This article is about the specific polity Mongol Empire and therefore only includes events related to its territory and not to its possessions or colonies. If you are interested in the possession, this is the link to the article about the nation which includes all possessions as well as all the different incarnations of the nation.
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By 1206, Genghis Khan had conquered all Mongol and Turkic tribes in Mongolia and southern Siberia and created the Mongol Empire. The Empire quickly grew through wars and conquests, becoming the largest contiguous land empire in history. At its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Europe. It existed as a unified polity for a relatively short time as it already fragmented in 4 main successor states during the Toluid Civil War: Ilkhanate, Yuan dynasty, Chagatai Khanate, and Golden Horde.
Establishment
January 1207: Genghis Khan, a powerful Mongol leader, unified all Mongol and Turkic tribes in Mongolia and southern Siberia by 1206. This marked the establishment of the Mongol Empire, which would go on to become the largest empire in history.
January 1207: The Mongol Empire emerged from the unification of several nomadic tribes in the Mongol homeland under the leadership of Genghis Khan (c. 1162-1227), whom a council proclaimed as the ruler of all Mongols in 1206.
January 1207: In 1206, Temujin was crowned as the khagan (Emperor) of the Yekhe Mongol Ulus (Great Mongol State) at a Kurultai (general assembly/council). It was there that he assumed the title of Genghis Khan (universal leader) instead of one of the old tribal titles such as Gur Khan or Tayang Khan, marking the start of the Mongol Empire.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of military campaigny by the Mongols that created the largest contiguous Empire in history, the Mongol Empire, which controlled most of Eurasia.
January 1226: Mongol invasion of Central Asia.
January 1229: Genghis Khan died on 18 August 1227, by which time the Mongol Empire ruled from the Pacific Ocean to the Caspian Sea, an empire twice the size of the Roman Empire or the Muslim Caliphate at their height.
January 1230: Ögedei Khan's armies re-established Mongol authority in Manchuria, crushing the Eastern Xia regime and the Water Tatars. Ögedei Khan was the second ruler of the Mongol Empire.
January 1231: The Mongols moved towards the west, gaining claim to parts of Russia, Ukraine, and whole countries in Central Asia, such as Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and other countries.
January 1237: Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, overran the territories of the Bulgars, the Alans, the Kypchaks, Bashkirs, Mordvins, Chuvash, and other nations of the southern Russian steppe.
January 1239: The Mongols, who in 1238 poured into the crimean peninsula, occupied its east.
January 1241: The first real invasion was as many as 3,000 people invaded Tibet in 1240, resulting in 500 Tibet deaths. Later, Tibet surrendered and became part of the Mongol Empire.
January 1242: The Golden Horde overran the Avar Khanate of Caucasus in 1241.
January 1243: The forces of the Mongol Empire took Erzurum in 1242.
January 1246: The city of Multan was captured by the Mongols under Sali Noyan in 1245-6.
January 1248: In 1247 Mongol khagan Güyük Khan made split the Kingdom of Georgia in an eastern and western part.
January 1248: The Mongols carved out the region of Samtskhe from Georgia and placed it under the direct control of the Ilkhanate.
January 1250: The of Sudak city passed under Tatar control, although it retained considerable autonomy.
February 1258: The Abbasids' period of cultural fruition and its (reduced) territorial control ended in 1258 with the sack of Baghdad by the Mongols under Hulagu Khan and the execution of Al-Musta'sim.
January 1259: Hulegu Khan, third son of Tolui, grandson of Genghis Khan, and brother of both Möngke Khan and Kublai Khan, was the first khan of the Ilkhanate. He destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258.
January 1259: Baghdad was besieged and captured by the Mongols in 1258 and subjected to a merciless sack, an event considered as one of the most catastrophic events in the history of Islam, and sometimes compared to the rupture of the Kaaba.
January 1259: The Ayyubids lost Diyar Bakr to the Mongols.
January 1259: In 1258, Mongol forces captured Chengdu.
1.1.Conquest of Mongolia and Siberia
By 1206, Genghis Khan had conquered all Mongol and Turkic tribes in southern Siberia and Mongolia.
January 1208: Jochi subjugated the Siberian forest people, the Uriankhai, the Oirats, Barga, Khakas, Buryats, Tuvans, Khori-Tumed, and Kyrgyz
January 1208: Early mongol conquests (northern and eastern mongolia).
1.2.Conquest of Western Xia
Was a series of conflicts between the Mongol Empire and the Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty in northwestern China. Western Xia was finally annexed to the Mongol Empire.
1.2.1.Second Mongol Invasion of Western Xia
Was the second Mongol military campaign in Western Xia. Western Xia was inglobated in the Mongol Empire.
August 1225: When Genghis invaded the Islamic Khwarazmian dynasty in 1219, Western Xia attempted to break away from the Empire and ally with the Jin and Song dynasties. Angered by this betrayal, in 1225 Genghis Khan sent a second, punitive expedition into Western Xia. After taking Khara-Khoto, the Mongols began a steady advance southward.
August 1225: Genghis Khan lay siege to Suzhou, which fell after five weeks.
April 1226: Genghis then moved to Ganzhou, the hometown of his general Chagaan. Chagaan's father still commanded the city garrison, so Chagaan attempted negotiations with him. However, the second-in-command of the city staged a coup, killed Chagaan's father, and refused to surrender. The city took five months to subdue.
September 1226: Wuwei conquered by the Mongols.
December 1226: Siege of Lingwu.
October 1227: In September 1227, Emperor Mozhu surrendered to the Mongols and was promptly executed.
1.3.Invasion of Central Asia
Were a series of expansionistic military campaigns by the Mongols in Central Asia.
1.3.1.Conquest of the Qara Khitai
Was the Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai.
January 1211: The Uyghur state of Kara-Khoja was a vassal of the Qara Khitai, but in 1210, the Uyghur ruler of Kara-Khoja, Idiqut Barchuq appeared before the Khan to declare his allegiance to the Mongolians.
January 1217: In 1216, after requesting Muhammad II of Khwarazm not to aid Kuchlug, Genghis Khan dispatched general Jebe with two tumens. The two armies traveled alongside each other through the Altai and Tarbagatai Mountains until arriving at Almaliq.
January 1217: In 1216, the Mongol general Jebe, also known as "The Arrow," conquered the city of Balasagun, which was the capital of the Qara Khitai. Jebe defeated a large army of 30,000 troops, forcing the Qara Khitai ruler Kuchlug to flee. This victory further expanded the territory of the Mongol Empire.
January 1219: Mongol general Jebe pursued Kuchlug, the ruler of Qara Khitai, across the Pamir Mountains into Badakhshan in modern Afghanistan. A group of hunters caught Kuchlug and handed him over to the Mongols, who promptly beheaded him. Qara Khitai was annexed to the Mongol Empire.
1.3.2.Conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire
Was the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire.
December 1219: Though the Mongols suffered losses and were exhausted from the crossing, their presence in the Ferghana Valley stunned the Khwarezm leadership and permanently stole the initiative away.
February 1220: Bukhara conquered by Mongol Empire.
March 1220: Samarkand conquered by Mongol Empire.
June 1220: In 1220, during the Mongol Empire's conquest of Khorasan, the cities of Termez and Balkh were among the first to fall. Termez was an important trading city on the Amu Darya River, while Balkh was a historic city known for its cultural significance and strategic location on the Silk Road.
January 1221: In February 1220 the Mongolian army crossed the Syr Darya. The Mongols stormed Bukhara, Gurganj and the Khwarezmid capital Samarkand.
May 1221: After finishing off Merv, Tolui headed westwards, attacking the cities of Nishapur and Herat.
May 1221: Urgench conquered by Mongol Empire.
June 1221: By spring 1221, the province of Khurasan was under complete Mongol rule.
December 1221: The Battle of the Indus was fought at the Indus river, in the year 1221 between Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, the sultan of the Khwarezmian dynasty and his only remaining forces of thirty thousand against the two hundred thousand strong Mongolian army of Genghis Khan: Khwarezmia was annexed to the Mongol Empire.
January 1231: The Mongols conquered Azerbaijan.
1.3.3.Campaign against the Nizaris
Was a Mongol campaign against the Nizari Ismaili State.
November 1256: The Nizari Imam at Maymun-Dizh was Rukn al-Din Khurshah, the leader of the Ismaili sect. Hulagu Khan was the grandson of Genghis Khan and the founder of the Ilkhanate, a division of the Mongol Empire. The surrender of the castle marked the end of the Nizari Ismaili stronghold in the region.
January 1257: Nizari leader Muqaddam al-Din finally surrendered to the Mongols in December 1256.
January 1257: Hulegu Khan, third son of Tolui, grandson of Genghis Khan, and brother of both Möngke Khan and Kublai Khan, was the first khan of the Ilkhanate. He destroyed the Nizari Ismaili state in 1256.
1.4.Conquest of Jin China
Was the Mongol conquest of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in Manchuria and North China.
November 1211: While Genghis Khan headed southward, his general Jebe travelled even further east into Manchuria and captured Mukden.
November 1211: Battle of Yehuling.
May 1215: Zhongdu fell to the Mongols on May 31, 1215.
January 1224: The Mongols systematically rooted out all resistance in Shanxi, Hebei and Shandong provinces from 1217-23.
January 1232: In 1231, the Mongols led by Genghis Khan's grandson, Batu Khan, launched a successful attack on Fengxiang, a strategic city in northern China. This victory marked another step in the Mongol Empire's expansion and consolidation of power in the region.
April 1232: By 1232, the Jurchen ruler Emperor Aizong, of the Jin Dynasty, was besieged in Kaifeng by the Mongol Empire led by Genghis Khan. This marked a significant turning point in the Mongol conquest of the Jin Dynasty.
February 1233: Mongol siege of Kaifeng.
February 1234: The remainder of the Jin army took shelter in Caizhou, where they were closely besieged by the Mongols on one side and the Song army on the other. The Jin dynasty came to an end on February 9th, 1234.
1.4.1.Conquest of Eastern Xia
Was the Mongol conquest of Western Xia.
November 1214: During the mongol invasion Wannu used the opportunity to establish a breakaway state, originally based in Liaoyang. .
January 1217: In 1217, due to the Mongol Invasions, Eastern Xia ruler Puxian Wannu left the area of Liaoning. He relocated to northeast Manchuria along the border with Korea.
January 1218: In 1217, Wannu attempted a rebellion of Eastern Xia against his Mongol allies. This was swiftly subdued.
January 1222: At some point after 1221, Eastern Xia under the leadership of Wannu broke from the Mongols.
January 1234: In 1233, as part of a punitive expedition into Goryeo to force that dynasty's compliance, Ögedai sent Güyük and Alchidai to subdue Eastern Xia. The Mongol armies quickly overwhelmed Eastern Xia and Wannu was beheaded.
1.5.Invasions of Georgia
Was the Mongol invasion of Georgia, in the Caucasus.
April 1221: Once Khwarezmian resistance was all but mopped up, the Mongols returned in force in January 1221. The ensuing battle at Bardav (Pardav; modern-day Barda, Azerbaijan) was another decisive Mongol victory, obliterating Georgia's field army. Though Georgia lay bare, the Mongols had come as a small reconnaissance and plundering expedition, not an army of conquest.
May 1221: Once Khwarezmian resistance was all but mopped up, the Mongols returned in force in January 1221. The ensuing battle at Bardav (Pardav; modern-day Barda, Azerbaijan) was another decisive Mongol victory, obliterating Georgia's field army. Though Georgia lay bare, the Mongols had come as a small reconnaissance and plundering expedition, not an army of conquest.
December 1222: Approximately 20,000 Mongols led by Subutai and Jebe pursued the ousted Shah Muhammad II of the Khwarazmian dynasty to the Caspian Sea. They thrust into Armenia, then under Georgian authority, and defeated some 10,000 Georgians and Armenians commanded by King George IV "Lasha" of Georgia and his atabeg (tutor) and amirspasalar (commander-in-chief) Ivane Mkhargrdzeli at the Battle of Khunan.
June 1223: The Mongols marched through the Caucasus into Alania and the South Russian steppes where they routed the Rus’-Kipchak armies at the Battle of the Kalka River.
July 1223: The Mongols marched through the Caucasus into Alania and the South Russian steppes where they routed the Rus’-Kipchak armies at the Battle of the Kalka River.
January 1239: The Mongols captured the Alania capital Maghas in 1238.
1.6.Invasions of Korea
A series of campaigns were conducted between 1231 and 1270 by the Mongol Empire against the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. The last campaign made Goryeo a vassal state of the Yuan dynasty.
1.6.1.First Mongol Invasion of Korea
Was the first of a series of military invasion of Korea by the Mongol Empire.
October 1231: Kuju is besieged by the Mongols.
January 1232: In 1231, Ögedei Khan ordered the invasion of Korea. The Mongol army crossed the Yalu river and quickly secured the surrender of the border town of Uiju.
January 1232: In 1231, the Mongols, led by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu Khan, captured the territory of Anju. This conquest was part of the Mongol Empire's expansion into the Korean Peninsula and China, solidifying their control over the region.
February 1232: The Mongols were forced to retreat from Kuju.
June 1232: Mongol General Saritai began withdrawing his main force from Korea in the spring of 1232.
1.6.2.Second Mongol Invasion of Korea
Was the second of a series of military invasion of Korea by the Mongol Empire.
December 1232: The Mongols occupied much of northern Korea.
December 1232: The Mongol general there, Saritai, was killed by the monk Kim Yun-hu amidst strong civilian resistance at the Battle of Cheoin near Yongin, forcing the Mongols to withdraw from Korea.
1.6.3.Third Mongol Invasion of Korea
Was the third of a series of military invasion of Korea by the Mongol Empire.
January 1236: In 1235, the Mongols began a campaign that ravaged parts of Gyeongsang and Jeolla Provinces. Civilian resistance was strong, and the Royal Court at Ganghwa attempted to strengthen its fortress
February 1236: In 1238, Goryeo sued the Mongols for peace. The Mongols withdrew from Korea, in exchange for Goryeo's agreement to send the Royal Family as hostages.
1.6.4.Fourth Mongol Invasion of Korea
Was the fourth of a series of military invasion of Korea by the Mongol Empire.
January 1248: In 1247, the Mongols, led by Güyük Khan, launched their fourth campaign on the Korean Peninsula, capturing the entire Peninsula except for Ganghwa island and mountain forts.
February 1248: After Güyük Khan's death in 1248, the Mongols retreated from Korea.
1.6.5.Fifth Mongol Invasion of Korea
Was the fifth of a series of military invasion of Korea by the Mongol Empire.
August 1253: Military campaign in Korea led by Mongol Empire's general Bayan.
September 1253: The Mongols agreed to a cease fire with Goryeo in January 1254 and left Korea.
1.6.6.Sixth Mongol Invasion of Korea
Was the last of a series of military invasion of Korea by the Mongol Empire, and the Goryeo Dynasty of Korea finally became a vassal of Mongols.
January 1255: The Mongols under Jalairtai launched a devastating invasion of Korea.
February 1255: The Mongols leave Korea.
1.7.Conquest of Song China
Was the Mongol conquest of the Chinese Song Dynasty.
January 1232: The Song patrols were under the command of Chancellor Jia Sidao, while the Mongol envoy was likely a representative of Genghis Khan's grandson, Kublai Khan. The raid on Sichuan was part of the Mongol Empire's efforts to expand their territory and exert dominance over the region.
January 1236: In 1235, the Mongol Empire, led by Kublai Khan, launched an offensive against the Song dynasty. They successfully captured Siyang-yang, the Yangtze River, and Sichuan. However, they struggled to maintain control over these territories due to resistance from local forces.
February 1236: During the Mongol invasion in 1236, the Song Dynasty lost control of Siyang-yang, the Yangtze River, and Sichuan.
January 1237: Xiangyang was a strategic city in China defended by Song general Cao Youwen. The city fell to the Mongol Empire in 1236, marking a significant victory for the Mongols in their conquest of China.
January 1240: In 1239, General Meng defeated the Mongols and retook Xiangyang.
January 1242: In 1241, during the Mongol invasion of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Mongols under the command of Kublai Khan successfully captured Chengdu, a significant city in the Sichuan province of China.
January 1243: The Mongols captured Hangzhou and invaded Sichuan in 1242.
January 1244: In 1242 and 1243, Mongols led by Kublai Khan raided Sichuan, a region in southwestern China.
January 1245: In 1244, Mongols led by Kublai Khan raided Huainan, a city in southern China.
February 1245: Huainan is reconquered by the Song Dynasty.
January 1246: In 1245, the Mongols, led by the famous conqueror Genghis Khan's grandson Kublai Khan, successfully occupied Shouzhou.
January 1253: In 1252, the Mongol Empire, led by the Chinese general Wang Dechen, conquered Lizhou in Sichuan. This marked a significant expansion of Mongol territory in China during the reign of Kublai Khan.
October 1253: Mongol forces occupy Lizhou.
February 1259: Möngke Khan's forces take Yazhou.
1.8.Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
The Mongol Empire invaded and conquered the Kievan Rus' in the mid-13th century.
November 1236: The Mongols extinguish the resistance of the weak Volga Bulgars, the Cumans-Kipchaks and the Alans.
February 1238: The Mongols burnt down Kolomna and Moscow.
February 1238: After burning down Kolomna and Moscow, the Mongols proceeded to besiege the city Vladimir. Three days later, the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal was taken and burnt to the ground.
March 1238: The forces of Vladimir Suzdal crossed the Volga to engage the Mongols.
January 1243: In 1242 and 1243, Mongols led by Kublai Khan raided Sichuan, a region in southwestern China.
1.9.Invasion of Volga Bulgaria
The Mongol Empire conquered the Volga Bulgars in 1236.
December 1236: The Mongol Empire conquered the Volga Bulgars in 1236.
1.10.Mongol Invasions of Poland
Were a series of Mongol raids in Poland.
1.10.1.First Mongol Invasion of Poland
The Mongol Invasion of Poland from late 1240 to 1241 culminated in the battle of Legnica, where the Mongols defeated an alliance which included forces from fragmented Poland and their allies.
November 1240: The Mongol Invasion of Poland in 1240-1241 was led by Batu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan. The fragmented Polish forces, led by Duke Henry II the Pious of Silesia, were defeated at the Battle of Legnica. This invasion was part of the larger Mongol Empire's campaign of conquest in Europe.
January 1242: News that the Grand Khan Ögedei had died the previous year along with disagreements between the Mongol princes Batu, Guyuk, and Buri caused the descendants of the Grand Khan to return to the Mongol capital of Karakorum, leaving the Polish territories they had occupied.
1.10.2.Second Mongol Invasion of Poland
The second Mongol invasion of Poland was carried out by general Boroldai (Burundai) in 1259-1260. During this invasion the cities of Sandomierz, Kraków, Lublin, Zawichost, and Bytom were sacked by Mongols for the second time.
January 1260: The second Mongol invasion of Poland was carried out by general Boroldai (Burundai) in 1259-1260. During this invasion the cities of Sandomierz, Kraków, Lublin, Zawichost, and Bytom were sacked by Mongols for the second time.
February 1260: End of the second Mongol invasion of Poland.
1.11.Mongol Invasions of Hungary
Were a series of Mongol raids in Hungary.
1.11.1.First Mongol Invasion of Hungary
Was a Mongol raid in Hungary.
April 1241: The Raid of March 1241 - April 1242 was a devastating invasion by the Mongol Empire into the Kingdom of Hungary and Kingdom of Croatia. Led by Batu Khan and Subutai, the Mongols inflicted heavy casualties and widespread destruction, leaving a lasting impact on the region.
May 1241: The Raid of March 1241 - April 1242 was a devastating invasion led by the Mongol Empire under the command of Batu Khan and Subutai. The invasion resulted in widespread destruction and loss of life in the Kingdom of Hungary and Kingdom of Croatia. King Bela IV of Hungary was forced to flee to Austria.
1.12.Mongol Invasions of Germany
Were a series of Mongol raids in Germany.
1.12.1.First Mongol Invasion of Germany
Was a Mongol raid in the Holy Roman Empire.
May 1241: The Mongols invaded the Holy Roman Empire without major clash of arms.The army invaded eastern Germany, and crossed the March of Moravia in April-May 1241.
June 1241: The Mongols left eastern Germany and Moravia.
1.12.2.Second Mongol Invasion of Germany
The Mongols raided eastern Austria and southern Moravia again in December 1241 and January 1242.
January 1242: The Mongols raided eastern Austria and southern Moravia again in January 1242.
February 1242: The Mongols raided eastern Austria and southern Moravia again in January 1242. After the raid, the Mongols left these regions.
1.13.Invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia
During the Mongol invasion of Europe, Mongol tumens (divisions) led by Batu Khan and Kadan invaded Serbia and then Bulgaria in the spring of 1242 after defeating the Hungarians at the battle of Mohi.
June 1242: During the Mongol invasion of Europe, Mongol tumens led by Batu Khan and Kadan invaded Serbia and then Bulgaria in the spring of 1242 after defeating the Hungarians at the battle of Mohi and ravaging the Hungarian regions of Croatia, Dalmatia and Bosnia.
July 1242: The Mongols leave Serbia and Burglaria.
1.14.Invasions of Vietnam
Were a series of military campaigny of the Mongol Empire and the Yuan Dynasty against the kingdom of Đại Việt (modern-day northern Vietnam) ruled by the Trần dynasty and the kingdom of Champa (modern-day central Vietnam). Vietnam was finally made a vassal of the Mongols.
1.14.1.Mongol invasion of Vietnam in 1258
Was the first invasion of Vietnam by the Mongols.
January 1258: After the battle of Bình Lệ Nguyên King Trần Thái Tông fled to an offshore island, while the Mongols occupied the capital city Thăng Long.
1.14.2.Mongol invasion of Vietnam in 1259
Was a Mongol invasion of Vietnam in 1259.
January 1259: The loss of the capital city led Trần Thái Tông to submit to the Mongol Empire.
1.15.Conquest of Baghdad
The siege, laid by Ilkhanate Mongol forces and allied troops, involved the investment, capture, and sack of Baghdad, which was the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate at that time.
January 1258: The Siege of Baghdad was led by Hulagu Khan, a Mongol ruler and grandson of Genghis Khan. The city was defended by the Abbasid Caliphate, led by Caliph Al-Musta'sim. The siege resulted in the destruction of Baghdad and the end of the Abbasid Caliphate.
February 1258: The siege, laid by Ilkhanate Mongol forces and allied troops, involved the investment, capture, and sack of Baghdad.
1.16.Mongol Invasions of Lithuania
Was a Mongol raid in Lithuania.
January 1259: The Mongol invasion of Lithuania in 1258-1259 was led by the Mongol Empire under the command of Batu Khan. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ruled by Mindaugas at the time, suffered significant devastation during the invasion.
February 1259: The Mongols leave Lithuania after a devastating raid.
1.17.Mongol-Mamluk Wars
Were a series of wars between the Mongols and the Muslim Dynasties of the Ayyubids and Mamluks.
January 1260: The Mongols besieged Aleppo from 18 January to 24 January 1260.
March 1260: The Christian Mongol general Kitbugha captured Damascus.
March 1260: The last Ayyubid ruler, al-Nāṣir Yūsuf, was captured by the Mongols near Gaza that same year.
September 1260: The Mamluks, led by Sultan Baibars, captured Damascus from the Mongols
November 1260: Within a month, most of Syria was in Bahri Mamluk hands.
Was an era of disunity in Tibetan history lasting from the death of the Tibetan Empire's last emperor, Langdarma, in 842 until Drogön Chögyal Phagpa became the Imperial Preceptor of the three provinces of Tibet in 1253, under the Yuan dynasty.
January 1255: The Kingdom of Purang was conquered by the Mongols.
January 1255: Mongol invasions of Tibet: Qoridai invades Tibet as far as Dangquka.
Were a series of wars between the successor states of the Mongol Empire.
3.1.Toluid Civil War
Was a war of succession over the Mongol Empire fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq Böke, from 1260 to 1264.
3.1.1.Division of the Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire fragmented into four successor states at the beginning of the Toluid Civil War.
January 1261: When the Mongol Empire fragmented into four political units in 1260, several territories where de-facto lost to nearby countries.
January 1261: The Mongol Empire fragmented into four political units: the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate.
January 1261: Kublai Khan, a Mongolian emperor and founder of the Yuan dynasty, was campaigning against the Song dynasty in 1260 when he learned that his brother, Ariq Böke, was challenging him for the throne. This sparked a civil war known as the Toluid Civil War for the Mongol Empire.
February 1232: The Mongol envoy killed by Song patrols was sent by Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire. The raid on Sichuan was led by Subutai, one of Genghis Khan's most trusted generals. This event marked the beginning of the Mongol invasion of China.
January 1236: Shirvan was greatly devastated by Mongol invasion in 1235, from which it was not able to fully recover for the next century. In the 13th and 14th centuries Shirvan was a vassal of stronger Mongol and Timurid empires.
January 1239: Saif al-Din al-Hasan Qarlugh was a governor of Ghazni, who in 1238 seceded from and asserted the independence of the Qarlugh Kingdom ruling the lands of Peshawar and the Kurram valley.
February 1243: In 1242 and 1243, Mongols led by Kublai Khan raided Sichuan, a region in southwestern China.
February 1244: In 1242 and 1243, Mongols led by Kublai Khan raided Sichuan, a region in southwestern China.
January 1247: The city of Multan was captured by the Mongols under Sali Noyan in 1245-6. However, it was later recaptured by Sultan Ghiyas ud din Balban of the Sultanate of Delhi in 1246.
January 1250: Multan then fell to the Qarlughids in 1249.
January 1251: Venetian Tanais (Tana), 13C-1332.
October 1260: Most of syria conquered by Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
Disestablishment
January 1261: Kublai Khan, a Mongolian emperor and founder of the Yuan dynasty, was campaigning against the Song dynasty in 1260 when he learned that his brother, Ariq Böke, was challenging him for the throne. This sparked a civil war known as the Toluid Civil War for the Mongol Empire.
January 1261: The Mongol Empire fragmented into four political units: the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate.
January 1261: When the Mongol Empire fragmented into four political units in 1260, several territories where de-facto lost to nearby countries.
Selected Sources
Atwood, C. P. (2004): Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, New York (USA), p. 225
Atwood, C. P. (2004): Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, New York (USA), p. 277
Kopalyan, N. (2017): World Political Systems after Polarity, Taylor & Francis, p. 164
Strakosh-Grassmann, G. (1893): Der Einfall der Mongolen in Mitteleuropa in den Jahren 1241 und 1242, Innsbruck (Austria), pp. 53-67
Mongol Empire
