria. The unification was done for economic reasons rather than political. Northern Nigeria Protectorate had a budget deficit and the colonial administration sought to use the budget surpluses in Southern Nigeria to offset this deficit.
January 1914: At some point before WWI the borders of the Protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria with the French colonies in Africa were adjusted in accordance with the agreements made at the Berlin Conference.
January 1914: Border agreements of the Conference of Berlin (1884) were applied to the borders of German Togo and the British Gold Coast.
July 1914: Norfolk Island was transferred from the United Kingdom to Australia, becoming the Territory of Norfolk Island.
July 1914: Britain and independent Tibet signed an agreement (Simla Agreement) in 1913 to settle their border issues.
October 1914: In September 1914 a Protectorate Treaty was concluded by the British with Sultan Qasim bin Ahmed.
November 1914: British military occupation of Cyprus from 1914.
December 1914: British occupation of Egypt ended nominally with the deposition of the last khedive Abbas II on 5 November 1914 and the establishment of a British protectorate, with the installation of sultan Hussein Kamel on 19 December 1914.
January 1915: An Anglo-Belgian Boundary Commission was established in 1911 to survey the boundaries between Belgian Congo and Northern Rhodesia on the ground, resolve the problems and mark the border with posts and timber towers used for triangulation.
January 1915: In 1914, Nauru, also known as Pleasant Island, became part of the British Western Pacific Territories.
January 1915: The borders of the Eastern Province of Uganda is defined.
November 1916: By the Anglo-Turkish Convention of 1913, the Ottomans agreed to renounce their claim to Qatar and withdraw their garrison from Doha. However, with the outbreak World War I, nothing was done to carry this out, although its numbers dwindled as men deserted. In 1915, with the presence of British gunboats in the harbour, Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani (who was pro-British) persuaded the remainder to abandon the fort and, when British troops approached the following morning, they found it deserted. Qatar became a British protectorate on 3 November 1916, when the United Kingdom signed a treaty with Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani.
January 1917: The Portuguese increased efforts for occupying the interior of the colony of Mozambique after the Scramble for Africa, and secured political control over most of its territory in 1918.
October 1918: Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Imam Yahya Muhammad of the al-Qasimi dynasty declared northern Yemen an independent sovereign state.
August 1919: With the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, the Afghans were able to resume the right to conduct their own foreign affairs as a fully independent state.
April 1920: The Mandate of Palestine was a geopolitical entity established between 1920-1948 in the region of Palestine under the terms of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine.
June 1920: The Colony and Protectorate of Kenya was established on 11 June 1920 when the territories of the former East Africa Protectorate (except those parts of that Protectorate over which His Majesty the Sultan of Zanzibar had sovereignty) were annexed by the UK.
August 1920: The territory of Mosul was transferred to Mandatory Iraq in 1920, following the Treaty of Sèvres.
January 1921: Expansion of the Dutch East Indies in Indonesia by 1920.
January 1921: Full Portuguese administrative control of the entire territory of Angola was not achieved until the beginning of the 20th century. "Effective occupation", as required by the Berlin Conference (1884) was achieved only by the 1920s.
April 1921: British protectorate in the Emirate of Transjordan (officially the Amirate of Trans-Jordan) established on 11 April 1921.
June 1921: The Abu Musa and the Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb islands were part of various Persian Empires from 1622 to 7 June 1921, when they were occupied by the British Empire and were put under administration of the Emirate of Sharjah.
January 1922: Nauru (Pleasant Island) was a separate British possession from 1914 to 1921.
February 1922: Britain unilaterally declared Egyptian independence without any negotiations with Egypt.
October 1922: The Kingdom of Kurdistan was a short-lived unrecognised state proclaimed in the city of Sulaymaniyah following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.
December 1922: A Provisional Government was set up in Ireland under the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, but the Irish Republic nominally remained in existence until 6 December 1922, when 26 of the island's 32 counties became a self-governing British dominion called the Irish Free State.
January 1923: Administration of Walvis Bay was transferred to South West Africa under the South West Africa Affairs Act of 1922.
September 1923: In a 1922 referendum, Southern Rhodesians chose responsible government within the British Empire over incorporation into the Union of South Africa. The Company's charter was duly revoked by Whitehall in 1923, and Southern Rhodesia became a self-governing colony of Britain in October that year.
January 1924: In 1923, the League of Nations gave Australia a trustee mandate over Nauru, with the United Kingdom and New Zealand as co-trustees.
January 1925: After Egyptian independence in 1922 as the Kingdom of Egypt, Britain gradually assumed more control of the condominium of Sudan, edging out Egypt almost completely by 1924.
January 1925: The Kingdom of Italy at the 1919 Paris "Conference of Peace" received nothing from German colonies, but as a compensation Great Britain gave it the Oltre Giuba. Italian Trans-Juba was established in 1924, after Britain ceded the northern portion of the Jubaland region to Italy.
May 1925: From 1925 to 1960 Cyprus was a British Crown colony.
February 1926: On February 11, 1926, in implementation of a decision of November 4, 1925, the islands of Tokelau came under the administration of New Zealand.
January 1927: The Eastern Province of Uganda is annexed to Kenya.
April 1927: As most of Ireland was lost, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was renamed to the current United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927.
December 1931: The Statute of Westminster 1931 largely granted Canada independence from the United Kingdom.
December 1931: With the Statute of Westminster of 1931, the Dominions of the British Empire were formally granted independence.
December 1931: The full sovereignty of South Africa was confirmed with the Balfour Declaration 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931.
December 1931: The Statute of Westminster 1931 largely granted Newfoundland independence from the United Kingdom.
October 1932: Independence of Iraq from the United Kingdom.
February 1934: New Foundland returned under british dependency, in order to fight the Great Depression.
May 1934: A British order-in-council dated 23 July 1931 stated that Ashmore and Cartier Islands would be placed under the authority of the Commonwealth of Australia when Australia passed legislation to accept them. The Commonwealth's resulting Ashmore and Cartier Islands Acceptance Act 1933 came into operation on 10 May 1934, when the islands formally became a territory.
January 1935: The Sarra Triangle was ceded to Italian Libya in 1934.
August 1936: Both the UK and the U.S. claimed sovereignty over the Canton and Enderbury Islands since the mid-19th century. The official British claim was formally reasserted on 6 August 1936, and in March 1937 the islands were attached to its Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony.
December 1937: Ireland had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted, in which the state was named "Ireland" and effectively became a republic.
January 1938: The British separated Burma Province from British India in 1937 and granted the colony a new constitution.
January 1941: The Kharan State became independent of Kalat in 1940.
October 1943: Ranasan State was merged with Baroda State under the Attachment Scheme on 10 July 1943.
October 1943: Ambliara State was merged with Baroda State under the Attachment Scheme on 10 July 1943.
January 1944: Mohanpur was merged with Baroda State under the Attachment Scheme in December 1943.
January 1944: Malpur State was merged with Baroda State under the Attachment Scheme in December 1943.
April 1946: Kelantan became part of the Malayan Union in 1946.
April 1946: In 1946, the Straits Settlements were dissolved and together with Cocos-Keeling and Christmas Island, Singapore became a separate Crown colony.
April 1946: Malaysia joins Malay Union.
May 1946: Full independence of Transjordan on 25 May 1946.
July 1946: The Crown Colony of Sarawak was established in 1946, shortly after the dissolution of the British Military Administration in the region.
July 1946: The Crown Colony of North Borneo was established in 1946 shortly after the dissolution of the British Military Administration in the area.
July 1946: Labuan and six smaller islands (Burung, Daat, Kuraman, Papan, Rusukan Kecil, and Rusukan Besar) conquered by great britain.
November 1947: Full independence was granted to New Zealand with the Statute of Westminster in 1931 and adopted by the New Zealand Parliament in 1947.
December 1947: The Heard Island and McDonald Islands were transferred from the United Kingdom to Australia.
January 1948: When Burma gained independence in 1948, the Shan States became part of the Union of Burma.
January 1948: Burma achieved independence from British rule.
February 1948: Following opposition by the ethnic Malays, the Malayan Union was reorganized as the Federation of Malaya in 1948.
February 1948: In 1948, the British Colony of Ceylon was granted independence as Ceylon.
September 1948: The British ceded Ogaden to Ethiopia in 1948.
March 1949: The Emirate of Cyrenaica came into existence when Sayyid Idris unilaterally proclaimed Cyrenaica an independent Senussi emirate backed by the United Kingdom.
March 1949: The Dominion of Newfoundland joined Canada as its tenth province, Newfoundland.
August 1949: When India gained independence in, the new Indian Government recognized Bhutan as an independent country.
January 1950: The enclaves of Madha and Nahwa appear to have arisen in the 1930s-40, following a dispute over the ownership of the area between Oman and the local emirs.
April 1950: In November 1949, the United Nations finally opted to grant Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision.
December 1951: Tripolitania joined Cyrenaica and Fezzan-Ghadames to form the Kingdom of Libya (with autonomy).
March 1952: On 1 March 1952, Heligoland was returned to German control, and the former inhabitants were allowed to return.
March 1952: For a period of three years between 3 October 1952 and 14 October 1955, Las Bela was part of the Baluchistan States Union but retained internal autonomy.
September 1952: The Eritrean-Ethiopian Federation was a coalition between the former Italian colony of Eritrea and the Ethiopian Empire. It was established as a result of the renunciation of Italy’s rights and titles to territorial possessions in Africa.
January 1953: Establishment of the separate British protectorate over Tonga.
January 1953: In 1952, the Pitcairn Islands, which include Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands, became a British Overseas Territory. Previously, they were under the jurisdiction of the British High Commissioner for the Western Pacific.
August 1953: Establishment of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, which consisted of Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland.
January 1955: During this time, Argentina was under the leadership of President Juan Domingo Perón. Teniente Esquivel was named after Argentine naval aviator Vice-Commodore Gustavo Argentino Marambio Esquivel. The station was established as part of Argentina's Antarctic research efforts.
February 1955: The remaining British control over Haud was relinquished in 1955.
November 1955: The Cocos islands were transferred from the United Kingdom to the Commonwealth of Australia.
January 1956: Sudan become an independent sovereign state, the Republic of the Sudan, bringing to an end its nearly 136-year union with Egypt and its 56-year occupation by the British.
December 1956: During the decolonization of Africa, a plebiscite was organised in British Togoland in May 1956 to decide the future of the territory. A majority of voters taking part voted to merge the territory with the neighbouring Gold Coast, a British Crown colony. On 13 December 1956, the United Nations General Assembly passed General Assembly resolution 1044 on "The future of Togoland under British administration". By that resolution, the UN acknowledged the outcome of the plebiscite held in the Territory which was a majority in favour of unity with Gold Coast.
January 1957: From 25 January 1955 to mid-1956, Argentina maintained the summer station Teniente Esquivel at Ferguson Bay on the southeastern coast of Thule Island in the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. This station was part of Argentina's efforts to establish a presence in the region during that time.
March 1957: British rule ended in 1957, when the Ghana Independence Act 1957 transformed the British Crown Colony of the Gold Coast into the independent Dominion of Ghana.
August 1957: Independence of Malaya.
September 1958: Pakistan conquers Gwadar.
October 1958: At Australia's request, the United Kingdom transferred Christmas Island's sovereignty from Singapore to Australia, with a $20 million payment from the Australian government to Singapore government as compensation for the loss of earnings from phosphate revenue. The island was officially placed under the authority of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 October 1958.
October 1958: French Guinea became independent from France in 1958 after its voters rejected Charles de Gaulle's Constitution of 1958. This led to the territory joining the Republic of Guinea.
January 1959: The Suvadives declared independence on January 3, 1959.
February 1959: The Federation of the Emirates of the South was inaugurated in the British Colony of Aden.
February 1959: The Sheikhdom of Shaib joined the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South.
June 1960: The State of Somaliland was a short-lived independent country in the territory of present-day de facto independent Republic of Somaliland. It was the name assumed by the former British Somaliland protectorate in the five days between June 26, 1960.
July 1960: Independence of Ghana.
August 1960: Following the London and Zurich Agreements of 19 February 1959 Cyprus became an independent republic.
August 1960: The areas, which include British military bases and installations, as well as other land, were retained by the British under the 1960 treaty of independence, signed by the United Kingdom, Greece, Turkey and representatives from the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities.
October 1960: The Federation of Nigeria was a predecessor to modern-day Nigeria from 1954 to 1963. It was an autonomous region until independence on 1 October 1960.
April 1961: Sierra Leone gained independence.
May 1961: Northern Cameroons became the Sardauna Province of Northern Nigeria.
June 1961: In June 1961, Kuwait gained independence from British control, with Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah becoming the Emir of Kuwait. This marked the end of British protectorate status in the Sheikhdom of Kuwait.
October 1961: Southern Cameroons became West Cameroon, a constituent state of the Federal Republic of Cameroon.
December 1961: Tanganyika, under the leadership of Julius Nyerere, gained independence from the United Kingdom on 9 December 1961.
April 1962: The Federation of South Arabia, that would later would become South Yemen, was formed in 1962 after adding nine states to the Federation of the Emirates of the South.
August 1962: Jamaica achieved independence from the United Kingdom.
August 1962: Independence of Trinidad and Tobago from the United Kingdom.
January 1963: The Protectorate of South Arabia consisted of various states located at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula under treaties of protection with Britain.
January 1963: The Federation of Saudi Arabia was joined by the Aden Colony.
September 1963: Malaysia was formed on September 16, 1963, when the Federation of Malaya united with the Crown Colonies of Singapore, North Borneo (Sabah), and Sarawak. This was part of the decolonization process in Southeast Asia.
September 1963: Malaysia was formed when the federation united with the Singapore, North Borneo, and Sarawak Crown Colonies.
September 1963: Suvadive government was de-established on September 23, 1963.
October 1963: Uganda became an independent sovereign state.
December 1963: Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act.
December 1963: The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland officially ended, being succeeded by British Nyasaland, Northern Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia.
July 1964: Independence of Nyasaland.
September 1964: The Crown Colony of Malta became independent under the Malta Independence Act 1964 passed by the British Parliament.
October 1964: Northern Rhodesia became independent in 1964 as Zambia.
December 1964: The Republic of Kenya came into existence.
February 1965: Following agreements between the British and Gambian governments in July 1964, The Gambia became independent.
July 1965: When the British became increasingly unable to continue their colonial hold on Asia and were losing their colonies to the indigenous populations who wanted freedom, on 26 July 1965 an agreement was signed on behalf of the Sultan by Ibrahim Nasir Rannabandeyri Kilegefan, Prime Minister, and on behalf of the British government by Sir Michael Walker, British Ambassador-designate to the Maldive Islands, which formally ended the British authority.
November 1965: In 1965, the United Kingdom split the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius.
November 1965: The islands of Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches from the Seychelles formed the British Indian Ocean Territory.
November 1965: In 1965, Rhodesia unilaterally declared itself independent under a white-dominated government led by Ian Smith.
September 1966: Bechuanaland became the Republic of Botswana.
October 1966: Basutoland gained its independence from the United Kingdom on 4 October 1966 and was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho.
October 1966: Five months after Guyana's independence from the United Kingdom, Venezuelan troops began their occupation of Ankoko Island in October 1966.
November 1966: Barbados became an independent state and Commonwealth realm with Elizabeth II as its queen.
March 1967: On 3 March 1967, Grenada was granted full autonomy over its internal affairs as an associated state.
July 1967: The Republic of Anguilla was a short-lived, unrecognised independent state on the island of Anguilla.
March 1968: In 1968, Rodrigues was joined with Mauritius when it attained independence.
March 1968: British rule ended when Mauritius became independent.
September 1968: Independence is granted to the Protectorate of Swaziland.
March 1969: British authority was restored on Anguilla.
February 1970: After having achieved independence from the United Kingdom as a dominion on 26 May 1966, Guyana became a republic on 23 February 1970, remaining a member of the Commonwealth.
June 1970: The Treaty of Friendship and Tonga's protection status ended in 1970.
August 1970: End of protectorate on Muscat and Oman.
October 1970: The Dominion of Fiji became a fully independent Commonwealth realm.
August 1971: Indipendence of Bahrain from the British.
September 1971: On 3 September 1971, those "special treaty arrangements" that were "inconsistent with full international responsibility as a sovereign and independent state" were terminated. This was done under an agreement reached between the Ruler of Qatar and the Government of the United Kingdom.
December 1971: On 2 December 1971, at the Dubai Guesthouse (now known as Union House) six of the emirates (Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain) agreed to enter into a union called the United Arab Emirates.
December 1971: In 1968, the United Kingdom announced its intention to end its protectorate over the Trucial Coast. On 2 December 1971, Dubai, together with Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain and Fujairah joined in the Act of Union to form the United Arab Emirates.
January 1972: Anguilla separated out of this arrangement, after an armed raid on Saint Kitts.
January 1972: British Gilbert and Ellice Islands are administed separately from the British Western Pacific Territories.
June 1973: British Honduras renamed Belize.
July 1973: The Bahamas gained governmental independence in 1973 led by Sir Lynden O. Pindling, with Elizabeth II as its queen.
January 1976: In 1975, the Gilbert Islands gained independence from the United Kingdom and became the independent nation of Kiribati. The islands of Canton and Enderbury were transferred to Kiribati from the United States, marking the final step in the country's separation from colonial rule.
January 1976: In 1975, Tuvalu separated from the Gilbert Islands to become its own territory under British rule.
June 1976: Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches were returned to the Seychelles.
January 1977: Argentina maintained a naval base (Corbeta Uruguay) from 1976 to 1982, in the lee (southern east coast) of the same island.
January 1977: Born of the Republic of Seychelles.
March 1978: Independence of Dominica from the United Kingdom.
July 1978: Independence was obtained, and the name changed to just "Solomon Islands" (without the definite article), in 1978.
October 1978: Tuvalu became fully independent within the Commonwealth.
February 1979: Saint Lucia gained full independence.
July 1979: The Gilbert Islands gained independence as the Republic of Kiribati.
October 1979: On 27 October 1979 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines became the last of the Windward Islands to gain full independence.
December 1979: The Lancaster House Agreement returned control of the country to Great Britain in preparation for the spring 1980 elections. So the country name was again Southern Rhodesia. Southern Rhodesia was a British Crown Colony from December 12, 1979 to April 17, 1980.
April 1980: Was granted independence as the Republic of Zimbabwe on April 18, 1980.
January 1981: The Anguilla Act (1980) also ended the Associated State of St Kitts, Nevis and Anguilla.
September 1981: Independence of Belize.
November 1981: Antigua and Barbuda gained full independence.
September 1983: St. Kitts and Nevis achieved full independence.
January 1984: Brunei gained its independence from the United Kingdom.
October 1987: The Republic of Fiji, removing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state, was proclaimed on 6 October 1987 after two military coups.
July 1997: Return of the whole colony to China as a special administrative region.
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