This article is about the specific polity Kingdom of Sweden and therefore only includes events related to its territory and not to its possessions or colonies. If you are interested in the possession, this is the link to the article about the nation which includes all possessions as well as all the different incarnations of the nation.
If you are looking for the page with the statistics about this polity you can find it here:All Statistics
Is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden exists as a country since 970 AD. King Sverker I of Sweden (1134-55) is said to have permanently integrated Götaland and Svealand into the Kingdom of Sweden.
Summary
Under the Stenkil dynasty, Sweden underwent Christianization and began to coalesce into a more unified kingdom. The 12th century saw the rise of the House of Sverker and House of Erik, who competed for the throne. This period also saw the incorporation of Finland into the Swedish realm.
By the 13th century, Sweden had developed a sophisticated legal and administrative system, with a parliament (Riksdag) representing the four estates. The country also expanded its territory, gaining control of Estonia for a time. However, this period also saw instability, with the short-lived Kalmar Union attempting to unite Sweden, Norway, and Denmark under a single monarch.
The 14th and 15th centuries were marked by ongoing power struggles between Swedish rulers and the nobility. The House of Bonde and House of Folkung both held the throne at various points. Ultimately, the House of Vasa emerged victorious in the 16th century, with Gustavus Vasa establishing a strong centralized monarchy.
The 16th and 17th centuries were a golden age for Sweden, with kings like Gustavus Adolphus and Charles XII making Sweden a major European power. The country expanded its territory, fought wars against Denmark and Russia, and became a leader in the Protestant Reformation. However, this militarism and expansionism also sowed the seeds of Sweden's eventual decline.
The 18th century "Era of Liberty" saw the rise of parliamentary democracy in Sweden, though power struggles between political factions like the Hats and Caps caused instability. The 19th century brought further changes, with Sweden losing Finland to Russia and nearly going to war with Norway over the Kalmar Union.
In the 20th century, Sweden adopted a policy of neutrality, avoiding involvement in both World Wars. It also developed a robust welfare state and promoted social democracy. Today, Sweden remains a constitutional monarchy with a highly developed economy and progressive social policies.
Establishment
January 1156: King Sverker I of Sweden (1134-55) is said to have permanently integrated Götaland and Svealand.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of conflicts in the 12th and 13th centuries between the Republic of Novgorod and Medieval Sweden over control of the Gulf of Finland.
August 1240: In July 1240, the Swedish commanders Jarl Birger and Ulf Fassi attempted to invade Novgorod.
June 1301: The Novgorod troops, led by Prince Yaroslav of Tver, retaliated by destroying Landskrona Fort in 1301. This was part of the ongoing conflict between the Novgorod Republic and the Golden Horde for control of the region.
July 1301: The Novgorod troops, led by Prince Yaroslav of Tver, retaliated by destroying Landskrona Fort in 1301. This was part of the ongoing conflict between Novgorod and the Kingdom of Sweden over control of the region.
Was a war between Denmark and Sweden which took place from 1276 to 1278. It started because of a disagreement over an agreed sum of 6,000 silver marks for Danish assistance to Magnus Birgersson in the battle against Valdemar Birgersson in 1275.
December 1276: King Magnus Ladulås of Sweden initiated the 6000-Mark war by invading the Danish provinces of Halland and Skåne in 1276. The Danish army, led by King Eric V of Denmark, managed to halt the Swedish advance near Uffo marches.
January 1277: King Magnus Ladulås of Sweden initiated the 6000-Mark war by invading the Danish provinces of Halland and Skåne in 1276. The Danish army, led by King Eric V of Denmark, managed to halt the Swedish advance near Uffo marches.
January 1278: Erik Klipping gathered a large army in 1277 and went into Västergötland which again was overcome and looted. Eric V of Denmark decided to end the campaign because it was not meant as anything other than an act of revenge in response to the Swedish king's assault on Halland and Skåne.
February 1278: Erik Klipping gathered a large army in 1277 and went into Västergötland which again was overcome and looted. Eric V of Denmark decided to end the campaign because it was not meant as anything other than an act of revenge in response to the Swedish king's assault on Halland and Skåne.
Was the first conflict between Denmark and Sweden that led to the independence of the latter from the Kalmar Union.
October 1471: In 1471, King Christian I of Denmark decided to invade the small coastland in southern Sweden. Facing resistance, he chose to land his troops instead of laying siege to the territory. This military occupation marked a significant conflict between Denmark and Sweden during this period.
October 1471: In 1471, King Christian I of Denmark decided to abandon the siege of a small coastland in southern Sweden due to its length. Instead, he landed troops in the region, ultimately leading to the territory being annexed by the Kingdom of Sweden.
October 1471: Battle of Brunkeberg.
October 1471: After its defeat in the Battle of Brunkeberg, Denmark evacuated the territories it had occupied in Sweden.
Was a series of wars fought between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Khanate of Kazan from 1439, until Kazan was finally conquered by the Tsardom of Russia under Ivan the Terrible in 1552.
4.1.Wars of Ivan III
Russian military campaign against the Khanate of Kazan by Ivan III.
4.1.1.Russo-Swedish War (1495-1497)
Was a border war which occurred between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Kingdom of Sweden.
August 1495: In 1495, Ivan III of Russia sent Princes Daniil Shchenya and Vasily Shuisky to besiege the Swedish castle of Viborg.
November 1495: The siege of Viborg in 1495 was led by Tsar Ivan III of Russia against the Kingdom of Sweden. The castellan who set the powder on fire was Knut Posse, a Swedish nobleman defending the city. The Muscovites were forced to retreat after the explosion, ending the siege.
January 1497: In 1496, Hämeenlinna was severely devastated by Russian generals Vasily Kosoy and Andrey Chelyadnin during the military occupation of Finland by Russia.
February 1497: Russian forces leave Swedish Finland.
Was a rebellion and a civil war in which the nobleman Gustav Vasa deposed King Christian II from the throne of Sweden, ending the Kalmar Union between Sweden, Norway, and Denmark.
October 1523: In 1523, Gustav Vasa, a Swedish nobleman, successfully led a rebellion against the Danish king and established himself as the King of Sweden. By September of the same year, his supporters had also gained control of Swedish Finland, which was previously part of the Kalmar Union.
October 1523: In 1523, Gustav Vasa, a Swedish nobleman, successfully led a rebellion against Danish rule and established himself as King of Sweden. By September of the same year, his supporters had also gained control of Finland, which became part of the Kingdom of Sweden.
5.1.Treaty of Malmö (1523)
By the Treaty of Malmö signed on 1 September 1524, Sweden seceded from the Kalmar Union.
September 1523: By the Treaty of Malmö, Sweden seceded from the Kalmar Union.
A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
6.1.Livonian War
Was a war fought over the control of Old Livonia. The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. Old Livonia was finally partitioned between Sweden, Poland-Lithuania and Denmark-Norway.
6.1.1.Polish and Swedish counterattack (Livonian War)
Were the military operations of Sweden and Poland-Lithuania against the Russian invasion.
6.1.1.1.Truce of Plussa
Was a Truce concluded between Sweden and Russia that ended the Livonian War.
August 1583: The Treaty of Plussa was signed in 1583 between Tsar Ivan IV of Russia and King John III of Sweden. It allowed Sweden to keep the annexed Russian towns of Ivangorod, Jamburg, Koporye, and Korela with their uyezds, solidifying Swedish control over Ingria.
6.2.Northern Seven Years' War
Was a war fought between the Kingdom of Sweden and a coalition of Denmark-Norway, Lübeck, and Poland-Lithuania between 1563 and 1570.
September 1563: At the beginning of the war the Danes advanced from Halland with a 25,000-strong army of professional mercenaries and captured Sweden's gateway to the west, Älvsborg Fortress, after only three days of bombardment and a six-hour assault on 4 September.
December 1570: The peace was finally reached with the Treaty of Stettin, signed by King John III of Sweden and Duke Barnim XI of Pomerania in 1570. This treaty restored the status quo ante bellum, returning the territory to the Kingdom of Sweden.
6.3.Russo-Swedish War (1590-1595)
Was a war between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Tsardom of Russia initiated by the latter in order the reconquer territories lost during the Livonian War.
January 1590: On January 26, 1590 the siege of Jam began. The Swedish garrison, numbering only 500 men, surrendered to Russian forces the next day.
March 1590: The Swedes agreed to cede Ivangorod, Yam and Koporje to the Russians and a year-long truce was signed.
January 1592: On January 6, 1592, the troops of Russian generals Mstislavski and Trubezkoi crossed the Swedish border at Oreshek.
January 1592: On January 30, the Russian army reached Vyborg.
February 1592: As the Russian voivodes did not dare to besiege the well-fortified Vyborg fortress, they plundered the area around Vyborg and Kexholm, before returning to Oreshek along Lake Ladoga.
6.4.Second Northern War
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden (along with their respective allies) over the hegemony in the Baltic Sea.
6.4.1.Russo-Swedish War (1656-1658)
Was fought by Russia and Sweden as a theater of the Second Northern War.
August 1656: In July 1656, during the Second Northern War, a reserve force of the Russian army led by Tsar Alexei I struck across Swedish Ingria and overran the key Baltic fortresses of Nöteborg and Nyen.
December 1658: On 20 December Ordin-Nashchokin negotiated with Sweden the Treaty of Valiesar, whereby Russia was allowed to keep the conquered territories in present-day Latvia and Estonia — Koknese, Aluksne, Dorpat, Nyslott — for three years.
January 1662: As the Russian tsar could not allow himself to be involved into a new conflict against powerful Sweden, he had to sign Treaty of Kardis, which obliged Russia to yield its Livonian and Ingrian conquests to Sweden, confirming the provisions of the Treaty of Stolbovo.
6.4.2.Treaty of Roskilde (1658)
Was a treaty concluded during the Second Northern War that forced Denmark-Norway to give up a third of its territory to Sweden.
March 1658: The Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658 between King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. As a result of the treaty, the territory of Trondelag was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden.
March 1658: The Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658 between King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. As a result of the treaty, the territory of Bohuslän was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden, marking a significant shift in power dynamics in the region.
March 1658: The Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658 in Scania between King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. The treaty ended the Second Northern War and resulted in Scania being ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden.
March 1658: The Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658 between King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. As a result of the treaty, the island of Bornholm was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden, marking a significant territorial change in the region.
May 1658: The Swedish took control over Ven in 1658, as the rest of Scania was ceded to Sweden by the Treaty of Roskilde. The island was not specifically mentioned in the treaty, and according to the Danes it was not part of Scania, but part of Zealand and therefore still under Danish rule. The Swedes did not agree with that interpretation, and sent troops to occupy the island on 6 May 1658.
6.4.3.Dano-Swedish War (1658-1660)
Was a war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden, with the former backed by the Dutch Republic and Poland.
September 1658: Trøndelag was reconquered by Norwegian army units under their commander-in-chief, lieutenant general Jørgen Bjelke.
December 1659: Printzensköld was shot dead during an inspection tour on December 8, 1659. The remaining Swedes, mostly Scanians who had little reason to be loyal to the Swedish King, surrendered. The Swedish navy was otherwise occupied and could offer no relief. Bornholm was again under Danish control.
6.5.Great Northern War
Was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
6.5.1.Phase 1: Swedish Dominance
Was the first phase of the Great Northern War, characterized by Swedish victories.
6.5.1.1.Livonian-Estonian Frontier of the Great Northern War
Was the Livonian-Estonian theatre of war in the first phase of the Great Northern War.
October 1700: In mid-September, a Russian advance guard advanced into Swedish territory, and on October 4, 1700, the main Russian army with about 35,000 soldiers began the siege of Narva.
November 1700: Battle of Narva (30 November 30, 1700): the Swedish troops crushed the numerically superior Russian army.
December 1702: The Russian army retreated to Pskov without occupying the territory conquered in Livonia.
6.5.1.2.War against Augustus II
Was a military campaign initiated by Sweden during the Great Northern war. The goal of the campaign was the overthrow of Augustus II the Strong, who was at the same the Elector fo Saxony and the King of Poland-Lithuania.
November 1709: The fishing village of Råå falls under Danish-Norwegian military occupation.
6.5.1.3.Ingrian Front of the Great Northern War
Was the Ingrian theatre of war in the first phase of the Great Northern War.
October 1702: Siege of Nöteborg.
October 1702: Russian conquest of Nöteborg (actual Shlisselburg) after a siege.
April 1703: Siege of Nyenschanz.
May 1703: Siege of Nyenschanz.
May 1703: Naval battle at the mouth of the Neva. the Neva was now fully controlled by Russian forces.
July 1703: The rest of Ingermanland including Jaama and Koporje could also be occupied by the Russians within a few weeks after taking Nyenschantz by a Russian infantry command under Major General Nikolai von Werdin.
October 1706: Russian forces started besieged the city of Vyborg.
November 1706: Russian forces ended the siege of Vyborg and left the area.
July 1708: Sack of Porvoo by Russian forces.
August 1708: The Russians leave Porvoo.
6.5.2.Phase 2: Sweden Defending itself
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
6.5.2.1.Danish Invasion of Schonen
Was the Danish invasion of Schonen (in Sweden) during the Great Northern War.
January 1710: In December, Denmark controlled almost all of central Skåne with the exception of Malmö and Landskrona.
April 1710: After the Battle of Helsingborg, the Danish units were so weakened that they left Scania and embarked for Denmark. By March 5, the last remains of the Danish army left Scania after intentionally slaughtering all their horses and sabotaging their cannons by spiking them.
6.5.2.2.Russian Offensive in the East
Was a Russian military campaign against the territories occupied by Sweden in eastern Europe and the Baltic during the Great Northern War.
March 1710: Siege of Vyborg.
June 1710: Siege of Vyborg.
July 1710: Siege of Kexholm.
September 1710: Siege of Kexholm.
6.5.2.3.Russian Campaign in Finnland
Was a Russian military campaign in Finland, at the time part of Sweden, during the Great Northern War.
May 1713: In 1713, during the Great Northern War, Tsar Peter the Great's Russian forces landed near Helsingfors (now Helsinki). The Swedish commander Georg Lybecker preemptively burned the city to prevent its capture, leading to its eventual occupation by the Tsardom of Russia.
May 1713: On the evening of May 22, 1713, Russian marines unopposed landed near the city of Borgå (modern-day Porvoo).
October 1713: Battle of Pälkäne.
March 1714: The Battle of Storkyro was a decisive victory for the Russian forces led by Tsar Peter the Great over the Swedish army in Finland. The defeat led to the complete occupation of Finland by the Tsardom of Russia in 1714.
August 1714: The whole of Åland was under Russian control.
6.5.2.4.Swedish-Norwegian Front in the Great Northern War
Was the theatre of war on the border between Sweden and Norway in the second phase of the Great Northern War.
December 1714: In the fall of 1714, Russian troops led by Tsar Peter the Great landed near Umeå, Sweden. The Swedish garrison quickly abandoned the city after a brief skirmish, marking the beginning of the Tsardom of Russia's military occupation of the territory.
6.5.2.5.Danish Invasion of Sweden
Was a Danish invasion of Sweden during the Great Northern War.
July 1719: The Danish captured Marstrand.
6.5.2.6.Russian Invasion of Sweden
Was the Russian invasion of Sweden during the second phase of the Great Northern War.
6.5.3.Phase 3: Sweden on the defensive (1710-1721)
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
6.5.4.Peace Treaties of the Great Northern War
Were the peace treaties that ended the Great Northern War.
6.5.4.1.Peace of Frederiksborg
Was a treaty that ended the Great Northern War between Denmark-Norway and Sweden.
July 1720: All of Schleswig was now united under the Danish crown.
6.5.4.2.Peace of Nystad
Was a treaty that ended the Great Northern War between the Tsardom of Russia and the Swedish Empire.
September 1721: This event occurred during the Great Northern War, a conflict between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia. The territories in Finland were occupied by Russia but were later evacuated as part of the peace agreement, returning to the control of the Kingdom of Sweden.
September 1721: In the Nystad Peace Treaty (1721), Sweden ceded the areas of Ingria, Livonia, Estonia, the islands of Ösel and Dagö, and South Karelia to Russia.
Was a war between Duke Charles, later known as King Charles IX of Sweden, and Sigismund, who was at the time the king of both Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The war led to the dissolution of the Polish-Swedish Union.
November 1592: When King John III of Sweden died in 1592, his son Sigismund, already king of Poland since 1587, assumed the Swedish throne.
November 1597: A civil war broke out in Sweden in in 1597. Duke Charles gained control of almost entire Sweden (without Finland and Estonia).
May 1598: At the end of May 1598 Sigismund landed on Swedish soil near Avaskär, a tiny village in Blekinge, south of Kalmar.
August 1598: Sigismund Vasa was able to occupy the key-city of Kalmar.
August 1598: Sigismund sailed with his infantry to Stegeborg Castle.
August 1598: In 1598, Stockholm was taken by the Kingdom of Sweden (Poland) with the help of King Sigismund III Vasa and his supporters in the nobility and military. The city fell easily due to its lack of proper defenses.
August 1598: The forces of Sigismund III Vasa takes control of the fortresses of Älvsborg and that of Gullberg.
August 1598: Battle of Stegeborg: The defeated Swedes quickly retreated to Mem Castle.
September 1598: The forces of Sigismund III Vasa were defeated at the Battle of Stångebro. The king fled to Poland.
May 1599: Swedish forces led by Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm, marched towards Kalmar with the intention of besieging the city. Johan Larsson Sparre strenuously defended the walls and the castle, in the hope that the king would soon return to Sweden. But he received no assistance and, on the night of March 1-2, the city was stormed.
October 1599: After the assault and capture of Kalmar, the epicenter of the War against Sigismund moved to Finland. Stronghold after stronghold it began to be conquered in July. By September, all of Sigismund's followers had fled.
June 1600: In 1600, King Charles IX of Sweden occupied the Swedish part of Estonia, which was under a personal union with Poland at the time.
Was a war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden.
January 1612: In 1611, King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway sent a force of 6,000 troops led by Admiral Jørgen Daa to lay siege on the city of Kalmar, which was under Swedish control. The Danish forces successfully captured the city after a fierce battle.
April 1612: In early 1612, King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway led the attack on the Swedish fortresses Älvsborg and Gullberg, strategically located on the border between the two countries. The military occupation of these territories was a significant victory for Denmark in the ongoing conflict with Sweden.
January 1613: The Treaty of Knäred ended the Kalmar War. Denmark incorporated Lapland into Norway. Militarly occupied territories were evacuated.
Was a period of political crisis during the Tsardom of Russia which began in 1598 with the death of Fyodor I, the last of the Rurik dynasty, and ended in 1613 with the accession of Michael I of the House of Romanov.
9.1.Ingrian War
Was a war between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia. It ended with a large Swedish territorial gain (including Ingria) in the Treaty of Stolbovo.
9.1.1.Treaty of Stolbovo
Was the treaty that ended the Ingrian War. Sweden gained the province of Ingria. Novgorod and Gdov were restored to Russia.
March 1617: The Treaty of Stolbovo was signed in 1617 between Tsar Michael I of Russia and King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. As a result, Sweden gained the province of Kexholm in Karelia and the province of Ingria, marking a significant territorial expansion for the Kingdom of Sweden.
March 1617: The Kingdom of Sweden gained further parts of finalnd.
March 1617: The Treaty of Stolbovo was signed on February 27, 1617, between Tsar Michael I of Russia and King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. As a result, Sweden gained the province of Kexholm in Karelia and the province of Ingria, solidifying its territorial expansion in the region.
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden.
10.1.Truce of Altmark
Was the treaty that ended the Polish-Swedish War (1626-1629).
September 1629: In 1629, during the Thirty Years' War, the Coastal Stripe of Prussia was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden. This territory included the cities of Elbing, Memel, Fischhausen, Braunsberg, and Frauenburg.
10.2.Treaty of Stuhmsdorf
Was a treaty where Sweden returned territories of Brandenburg-Prussia and Poland-Lithuania that were invaded in the previous years.
September 1635: The Swedes had to return to the commonwealth the territories they occupied in Baltic Prussia: ports of Elbing, Memel and Pillau, the latter two returning to George William, Elector of Brandenburg and withdraw their garrisons from them
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
11.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
11.1.1.Thirty Years' War Minor Scenarios
A series of conflicts related to the Thirty Years' War.
11.1.1.1.Torstenson War
Was a brief war between Sweden and Denmark-Norway.
August 1645: The Second Treaty of Brömsebro ended the Torstenson War.
Was a war between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic.
12.1.Scanian War
Was a war that saw Denmark and Brandenburg-Prussia fight against Sweden.
12.1.1.Scanian Theatre (Scanian War)
Was the Scanian theatre of war in southern Sweden during the Scanian War.
June 1676: Seizure of Helsingborg.
July 1676: In a month's time only the fortified town of Malmö remained under Swedish control.
December 1676: Battle of Lund.
July 1677: Battle of Landskrona.
August 1678: After facing the whole Swedish army on the plain west of Kristianstad Christian V opted not to give battle but to retreat back to Landskrona and evacuate all his troops from Scania.
12.1.2.Gyldenløve War
Was a Norwegian invasion of Sweden led by its Governor-General Ulrik Frederick Gyldenløve.
January 1677: Norwegian army took and fortified the pass at Kvistrum.
January 1677: In 1676, during the Scanian War, Swedish forces led by Gyldenløve attacked Vänersborg, but were met with strong resistance. Despite the efforts of Swedish defenders, Gyldenløve's forces ultimately captured the territory, which then fell under Danish-Norwegian military occupation.
January 1677: Norwegian army took Uddevalla.
August 1677: The successful recapture of Scania allowed Norwegian troops to regain formerly Norwegian Bohuslän. Gyldenløve captured the fortress at Marstrand in July and joined forces with General Løvenhjelm.
September 1677: Norwegian forces of 2,000 men, led by General Reinhold von Hoven and General Christian Shultz retook formerly Norwegian Jämtland.
12.1.3.Treaty of Fontainebleau (1679)
Was a peace treaty between Denmark-Norway and Sweden at the end of the Scanian War.
September 1679: In 1679, Denmark, under pressure from France, returned all territories it had occupied during the war to Sweden. This decision was influenced by the Treaty of Lund, signed by King Charles XI of Sweden and King Christian V of Denmark.
Was a war between the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Sweden caused by the Swedish aim to regain the territories lost to Russia during the Great Northern War.
June 1742: With the support of the Russian galley fleet, a 30,000 men strong Russian army under the command of Field-Marshal Lacy marched from Vyborg. It crossed the border on 13 June and then continued advancing towards Frederikshamn.
June 1742: The Swedish army under Lewenhaupt set the town of Frederikshamn on fire and started withdrawing.
July 1742: The Russians moved into Borgå, which the Swedish army had abandoned one day earlier.
August 1742: The Swedish withdrawal from Helsingfors in 1742 was led by Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Armfeldt. The Russian forces, under the command of General Peter Lacy, successfully surrounded the town after the Swedish retreat.
August 1742: The deputy commander of Swedish forces, General Jean Louis Bousquet, signed a surrender document on 24 August. According to the terms of the document, the Finnish men were released from the army while the Swedish men were allowed to sail back home.
November 1742: The Russians advanced all the way to Åland and cut Finland off from the rest of the Sweden. All of Finland fell under Russian occupation.
August 1743: The peace treaty signed in Turku in 1743 marked the end of the Russo-Swedish War of 1741-1743. The treaty was signed by Empress Elizabeth of Russia and Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden, resulting in Russia evacuating Finland and part of it being given to Sweden.
13.1.Treaty of Åbo
Was the treaty that ended the Russo-Swedish War of 1741-1743.
April 1743: The Swedish army retook Åland in March 1743.
Was a war between Sweden and Russia.
May 1790: Russian forces led by General Nikolay Arkharov launched a successful attack near the Kymmene River, capturing the strategic town of Anjala in Finland.
May 1790: The Russians are thrown back from Anjala.
14.1.Theatre War
Was a brief war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden.
September 1788: In 1788, Bohuslän was under military occupation by Denmark-Norway. Prince Charles of Hesse led a force of 8,000-10,000 Danish soldiers in an attack on the territory from Norway.
September 1788: In 1788, Colonel Johan Werner Tranefelt, a Swedish military officer, stationed himself in Kvistrum with 700 men. However, they were defeated on 29 September by Danish-Norwegian forces during the military occupation of the territory.
October 1788: In a week the Danish-Norwegians took Uddevalla, Vänersborg, and Åmål but were later stopped at Gothenburg.
October 1788: Gothenburg surrendered to the forces of Denmark-Norway.
November 1788: The Danish-Norwegian troops left Sweden and marched off toward Norway.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
15.1.Finnish War
Was a war between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Russian Empire fought during the Napoleonic Wars. Sweden lost Finland, which became the Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire.
February 1808: In 1808, during the Finnish War, 24,000 Russian troops led by General Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoevden invaded Finland and captured the town of Lovisa.
February 1808: Borgå (Finnish: Porvoo) was captured on 24 February.
March 1808: Helsinki conquered by russia.
March 1808: In Savolax, Russians advanced rapidly and took Kuopio.
March 1808: Abandoned Swedish fortifications on the Hangö Peninsula were taken by Russia and manned on 21 March.
March 1808: The Russian army took Åbo.
March 1808: A small Russian detachment was sent to Åland. Before the end of March 1808 even Vasa was taken by the Russians.
June 1808: In May, the Russians suffered further setbacks when they were driven from Gotland and Åland by Swedish forces.
August 1808: Swedish landing in Pori.
September 1808: After the Russians were driven from Central Finland, their forces stretched along the line of Pori - Tampere - Mikkeli.
September 1808: In 1808, during the Finnish War, Russian General Nikolay Kamensky led a 11,000-strong corps to achieve important victories at Kuortane, leading to the territory falling under Russian military occupation.
September 1808: Oravais conquered by russia.
November 1808: By November 1808, Russian forces had overrun all of Finland. On 19 November, the Convention of Olkijoki was signed and the Swedish army was forced to leave the Finnish countryside.
March 1809: Bagration's corps of 17,000 men occupied the strategic Åland Islands.
March 1809: The Russians entered Umeå on 24 March.
January 1810: The Treaty of Paris in 1810 ended the war between France and Sweden after Sweden's defeat by Russia in the Finnish War. Swedish Pomerania was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden as a result of this treaty.
15.2.Dano-Swedish War of 1808-09
Was a war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden due to Denmark-Norway's alliance with France and Sweden's alliance with the United Kingdom during the Napoleonic Wars.
15.2.1.Danish Offensive (1808)
Was a Danish offensive against Sweden during the Dano-Swedish War of 1808-1809.
July 1808: Norwegian troops captured the fortress of Hjerpe.
July 1808: Hjerpe conquered by Kingdom of Sweden.
August 1808: Mörsil and Mattmar in Jämtland were occupied by Denmark-Norway.
August 1808: On July 24, von Döbeln's Swedish troops increased by 900 units, which allowed an attack against the Norwegians, who were forced to retreat. The resulting armistice required the Norwegians to leave Sweden by 3 August, which they did.
Was a Civil War in Russia that involved varios factions but mainly the Bolsheviks and the conservative White Army in the core Russian territories, as well as a multitude of local secessionist states. At the end of war the Bolsheviks were victorious and established the Soviet Union.
March 1918: Swedish troops take control of the Åland Islands.
March 1918: On 28 February, a naval unit of the battleships SMS Westfalen and SMS Rheinland, commanded by the admiral Hugo Meurer, left Danzig to Åland. The following day, the Swedes were forced to make a deal with the Germans. According to the agreement, Sweden and Germany now shared the Åland Islands.
January 1240: The so-called Second Crusade against Tavastians in 1249-1250 .
July 1319: The first union between Sweden and Norway occurred in 1319 when the three-year-old Magnus, son of the Swedish royal Duke Eric and of the Norwegian princess Ingeborg, inherited the throne of Norway from his grandfather Haakon V and in the same year was elected King of Sweden, by the Convention of Oslo.
January 1356: In 1355, Magnus IV of Sweden regained control of the territory, which had previously been under the rule of his son, Haakon VI of Norway. Magnus IV was a powerful monarch who ruled over both Sweden and Norway, including Iceland and Greenland, during his reign from 1319 to 1364.
January 1361: The Agreement of Helsingborg provided that Scania had to be transferred back to Denmark in 1360.
January 1361: In accordance with the Treaty of Varberg, Halland is annexed by the Kingdom of Denmark.
July 1361: In 1361, Valdemar Atterdag, the King of Denmark, invaded the island of Gotland. Valdemar Atterdag was known for his military campaigns and efforts to regain Danish territories lost during the reign of his predecessors.
January 1363: Haakon VI of Norway, also known as Håkan Magnusson, was also King of Sweden between 1362 and 1364.
February 1364: The Swedes, irritated by his misrule, superseded him by his nephew, Albert of Mecklenburg in 1365.
June 1397: The Kalmar Union was a political union between the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. It was founded at a meeting in Kalmar in 1397 by Queen Margaret I of Denmark, who sought to consolidate her power over the Scandinavian region. The union aimed to create a single monarch ruling over all three kingdoms.
January 1435: The Swedes broke away from the Kalmar Union in 1434 under the popular leader Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson.
September 1441: In 1441 Charles VIII of Sweden had to abdicate in favour of Christopher of Bavaria, who was already king of Denmark and Norway.
June 1448: Upon the death of Christopher in 1448, Charles VIII was expelled from Sweden.
November 1449: In 1449 a portion of the Norwegian council elected Charles King of Norway, and he was crowned in Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim.
May 1450: The Swedish aristocracy was reluctant to back Charles in a war against Denmark over Norway, and already in 1450, Charles was forced to relinquish the throne of Norway in favour of Christian.
February 1457: Charles VIII king of Sweden (1448-1457, 1464-1465 and 1467-1470).
August 1464: In 1464, Charles VIII regained the throne as king of Sweden.
January 1465: Charles VIII king of Sweden (1448-1457, 1464-1465 and 1467-1470).
November 1467: In 1464, Charles VIII regained the throne as king of Sweden.
May 1470: The three Kingdoms of the Kalmar Union were reunited under Christian II of Denmark.
October 1497: Hans, who was already king of Denmark and of Norway, became also King of Sweden 1497.
November 1814: The Union between Sweden and Norway was formally established.
October 1905: On 7 June 1905, the Storting (Parlament) of Norway unilaterally declared its independence Sweden, ending the union of the two countries. Sweden officially accepted the union's dissolution on 26 October.
Selected Sources
Bradford, J.C. (2004): International Encyclopedia of Military History, Routledge, p. 554
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 196
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 197
Rambaud, A. (1890): Recueil des instructions données aux ambassadeurs et ministres de France depuis les traités de Westphalie jusqu'à la Révolution française, Ancienne Librairie Germer Baillière et Cie., p. 232.
Kingdom of Sweden
