This article is about the specific polity Kingdom of England and therefore only includes events related to its territory and not to its possessions or colonies. If you are interested in the possession, this is the link to the article about the nation which includes all possessions as well as all the different incarnations of the nation.
If you are looking for the page with the statistics about this polity you can find it here:All Statistics
Was a country corresponding to modern-day England. It emerged from the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms originated in England after the end of Roman control. The Kingdom of Wessex was able to slowly conquer all the other petty Kingdoms of England. The Kingdom ceased to exist as a separate entity when it entered in a Personal Union with the Kingdom of Scotland in 1603, after the death of Queen Elizabeth I. It also ceased to exist legally with the Acts of Union of 1706-1707.
Summary
The history of England begins with the arrival of the Britons, who were eventually conquered by the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC. Under Roman rule, Britain was a province of the Empire for nearly 400 years. During this time, the native Britons were Romanized and Christianity was introduced to the island.
In the 5th century AD, as the Roman Empire declined, the Britons were left vulnerable to invasion from Germanic tribes such as the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. These tribes conquered much of Britain, displacing the Britons and establishing a number of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. The Angles gave their name to the new kingdom of England.
The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were eventually unified under the kings of Wessex, culminating in the reign of Alfred the Great in the 9th century. Alfred was able to defeat the Danish invasions and laid the foundations of a united English kingdom. However, the country was again conquered in 1066, this time by the Normans under William the Conqueror.
The Norman conquest ushered in a period of stability and growth, as the new Norman kings gradually consolidated their authority. Key developments included the strengthening of the monarchy, the creation of a sophisticated system of common law, and the construction of iconic castles and cathedrals. Under the Plantagenet kings, England also expanded its territories in France, leading to the Hundred Years War with France.
The 15th century saw the advent of the Wars of the Roses, a dynastic conflict between the rival houses of Lancaster and York. This civil war was eventually resolved with the accession of the Tudor dynasty in 1485. The Tudor monarchs - Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I - presided over a dramatic religious, political, and cultural transformation of England.
The Reformation under Henry VIII saw England break away from the Catholic Church, while the long reign of Elizabeth I brought stability, prosperity, and the flowering of English literature and exploration. The Stuart dynasty followed the Tudors. From the accession of James VI and I in 1603, the Stuart dynasty ruled England in personal union with Scotland and Ireland.
Establishment
January 928: Ealdred of Northumbria (913-927) submitted to the English king Æthelstan (924-939) in 927.
January 928: Edward's son, Æthelstan, conquered Northumbria in 927, and England became a unified kingdom for the first time.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Æthelstan the Glorious, King of Wessex, conquered Northumbria in 927, and England became a unified kingdom for the first time.
Was the Viking invasion of the British Isles that started with the arrival of the Great Heathen Army in 865 and resulted in the establishment of the Danelaw, the part of England dominated by the Danes.
January 955: The Kingdom of Jórvík was invaded and conquered for short periods by Anglo-Saxons between 927 and 954 before eventually being annexed by them in 954.
Were a series of ephemeral Norse-ruled personal unions between England and Scandinavian countries.
December 1013: Sweyn Forkbeard, the King of Denmark, conquered England in 1013.
February 1014: Sweyn Forkbeard died and his realm was divided.
March 1040: Harthacnut was the son of King Cnut the Great of Denmark and England. He became the ruler of both territories in 1040.
June 1042: Harthacnut died suddenly in 1042 and was succeeded by Magnus in Denmark and Edward the Confessor in England. Harthacnut was the last Dane to rule England.
Was the succesful Danish invasion of the Kingdom of England by Cnut the Great.
September 1015: Early in September 1015 Danish King sailed around Kent to Wessex, until he came to the mouth of the Frome, and harried in Dorset and Wiltshire and Somerset.
April 1016: Western Mercia conquered by Kingdom of England.
April 1016: The mid-winter assault by Cnut of Denmark devastated its way northwards across eastern Mercia.
April 1016: Early in 1016, the Viking forces led by King Cnut of Denmark crossed the Thames and raided Warwickshire as part of their campaign to conquer England.
May 1016: In 1016, King Cnut of Denmark encircled the city of London.
April 1017: The West Saxons accepted Cnut as king of all of England, and he was crowned by Lyfing, Archbishop of Canterbury, in London.
Was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by the army of the Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror.
September 1066: The Normans crossed to England a few days after Harold's victory over the Norwegians at Stamford Bridge on 25 September, following the dispersal of Harold's naval force. They landed at Pevensey in Sussex on 28 September.
October 1066: The Normans erected a wooden castle at Hastings.
October 1066: The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England.
October 1066: William moved up the Thames valley to cross the river at Wallingford, Berkshire, while there he received the submission of Stigand.
November 1066: William advanced, marching around the coast of Kent to London. He defeated an English force that attacked him at Southwark.
December 1066: The English leaders surrendered to William at Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire. William was acclaimed King of England and crowned by Ealdred on 25 December 1066.
June 1068: The Siege of Exeter occurred in 1068 when William I marched a combined army of Normans and Englishmen loyal to the king west to force the submission of Exeter, a stronghold of Anglo-Saxon resistance against Norman rule.
In two campaigns, in 1277 and 1282-83, respectively, Edward I of England first greatly reduced the territory of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd ("Llywelyn the Last"), and then completely overran it, as well as the other remaining Welsh principalities.
January 1246: A dynastic dispute in the succession to the throne, weakened Gwynedd (Wales) and allowed Henry III of England to seize Perfeddwlad.
January 1257: From 1256 a resurgent Gwynedd under Llywelyn ap Gruffudd resumed the war with Henry and took back Perfeddwlad.
December 1277: In July 1277, Edward of England launched a punitive expedition into North Wales. Llywelyn soon realised his position was hopeless and quickly surrendered. By the Treaty of Aberconwy in November 1277, Llywelyn was left only with the western part of Gwynedd, though he was allowed to retain the title of Prince of Wales.
February 1283: War broke out in Wales again in 1282, as a result of a rebellion by Llywelyn's brother Dafydd, who was discontented with the reward he had received from Edward of England in 1277. Edward raised a new army and boldly marched into Snowdonia in January 1283 and captured Dolwyddelan Castle in the heartland of the Welsh resistance.
July 1283: The conquest of Gwynedd was completed with the capture in June 1283 of Dafydd. Edward divided the territory of the Welsh principalities between himself (that is, retained under direct royal control) and his supporters through feudal grants, which in practice became new Marcher lordships.
Was a war between the Kingdoms of England and France.
7.1.Guascon campaign (1294-1303)
Was the theatre of War of Guascony during the Anglo-French War of 1294-1303.
7.1.1.First English Attack (Anglo-French War of 1294-1303)
Was an English expedition in Aquitaine during the Anglo-French War of 1294-1303.
May 1294: Edward I, also known as Edward Longshanks, was the King of England from 1272 to 1307. In 1294, he was forfeited of Aquitaine, Gascony, and other French possessions by the King of France, Philip IV, due to ongoing conflicts between the two kingdoms.
October 1294: The English fleet arrived off Aquitaine and went up the Garonne River and seized the town of Castillon.
October 1294: Travelling up the Gironde estuary from the 28 October, the English captured the towns of Macau the next day.
November 1294: Bourg conquered by Kingdom of England.
November 1294: Blaye conquered by Kingdom of England.
November 1294: The English fleet went up stream to Rions, which was captured, along with Podensac and Villeneuve.
January 1295: St John left John of Brittany at Rions and travelled to Bayonne, and laid siege to the town. On 1 January 1295, the French garrison was driven into the castle by the citizens of Bayonne and the citizens opened the town gates to him. The castle surrendered on 9 January.
7.1.2.French Counterattack (Anglo-French War of 1294-1303)
Was an French expedition in Aquitaine during the Anglo-French War of 1294-1303.
April 1295: Both John of Brittany and St John defended Rions, but due to the fall of the neighbouring towns and discontent between the English troops, they abandoned Rions, which the French entered on 8 April.
July 1295: The French army retook Podensac and then Saint-Sever in June 1295. Only Bourg and Blaye remained in English hands in the north of the duchy and Bayonne and Saint-Sever in the south.
January 1296: Philip IV of France sent his brother Charles of Valois, the Marshal of France, Guy I of Clermont and the Constable of France, Raoul II of Clermont into Aquitaine and Gascony at the head of a large army that won back most of the English conquests in the Garonne valley.
7.1.3.Second English Attack (Anglo-French War of 1294-1303)
Was an English expedition in Aquitaine during the Anglo-French War of 1294-1303.
April 1296: In 1296, the towns of Langon and Saint-Macaire surrendered to the forces of King Edward I of England, led by his son Prince Edmund. This event was part of the ongoing conflict between England and France over control of territories in Gascony.
7.2.Treaty of Paris (1303)
Was the treaty that ended Anglo-French War of 1294-1303. Gascony was restored to England from France following its occupation during the war.
May 1303: The Anglo-French War of 1294–1303 ended when the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1303, which restored the status quo.
Were a series of military campaigns fought between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.
8.1.First War of Scottish Independence
Was the first of a series of wars between English and Scottish forces. It lasted from the English invasion of Scotland in 1296 until the de jure restoration of Scottish independence with the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328.
8.1.1.English invasion of Scotland (1296)
Was the English invasion of Scotland in 1296 that resulted in the occupation of the country.
March 1296: The English army crossed the Tweed River and proceeded to the priory of Coldstream.
March 1296: The Kingdom of England captured Berwick.
April 1296: After the Battle of Dunbar Edward I of England arrived at Dunbar on 28 April, with the castle surrendering.
May 1296: Edward I, the King of England, arrived in Haddington as part of his campaign to assert English control over Scotland.
May 1296: Lauder conquered by Kingdom of England.
June 1296: In Edinburgh English forces laid siege to Edinburgh Castle. After five days of siege the castle surrendered.
June 1296: King Edward I of England led his army to capture various Scottish territories including Jedburgh Castle, Wyel, Castleton, Jedborough, and Roxburgh. The English forces then proceeded to Lauder and the abbey of Newbattle.
July 1296: In 1296, King Edward I of England marched through Auchterarder, Perth, Kinclaven, Clunie, Inverqueich, Forfar, Farnell, and Montrose as part of his campaign to assert English control over Scotland during the First War of Scottish Independence.
July 1296: Edward I, also known as Edward Longshanks, was the King of England at the time. Stirling Castle was surrendered by the porter to Edward I in 1296 during the First War of Scottish Independence. This event marked the English conquest of Scotland.
August 1296: John and the leading nobles of Scotland presented themselves to Edward I at Stracathro Churchyard in July and surrendered.
8.1.2.Wallace Revolt
Was a revolt in Scotland against English occupation led by William Wallace and Andrew de Moray.
November 1297: William Wallace, a Scottish knight and leader of the Scottish resistance against English rule, picked up the sword in 1297 to invade England. He crossed into Northumberland, a territory that was part of the Kingdom of Scotland at the time.
November 1297: Wallace and Moray divided their forces and in a short time again forced the English south of the Forth, leaving them holding only the castle of Dundee.
December 1297: Scottish forces led by William Wallace leave Northumberland.
8.1.3.English Second Invasion of Scotland
Was a military campaign undertaken by Edward I of England in retaliation to a Scottish uprising in 1297. The English were ultimately unsuccesful in recapturing Scotland.
July 1298: Battle of Falkirk: the English army defeated the Scots. Edward of England occupied Stirling and raided Perth, St. Andrews and Ayrshire.
September 1298: The English forces retreated to Carlisle.
January 1300: The Scots recaptured Stirling Castle.
8.1.4.English Third Invasion of Scotland
Was a military campaign undertaken by Edward I of England to continue gains from the 1298 invasion.
June 1300: Edward I, also known as Edward Longshanks, was the King of England who led the campaign into Scotland in 1300. Caerlaverock Castle was a strategically important fortress in the region of Annandale and Galloway, which fell under English control as a result of the invasion.
October 1300: In 1300, King Edward I of England arranged a truce with the Scots on 30 October after facing lack of success in the occupied regions. This allowed him to return to England from the ongoing conflict with the Kingdom of Scotland.
October 1301: Bothwell conquered by Kingdom of England.
January 1302: In 1301, the English armies led by King Edward I and his son Prince Edward met at Linlithgow to winter.
February 1302: In January 1302, King Edward I of England agreed to a nine-month truce with King John Balliol of Scotland. This truce was part of ongoing negotiations between the two kingdoms during the First War of Scottish Independence.
8.1.5.English Fourth Invasion of Scotland
English invasion of Scotland, undertaken by King Edward I of England after the failure of the 1301 invasion.
July 1303: The English army marched on Linlithgow, Stirling, and Perth.
July 1303: King Edward I of England reached Edinburgh in June 1303.
September 1303: In 1303, King Edward I of England traveled through Dundee, Montrose, and Brechin before arriving in Aberdeen in August. This journey was part of his campaign to assert English control over Scotland during the First War of Scottish Independence.
December 1303: In 1303, King Edward I of England marched through Moray, Badenoch, and Dunfermline as part of his campaign to assert English control over Scotland. This military campaign was part of the ongoing conflict between the two kingdoms for dominance in the region.
February 1304: Early in 1304, Edward of England sent a raiding party into the Scottish borders, which put to flight the forces under Fraser and Wallace. With the country now under submission, all the leading Scots surrendered to Edward in February, except for Wallace, Fraser, and Soulis, who was in France. Terms of submission were negotiated on 9 February by John Comyn.
June 1304: Having eliminated most Scottish opposition, Edward turned his attention to Stirling Castle, laying siege to it.
8.1.6.De facto independence of Scotland from England
De facto independence of Scotland was established in 1314 at the Battle of Bannockburn.
June 1314: De facto independence was established in 1314 at the Battle of Bannockburn.
May 1318: Sir James Douglas, a Scottish knight and military leader, captured Berwick-upon-Tweed from the English in 1318 during the First War of Scottish Independence. The town had been under English control since 1296.
8.1.7.Bruce raids of Northern England
Raids on Northern England, carried out by Scottish king Robert the Bruce during the First Scottish War of Independence between 30 September and 2 November 1322.
September 1322: The Great Raid of 1322 was a major raid on Northern England, carried out by Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland.
October 1322: End of the Scottish Great Raid of 1322.
8.2.Second War of Scottish Independence
The Second War of Scottish Independence broke out in 1332 when Edward Balliol, a claimant to the Scottish throne, led an English-backed invasion of Scotland.
8.2.1.Invasion of Edward III
English invasion of Scotland, undertaken by King Edward III of England as part of the Second War of Scottish Independence.
March 1333: Battle of Dornock.
April 1333: Siege of Berwick.
July 1333: Siege of Berwick.
August 1333: In July 1333, King Edward III of England gained control of several Scottish territories, including Roxburgh, Edinburgh, Peebles, Dumfries, Linlithgow, and Haddington, from King John Balliol of Scotland during the Second War of Scottish Independence.
January 1334: Battle of Halidon Hill: much of Scotland falls under English occupation, with eight of the counties of the Lowlands ceded to England by Edward Balliol.
August 1335: Edward III was the King of England and Edward Balliol was a claimant to the Scottish throne. In 1335, they invaded Scotland with a large army, capturing Glasgow and Perth as part of their campaign to assert English control over Scotland.
November 1336: By the end of 1336 the Scots had regained control over virtually all of Scotland.
June 1337: In May 1337, the English army under the orders of Henry Plantagenet invaded Scotland, followed in July 1337 by another army under the orders of King Edward III. Together, they ravaged much of the northeast by sacking Elgin and Aberdeen, while a third army pillaged the southwest and the Clyde Valley.
July 1337: In May 1337, the English army under the orders of Henry Plantagenet invaded Scotland, followed in July 1337 by another army under the orders of King Edward III. Together, they ravaged much of the northeast by sacking Elgin and Aberdeen, while a third army pillaged the southwest and the Clyde Valley.
8.2.2.Raid of David II
Was a raid in Northern England by the Scottish king David II.
October 1341: David II of Scotland leads a raid on England.
November 1341: Edward III marshal an army north to reinforce the borders against the invading Scottish forces.
Was a short war fought between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France in 1324.
September 1324: The town of La Réole surrendered on 22 September 1324 to King Charles IV of France during the War of Saint-Sardos. The conflict was part of the larger struggle for power between the French monarchy and the English crown during the Hundred Years' War.
Were a series of conflicts between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France that spanned more than a century (with interruptions) from 1337 to 1453. The immediate causes of the conflicts were the English possessions in France which were at the same time vassals of the French Kingdom, as well as disputed claims to the French throne between the English House of Plantagenet and the French royal House of Valois. At the end of the war Englans lost all its possessions in France with the exception of the city of Calais.
10.1.Edwardian War
Was the first phase of the Hundred Years' War between France and England, lasting from 1337 to 1360.
10.1.1.Crécy campaign
Was an English military campaign in northern France during the Edwardian War.
August 1347: Calais, a strategic port city in France, was captured by King Edward III of England in 1347 during the Hundred Years' War. The Treaty of Brétigny in 1360 confirmed English possession of Calais and its surroundings, establishing it as an important English stronghold on the continent.
September 1347: In 1347, on the heels of English victory at the battle of Crécy (1346), the Viscount Gaston III Fébus paid homage to the king of France for his county of Foix, but refused to give homage for Béarn, which he claimed to hold from no one but God.
January 1350: In 1349, Saint-Jean-d'Angély became English territory during the Hundred Years' War between England and France.
August 1351: Saint-Jean-d'Angély fell to the French.
10.1.2.Treaty of Brétigny
The Treaty of Brétigny was a treaty that marked the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453). By virtue of this treaty, Edward III of England obtained large territorial gains in southwestern France.
October 1360: The Treaty of Brétigny was a treaty, drafted on 8 May 1360 and ratified on 24 October 1360, between King Edward III of England and King John II of France (the Good). In retrospect, it is seen as having marked the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) as well as the height of English power on the Continent. By virtue of this treaty, Edward III obtained, besides Guyenne and Gascony, Poitou, Saintonge and Aunis, Agenais, Périgord, Limousopn, Quercy, Bigorre, the countship of Gauré, Angoumois, Rouergue, Montreuil-sur-Mer, Ponthieu, Calais, Sangatte, Ham and the countship of Guînes.
10.2.Caroline War
Was the second phase of the Hundred Years' War between France and England. .
June 1372: Siege of La Rochelle.
August 1372: Siege of Soubise.
August 1372: Siege of La Rochelle.
January 1373: The alliance with the Kingdom of Castile led to the annihilation of the English fleet by the Castilian fleet at the Battle of La Rochelle on June 22, 1372161. Deprived of logistical support, the strongholds ceded by the Treaty of Brétigny fell one after the other. the others: Poitiers in 1372.
March 1373: Battle of Chizé.
January 1378: Bergerac conquered by france.
January 1380: The Siege of Châteauneuf-de-Randon in 1380 involved French forces led by Bertrand du Guesclin and English forces led by Robert Knolles. The French successfully captured the town, leading to its territory being placed under French military occupation.
July 1380: The Siege of Châteauneuf-de-Randon in 1380 involved French forces led by Bertrand du Guesclin and English forces led by Robert Knolles. The French successfully captured the town, leading to its territory being placed under French military occupation.
August 1385: Siège of Wark.
October 1385: Jean de Vienne re-embarks with his men for France, leaving Wark.
10.3.Lancastrian War
Was the third and final phase of the Hundred Years' War between France and England. At the end of the war England lost all its continental possessions in France with the exception of the city of Calais.
10.3.1.French Reconquest (final phase of the Hundred Years' War)
Was a French military campaign in the territories occupied by England. The campaign was succesful and led to the expulsion of the the English from France (with the exception of the city of Calais).
June 1442: Siege of Tartas.
June 1451: Bordeaux conquered by Kingdom of France.
October 1452: Bordeaux conquered by Kingdom of England.
July 1453: Battle of Castillon.
October 1453: Siege of Bordeaux.
Was a Welsh rebellion led by Owain Glyndŵr against the Kingdom of England during the Late Middle Ages.
September 1400: On 16 September 1400, Owain acted, and was proclaimed Prince of Wales by a small band of followers which included his eldest son, his brothers-in-law, and the Dean of St Asaph. This was a revolutionary statement in itself. Owain’s men quickly spread through north-east Wales. On 18 September, the town of Ruthin and De Grey's stronghold of Ruthin Castle were attacked.
September 1400: Denbigh, Rhuddlan, Flint, Hawarden, and Holt conquered by Welsh Rebels.
September 1400: The town of Oswestry was badly damaged by in a raid by Welsh rebel leader Owain Glyndŵr.
September 1400: Owain Glyndŵr, a Welsh rebel leader who led a revolt against English rule, attacked Powis Castle and sacked Welshpool.
September 1400: When Henry of England arrived on Anglesey, he harried the island, burning villages and monasteries including the Llanfaes Friary near Bangor, Gwynedd.
October 1400: By 15 October, Henry of England was back in Shrewsbury where he released some prisoners and two days later at Worcester with little to show for his efforts.
January 1402: In 1401, the revolt began to spread. Much of northern and central Wales went over to Owain.
January 1404: In 1403 the Welsh revolt led by Owain expanded into southern and western Wales.
September 1404: Owain captured and garrisoned the great western castles of Harlech and Aberystwyth.
January 1407: English forces landed in Anglesey from Ireland. Over the next year they would gradually push the Welsh back until the resistance in Anglesey formally ended toward the end of 1406.
April 1407: By 1407 this strategy was beginning to bear fruit. In March, 1,000 men from all over Flintshire appeared before the Chief Justitiar of the county and agreed to pay a communal fine for their adherence to Glyndŵr.
August 1407: In July the Earl of Arundel’s north-east Lordship around Oswestry and Clun submitted.
December 1407: In 1407, Aberystwyth Castle surrendered to the forces of King Henry IV of England.
January 1410: Harlech Castle was captured by the forces of King Henry IV of England.
January 1416: By 1415, full English rule was returned to Wales.
Were a series of conflicts covering the period between 1494 to 1559, fought mostly in the Italian peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and the Mediterranean Sea. The primary belligerents were the Valois kings of France, and their Habsburg opponents in the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.
12.1.Italian War of 1542-1546
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars.
12.1.1.French Theatre (Italian War of 1542-1546)
Was the war theatre on French territory in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
June 1546: The Treaty of Ardres (or Treaty of Camp) was signed by Claude d'Annebault, Pierre Ramon, and Guillaume Bochetel on behalf of Francis, and Viscount Lisle, Baron Paget and Nicholas Wotton on behalf of Henry. By its terms, Henry would retain Boulogne until 1554, then return it in exchange for two million écus. In the meantime, neither side would construct fortifications in the region.
12.2.Italian War of 1551-1559
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars.
12.2.1.Land Campaigns (Italian War of 1551-1559)
Were the Land campaigns of the Italian War of 1551-1559.
January 1558: Calais conquered by France.
In 1603, James VI of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth I, the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, who had died childless, joining Scotland with England in a personal union.
March 1603: James VI of Scotland became King of England, joining Scotland with England in a personal union.
January 948: Norwegian king Eric Bloodaxe was also King of Northumbria twice (c. 947-948 and 952-954).
January 949: Norwegian king Eric Bloodaxe was also King of Northumbria twice (c. 947-948 and 952-954).
January 953: Norwegian king Eric Bloodaxe was also King of Northumbria twice (c. 947-948 and 952-954).
January 955: Norwegian king Eric Bloodaxe was also King of Northumbria twice (c. 947-948 and 952-954).
November 1035: After the death of Cnut the Great, the North Sea Empire was again divided into Denmark, England, and Norway.
September 1087: William the conqueror's lands were divided after his death: Normandy went to his son Robert, and England went to his second surviving son, William Rufus.
January 1092: The last native King of Morgannwyg and Glywysing was Iestyn ap Gwrgan (1081-1090), who was subsequently deposed by Robert Fitzhamon.
January 1093: At the time of the Domesday Book (1086) most of the future county of Cumberland was part of Scotland.In 1092, King William Rufus of England invaded the Carlisle district, settling it with colonists.
September 1106: In 1106, Henry of England defeated his brother Robert's army decisively at the Battle of Tinchebray and claimed Normandy as a possession of the English crown.
January 1225: End of the Angevin Empire.
September 1237: The Treaty of York (1237) fixed the boundaries with the Kingdom of the Scots with England.
January 1280: During the Hundred Years' War, the city of Ponthieu changed hands a number of times, although the English claimed control of it from 1279-1369, and then later from 1378 until 1435.
March 1290: In 1290 King Edward I of England sent Walter de Huntercombe to take possession of the Isle of Man.
January 1291: In 1290, King Edward I of England separated the Channel Islands from the Duchy of Normandy, establishing them as Crown dependencies under the jurisdiction of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. This marked the beginning of their governance as autonomous territories under the English Crown.
January 1291: In 1290, the island of Jersey became part of the Bailiwick of Jersey, a Crown dependency of England. This marked the beginning of the Channel Islands being governed as Crown dependencies, with their own unique legal and political systems.
June 1313: The Isle of Man remained in English hands until 1313, when Robert Bruce took it after besieging Castle Rushen.
August 1317: The Isle of Man reverts to Scottish control.
January 1329: The isle of Man falls under the control of Scotland.
June 1333: The Isle of Man was held by the Scots until 1333.
January 1370: During the Hundred Years' War, the city of Ponthieu changed hands a number of times, although the English claimed control of it from 1279-1369, and then later from 1378 until 1435.
January 1379: During the Hundred Years' War, the city of Ponthieu changed hands a number of times, although the English claimed control of it from 1279-1369, and then later from 1378 until 1435.
January 1436: During the Hundred Years' War, the city of Ponthieu changed hands a number of times, although the English claimed control of it from 1279-1369, and then later from 1378 until 1435.
Disestablishment
March 1603: James VI of Scotland became King of England, joining Scotland with England in a personal union.
Selected Sources
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.126
Kingdom of England
