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The cluster includes all the forms of the country. It does not include the period of union with Norway.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Kingdom of the Swedes, Goths and Wends
Kingdom of Sweden
Kingdom of Sweden (Poland)
Establishment
January 971: The Kingdom of Sweden was probably established by Eric the Victorious, who was king from around 970. Since he is the first Swedish king in a consecutive regnal succession, who is attested in sources independent of each other, Sweden's list of rulers usually begins with him.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Eric the Victorious was a Swedish monarch as of around 970. Since he is the first Swedish king in a consecutive regnal succession, who is attested in sources independent of each other, Sweden's list of rulers usually begins with him.
The Battle of Svolder was a naval battle fought in September 999 or 1000 in the western Baltic Sea between King Olaf Tryggvason of Norway and an alliance of his enemies. After the Battle of Svolder, the victorious leaders split Norway into areas of control.
September 1000: The Battle of Svolder was a naval battle fought in September 1000 in the western Baltic Sea between King Olaf Tryggvason of Norway and an alliance of his enemies. After the Battle of Svolder, the victorious leaders split Norway into areas of control.
Were a series of conflicts in the 12th and 13th centuries between the Republic of Novgorod and Medieval Sweden over control of the Gulf of Finland.
August 1240: In July 1240, the Swedish commanders Jarl Birger and Ulf Fassi attempted to invade Novgorod.
June 1301: The Novgorod troops, led by Prince Yaroslav of Tver, retaliated by destroying Landskrona Fort in 1301. This was part of the ongoing conflict between the Novgorod Republic and the Golden Horde for control of the region.
July 1301: The Novgorod troops, led by Prince Yaroslav of Tver, retaliated by destroying Landskrona Fort in 1301. This was part of the ongoing conflict between Novgorod and the Kingdom of Sweden over control of the region.
Was a war between Denmark and Sweden which took place from 1276 to 1278. It started because of a disagreement over an agreed sum of 6,000 silver marks for Danish assistance to Magnus Birgersson in the battle against Valdemar Birgersson in 1275.
December 1276: King Magnus Ladulås of Sweden initiated the 6000-Mark war by invading the Danish provinces of Halland and Skåne in 1276. The Danish army, led by King Eric V of Denmark, managed to halt the Swedish advance near Uffo marches.
January 1277: King Magnus Ladulås of Sweden initiated the 6000-Mark war by invading the Danish provinces of Halland and Skåne in 1276. The Danish army, led by King Eric V of Denmark, managed to halt the Swedish advance near Uffo marches.
January 1278: Erik Klipping gathered a large army in 1277 and went into Västergötland which again was overcome and looted. Eric V of Denmark decided to end the campaign because it was not meant as anything other than an act of revenge in response to the Swedish king's assault on Halland and Skåne.
February 1278: Erik Klipping gathered a large army in 1277 and went into Västergötland which again was overcome and looted. Eric V of Denmark decided to end the campaign because it was not meant as anything other than an act of revenge in response to the Swedish king's assault on Halland and Skåne.
Was the first conflict between Denmark and Sweden that led to the independence of the latter from the Kalmar Union.
October 1471: In 1471, King Christian I of Denmark decided to abandon the siege of a small coastland in southern Sweden due to its length. Instead, he landed troops in the region, ultimately leading to the territory being annexed by the Kingdom of Sweden.
October 1471: In 1471, King Christian I of Denmark decided to invade the small coastland in southern Sweden. Facing resistance, he chose to land his troops instead of laying siege to the territory. This military occupation marked a significant conflict between Denmark and Sweden during this period.
October 1471: Battle of Brunkeberg.
October 1471: After its defeat in the Battle of Brunkeberg, Denmark evacuated the territories it had occupied in Sweden.
Was a series of wars fought between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Khanate of Kazan from 1439, until Kazan was finally conquered by the Tsardom of Russia under Ivan the Terrible in 1552.
6.1.Wars of Ivan III
Russian military campaign against the Khanate of Kazan by Ivan III.
6.1.1.Russo-Swedish War (1495-1497)
Was a border war which occurred between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Kingdom of Sweden.
August 1495: In 1495, Ivan III of Russia sent Princes Daniil Shchenya and Vasily Shuisky to besiege the Swedish castle of Viborg.
November 1495: The siege of Viborg in 1495 was led by Tsar Ivan III of Russia against the Kingdom of Sweden. The castellan who set the powder on fire was Knut Posse, a Swedish nobleman defending the city. The Muscovites were forced to retreat after the explosion, ending the siege.
January 1497: In 1496, Hämeenlinna was severely devastated by Russian generals Vasily Kosoy and Andrey Chelyadnin during the military occupation of Finland by Russia.
January 1497: Svante Nilsson, a Swedish nobleman and military leader, led the occupation of Ivangorod in 1496. Ivangorod was a strategically important fortress located on the border between Sweden and Russia.
February 1497: In 1497, during the Russo-Swedish War, the Swedes, led by King Hans of Denmark, set the fortress of Ivangorod ablaze before sailing back to their homeland. This event marked a significant victory for the Grand Duchy of Moscow in their conflict with Sweden.
February 1497: Russian forces leave Swedish Finland.
Was a rebellion and a civil war in which the nobleman Gustav Vasa deposed King Christian II from the throne of Sweden, ending the Kalmar Union between Sweden, Norway, and Denmark.
October 1523: In 1523, Gustav Vasa, a Swedish nobleman, successfully led a rebellion against the Danish king and established himself as the King of Sweden. By September of the same year, his supporters had also gained control of Swedish Finland, which was previously part of the Kalmar Union.
October 1523: In 1523, Gustav Vasa, a Swedish nobleman, successfully led a rebellion against Danish rule and established himself as King of Sweden. By September of the same year, his supporters had also gained control of Finland, which became part of the Kingdom of Sweden.
7.1.Treaty of Malmö (1523)
By the Treaty of Malmö signed on 1 September 1524, Sweden seceded from the Kalmar Union.
September 1523: By the Treaty of Malmö, Sweden seceded from the Kalmar Union.
A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
8.1.Livonian War
Was a war fought over the control of Old Livonia. The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. Old Livonia was finally partitioned between Sweden, Poland-Lithuania and Denmark-Norway.
8.1.1.Russian invasion of Livonia
Was a Russian invasion of Livonia by Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible).
January 1574: The war in Livonia was a great financial burden for Sweden, and by the end of 1573, Sweden's German mercenaries were owed 200,000 daler. John III of Sweden gave them the castles of Hapsal, Leal and Lode as security, but when he failed to pay they were sold to Denmark.
January 1578: Advancement of Russian forces by 1577.
June 1578: Advancement of Russian forces by mid 1578.
8.1.2.Partition of Livonia
Was the partition of Old Livonia between Denmark, Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
June 1561: In 1561 a Swedish army landed in Reval and gained control over the northern part of Old Livonia.
July 1562: Swdish king Erik XIV's forces seized Pernau (Pärnu) in June 1562.
8.1.3.Polish and Swedish counterattack (Livonian War)
Were the military operations of Sweden and Poland-Lithuania against the Russian invasion.
March 1578: Swedish forces launched an offensive targeting key cities such as Pernau (Pärnu), Dorpat (Tartu), and Novgorod.
April 1578: The Swedish forces left the are of Pernau, Dorpat and Novgorod.
January 1581: The fall of Narva, Ivangorod, Jama, and Koporye in 1580 marked Sweden's military occupation of these territories in Livonia. This expansion was part of King Charles IX's efforts to strengthen Sweden's influence in the region.
January 1581: The towns of Kexholm and Padise were taken by Swedish forces led by King John III of Sweden in 1580. This military occupation was part of the Livonian War, a conflict between Sweden, Russia, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth over control of the Baltic region.
January 1582: During the Livonian War, Sweden, under the leadership of King John III, captured the strategic city of Narva in 1581. This military occupation allowed Sweden to gain control over important trade routes in the region and expand its influence in the Baltic Sea.
8.1.3.1.Truce of Plussa
Was a Truce concluded between Sweden and Russia that ended the Livonian War.
August 1583: The war of Sweden with Russia ended when the Tsar concluded the Truce of Plussa (Plyussa, Pljussa, Plusa) with Sweden on 10 August 1583. Russia relinquished most of Ingria, leaving Narva and Ivangorod under Swedish control. Russia kept a narrow passage to the Baltic Sea at the estuary of the Neva River, between the Strelka and Sestra Rivers.
August 1583: The Treaty of Plussa was signed in 1583 between Tsar Ivan IV of Russia and King John III of Sweden. It allowed Sweden to keep the annexed Russian towns of Ivangorod, Jamburg, Koporye, and Korela with their uyezds, solidifying Swedish control over Ingria.
8.2.Northern Seven Years' War
Was a war fought between the Kingdom of Sweden and a coalition of Denmark-Norway, Lübeck, and Poland-Lithuania between 1563 and 1570.
September 1563: At the beginning of the war the Danes advanced from Halland with a 25,000-strong army of professional mercenaries and captured Sweden's gateway to the west, Älvsborg Fortress, after only three days of bombardment and a six-hour assault on 4 September.
January 1564: In 1563, Jemtland was taken by Denmark-Norway but swiftly recaptured by the Norwegian governor of Trøndelag, Christen Munk. Munk was a Danish-Norwegian nobleman and military officer who played a key role in the region's defense.
January 1564: Sweden occupied the undefended Norwegian province of Jemtland.
August 1564: Nils Boije, a Swedish military commander, took control of Varberg in 1564 during the Northern Seven Years' War. This marked the territory's military occupation by Sweden.
September 1564: In August 1564, King Eric XIV of Sweden attacked Blekinge and his army occupied it.
January 1565: In 1564 the Swedes marched under Claude Collart and re-occupied Jemtland, as well as Herjedalen and Trøndelag, including the city of Trondheim.
January 1565: Sweden captured Båhus Fortress.
January 1565: The 400 Swedish soldiers were repelled from Trøndelag.
January 1567: Båhus Fortress is acquired by Denmark-Norway.
December 1570: The Treaty of Stettin was signed in 1570, ending the Northern Seven Years' War. It was negotiated by King Frederick II of Denmark-Norway and King John III of Sweden. The treaty restored the status quo ante bellum, returning territories to Denmark-Norway.
December 1570: The peace was finally reached with the Treaty of Stettin, signed by King John III of Sweden and Duke Barnim XI of Pomerania in 1570. This treaty restored the status quo ante bellum, returning the territory to the Kingdom of Sweden.
8.3.Russo-Swedish War (1590-1595)
Was a war between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Tsardom of Russia initiated by the latter in order the reconquer territories lost during the Livonian War.
January 1590: On January 26, 1590 the siege of Jam began. The Swedish garrison, numbering only 500 men, surrendered to Russian forces the next day.
March 1590: The Swedes agreed to cede Ivangorod, Yam and Koporje to the Russians and a year-long truce was signed.
August 1590: On July 18, 1590, the Swedes landed on the shores of the White Sea and proceeded with great brutality to slaughter the local population and to plunder and desecrate Orthodox churches.
September 1590: On July 18, 1590, the Swedes landed on the shores of the White Sea and proceeded with great brutality to slaughter the local population and to plunder and desecrate Orthodox churches.
October 1591: In September 1591, the Swedish Peterson forces tried unsuccessfully to take the Solovetsky Monastery and once again plundered the shores of the White Sea.
November 1591: End of Swedish raid on the shores of the White Sea.
January 1592: On January 6, 1592, the troops of Russian generals Mstislavski and Trubezkoi crossed the Swedish border at Oreshek.
January 1592: On January 30, the Russian army reached Vyborg.
February 1592: As the Russian voivodes did not dare to besiege the well-fortified Vyborg fortress, they plundered the area around Vyborg and Kexholm, before returning to Oreshek along Lake Ladoga.
8.3.1.Treaty of Teusina
The Treaty of Teusina, concluded on 18 May 1595, ended the Russo-Swedish War (1590-95). The treaty revised the provisions of the Truce of Plussa of 1583, restoring to Russia all territories then ceded to Sweden except for Narva. Russia received most of Ingria, with the towns of Ivangorod, Jama, Koporye and Korela Fortress.
May 1595: The Swedish-Russian border was delineated from the outstream of the Systerbäck river into the Gulf of Finland, over lakes Saimaa, Inari, the settlement of Neiden and up to the Murman Sea.
May 1595: The Treaty of Teusina, Tyavzin or Tyavzino was concluded on 18 May 1595 to end the Russo-Swedish War (1590-95) between the powers. The treaty revised the provisions of the Truce of Plussa of 1583, restoring to Russia all territory then ceded to Sweden except for Narva. Russia received most of Ingria, with the towns of Ivangorod, Jama, Koporye and Korela Fortress.
8.4.Second Northern War
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden (along with their respective allies) over the hegemony in the Baltic Sea.
July 1655: Sweden seized Dünaburg.
July 1655: The nobles of Greater Poland surrendered to Wittenberg on 25 July in Ujście. Wittenberg established a garrison in Poznań.
August 1655: The Treaty of Kėdainiai placed Lithuania under Swedish protection, marking a significant shift in power dynamics in the region.
September 1655: On 8 September Charles X Gustav of Sweden occupied Warsaw.
September 1655: The Dutch moved an army to the Delaware River in the summer of 1655, easily capturing Fort Trinity and Fort Christina. The Swedish settlement was incorporated into Dutch New Netherland on September 15, 1655.
October 1655: Kraków surrendered to Charles X Gustav of Sweden.
October 1655: The levy of Mazovia, led by Polish nobleman Stefan Czarniecki, surrendered to the Swedish forces after the Battle of Nowy Dwór in 1655.
January 1656: In 1656, during the Second Northern War, the "Great Elector" of Brandenburg, Frederick William, was forced to join the Swedish camp and became a Swedish vassal for the Duchy of Prussia and Ermland. This decision was a strategic move to protect his territories from Polish and Russian threats.
June 1656: In May 1656, Alexis of Russia declared war on Sweden. He invaded Livonia with 35,000 men and took Dünaburg.
September 1656: In August 1656, Tsar Alexis of Russia's army, led by Prince Yakov Cherkassky, captured the Livonian town of Koknese during the Russo-Swedish War.
October 1656: On 4 October, John II Casimir stormed Łęczyca.
October 1656: Besieged Dorpat surrendered to Tsar Alexis of Russia.
October 1656: John II Casimir took Bromberg and Konitz in Royal Prussia.
November 1656: The Treaty of Labiau was a treaty signed between Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg and Charles X Gustav of Sweden. With several concessions, the most important being the elevation of Frederick William I from a Swedish vassal to a full sovereign in the Duchy of Prussia and in Ermland (Ermeland, Warmia).
March 1657: The Swedes stayed in Danzig until February 1657.
June 1657: The Swedish army by Charles X Gustav captured Brest in May 1657.
August 1657: Denmark attacked Swedish Bremen-Verden.
September 1657: Charles X Gustav of Sweden left the Commonwealth and headed westwards for an anti-Danish counterstrike. The Swedish-Brandenburgian-Transylvanian alliance broke apart.
September 1657: Denmark attacked Swedish Bremen-Verden.
December 1658: The Treaty of Valiesar was a treaty between Russia and Sweden, which concluded the Russo-Swedish theater of the Second Northern War. It was signed in the estate of Valiesar near Narva on 20 December 1658. Russia was allowed to keep the conquered Livonian territories for three years (Kokenhusen, Dorpat, Marienborg, Syrensk, Yama, Dinaburg, Rēzekne and a few others).
November 1659: A combined force of 17,000 Austrians and 13,000 Brandenburgers led by general Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches invaded Swedish Pomerania, took and burned Greifenhagen, took Wollin island and Damm, besieged Stettin and Greifswald without success, but took Demmin on 9 November.
May 1660: The Treaty or Peace of Oliva. at Oliva was made between Sweden, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Habsburgs and Brandenburg-Prussia. Sweden was accepted as sovereign in Swedish Livonia, Brandenburg was accepted as sovereign in Ducal Prussia, and John II Casimir Vasa withdrew his claims to the Swedish throne, though he was to retain the title of a hereditary Swedish king for life. All occupied territories were restored to their pre-war sovereigns.
May 1660: After the Treaty of Copenhagen in 1660 Cabo Corso Castle was to be returned to Swedish administration.
January 1662: The treaty of Cardis obliged Russia to yield its Livonian and Ingrian conquests to Sweden.
8.4.1.Russo-Swedish War (1656-1658)
Was fought by Russia and Sweden as a theater of the Second Northern War.
August 1656: In July 1656, during the Second Northern War, a reserve force of the Russian army led by Tsar Alexei I struck across Swedish Ingria and overran the key Baltic fortresses of Nöteborg and Nyen.
January 1658: The Swedes recaptured much of Ingria, took the Pskov Monastery of the Caves and inflicted a defeat on the Russian general Matvey Sheremetev at Walk in 1657.
December 1658: On 20 December Ordin-Nashchokin negotiated with Sweden the Treaty of Valiesar, whereby Russia was allowed to keep the conquered territories in present-day Latvia and Estonia — Koknese, Aluksne, Dorpat, Nyslott — for three years.
January 1662: As the Russian tsar could not allow himself to be involved into a new conflict against powerful Sweden, he had to sign Treaty of Kardis, which obliged Russia to yield its Livonian and Ingrian conquests to Sweden, confirming the provisions of the Treaty of Stolbovo.
8.4.2.Dano-Swedish War (1657-58)
Was a conflict between Sweden and Denmark-Norway during the Second Northern War.
February 1658: After entering Jutland from the south, a Swedish army of 7,000 veterans undertook the March across the Belts; on 9 February 1658, the Little Belt was crossed and the island Funen captured within a few days, and soon thereafter Langeland, Lolland and Falster.
8.4.3.Treaty of Roskilde (1658)
Was a treaty concluded during the Second Northern War that forced Denmark-Norway to give up a third of its territory to Sweden.
March 1658: The Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658 between King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. As a result of the treaty, the island of Bornholm was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden, marking a significant territorial change in the region.
March 1658: The Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658 between King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. As a result of the treaty, the territory of Bohuslän was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden, marking a significant shift in power dynamics in the region.
March 1658: The Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658 in Scania between King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. The treaty ended the Second Northern War and resulted in Scania being ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden.
March 1658: The Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658 between King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. As a result of the treaty, the territory of Trondelag was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden.
May 1658: The Swedish took control over Ven in 1658, as the rest of Scania was ceded to Sweden by the Treaty of Roskilde. The island was not specifically mentioned in the treaty, and according to the Danes it was not part of Scania, but part of Zealand and therefore still under Danish rule. The Swedes did not agree with that interpretation, and sent troops to occupy the island on 6 May 1658.
8.4.4.Dano-Swedish War (1658-1660)
Was a war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden, with the former backed by the Dutch Republic and Poland.
August 1658: On August 16 the Swedes arrived at Helsingør, took shelter in the city and started bombarding the castle with artillery. The Danes returned the fire, attempting to set the city on fire. Discouraged and demoralized, the Danes capitulated.
September 1658: Trøndelag was reconquered by Norwegian army units under their commander-in-chief, lieutenant general Jørgen Bjelke.
September 1658: Swedish invaded Zealand in August 1658.
November 1658: Sweden had to abandon Funen and Langeland after the defeat in the Battle of Nyborg.
May 1659: The Swedes abandoned their last positions at Fredriksodde.
December 1659: Printzensköld was shot dead during an inspection tour on December 8, 1659. The remaining Swedes, mostly Scanians who had little reason to be loyal to the Swedish King, surrendered. The Swedish navy was otherwise occupied and could offer no relief. Bornholm was again under Danish control.
8.5.Great Northern War
Was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
8.5.1.Phase 1: Swedish Dominance
Was the first phase of the Great Northern War, characterized by Swedish victories.
8.5.1.1.Livonian-Estonian Frontier of the Great Northern War
Was the Livonian-Estonian theatre of war in the first phase of the Great Northern War.
February 1700: Siege of Riga by Polish forces (1700).
March 1700: The Saxons took neighboring Dünamünde (March 13-15, 1700) and renamed it Augustusburg during th occupation.
October 1700: In mid-September, a Russian advance guard advanced into Swedish territory, and on October 4, 1700, the main Russian army with about 35,000 soldiers began the siege of Narva.
October 1700: Polish forces besieged the castle of Kokenhausen from autumn 1700 and conquered it on October 17, 1700.
November 1700: Battle of Narva (30 November 30, 1700): the Swedish troops crushed the numerically superior Russian army.
July 1701: Battle of the Dvina: the Saxons were repulsed by the Swedish army led by King Charles XII.
January 1702: On December 30, 1701, Russian forces defeated the Swedish Livonian army in the Battle of Erastfer.
January 1702: After the victorious Russians had plundered Erastfer and nearby regions, they withdrew again as they feared an attack by Swedish forces.
July 1702: Battle at Hummelshof.
August 1702: Since the remaining Swedish forces were too weak to oppose the Russians in open battle, Wolmar and Marienburg as well as the rural areas of Livonia fell into Russian hands in August.
December 1702: The Russian army retreated to Pskov without occupying the territory conquered in Livonia.
June 1704: In early June 1704, Dorpat (Tartu) was surrounded by Russian forces.
June 1704: Battle of Wesenberg.
June 1704: Siege of Narva (1704).
July 1704: On July 14, 1704, the city of Tartu fell into Russian hands.
August 1704: Russian forces captured Narva.
August 1705: Mitau is besieged by the Tsardom of Russia.
September 1705: Mitau is besieged by the Tsardom of Russia.
8.5.1.2.Danish Frontier of the Great Northern War
Was the Danish theatre of war in the first phase of the Great Northern War.
August 1700: A Swedish army of 10,000 landed on Zealand under the protection of their ship guns.
August 1700: The Swedish army, having landed on Zealand, marched against Copenhagen.
August 1700: Charles XII of Sweden attacked Denmark by land and sea, forcing the country to sign a peace treaty. The rulers of Sweden and Denmark signed the Peace of Travendal (August 18, 1700), which restored the status quo ante.
8.5.1.3.War against Augustus II
Was a military campaign initiated by Sweden during the Great Northern war. The goal of the campaign was the overthrow of Augustus II the Strong, who was at the same the Elector fo Saxony and the King of Poland-Lithuania.
January 1702: King Charles XII of Sweden took Mitau, the capital of the Duchy of Courland, and thus took the whole Duchy.
May 1702: Charles XII of Sweden and his army marched against Warsaw, which surrendered without a fight on May 14, 1702.
July 1702: Battle of Klissow.
July 1702: Charles XII of Sweden occupied Kraków on July 31, 1702. Sweden now controlled the residence city of Warsaw and the coronation city of Kraków.
May 1703: Battle of Pultusk (1703).
May 1703: Siege of Thorn (1703).
October 1703: The Swedes under King Charles XII. conquered the fortress of Thorn after a month-long siege.
January 1704: The city of Posen was conquered by the Swedes in 1703.
September 1704: Swedish storming of Lviv.
October 1704: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth captured Warsaw (1704).
October 1704: In 1704, during the Great Northern War, Western Prussia was occupied by Sweden under the leadership of King Charles XII. The successful military occupation of the territory led to other cities in the region submitting to the Swedish king out of fear and admiration for his military prowess.
November 1704: Battle of Tillendorf.
October 1705: As a result of the Battle of Rakowitz, Stanislaus Leszczyński was crowned the new Polish king on October 4, 1705 in Warsaw. […] Only Greater Poland, West Prussia, Mazovia and Lesser Poland submitted to him, while Lithuania and Volhynia continued to support Augustus II and Peter I.
November 1705: Since Count Ogiński was unsuccessful in his continued struggle on August II's side, the Swedish party finally gained the upper hand in Lithuania.
March 1706: Battle in Nyasvizh.
March 1706: Siege of Lyakavichy.
April 1706: Battle of Klezk.
May 1706: Siege of Lyakavichy.
September 1706: In the summer of 1706, Charles XII of Sweden with his troops from eastern Poland, on August via Silesia into the Electorate of Saxony. The Swedes conquered the electorate step by step and crushed all resistance.
September 1706: Having pursued Augustus of Saxony in his homeland, the Swedish King forced Augustus to sign the Altranstadt Peace Treaty on 24 september 1706. The Elector of Saxony renounced the Polish crown "forever" and dissolved the alliance with Russia.
January 1707: Moreover, in 1706 a Russian army had invaded and occupied western Poland.
November 1709: The fishing village of Råå falls under Danish-Norwegian military occupation.
8.5.1.4.Ingrian Front of the Great Northern War
Was the Ingrian theatre of war in the first phase of the Great Northern War.
October 1702: Siege of Nöteborg.
October 1702: Russian conquest of Nöteborg (actual Shlisselburg) after a siege.
April 1703: Siege of Nyenschanz.
May 1703: Siege of Nyenschanz.
May 1703: Naval battle at the mouth of the Neva. the Neva was now fully controlled by Russian forces.
July 1703: The rest of Ingermanland including Jaama and Koporje could also be occupied by the Russians within a few weeks after taking Nyenschantz by a Russian infantry command under Major General Nikolai von Werdin.
October 1706: Russian forces started besieged the city of Vyborg.
November 1706: Russian forces ended the siege of Vyborg and left the area.
July 1708: Sack of Porvoo by Russian forces.
August 1708: The Russians leave Porvoo.
September 1708: Battle of the Neva.
October 1708: Battle of Koporje.
8.5.1.5.Russian Campaign of Charles XII
Was the Swedish invasion of the Tsardom of Russia during the first phase of the Great Northern War.
October 1707: On September 7, 1707, it crossed the Polish border near Steinau an der Oder. Menshikov's army avoided battle and withdrew from the western part of Poland.
January 1708: In mid-January 1708, King Charles XII of Sweden led his army out of Masuria and arrived in Grodno on January 28, 1708. The Swedish military occupation of Grodno was part of their campaign during the Great Northern War against the Russian Empire.
March 1708: Tsar Peter, who met with Menshikov not far from the city, considered the strength of the Russian army too weak to be able to stop the Swedish army there and ordered a further retreat to the Lithuanian-Russian border […] The Swedish advance lasted until the beginning February until the army of Charles XII. moved into winter camp near the Lithuanian town of Smorgon.
June 1708: After the start of the summer campaign on June 1st, the Swedish army crossed the Berezina on June 18th. The Russian forces were able to elude an attempted evasion by the Swedes and withdrew behind the next river barrier, the Drut.
July 1708: Battle of Golovchin.
July 1708: In 1708, during the Great Northern War, King Charles XII of Sweden halted the advance of the Swedish main army at Mogilev, awaiting General Lewenhaupt's reinforcements and supply trains from Livonia. This strategic decision was crucial for the Swedish military occupation of Mogilev.
August 1708: When the main Swedish army crossed the Dnieper in the first week of August, Lewenhaupt's army had still not arrived.
August 1708: On August 21, the Swedes occupied Chemikow on the Sosh River.
September 1708: Battle of Molyatichi.
September 1708: Finally, King Charles XII of Sweden decided to call off the march on Moscow. When he left Tatarsk in mid-September 1708, it marked the end of Sweden's military occupation of the territory.
September 1708: Swedish General Lewenhaupt reached the Dnieper River. The crossing took a week, allowing the Russian forces to close in and eventually chase the Swedes.
December 1708: Siege and storming of Weprik.
January 1709: In 1709, during the Great Northern War, Weprik was besieged and stormed by Swedish forces under the command of King Charles XII. The siege resulted in the territory falling under Swedish military occupation.
February 1709: Battle of Krasnokutsk.
April 1709: Siege of Poltava.
July 1709: The Swedish force was decisively defeated by Peter the Great of Russia at Poltava near the River Dnieper.
July 1709: The Swedish force was decisively defeated by Peter the Great of Russia at Poltava near the River Dnieper. Charles XII of Sweden fled to Turkish Moldavia.
July 1709: The troops around King Karl reached the Bug on July 17, where the pasha gave Ochakov permission to enter the Ottoman Empire. This ended Charles' Russian campaign in a catastrophic defeat.
8.5.2.Phase 2: Sweden Defending itself
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
August 1709: After the Russian army invaded Poland and Peter I negotiated with his former ally, the Elector of Saxony canceled the Peace of Altranstädt with Sweden in August. On August 20, 1709, Saxon troops invaded Poland again. The weak Swedish troops under the command of General Krassow retreated with 9000 men to Stettin and Stralsund in Swedish Pomerania. The Polish king Stanislaus I Leszczynski, who was enthroned by the Swedes, fled to Stockholm via Stettin and Kristianstad.
August 1709: The Russian invasion of Poland and its victory at Poltava, revived the anti-Swedish alliance which came to include Saxony, Denmark, Prussia, Russia and Hanover. On August 20, 1709, Saxon troops invaded Poland again. The weak Swedish troops under the command of General Krassow retreated with 9000 men to Stettin and Stralsund in Swedish Pomerania. The Polish king Stanislaus I Leszczynski, who was enthroned by the Swedes, fled to Stockholm via Stettin and Kristianstad.
8.5.2.1.Danish Invasion of Schonen
Was the Danish invasion of Schonen (in Sweden) during the Great Northern War.
January 1710: In December, Denmark controlled almost all of central Skåne with the exception of Malmö and Landskrona.
April 1710: After the Battle of Helsingborg, the Danish units were so weakened that they left Scania and embarked for Denmark. By March 5, the last remains of the Danish army left Scania after intentionally slaughtering all their horses and sabotaging their cannons by spiking them.
8.5.2.2.North German Front of the Great Northern War
Was the theatre of war of northern Germany in the second phase of the Great Northern War.
August 1711: Danish-Norwegian forces put Wismar under siege.
August 1711: On August 29, 1711, Danish troops under the command of their king invaded Damgarten in Swedish Pomerania.
September 1711: From September 7, 1711, Stralsund was besieged by the Danish-Norwegian army.
January 1712: Frederick IV of Denmark withdrew to Wismar and Mecklenburg on January 7, 1712, leaving the territories he had occupied in Swedish Pomerania.
January 1712: The conflict in Wismar in 1712 ended with the withdrawal of the Danish corps led by Lieutenant General Jørgen Rantzau on January 19. This marked a victory for the Swedish forces in the region during the Great Northern War.
June 1712: Polish-Lithuanian forces besiege Stralsund.
July 1712: Wismar was occupied by the Danish army.
September 1712: In 1712, the Danish army, led by King Frederick IV, invaded the Swedish Duchy of Verden. The city of Stade was handed over to the Danes on September 6, 1712.
September 1712: End of Polish-Lithuanian siege of Stralsund.
October 1712: On October 1, 1712, Bremerland fell as well. With that, the whole of Bremen-Verden was conquered by Denmark.
November 1712: Until 7 November 1712 Wismar unsuccessfully besieged by a Danish corps.
September 1713: By summer 1713 Sweden left all territories in Mecklenburg.
September 1713: The city of Stettin surrendered to Polish-Lithuanian forces.
November 1713: In the meantime, apart from Stralsund and the enclave of Wismar, Swedish Pomerania had been completely conquered by the allied Danes, Russians and Saxons or occupied by Prussia as a neutral power.
8.5.2.3.Russian Offensive in the East
Was a Russian military campaign against the territories occupied by Sweden in eastern Europe and the Baltic during the Great Northern War.
March 1710: Siege of Vyborg.
June 1710: Siege of Vyborg.
July 1710: Siege of Riga (1709).
July 1710: Siege of Kexholm.
July 1710: Siege of Pernau.
August 1710: Siege of Pernau.
August 1710: Reval (today Tallinn) is besieged and taken by the Tsardom of Russia, along with Livonia and Estonia as all the Swedish forts had been conquered.
September 1710: Siege of Kexholm.
October 1710: Reval (today Tallinn) is besieged and taken by the Tsardom of Russia, along with Livonia and Estonia as all the Swedish forts had been conquered.
January 1711: Capitulation of Arensburg (now Kuressaare) in present-day Estonia to the Tsardom of Russia.
January 1711: Conquest of the island of Ösel by the Russians.
8.5.2.4.Swedish Campaign in Holstein
Was a Swedish military campaign in Holstein during the Great Northern War.
December 1712: The Swedish army moved on to Rostock and took the city.
December 1712: Swedish forces defeated Danish forces at Galdebusch (20 December 1712).
January 1713: Swedish general Magnus Stenbock takes the city of Altona after a siege. Subsequently the Swedish army burnt the city down ("Einäscherung von Altona").
February 1713: The Swedish army leaves Altona.
8.5.2.5.Russian Campaign in Finnland
Was a Russian military campaign in Finland, at the time part of Sweden, during the Great Northern War.
May 1713: In 1713, during the Great Northern War, Tsar Peter the Great's Russian forces landed near Helsingfors (now Helsinki). The Swedish commander Georg Lybecker preemptively burned the city to prevent its capture, leading to its eventual occupation by the Tsardom of Russia.
May 1713: On the evening of May 22, 1713, Russian marines unopposed landed near the city of Borgå (modern-day Porvoo).
October 1713: Battle of Pälkäne.
March 1714: The Battle of Storkyro was a decisive victory for the Russian forces led by Tsar Peter the Great over the Swedish army in Finland. The defeat led to the complete occupation of Finland by the Tsardom of Russia in 1714.
August 1714: The whole of Åland was under Russian control.
8.5.2.6.Swedish-Norwegian Front in the Great Northern War
Was the theatre of war on the border between Sweden and Norway in the second phase of the Great Northern War.
December 1714: In the fall of 1714, Russian troops led by Tsar Peter the Great landed near Umeå, Sweden. The Swedish garrison quickly abandoned the city after a brief skirmish, marking the beginning of the Tsardom of Russia's military occupation of the territory.
8.5.2.7.Pomeranian Campaign
Was a joint Danish, Prussian and Polish military campaign in Pomerania during the Great Northern War.
June 1715: The Siege of Wismar in 1715 was part of the Great Northern War. The city was besieged by the forces of Tsar Peter the Great of Russia, leading to its surrender and subsequent division of the territory between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Denmark, and Prussia.
August 1715: Storming of the Peenemünder Schanze.
November 1715: The Allies succeeded in conquering Rügen on November 17th.
December 1715: Surrender of the Swedish garrison of Stralsund Fortress on December 23, 1715.
April 1716: The Siege of Wismar in 1715 was part of the Great Northern War. The Swedish forces, led by General Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld, defended the city against the coalition of Danish, Polish-Lithuanian, and Prussian troops. The siege ended in 1716 with the territory of Wismar being divided among the victorious powers.
8.5.2.8.Norwegian Campaign (1716)
Was a Swedish invasion of Denmark-Norway during the Great Northern War.
April 1716: Oslo conquered by sweden.
July 1716: After the burning of the fleet by the Danes, the Swedish army was forced to return to Sweden in July.
November 1718: The Siege of Fredrikshald in 1718 was a military conflict between the forces of King Charles XII of Sweden and the Norwegian fortress town of Fredrikshald. The siege resulted in the death of King Charles XII and the territory of Fredrikshald falling under Swedish military occupation.
December 1718: The Siege of Trondheim in 1718 was part of the Great Northern War between Sweden and Denmark-Norway. The Swedish forces, led by King Charles XII, successfully captured the city of Trondheim, leading to a military occupation of the territory.
December 1718: The Siege of Fredrikshald in 1718 was a military conflict between Sweden and Denmark-Norway. The Swedish King Charles XII was killed during the siege, leading to the territory of Fredrikshald being ceded to Denmark-Norway as part of the peace treaty.
January 1719: The Siege of Trondheim in 1719 was part of the Great Northern War between Sweden and Denmark-Norway. Swedish forces, led by King Charles XII, unsuccessfully attempted to capture the city of Trondheim in Norway, which was then part of Denmark-Norway. The siege ended with the territory going back to Denmark-Norway.
8.5.2.9.Danish Invasion of Sweden
Was a Danish invasion of Sweden during the Great Northern War.
July 1719: The Danish captured Marstrand.
8.5.2.10.Russian Invasion of Sweden
Was the Russian invasion of Sweden during the second phase of the Great Northern War.
8.5.3.Phase 3: Sweden on the defensive (1710-1721)
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
8.5.4.Peace Treaties of the Great Northern War
Were the peace treaties that ended the Great Northern War.
8.5.4.1.Peace of Frederiksborg
Was a treaty that ended the Great Northern War between Denmark-Norway and Sweden.
July 1720: In 1720, as part of the Treaty of Stockholm, Denmark returned the territories of Rügen and Western Pomerania north of the Peene, as well as the dominion of Wismar, to Sweden. This agreement was negotiated by King Frederick I of Sweden and King Frederick IV of Denmark.
July 1720: In 1720, as part of the Treaty of Stockholm, Denmark returned the territories of Rügen and Western Pomerania north of the Peene, as well as the dominion of Wismar, to Sweden. This agreement was negotiated by Swedish King Frederick I and Danish King Frederick IV.
July 1720: All of Schleswig was now united under the Danish crown.
8.5.4.2.Peace of Nystad
Was a treaty that ended the Great Northern War between the Tsardom of Russia and the Swedish Empire.
September 1721: In the Nystad Peace Treaty (1721), Sweden ceded the areas of Ingria, Livonia, Estonia, the islands of Ösel and Dagö, and South Karelia to Russia.
September 1721: This event occurred during the Great Northern War, a conflict between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia. The territories in Finland were occupied by Russia but were later evacuated as part of the peace agreement, returning to the control of the Kingdom of Sweden.
Was a war between Duke Charles, later known as King Charles IX of Sweden, and Sigismund, who was at the time the king of both Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The war led to the dissolution of the Polish-Swedish Union.
November 1592: When King John III of Sweden died in 1592, his son Sigismund, already king of Poland since 1587, assumed the Swedish throne.
November 1597: A civil war broke out in Sweden in in 1597. Duke Charles gained control of almost entire Sweden (without Finland and Estonia).
May 1598: At the end of May 1598 Sigismund landed on Swedish soil near Avaskär, a tiny village in Blekinge, south of Kalmar.
August 1598: Sigismund Vasa was able to occupy the key-city of Kalmar.
August 1598: Sigismund sailed with his infantry to Stegeborg Castle.
August 1598: In 1598, Stockholm was taken by the Kingdom of Sweden (Poland) with the help of King Sigismund III Vasa and his supporters in the nobility and military. The city fell easily due to its lack of proper defenses.
August 1598: The forces of Sigismund III Vasa takes control of the fortresses of Älvsborg and that of Gullberg.
August 1598: Battle of Stegeborg: The defeated Swedes quickly retreated to Mem Castle.
September 1598: The forces of Sigismund III Vasa were defeated at the Battle of Stångebro. The king fled to Poland.
May 1599: Swedish forces led by Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm, marched towards Kalmar with the intention of besieging the city. Johan Larsson Sparre strenuously defended the walls and the castle, in the hope that the king would soon return to Sweden. But he received no assistance and, on the night of March 1-2, the city was stormed.
October 1599: After the assault and capture of Kalmar, the epicenter of the War against Sigismund moved to Finland. Stronghold after stronghold it began to be conquered in July. By September, all of Sigismund's followers had fled.
May 1600: In 1600, King Charles IX of Sweden led a military occupation of the Swedish part of Estonia, which was under the personal union with Poland at the time.
May 1600: In 1600, King Charles IX of Sweden occupied the Swedish part of Estonia, which was under the control of the Duchy of Estonia.
June 1600: In 1600, King Charles IX of Sweden occupied the Swedish part of Estonia, which was under a personal union with Poland at the time.
Was a war between Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth mainly over the control of Livonia and Estonia.
10.1.Swedish invasion of Livonia and Estonia
Was the Swedish invasion of the Polish-Lithuanian territories in Estonia and Livonia during the Polish-Swedish War (1600-1611).
April 1600: By March 1600 the Swedes displaced Polish forces from Estonia and most of Livonia.
10.2.Polish Counterattack (Polish-Swedish War of 1600-1611)
Was the Polish counterattack against the Swedish invasion in the Polish-Swedish War (1600-1611).
October 1600: Pärnu was besieged on 17 September and after heavy bombardment it surrendered on 17 October.
October 1600: Battle of Karksi.
January 1601: Battle of Kies.
April 1601: The town of Kokenhausen was taken by the Swedish forces under the command of King Charles IX of Sweden.
June 1601: Battle of Kokenhausen.
October 1601: Siege of Wolmar.
December 1601: Siege of Wolmar.
March 1602: Siege of Fellin.
May 1602: Siege of Fellin.
May 1602: Siege of Weissenstein.
June 1602: Battle of Reval.
September 1602: Siege of Weissenstein.
March 1603: In 1603, during the Polish-Swedish War, Jan Chodkiewicz, a Polish-Lithuanian military commander, led 1,000 men to defeat a Swedish relief force of 2,000 at Rakvere, which was under Polish-Lithuanian military occupation at the time.
April 1603: The city of Dorpat surrendered to the Swedish forces led by King Charles IX of Sweden.
February 1608: Pärnu is besieged by Duchy of Livonia.
March 1608: Pärnu is besieged by Duchy of Livonia.
August 1608: The Swedish army captured Daugavgrīva.
January 1609: Swedish forces led by Mansfeld captured Daugavgriva, Viljandi and Koknese.
October 1609: Battle of Daugavgrīva.
January 1612: After Charles IX of Sweden's death in 1611, a truce was signed in the Duchy of Livonia. The truce established the status quo ante bellum, returning the territory to its pre-war condition.
January 1612: After Charles IX of Sweden's death in 1611, a truce was signed with Poland. The truce established the status quo ante bellum, returning the territory to its pre-war condition.
Was a war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden.
June 1611: In 1611, during the Kalmar War, a Swedish force led by King Gustav II Adolph carried out the Storming of Kristianopel, a strategic fortress in present-day Sweden. The successful military occupation of Kristianopel marked a significant victory for Sweden in the ongoing conflict.
September 1611: In the summer of 1611, Swedish forces under Baltzar Bäck were ordered to invade Norwegian Jämtland. They did so, and armed Swedish peasants marched into Härjedalen. Both Jämtland and Härjedalen were conquered without much fight.
January 1612: In 1611, King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway sent a force of 6,000 troops led by Admiral Jørgen Daa to lay siege on the city of Kalmar, which was under Swedish control. The Danish forces successfully captured the city after a fierce battle.
April 1612: In early 1612, King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway led the attack on the Swedish fortresses Älvsborg and Gullberg, strategically located on the border between the two countries. The military occupation of these territories was a significant victory for Denmark in the ongoing conflict with Sweden.
December 1612: Swedish troops under the command of Governor Axel Lillie were unable to defend Jämtland and Härjedalen against invading Danish-Norwegian forces. As a result, the territories were ceded to Denmark-Norway.
January 1613: The Treaty of Knäred ended the Kalmar War. Denmark incorporated Lapland into Norway. Militarly occupied territories were evacuated.
Was a period of political crisis during the Tsardom of Russia which began in 1598 with the death of Fyodor I, the last of the Rurik dynasty, and ended in 1613 with the accession of Michael I of the House of Romanov.
12.1.Ingrian War
Was a war between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia. It ended with a large Swedish territorial gain (including Ingria) in the Treaty of Stolbovo.
12.1.1.Swedish invasion of Russia
Was the Swedish invasion of the Tsardom of Russia during the Ingrian War.
January 1612: In 1611 a Swedish expeditionary corps under Jacob De la Gardie captured Novgorod.
August 1614: Gdov is besieged by Sweden.
12.1.2.Treaty of Stolbovo
Was the treaty that ended the Ingrian War. Sweden gained the province of Ingria. Novgorod and Gdov were restored to Russia.
March 1617: The Treaty of Stolbovo stripped Russia of its access to the Baltic Sea and awarded to Sweden the province of Ingria. Novgorod and Gdov were restored to Russia.
March 1617: The Treaty of Stolbovo was signed on February 27, 1617, between Tsar Michael I of Russia and King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. As a result, Sweden gained the province of Kexholm in Karelia and the province of Ingria, solidifying its territorial expansion in the region.
March 1617: The Treaty of Stolbovo was signed in 1617 between Tsar Michael I of Russia and King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. As a result, Sweden gained the province of Kexholm in Karelia and the province of Ingria, marking a significant territorial expansion for the Kingdom of Sweden.
March 1617: The Kingdom of Sweden gained further parts of finalnd.
Was a War between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Kingdom of Sweden caused by disputes over the Duchies of Livonia and Estonia.
June 1617: On June 19, 1617, four months after the Treaty of Stolbovo, Swedish naval squadron of four ships entered the Gulf of Riga and anchored at Dyjament/Dunamunde. The fortress was defended by weak Polish-Lithuanian forces under starosta of Rūjiena, Wolmar Farensbach, who capitulated after a two-day siege and joined the invaders.
August 1617: The city of Parnu was attacked on August 11, and capitulated after a three-day siege.
August 1617: Salacgrīva was captured on August 18.
September 1617: In July 1617, Swedish forces led by King Gustavus Adolphus occupied the Livonian coast from Grobiņa to Pärnu.
September 1617: In July 1617, Swedish forces led by King Gustavus Adolphus occupied the Livonian coast from Grobiņa to Pärnu.
October 1617: In 1617, the Swedish Empire, under the leadership of King Gustavus Adolphus, gained military control over Livonia, with the exception of the city of Riga.
October 1617: In 1617, the Swedish Empire, under the leadership of King Gustavus Adolphus, gained military control over Livonia, with the exception of the city of Riga.
October 1618: Military operations by Polish-Lithuanian forces led by Radziwill resulted in the recapture of almost all towns and strongholds occupied by Sweden, except for Pärnu.
Was a war in a long-running series of conflicts between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Swedish Empire. It began with a Swedish invasion of the Polish-Lithuanian fiefdom Livonia.
September 1621: Riga capitulated to Swedish forces on September 25.
October 1621: The Swedes captured the fortress of Dunamunde.
November 1621: The swedish King Gustavus Adolphus invaded the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia. He successfully captured the capital, Mitau (now Jelgava), without facing any resistance from the local defenders.
January 1622: In early January 1622, the Swedish forces led by King Gustavus Adolphus captured Valmiera, a town in present-day Latvia.
January 1622: In 1622, Janusz Radziwiłł, a Polish-Lithuanian nobleman and military commander, recaptured Mitau (now Jelgava) from the Swedish forces.
July 1625: On June 27, 1625, Gustav Adolf landed in Livonia with an army of 20,000. The main Swedish corps of almost 10,000 marched upwards the Daugava River, and besieged Koknese, capturing it after sixteen days.
August 1625: On August 27, 1625, Swedish forces led by King Gustavus Adolphus captured Tartu, a city in present-day Estonia.
September 1625: Mitau (today jelgava) conquered by sweden.
September 1625: The Swedish forces, led by King Gustavus Adolphus, invaded the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1625. Biržai was captured on September 7th.
September 1625: King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden captured the fortress of Bauska in present-day Latvia.
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden.
September 1626: Battle of Selburg.
April 1627: Hetman Koniecpolski recaptured the town of Puck.
May 1627: The area west of the Vistula was completely free of Swedish troops.
July 1627: Koniecpolski forced the Swedish garrison in Gniew to surrender.
September 1628: Gustaw Adolf led a military occupation of Brodnica, a town in Poland. This move was part of Sweden's involvement in the Thirty Years' War, a conflict that engulfed much of Europe at the time.
January 1629: Swedish forces captured the towns of Nowy and Brodnica.
February 1629: The Polish forces were badly defeated at the Battle of Górzno, where a Swedish force under Field Marshal Herman Wrangel encountered a Polish army under Stanisław Potocki.
15.1.Invasion of Polish Prussia
Swedish invasion of Prussia during the Polish-Swedish War (1626-1629).
July 1626: 7,000 Swedish soldiers landed in Piława .
July 1626: The cities of Frombork and Elbląg were occupied by Swedish forces.
July 1626: Orneta conquered by sweden.
July 1626: Malbork, a fortress in Poland, was taken by Swedish forces on July 18, 1626 after only two days of siege.
September 1626: The head fortress of Wisła Elbląska and Leniwka was seized by the Swedes under the command of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.
January 1627: Swedish forces led by King Gustavus Adolphus captured the towns of Oliwa and Puck in Poland.
January 1627: King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden led his troops across the Vistula River and captured the towns of Tczew, Gniew, and Starogard (in Poland).
15.2.Truce of Altmark
Was the treaty that ended the Polish-Swedish War (1626-1629).
September 1629: After the Truce of Altmark, Sweden returned all the regions it had occupied in Prussia.
September 1629: The truce of Altmark in 1629 allowed Sweden, under the rule of King Gustavus Adolphus, to retain control of Livonia, including Riga.
September 1629: In 1629, during the Thirty Years' War, the Coastal Stripe of Prussia was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden. This territory included the cities of Elbing, Memel, Fischhausen, Braunsberg, and Frauenburg.
15.3.Treaty of Stuhmsdorf
Was a treaty where Sweden returned territories of Brandenburg-Prussia and Poland-Lithuania that were invaded in the previous years.
September 1635: The Swedes had to return to the commonwealth the territories they occupied in Baltic Prussia: ports of Elbing, Memel and Pillau, the latter two returning to George William, Elector of Brandenburg and withdraw their garrisons from them
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
16.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
16.1.1.Thirty Years' War Minor Scenarios
A series of conflicts related to the Thirty Years' War.
16.1.1.1.Torstenson War
Was a brief war between Sweden and Denmark-Norway.
January 1644: By the end of January 1644 the Jutland peninsula was in possession of Swedish troops.
March 1644: In February 1644, the Swedish General Gustav Horn with an army of 11,000 men occupied much of the Danish provinces of Halland and Scania, except for the fortress town of Malmø.
August 1645: The Second Treaty of Brömsebro ended the Torstenson War.
August 1645: Second Treaty of Brömsebro.
16.1.2.Swedish Period
Was the third main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of Sweden.
July 1630: Gustav Adolf led his army to Usedom, a strategic island in the Baltic Sea.
July 1630: In 1630, Stettin was occupied by the Swedes.
May 1631: After the Swedish occupation of Frankfurt an der Oder in April 1631, Pomerania, Mecklenburg, Brandenburg and Saxony signed alliance treaties with Sweden.
September 1631: Defeat of the Imperial army of Baltasar von Marradas by the Swedish army of Hans Georg von Arnim not far from Breslau.
September 1631: On September 17, 1631, the Swedish army under Gustav Adolf met the troops of the Catholic League under Tilly in the Battle of Breitenfeld north of Leipzig.
December 1631: Gustav Adolf II of Sweden crosses the Rhine with his army and besieges Mainz.
December 1631: Mainz conquered by sweden.
April 1632: On April 15, during the Battle of Rain am Lech, east of Donauwörth, the Swedish troops under Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Imperial forces commanded by Tilly.
May 1632: The Swedes arrive in Landshut but are defeated by the Imperial troops led by John of Werth of May, 14th 1632.
May 1632: The Swedish army, led by King Gustavus Adolphus, captured Munich.
July 1632: The Swedes reach the city of Ehrenburg bei Reutte, which is, however, succesfully defended by Leopold William of Habsburg.
November 1632: Withdrawal of the Wallenstein army to winter quarters in Saxony, Gustav Adolf was forced to stand by the allied Saxons.
December 1632: Swedes under Wolf Heinrich von Baudissin take Deutz.
December 1632: Swedes had to retreat from Deutz after a powerful counterattack.
March 1633: Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar, as the German imperial prince, was able to achieve a leading position. He occupied Bamberg in February 1633.
March 1633: The Swedish troops of Georg von Braunschweig-Lüneburg capture the city of Hameln.
April 1633: Count Peter Melander of Holzappel's Hessians take Paderborn.
April 1633: The Swedish army captured Landsberg am Lech.
September 1633: The Swedes take Osnabrück.
November 1633: The Swedes under Bernard of Saxe-Weimar capture Ratisbon (today known as Regensburg).
December 1633: The lack of payment of wages led to mutinies among the soldiers, causing delays in the swedish conquest of Regensburg until November 1633.
June 1634: Conquest of Philippsburg by Sweden.
June 1634: In 1634, during the Thirty Years' War, Donauwörth was taken by the Imperial Army led by Johann von Aldringen.
July 1634: The Catholic League, led by Johann von Aldringen, successfully recaptured the city of Regensburg from the Swedes in July 1634. This victory marked a significant turning point in the Thirty Years' War, as the territory was then handed over to the Duchy of Bavaria.
16.1.2.1.Peace of Prague
Was a treaty during the Thirt Years' War that ended the war between Catholics and Protestants.
May 1635: In 1635, during the Thirty Years' War, Electoral Saxony (ruled by the Albertines) gained control of four administrative offices in the territory of Magdeburg. This transfer of power was part of the territorial realignment that occurred as a result of the war.
May 1635: According to the 1635 Peace of Prague, most of Lusatia became a province of the Electorate of Saxony, except for the region around Cottbus possessed by Brandenburg.
16.1.3.Franco-Swedish Period
Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.
May 1648: In 1648 the bishopric of Verden was finally secularised as a result of the Peace of Westphalia. It became a principality and was transferred to the Swedish crown, whereby the existence of the Stift and the bishopric came to an end. It lasted from 1648 to 1712, with a break from 1675 to 1679, ruled together in personal union with the territory of the former Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen as the Duchies of Bremen and Verden (formally the Duchy of Bremen and Principality of Verden) with their capital in Stade.
16.1.3.1.North German Front (Sweden)
Was the north German front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1635: In 1634, Schorndorf was occupied by Sweden.
January 1635: In 1635, during the Thirty Years' War, Philippsburg was recaptured from the Swedes by Imperial troops led by the Spanish general Ottavio Piccolomini.
September 1635: Imperials under Matthias Gallas liberate Swedish-occupied Schorndorf (east of Stuttgart).
October 1636: The Battle of Wittstock took place during the Thirty Years' War near the town of Wittstock on October 4, 1636. A Swedish-allied army commanded jointly by Johan Banér and Alexander Leslie decisively defeated a combined Imperial-Saxon army, led by Count Melchior von Hatzfeld and the Saxon Elector John George I.
November 1637: After the death of Swedish King Ferdinand II, his son and successor Ferdinand III brought the Swedish troops back to Pomerania, leaving the territories occupied by Sweden in Germany.
April 1639: The Battle of Chemnitz took place during the Thirty Years' War, with the Swedes led by Field Marshal Johan Banér. Pirna, a town in Saxony, was occupied by the Swedish forces after their victory.
August 1640: In 1640, the Swedes led by field marshal Banér moved through Thuringia via Saalfeld into Hesse and further near the town of Fritzlar, which was reached on August 31, 1640.
October 1640: When 14 regiments arrived to reinforce the imperial army at the end of September 1640, the Swedish army left the territories it occupied in Germany (with the exception of Pomerania).
January 1643: In 1642 Moravia was the target of the Swedish campaign. The Swedes conquered Olomouc.
December 1643: In 1643 Swedish general Torstensson invaded Moravia for the second time.
January 1644: In 1643, when the Torstensson War broke out, the Swedish military focused entirely on Denmark and thus enabled an imperial offensive to Jutland.
January 1644: In 1643, during the Torstensson War, Swedish forces occupied Jutland as part of their military campaign against Denmark.
November 1644: In 1644 Swedish field marshal Torstenson led his army for the third time into the heart of Germany and routed the imperials at the battle of Jüterbog.
January 1645: At the beginning of January 1645 the Swedes broke into Bohemia.
February 1645: The victory of Jankau in 1645 was achieved by Swedish military leader Lennart Torstensson during the Thirty Years' War. This triumph allowed Sweden to advance towards Vienna, a key strategic objective in the conflict.
January 1646: Swedish forces led by Field Marshal Torstensson reached the Danube.
September 1646: The exausted Swedish army led by Field Marshal Torstensson left Germany in the early summer of 1646 and returned to Sweden.
July 1647: The Imperial Army liberated the fortress of Egra (today known as Cheb in the Czech Republic) from Swedish occupation.
June 1648: In May 1648, there was the last major field battle of the Thirty Years' War between French-Swedish and Imperial-Bavarian armies near Augsburg.
July 1648: Swedish Siege of Prague from July 25, 1648.
16.1.3.2.Low Countries Front (France)
Was the Low Countries front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1636: Spanish occupation of Philippsbourg, Speyer, Landau and Treviri.
16.1.3.3.Rhineland Front (France)
Was the Rhineland front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
September 1635: Jean de Werth takes over Heidelberg and then Speyer for the Imperials.
October 1648: Battle of Dachau.
16.1.4.Peace of Westphalia
Were a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War. Catholics and Protestants were redefined as equal in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire. There were major territorial adjustments. In particular, France, Sweden and Brandenburg had major territorial gains, and several religious territories of the Holy Roman Empire were secularized.
October 1648: With the Peace of Westphalia Sweden received Western Pomerania (henceforth Swedish Pomerania), Wismar, and the Prince-Bishoprics of Bremen and Verden as hereditary fiefs. Sweden evacuated the remnant territories it had occupied in the Holy Roman Empire.
October 1648: With the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, Further Pomerania was assigned to Brandenburg-Prussia who held the rights for inheritance (Province of Pomerania (1653-1815)). Hither Pomerania stayed with the Swedish Empire and henceforth became known as Swedish Pomerania. The border was settled in the Treaty of Stettin (1653).
January 1649: Borders at the end of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1649: The Münster Prince-Bishopric fell to Sweden.
16.2.Thirty Years' War aftermath wars
Were a series of wars that were a continuation of the Thirty Years' War.
16.2.1.Swedish Wars on Bremen
Were two wars fought between the Swedish Empire and the Hanseatic town of Bremen in 1654 and 1666. Bremen claimed to be subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, maintaining Imperial immediacy, while Sweden claimed Bremen to be a mediatised part of her dominions of Bremen-Verden.
16.2.1.1.First Swedish War on Bremen
Was the first of two wars fought between the Swedish Empire and the Hanseatic town of Bremen in 1654 and 1666. Bremen claimed to be subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, maintaining Imperial immediacy, while Sweden claimed Bremen to be a mediatised part of her dominions of Bremen-Verden.
May 1654: Bremen claimed to be subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, maintaining Imperial immediacy, while Sweden claimed Bremen to be a mediatized part of her dominions of Bremen-Verden. In early May 1654, the Swedes attacked the Bremen exclave of Bederkesa. The small garrison of only 40 men stationed in the castle there had to capitulate on May 8th.
May 1654: In 1654, Swedish riders, led by Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Wrangel, invaded the Bremen area.
June 1654: The Bremeners recaptured Vegesack and took 83 prisoners there.
June 1654: In 1654, Swedish riders invaded the Bremen area during the Thirty Years' War. They engaged in a skirmish at the Steinturm am Dobben, which was part of the upstream Landwehr defenses in the east of the city.
July 1654: In July 1654, the people of Bremen, led by Gerhard vor dem Keller, captured Verden with 600 men, three cavalry companies, and two guns.
July 1654: In mid-July, a Bremen contingent of around 1,000 men sailed down the Weser in ships, invaded the Land of Wursten and forced the residents there to contribute.
July 1654: In the meantime, Königsmarck had gathered 1,700 men under Carl Gustav Wrangel near Verden in order to intercept the retreating Bremen troops. News of the rapidly advancing Swedish contingent reached the people of Bremen, but their retreat was delayed because the soldiers on foot did not want to leave their booty behind.
November 1654: The First Stader Settlement is an agreement between the Kingdom of Sweden and the city of Bremen that ended the First Bremen-Swedish War on November 28, 1654. Parish Lehe and the rule (office) Bederkesa remained in Sweden. Blumenthal and Vegesack remained in Bremen.
16.2.1.2.Second Swedish War on Bremen
Was the second of two wars fought between the Swedish Empire and the Hanseatic town of Bremen in 1654 and 1666. Bremen claimed to be subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, maintaining Imperial immediacy, while Sweden claimed Bremen to be a mediatised part of her dominions of Bremen-Verden.
September 1666: In January 1666, Carl Gustaf Wrangel departed from Swedish Pomerania to command the Swedish army, which in early 1666 numbered 14,000 troops. By summer, all of the city of Bremen's territory was occupied, except the city itself.
November 1666: On 14 November, the Peace of Habenhausen was signed. Bremen further had to cede its territories north of the city and at the lower Weser river. However, the city itself with a number of villages around, maintained its independence. […] The compromise stipulated that Bremen waived imperial immediacy until the end of the 17th century and could not take part in imperial diets. Of course, this was of no real importance to the city. This peace treaty put a heavy damper on Swedish military policy, and it was generally taken as a victory for Bremen.
Was a war between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic.
17.1.Scanian War
Was a war that saw Denmark and Brandenburg-Prussia fight against Sweden.
17.1.1.Swedish-Brandenburg War
Was the fight between Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden in the first part of the Scanian War, when Swedeish troops invaded Brandenburg.
December 1674: In 1674, during the Scanian War, Swedish troops led by King Charles XI marched through Pasewalk and invaded the Uckermark region in Brandenburg, Germany. This military occupation was part of Sweden's campaign against the Holy Roman Empire and its allies.
March 1675: At the end of January 1675, Carl Gustav Wrangel assembled his forces near Prenzlau and, on 4 February, crossed the Oder with his main body heading for Pomerania and Neumark. Swedish troops occupied Stargard in Pommern, Landsberg, Neustettin, Kossen and Züllichau.
May 1675: Löcknitz, a town in Pomerania, was captured by the Swedish Army in 1675. The fortified castle, held by Colonel Götz and his 180-man garrison, surrendered after a day of shelling. This event was part of the ongoing conflict between Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire during the Scanian War.
June 1675: Following the capture of Löcknitz, the Swedes pushed rapidly south and occupied Neustadt, Wriezen and Bernau. .
June 1675: A majority of the March of Brandenburg was in Swedish hands.
June 1675: The Brandenburg army reached Rathenow.
June 1675: The Battle of Nauen in 1675 was part of the Scanian War between Sweden and Brandenburg-Prussia. The Swedish rearguard, led by General Rutowski, clashed with the Brandenburg vanguard, led by General von Spaen, resulting in the recapture of the town by Brandenburg-Prussia.
June 1675: The Battle of Fehrbellin was fought on June 18, 1675 (Julian calendar date, June 28th, Gregorian), between Swedish and Brandenburg-Prussian troops.
July 1675: Havelland including Havelberg is occupied by Swedish troops.
August 1675: The remnants of the Swedish left the occupied territories in Brandenburg and went back to Swedish Pomerania.
17.1.2.Bremen-Verden campaign
Was the invasion of Bremen-Verden (at the time part of Sweden) by an alliance of countries led by Denmark during the Scanian War.
January 1675: In 1675, during the Scanian War, the Allies consisting of Münster, Bremen, Lüneburg, and Denmark invaded Carlsburg.
October 1675: Ottersberg captured by Münster troops.
October 1675: The capture of Buxtehude by the Allies in 1675 was part of the Scanian War. The Allies included forces from Münster, Bremen, Lüneburg, and Denmark.
October 1675: Joint forces from Münster, Bremen, Lüneburg and Denmark captured Bremervörde.
August 1676: The Swedes surrendered to Münster, Bremen, Lüneburg and Denmark in Stade.
17.1.3.Invasion of Swedish Pomerania by Brandenburg-Prussia
Was the invasion of Swedish Pomerania by Brandenburg-Prussia during the Scanian War.
October 1675: Brandenburgian forces occupy Swedish Wollin and Usedom and reach the Peene river at Völschow.
October 1675: Brandenburgian forces cross the Peene near Gützkow and advance northwards to sack Damgarten.
October 1675: Brandenburgian forces occupy Tribsees.
November 1675: Imperial and Brandenburgian forces retreat from Swedish Pomerania via the Recknitz river.
January 1676: Combined Brandenburgian, Danish and Imperial forces advance towards Greifswald via Tribsees and Grimmen.
August 1676: Siege and sack of Anklam by Brandenburgian and Imperial forces.
October 1676: Siege and sack of Demmin.
January 1678: In December 1677, the elector of Brandenburg captured Stettin.
October 1678: Stralsund, a city in Pomerania, fell on October 11, 1678, during the Scanian War. The city was besieged by the forces of King Charles XI of Sweden and eventually surrendered to Brandenburg-Prussia under the command of Field Marshal Hans Adam von Schöning.
November 1678: All Swedish Pomerania occupied by Denmark (Rügen) and Brandenburg.
November 1678: In 1678, Greifswald and all of Swedish Pomerania, except for Rügen, were lost to Denmark and Brandenburg. This marked the end of Sweden's presence on the continent, with the territory going to Swedish Pomerania.
17.1.4.Scanian Theatre (Scanian War)
Was the Scanian theatre of war in southern Sweden during the Scanian War.
June 1676: Seizure of Helsingborg.
July 1676: In a month's time only the fortified town of Malmö remained under Swedish control.
December 1676: Battle of Lund.
July 1677: Battle of Landskrona.
August 1678: After facing the whole Swedish army on the plain west of Kristianstad Christian V opted not to give battle but to retreat back to Landskrona and evacuate all his troops from Scania.
17.1.5.Gyldenløve War
Was a Norwegian invasion of Sweden led by its Governor-General Ulrik Frederick Gyldenløve.
January 1677: Norwegian army took and fortified the pass at Kvistrum.
January 1677: Norwegian army took Uddevalla.
January 1677: In 1676, during the Scanian War, Swedish forces led by Gyldenløve attacked Vänersborg, but were met with strong resistance. Despite the efforts of Swedish defenders, Gyldenløve's forces ultimately captured the territory, which then fell under Danish-Norwegian military occupation.
August 1677: The successful recapture of Scania allowed Norwegian troops to regain formerly Norwegian Bohuslän. Gyldenløve captured the fortress at Marstrand in July and joined forces with General Løvenhjelm.
September 1677: Norwegian forces of 2,000 men, led by General Reinhold von Hoven and General Christian Shultz retook formerly Norwegian Jämtland.
17.1.6.Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Was a peace treaty between France and the Electorate of Brandenburg at the end of the Scanian War.
July 1679: The Treaty or Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679) restored to France's ally Sweden her dominions Bremen-Verden and Swedish Pomerania, lost to Brandenburg in the Scanian War.
17.1.7.Treaty of Fontainebleau (1679)
Was a peace treaty between Denmark-Norway and Sweden at the end of the Scanian War.
September 1679: In 1679, Denmark, under pressure from France, returned all territories it had occupied during the war to Sweden. This decision was influenced by the Treaty of Lund, signed by King Charles XI of Sweden and King Christian V of Denmark.
Expansion during the rule of Shahu I in the Maratha Empire.
February 1734: After a month it was destroyed by the British and the French.
Was a war between the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Sweden caused by the Swedish aim to regain the territories lost to Russia during the Great Northern War.
June 1742: With the support of the Russian galley fleet, a 30,000 men strong Russian army under the command of Field-Marshal Lacy marched from Vyborg. It crossed the border on 13 June and then continued advancing towards Frederikshamn.
June 1742: The Swedish army under Lewenhaupt set the town of Frederikshamn on fire and started withdrawing.
July 1742: The Russians moved into Borgå, which the Swedish army had abandoned one day earlier.
August 1742: The Swedish withdrawal from Helsingfors in 1742 was led by Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Armfeldt. The Russian forces, under the command of General Peter Lacy, successfully surrounded the town after the Swedish retreat.
August 1742: The deputy commander of Swedish forces, General Jean Louis Bousquet, signed a surrender document on 24 August. According to the terms of the document, the Finnish men were released from the army while the Swedish men were allowed to sail back home.
November 1742: The Russians advanced all the way to Åland and cut Finland off from the rest of the Sweden. All of Finland fell under Russian occupation.
August 1743: The peace treaty signed in Turku in 1743 marked the end of the Russo-Swedish War of 1741-1743. The treaty was signed by Empress Elizabeth of Russia and Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden, resulting in Russia evacuating Finland and part of it being given to Sweden.
19.1.Treaty of Åbo
Was the treaty that ended the Russo-Swedish War of 1741-1743.
April 1743: The Swedish army retook Åland in March 1743.
Was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. At the end of the war the main winner was Great Britain, that obtained territories in North America, the Caribbean and India, becoming the most powerful maritime and colonial of the European powers.
20.1.Pomeranian War
Was a theatre of war of the Seven Years' War. The term is used to describe the fighting between Sweden and Prussia between 1757 and 1762 in Swedish Pomerania, Prussian Pomerania, northern Brandenburg and eastern Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
September 1757: Swedish Major Carl Constantin De Carnall was able to reach Fehrbellin with 800 men to defend it from about 5,000 Prussians at a battle fought there on 28 September.
October 1757: After the failure of the Austrian invasion of Saxony, Hamilton left Neuruppin on 10 October and headed for the River Oder, in the hopes of joining up with the Russians. He failed in this and the Swedish force had to go into winter quarters, with Hamilton returning to Swedish Pomerania. .
April 1759: In 1759, during the Seven Years' War, the Swedish commander Carl August Ehrensvärd was forced to retreat to Stralsund by a superior Prussian force. This resulted in the loss of the garrisons at Demmin, Anklam, and Peenemünde to Prussia through military occupation.
June 1759: The Russian advance in May liberated Swedish Pomerania.
October 1759: The Swedish army captured Usedom and Wollin.
December 1759: In 1759, during the Seven Years' War, Russian Field Marshal Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin was unable to besiege Stettin due to lack of cooperation from his allies. As a result, he withdrew into Swedish Pomerania, specifically in Usedom and Wollin, which then became part of the Kingdom of Prussia.
January 1760: Swedish troops penetrated as far as Anklam.
September 1760: However, despite these successes and despite the Prussian army's attention mainly being elsewhere, Lantingshausen and his 15,000 troops were under-supplied and only able to invade Prussia in August, mainly in order to find supplies. He pushed forward to Prenzlow (now Prenzlau) in Brandenburg with his main force of 6,000 troops, leaving Augustin Ehrensvard with a detachment in Pasewalk.
December 1760: Then many officers left to participate in parliament and the resulting shortage of officers forced Lantingshausen to return to Swedish Pomerania, where he remained for the whole winter without being attacked by the Prussians.
Was a war between Sweden and Russia.
July 1788: The storm of Nyslott by surprise ended in a siege led by Russian military commander Alexander Suvorov against the Swedish fortress of Nyslott in 1788. The siege resulted in the territory falling under Swedish military occupation.
July 1788: General Carl Gustaf Armfeldt's 4,000 men were to support the coastal fleet's capture of Frederikshamn and crossed the border on 18 July.
July 1788: The Swedish reached a staging ground just north of Frederikshamn.
August 1788: The landings were successful, some 10 km south-east of the town, and by the evening Swedish forces were advancing towards Frederikshamn.
August 1788: The siege of Nyslott had to be abandoned on 21 August 1788. The Swedish commander, Carl Olof Cronstedt, was forced to surrender the fortress to the Russian Empire after a prolonged siege during the Russo-Swedish War of 1788-1790.
August 1788: In 1788, King Gustav III of Sweden ordered a retreat from all territories occupied in Russia due to the threat of war from Denmark-Norway. The Swedish forces, led by Field Marshal Johan Christopher Toll, withdrew and the territories were ceded to the Russian Empire on August 25th.
June 1789: The Swedes won a resounding victory at Utti.
July 1789: By 18 July the Swedish army cleared the Russian defences of Frederikshamn.
July 1789: Small Swedish detachments (roughly 2,000 men) sent to stop the Russians were defeated at Kaipiainen and the Swedish army decided to withdraw from Russian territory.
April 1790: Swedes led by Colonel Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt defeated Russian defenders on 15 April in southern Savolax.
May 1790: Russian forces led by General Nikolay Arkharov launched a successful attack near the Kymmene River, capturing the strategic town of Anjala in Finland.
May 1790: The Russians are thrown back from Anjala.
August 1790: The Russo-Swedish War of 1788-1790 was ended by the Treaty of Värälä, resulting in the return to the status quo ante bellum.
21.1.Theatre War
Was a brief war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden.
September 1788: In 1788, Bohuslän was under military occupation by Denmark-Norway. Prince Charles of Hesse led a force of 8,000-10,000 Danish soldiers in an attack on the territory from Norway.
September 1788: In 1788, Colonel Johan Werner Tranefelt, a Swedish military officer, stationed himself in Kvistrum with 700 men. However, they were defeated on 29 September by Danish-Norwegian forces during the military occupation of the territory.
October 1788: In a week the Danish-Norwegians took Uddevalla, Vänersborg, and Åmål but were later stopped at Gothenburg.
October 1788: Gothenburg surrendered to the forces of Denmark-Norway.
November 1788: The Danish-Norwegian troops left Sweden and marched off toward Norway.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
January 1804: The Swedish rule over Wismar ended de facto in 1803, when Sweden pledged the city to the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin for 99 years with the Malmö Pledge Agreement. Formally, Wismar reverted to Germany in 1903 and Sweden waived the redemption of the deposit.
January 1812: French troops occupied Swedish Pomerania to end the illegal trade with the United Kingdom from Sweden.
22.1.French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars - Theatre of war in the overseas colonies
The theatre of war in the overseas colonies during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
March 1801: 20 March 1801 - 10 July 1802: British occupation of Saint Barthélemy.
July 1802: 20 March 1801 - 10 July 1802: British occupation of Saint Barthélemy.
March 1813: In 1810, the British captured Guadeloupe from France during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1813, the island was handed over to Sweden under the Treaty of Stockholm, marking a shift in colonial control in the Caribbean.
22.2.Franco-Swedish War
Was a war between France and Sweden that took place in Swedish Pomerania.
22.2.1.Offensive in Hanover (Franco-Swedish War)
Were a series of battles in the region of Lauenburg during the Franco-Swedish War.
September 1806: During the summer of 1806, Prussia, under the leadership of King Frederick William III, formed the Fourth Coalition against France, led by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. As a result, Sweden, under King Gustav IV Adolf, was granted the right to occupy Lauenburg, a territory located in northern Germany.
December 1806: In 1806, during the Napoleonic Wars, French forces advanced rapidly in western Germany, leading to the retreat of Swedish troops towards Lübeck. The territory of Lauenburg was subsequently taken over by the Electorate of Hanover (England).
December 1806: In 1806, during the Napoleonic Wars, French forces advanced rapidly in western Germany, leading to the retreat of Swedish troops towards Lübeck. This event took place in Lauenburg, which later became part of the Mecklenburg-Schwerin Duchy.
22.2.2.Offensive in Swedish Pomerania
Were a series of French campaigns were Swedish Pomerania was occupied.
January 1807: On 28 January, French forces commanded by Marshal Mortier crossed the Peene River in an attempt to impose a blockade on Stralsund. To the east, General of Division Charles Louis Dieudonné Grandjean's division crossed the Peene at Anklam, driving back the Swedish outposts. To the west, General of Division Pierre Louis Dupas' division crossed the stream unopposed near Demmin. On the 29th, Mortier's two divisions appeared before the port and on 30 January began the blockade.
September 1807: Rügen conquered by france.
22.3.War of the Fourth Coalition
Was a war between the French Empire and a coalition of European monarchies, mainly Prussia and Russia.
22.3.1.Polish, Russian and Swedish campaigns (War of the Fourth Coalition)
Was the theatre of war in Poland, Russia and Sweden during the War of the Fourth Coalition.
January 1807: The Siege of Stralsund in 1807 was a military conflict between French forces under Marshal Brune and Swedish defenders led by Count von Schill. The city eventually fell to the French, leading to its occupation by Napoleon's troops.
April 1807: In 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars, France and Sweden agreed to a ceasefire in Stralsund. This led to the withdrawal of all French troops from Swedish Pomerania. The agreement was negotiated by French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and Swedish King Gustav IV Adolf.
August 1807: However, Swedish refusal to join the Continental System led to a second invasion of Swedish Pomerania led by Marshal Brune. Stralsund fell on 24 August after a second siege and the Swedish army surrendered at Rügen, completing the occupation of Swedish Pomerania.
January 1808: In 1807, Swedish Pomerania was occupied by France under Marshal Brune. The peace treaty negotiated by Brune and Swedish general Johan Christopher Toll allowed the Swedish army to withdraw with their weapons and ammunition.
22.4.Finnish War
Was a war between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Russian Empire fought during the Napoleonic Wars. Sweden lost Finland, which became the Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire.
February 1808: In 1808, during the Finnish War, 24,000 Russian troops led by General Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoevden invaded Finland and captured the town of Lovisa.
February 1808: Borgå (Finnish: Porvoo) was captured on 24 February.
March 1808: Helsinki conquered by russia.
March 1808: In Savolax, Russians advanced rapidly and took Kuopio.
March 1808: The Russian army took Åbo.
March 1808: Abandoned Swedish fortifications on the Hangö Peninsula were taken by Russia and manned on 21 March.
March 1808: A small Russian detachment was sent to Åland. Before the end of March 1808 even Vasa was taken by the Russians.
June 1808: In May, the Russians suffered further setbacks when they were driven from Gotland and Åland by Swedish forces.
August 1808: Swedish landing in Pori.
September 1808: After the Russians were driven from Central Finland, their forces stretched along the line of Pori - Tampere - Mikkeli.
September 1808: In 1808, during the Finnish War, Russian General Nikolay Kamensky led a 11,000-strong corps to achieve important victories at Kuortane, leading to the territory falling under Russian military occupation.
September 1808: Oravais conquered by russia.
November 1808: By November 1808, Russian forces had overrun all of Finland. On 19 November, the Convention of Olkijoki was signed and the Swedish army was forced to leave the Finnish countryside.
March 1809: Bagration's corps of 17,000 men occupied the strategic Åland Islands.
March 1809: The Russians entered Umeå on 24 March.
January 1810: The Treaty of Paris in 1810 ended the war between France and Sweden after Sweden's defeat by Russia in the Finnish War. Swedish Pomerania was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden as a result of this treaty.
January 1810: The Treaty of Paris in 1810 ended the war between France and Sweden after Sweden's defeat by Russia in the Finnish War. As a result, Swedish Pomerania was ceded to France.
22.5.Dano-Swedish War of 1808-09
Was a war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden due to Denmark-Norway's alliance with France and Sweden's alliance with the United Kingdom during the Napoleonic Wars.
22.5.1.Swedish Offensive (Dano-Swedish War of 1808-09)
Was the main Swedish military offensive against Denmark during the Dano-Swedish War of 1808-09.
April 1808: The Swedish main attack in Aurskog-Høland in 1808 was led by General Carl Pontus Gahn and Lieutenant Colonel Carl Johan Adlercreutz. The goal was to secure the territory for Sweden during the ongoing Finnish War against Russia.
April 1808: In 1808, during the Napoleonic Wars, a battle occurred at Lier, near Kongsvinger. The Swedish forces, led by King Charles XIII, defeated the Norwegian army. This victory led to Sweden's military occupation of the territory.
April 1808: Fighting in Høland and Aurskog ended with a Norwegian victory, and the Swedish commander, Colonel Schwerin felt so threatened by the Norwegian counterattacks that he ordered a retreat after the defeat at Toverud.
April 1808: After this victory the Swedish troops entrenched themselves at Lier and advanced all the way to the river Glomma.
April 1808: Battle of Trangen: The invading Swedish troops, led by Colonel Carl Pontus Gahn, were surrounded and forced to surrender to the Danish.
22.5.2.Danish Offensive (1808)
Was a Danish offensive against Sweden during the Dano-Swedish War of 1808-1809.
July 1808: Norwegian troops captured the fortress of Hjerpe.
July 1808: Hjerpe conquered by Kingdom of Sweden.
August 1808: Mörsil and Mattmar in Jämtland were occupied by Denmark-Norway.
August 1808: On July 24, von Döbeln's Swedish troops increased by 900 units, which allowed an attack against the Norwegians, who were forced to retreat. The resulting armistice required the Norwegians to leave Sweden by 3 August, which they did.
22.6.War of the Sixth Coalition
Was a war between France and a a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, and a number of German States. The coalition emerged after the decimation of the French army in the French invasion of Russia. The coalition ultimately invaded France and forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile.
October 1813: The Swedish Army mobilized and assisted against Napoleon in the Battle of Leipzig in 1813.
January 1814: In December 1813, Bernadotte's Army, now some 65,000, composed only of Swedish and Russian troops following the secondment of the Prussian troops to Blücher's army, attacked the Danish Army in Holstein.
January 1814: Bernadotte invaded Schleswig, swiftly invested and reduced its fortresses and occupied the entire province.
January 1814: Swedish Pomerania, given to Denmark a year earlier in return for Norway, was ceded by Denmark to Prussia.
January 1814: Occupied territories in Holstein and Schleswig are reverted to Denmark at the end of the War of the Sixth Coalition.
January 1814: The Treaty of Kiel was signed by King Frederick VI of Denmark-Norway and Crown Prince Charles John of Sweden. The treaty ended the Napoleonic Wars and resulted in Norway being ceded to Sweden, leading to a period of Swedish military occupation in Norway.
May 1814: The Norwegians rejected declared independence and adopted their own constitution on 17 May.
22.6.1.Treaty of Paris (1814)
Was the treaty that ended the war between France and the Sixth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars.
May 1814: In the 1814 Treaty of Paris, Sweden ceded Guadeloupe to France.
22.7.Swedish-Norwegian War (1814)
Was a war initiated by Norway to gain independence from Sweden. The war resulted in a compromise, with Norway being forced into the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, a union with Sweden under the Swedish king Charles XIII, but with Norway having its own constitution and parliament.
July 1814: The hostilities opened on 26 July with a swift Swedish naval attack against the Norwegian gunboats at Hvaler.
July 1814: The town of Fredrikstad in Norway surrendered to Swedish force.
August 1814: The Norwegian forces withdrew over the Glomma river at Langnes in Askim.
August 1814: Convention of Moss, was signed on 14 August 1814. Norway agreed to enter into a personal union with Sweden as a separate state with its own constitution and institutions, except for the common king and foreign service.
Was a Civil War in Russia that involved varios factions but mainly the Bolsheviks and the conservative White Army in the core Russian territories, as well as a multitude of local secessionist states. At the end of war the Bolsheviks were victorious and established the Soviet Union.
March 1918: Swedish troops take control of the Åland Islands.
March 1918: On 28 February, a naval unit of the battleships SMS Westfalen and SMS Rheinland, commanded by the admiral Hugo Meurer, left Danzig to Åland. The following day, the Swedes were forced to make a deal with the Germans. According to the agreement, Sweden and Germany now shared the Åland Islands.
March 1016: In 1016, Óláfr Haraldsson, also known as Saint Olaf, arrived in Norway and claimed the throne. He defeated Sveinn, the Danish king, and his allies in the battle of Nesjar, solidifying his rule over the Kingdom of Norway.
January 1156: King Sverker I of Sweden (1134-55) is said to have permanently integrated Götaland and Svealand.
January 1240: The so-called Second Crusade against Tavastians in 1249-1250 .
July 1319: The first union between Sweden and Norway occurred in 1319 when the three-year-old Magnus, son of the Swedish royal Duke Eric and of the Norwegian princess Ingeborg, inherited the throne of Norway from his grandfather Haakon V and in the same year was elected King of Sweden, by the Convention of Oslo.
January 1356: In 1355, Magnus IV of Sweden regained control of the territory, which had previously been under the rule of his son, Haakon VI of Norway. Magnus IV was a powerful monarch who ruled over both Sweden and Norway, including Iceland and Greenland, during his reign from 1319 to 1364.
January 1361: In accordance with the Treaty of Varberg, Halland is annexed by the Kingdom of Denmark.
January 1361: The Agreement of Helsingborg provided that Scania had to be transferred back to Denmark in 1360.
July 1361: In 1361, Valdemar Atterdag, the King of Denmark, invaded the island of Gotland. Valdemar Atterdag was known for his military campaigns and efforts to regain Danish territories lost during the reign of his predecessors.
January 1363: Haakon VI of Norway, also known as Håkan Magnusson, was also King of Sweden between 1362 and 1364.
February 1364: The Swedes, irritated by his misrule, superseded him by his nephew, Albert of Mecklenburg in 1365.
June 1397: The Kalmar Union was a political union between the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. It was founded at a meeting in Kalmar in 1397 by Queen Margaret I of Denmark, who sought to consolidate her power over the Scandinavian region. The union aimed to create a single monarch ruling over all three kingdoms.
January 1435: The Swedes broke away from the Kalmar Union in 1434 under the popular leader Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson.
September 1441: In 1441 Charles VIII of Sweden had to abdicate in favour of Christopher of Bavaria, who was already king of Denmark and Norway.
June 1448: Upon the death of Christopher in 1448, Charles VIII was expelled from Sweden.
November 1449: In 1449 a portion of the Norwegian council elected Charles King of Norway, and he was crowned in Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim.
May 1450: The Swedish aristocracy was reluctant to back Charles in a war against Denmark over Norway, and already in 1450, Charles was forced to relinquish the throne of Norway in favour of Christian.
February 1457: Charles VIII king of Sweden (1448-1457, 1464-1465 and 1467-1470).
August 1464: In 1464, Charles VIII regained the throne as king of Sweden.
January 1465: Charles VIII king of Sweden (1448-1457, 1464-1465 and 1467-1470).
November 1467: In 1464, Charles VIII regained the throne as king of Sweden.
May 1470: The three Kingdoms of the Kalmar Union were reunited under Christian II of Denmark.
October 1497: Hans, who was already king of Denmark and of Norway, became also King of Sweden 1497.
January 1608: In 1607, Charles IX of Sweden, who was the King of Sweden from 1604 until his death, declared himself "King of the Lapps in Nordland" and began collecting taxes in Norwegian territory, specifically Lapland. This led to a military occupation of Lapland by Sweden.
January 1633: In 1632, in the Thirty Years' War, Sweden conquered the city of Wismar, which had been occupied by imperial troops since 1627, and which fell to the Swedish crown as an imperial fief in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.
January 1634: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1639: New Sweden was a Swedish colony along the lower reaches of the Delaware River in America, established in 1638.
January 1639: Minuit completed Fort Christina in 1638.
April 1650: Fort Carlsborg was under Swedish administration by 22 April 1650.
January 1651: Fort Batenstein, located in present-day Butri near Sekondi-Takoradi in the Western region, was a fortification under Swedish administration from 1650 to 1656. It was an important trading post on the Swedish Gold Coast during this period.
January 1652: Fort Casimir was founded in 1651 by the Dutch West India Company in present-day Delaware. It was named after the Dutch governor of New Netherland, Jacob Alrichs. The fort was later captured by the Swedish in 1654 and then recaptured by the Dutch in 1655.
January 1653: In the peace treaty of 1652 the Susquehannock ceded to Maryland large territories on both shores of the Chesapeake Bay in return for arms and for safety on their southern flank.
January 1653: Fort Christiansborg, located in present-day Osu, Ghana, was under the administration of the Swedish Gold Coast from 1652 to 1658. The fort was a key trading post for the Swedish Empire during this period.
January 1654: In 1653, the territory under the leadership of Johan Björnsson Printz, governor from 1643 to 1653, expanded along the river from Fort Christina. This territory was part of New Sweden, a Swedish colony in North America.
January 1654: Fort Witsen, now Sekondi-Takoradi in the Western region, was under the control of the Swedish Gold Coast from 1653 to 1658. The fort was named after Dutch merchant Jacob Witsen, who played a significant role in the establishment of the trading post.
January 1654: In 1653, the Swedes captured Fort William.
June 1654: In New Sweden, the Dutch Fort Casimir was captured by soldiers from the New Sweden colony led by governor Johan Risingh.
January 1656: Fort Apollonia was established by the Swedes in 1655 as part of the Swedish Gold Coast, a colony in present-day Ghana. The trading post was strategically located for the Swedish to engage in the lucrative trade of gold and other commodities in the region.
August 1656: After the Dutch managed to dislodge the Swedes from Butre and began building Fort Batenstein at that site, the leaders of the Dutch West India Company thought it beneficial to negotiate a treaty with the local political leadership in order to establish a peaceful long-term relationship in the area. The local Ahanta leaders found it equally beneficial to enter into such an agreement, and thus on 27 August 1656, the Treaty of Butre was signed. This treaty established a Dutch protectorate in the area.
January 1658: In 1657, Danish forces took the lodge under Caerloff.
March 1658: Fort Carlsborg was seized and made part of the Danish Gold Coast colony.
January 1659: In 1658, Fort Christiansborg in present-day Osu, Ghana, was transferred from Swedish to Dutch control.
April 1663: The whole Swedish Gold Coast was seized by Denmark, and integrated in the Danish Gold Coast.
January 1690: The Prince-Bishop of Münster, Christoph Bernhard von Galen, succeeded in freeing his territory from foreign troops.
January 1734: In 1733, the Swedish East India Company, under the leadership of King Frederick I of Sweden, established a factory in Porto Novo, which is now known as Parangipettai. This marked Sweden's presence in the region during the colonial era.
July 1784: In 1784, one of Louis XVI's ministers ceded the French Caribbean island to Sweden in exchange for trading rights in the Swedish port of Gothenburg.
January 1787: In 1786, the island of Saint Barthélemy was transferred to the Swedish West India Company, a trading company established by King Gustav III of Sweden.
January 1807: Saint Barthélemy passes from Swedish West India Company control to direct Swedish control.
November 1814: The Union between Sweden and Norway was formally established.
March 1878: Saint-Barthélemy was sold to France.
October 1905: On 7 June 1905, the Storting (Parlament) of Norway unilaterally declared its independence Sweden, ending the union of the two countries. Sweden officially accepted the union's dissolution on 26 October.
Selected Sources
Bradford, J.C. (2004): International Encyclopedia of Military History, Routledge, p. 553
Bradford, J.C. (2004): International Encyclopedia of Military History, Routledge, p. 554
Dreißigjähriger Krieg. Austria Forum. Retrieved on 30 march 2024 on https://austria-forum.org/af/AustriaWiki/Drei%C3%9Figj%C3%A4hriger_Krieg
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), p. 26-49
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 110-111
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 169
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 177
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 179
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 210
Livet, G. (1994): La Guerre de Trente Ans, Paris (France), p. 37
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 195
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 196
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 197
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 202
Rambaud, A. (1890): Recueil des instructions données aux ambassadeurs et ministres de France depuis les traités de Westphalie jusqu'à la Révolution française, Ancienne Librairie Germer Baillière et Cie., p. 232.
Schmidt, G. (2006): Der Dreißigjährige Krieg, Munich (Germany), p. 65
Slaget ved Svolder. Store norske leksikon. Retrieved on 31 March 2024 on https://snl.no/Slaget_ved_Svolder
Spindler, M. (2017): Geschichte Schwabens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts, Munich (Germany), p. 266
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.191-195
Westfälischer Friede - Vertrag von Osnabrück, https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Westf%C3%A4lischer_Friede_%E2%80%93_Vertrag_von_Osnabr%C3%BCck
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