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Polity that includes all territories militarly occupied by Greece that are not part of a specific military territory.
Establishment
March 1897: 2,600 irregulars crossed the Greek border into Ottoman Macedonia.
April 1897: Col. Manos captured Pente Pigadia, but the Greek advance was halted due to lack of reinforcements against an already numerically superior opposition. .
May 1897: Based on troops disposition during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a war between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire.
1.1.Epirus Front (Greco Turkish War of 1897)
Was the front in Epirus during the Greco-Turkish War (1897).
Were two wars fought in southeastern Europe in 1912-1913 during which the states of the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia) first conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace from the Ottomans and then clashed with each other over the division of the conquered lands.
2.1.First Balkan War
Was a war fought in southeastern Europe where the states of the Balkan League (Kingdom of Bulgaria, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Montenegro and Kingdom of Serbia) conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace (virtually all remaining territories of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans) from the Ottomans.
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January 1913: The territory of Albania was occupied by Serbia in the north and Greece in the south.
2.1.1.Aegean Front
Was the Aegean front of the First Balkan War.
October 1912: On October 20, Greek units occupied Tenedos.
November 1912: Greek forces took Taşoz, İmroz, Samothrace and Limni (now Lemnos) in early November.
December 1912: Greek forces took Körice on December 20.
December 1912: On November 21, the Greeks landed at Midilli.
January 1913: Greek conquest of Sakız.
2.1.2.Northern Rumelian Front
Was the Northern Rumelian front of the First Balkan War.
November 1912: On November 2, Preveze was reached by Greek forces and fell two days later.
November 1912: On November 25, Hellenic Army officer Sapountzakis was able to surround Ioannina on three sides (west, south and east), but the north side remained uncovered.
March 1913: On March 6 the Ottoman garrison of Ioannina surrendered to Greek forces.
March 1913: With the fall of Ioannina, the Greeks completed the conquest of Epirus by taking, between 15 and 21 March, Ergiri Kasrı and Tepedelen.
2.1.3.Macedonian Front (Balkan War)
Was the Macedonian front of the First Balkan War.
October 1912: After meeting negligible resistance, on October 22, the forces of Prince Constantine of Greece launched an assault against the Ottoman fortifications of the Sarantaporo pass, overcoming them after a day of hard fighting.
October 1912: The Greeks entered Kozani.
November 1912: The Hellenic fleet occupied the Chalkidiki peninsula with landing forces.
November 1912: After passing the Olympus massif, the Greek troops entered the plain of Thessaloniki, where they met Ottoman resistance: between 1 and 2 November the two sides faced each other in the battle of Giannitsa, a tough battle that ended with another Greek victory .
November 1912: On November 8, the Ottoman garrison capitulated and the Greeks took possession of Saloniki.
November 1912: Greek forces captured the town of Florina.
November 1912: The Greeks extended their conquests as far west as Körice, Albania, and east as far as Lake Dojran and Mount Pangeo, completing the occupation of southern Macedonia in less than a month.
2.1.4.Treaty of London (1913)
The Treaty of London (1913) was signed on 30 May following the London Conference of 1912-13. It ended the First Balkan War and dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War.
May 1913: The Treaty of London was signed on 30 May following the London Conference of 1912-13. It dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War. Albania was declared independent.
2.2.Second Balkan War
Was a war fought by Bulgary against a coalition of Balkan states. During the First Balkan War the Balkan League had conquered most of the Ottoman Balkan territories. Bulgaria was dissatisfied by the territorial partition and invaded its former allies.
2.2.1.Bulgarian Offensive in Greece
Was a Bulgarian military offensive in Greece during the Second Balkan War.
June 1913: The Bulgarian forces were forced to withdraw from their positions north of Thessaloniki (except the isolated battalion stationed in the city itself which was quickly overrun) to defensive positions between Kilkis and Struma river.
June 1913: On the Bulgarian right, Greek Evzones (light infantry) captured Gevgelija and the heights of Matsikovo.
July 1913: The Greeks captured Dojran on 5 July.
July 1913: The Greek forces with the support of their navy landed in Kavala.
July 1913: On 19 July the Greeks captured Nevrokop.
July 1913: Greek entered Alexandroupoli, cutting off the Bulgarians completely from the Aegean sea.
2.2.2.Greek offensive (Second Balkan War)
Was a Greek military offensive against Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War.
July 1913: The Greek forces continued their march inland into western Thrace and they entered Xanthi.
July 1913: After bitter fighting the Greek side managed to break through the Kresna pass and captured Simitli.
July 1913: Greek conquest of Komotini.
July 1913: The Bulgarian army, under heavy pressure by Greek forces, was forced to abandon Gorna Dzhumaya.
2.2.3.Treaty of Bucarest
Was the treaty that ended the Second Balkan War.
August 1913: The European borders of Turkey were set with the Treaty of Bucarest that ended the Second Balkan War.
August 1913: The border between Greece and Bulgaria was drawn from the Belasica crest at the mouth of the Mesta river on the Aegean Sea, including large parts of Epirus, Macedonia and Thessaloniki.
August 1913: The eastern frontier of Serbia was drawn from the top of Patarika and followed the watershed between the Vardar and Struma rivers to the Greek-Bulgarian border, except for the Strumica valley which remained in Bulgaria.
August 1913: The Sofia government obtained the Blagoevgrad district and a part of Western Thrace.
August 1913: Bulgarians stopped the Serbian offensive in Macedonia at Kalimanci.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
3.1.World War I Balkan Theatre
Was the theatre of war in the Balkan Peninsula during World War I.
3.1.1.Albania during World War I
Albanian theatre of World War I.
3.1.1.1.Collapse of Albania
Invasion of Albania by the central powers during World War I.
October 1914: The Greek army invaded Northern Epirus and established a military administration on the territories formerly part of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus.
January 1916: Bulgarian units entered Albania from the north-east across the Drin river taking Elbasan on 29 January.
May 1916: The Kingdom of Greece proclaimed the formal annexation of Northern Epirus, provoking protests from the governments of the Entente.
3.2.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
3.2.1.Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)
Was a war between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I.
3.2.1.1.Greek Expansion in the aftermath of WWI
Was the Greek occupation of Turkish territories in the aftermath of World War I.
May 1919: The occupation of Smyrna was the military control by Greek forces of the city of Smyrna and surrounding areas.
May 1919: The Greeks brought their forces into Eastern Thrace (apart from Constantinople and its region).
3.2.1.2.Greek Offensive (Greco-Turkish War)
Was a Greek offensive in Turkey during the Greco-Turkish War.
July 1920: Kırkağaç, Soma and Salihli were captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
July 1920: Alaşehir was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
July 1920: Kula was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
July 1920: Balıkesir was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Bandırma, Kirmasti and Karacabey were captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Nazilli was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Gemlik and Mudanya were captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Bursa was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Karamürsel was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: İznik was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Gediz and Ulubey were captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Uşak was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
September 1920: Gains from Greek Offensive by August 1920.
September 1920: Simav was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
January 1921: The Greek advance in Turkey was halted for the first time at the First Battle of İnönü.
March 1921: Greek I Army Corps took Kara Hisâr-ı Sâhib (present-day Afyonkarahisar).
March 1921: Turkish Army Officer İsmet İnönü attacked again after receiving reinforcements, and recaptured Metristepe.
July 1921: Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir.
August 1921: Gains from Greek Offensive by July 1921.
September 1921: Following the retreat of the Turkish troops under Ismet Inönü in the battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir the Greek Army advanced afresh to the Sakarya River (Sangarios in Greek), less than 100 kilometres west of Ankara.
3.2.1.3.Greek Retreat after the Battle of Sakarya
Was the Greek reatreat after the battle of Sakarya during the Greco-Turkish War.
September 1921: After Greek retreat, Turkish forces managed to retake Sivrihisar.
3.2.1.4.Turkish counter-attack (Greco-Turkish War)
Was a Turkish offensive against the Greek army during the Greco-Turkish War.
August 1922: The major Greek defense positions were overrun, and Afyon fell to Ottoman forces.
September 1922: On September 2, 1922, Eskişehir was captured by the Turkish National Forces led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
September 1922: Balıkesir and Bilecik were taken by the Ottomans on September 6.
September 1922: Aydın conquered by Ottoman Empire.
September 1922: Aydın, Germencik and Kuşadası fell under Turkish control.
September 1922: Anisa was taken by the Ottomans on September 8.
September 1922: Turkish cavalry entered Smyrna on September 9.
September 1922: Gemlik and Mudanya fell to the Ottomans on September 11.
September 1922: On 16 September the last Greek troops left Çeşme.
September 1922: The expulsion of the Greek Army from Anatolia was completed.
September 1922: Mustafa Kemal's troops moved into the straits zones and refused British requests to leave. The British cabinet was divided on the matter but eventually any possible armed conflict was prevented. British General Charles Harington, allied commander in Constantinople, kept his men from firing on Turks and warned the British cabinet against any rash adventure. The Greek fleet left Constantinople upon his request. The British finally decided to force the Greeks to withdraw behind the Maritsa in Thrace. This convinced Mustafa Kemal to accept the opening of armistice talks.
Disestablishment
August 1922: The major Greek defense positions were overrun, and Afyon fell to Ottoman forces.
September 1922: On September 2, 1922, Eskişehir was captured by the Turkish National Forces led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
September 1922: Balıkesir and Bilecik were taken by the Ottomans on September 6.
September 1922: Aydın conquered by Ottoman Empire.
September 1922: Aydın, Germencik and Kuşadası fell under Turkish control.
September 1922: Anisa was taken by the Ottomans on September 8.
September 1922: Turkish cavalry entered Smyrna on September 9.
September 1922: Gemlik and Mudanya fell to the Ottomans on September 11.
September 1922: On 16 September the last Greek troops left Çeşme.
September 1922: The expulsion of the Greek Army from Anatolia was completed.
September 1922: Mustafa Kemal's troops moved into the straits zones and refused British requests to leave. The British cabinet was divided on the matter but eventually any possible armed conflict was prevented. British General Charles Harington, allied commander in Constantinople, kept his men from firing on Turks and warned the British cabinet against any rash adventure. The Greek fleet left Constantinople upon his request. The British finally decided to force the Greeks to withdraw behind the Maritsa in Thrace. This convinced Mustafa Kemal to accept the opening of armistice talks.
Selected Sources
Ahmet N.O. (1986): Kula, Katakekaumene (Yanık yöre): 2000 yıl önce Strabon'un adını koyduğu yöre, Öğrenci Basimevi, pp. 137-138.
Bigham, C.C. (1897): With the Turkish Army in Thessaly. With illustrations and maps, London, Macmillan & Co, "Sketch Map showing position of The Turkish & Greek forces on May 20, 1897"
Bigham, C.C. (1897): With the Turkish Army in Thessaly. With illustrations and maps, London, Macmillan & Co, "Sketch Map showing position of The Turkish & Greek forces on May 4, 1897"
Sayhan, M. (2006): Milli Mücadele'de Çivril, (1919-1922), Kitsan, pp. 15-18
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Greece (Military Occupation)
