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Data

Name: Imperial City of Speyer

Type: Polity

Start: 1295 AD

End: 1803 AD

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Icon Imperial City of Speyer

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Was a Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire.

Establishment


  • January 1295: Speyer is declared a Free Imperial City.
  • Chronology


    Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation

    1. European wars of religion


    Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.

    1.1.Thirty Years' War

    Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.

    1.1.1.Thirty Years' War Minor Scenarios

    A series of conflicts related to the Thirty Years' War.

    1.1.1.1.Invasion of Franche Comté (Ten Years War)

    Was French invasion of modern-day Franche-Comté, at the time a possession of the Habsburg, during the Thirty Years' War.

  • January 1645: Following a treaty concluded with Cardinal Mazarin in 1644, France committed to cease hostilities in Franche-Comté, in exchange for the considerable sum of 40,000 écus, thus guaranteeing the region's neutrality once again. The year 1644 thus marked the end of the Ten Years' War in Franche-Comté.

  • 1.1.2.Swedish Period

    Was the third main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of Sweden.

  • June 1634: Conquest of Philippsburg by Sweden.

  • 1.1.3.Franco-Swedish Period

    Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.

    1.1.3.1.North German Front (Sweden)

    Was the north German front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.

  • January 1635: In 1635, during the Thirty Years' War, Philippsburg was recaptured from the Swedes by Imperial troops led by the Spanish general Ottavio Piccolomini.

  • 1.1.3.2.Low Countries Front (France)

    Was the Low Countries front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.

  • January 1636: Spanish occupation of Philippsbourg, Speyer, Landau and Treviri.

  • 1.1.3.3.Rhineland Front (France)

    Was the Rhineland front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.

  • September 1635: Jean de Werth takes over Heidelberg and then Speyer for the Imperials.
  • May 1645: French General Thurenne advanced up to Bad Mergentheim, where a battle with German field Marshal Franz von Mercy would take place on May, 5 1645.
  • November 1645: The French evacuate their ephemeral conquests in Germany, systematically devastating them.

  • 1.2.Nine Years' War

    Was a conflict between France and the Grand Alliance, a coalition including the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, and Savoy. It is considered the first war that saw fighting globally because battles occured in Europe, America, Africa and India.

    1.2.1.Rhineland Theatre (Nine Years' War)

    Was the Rhineland Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.

  • October 1688: The French besiege Philippsburg.
  • January 1689: Several towns fell to the French without resistance, including Oppenheim, Worms, Bingen, Kaiserslautern, Heidelberg, Speyer and, above all, the key fortress of Mainz.
  • June 1689: The French left the Rhineland region.

  • 1.2.2.Peace of Ryswick

    Were a series of treaties that ended the Nine Years' War.

  • September 1697: Peace of Ryswick (1697): France kept Strasbourg but returned Freiburg, Breisach, Philippsburg and the Duchy of Lorraine to the Holy Roman Empire.

  • 2. Franco-Dutch War


    Was a war between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic.

  • January 1677: Imperial forces recaptured Philippsburg in September 1676.

  • 2.1.Peace of Nijmegen

    Were a series of treaties that ended various interconnected wars, notably the Franco-Dutch War.

  • September 1678: Peace of Nijmegen

  • 3. French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars


    Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.

  • January 1804: In 1803, the right-bank territory of Speyer (at the time also spelled Spayer) was transferred to the Electorate of Baden. This decision was part of the territorial changes following the Treaty of Lunéville, which aimed to reorganize the territories of the Holy Roman Empire after the Napoleonic Wars.

  • 3.1.War of the First Coalition

    Were a series of wars between the Kingdom of France (later the French Republic) and several European Monarchies. The French Revolution had deteriorated the relations of France with the other European countries, that tried several times to invade France in order to crash the revolutionary government.

    3.1.1.Rhineland campaign of 1792

    Was a French military campaign in the Rhineland.

  • September 1792: The French attacked Speyer on 29 September and conquered it the next day.
  • October 1792: French troops occupy Worms and Philippsburg without a fight.

  • 3.1.2.Flanders Campaign

    Was a French military campaign in the Flanders.

  • June 1795: Territory evacuated by the French at the end of the Flanders Campaign. The surrender of Luxembourg on 7 June 1795 concluded the French conquest of the Low Countries, thus marking the end of the Flanders Campaign.

  • 3.2.War of the Second Coalition

    Was the second war that saw revolutionary France against most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.

    3.2.1.Suvorov Swiss campaign

    Was a military campaign led by Russian general Alexander Suvorov against France that took place in Switzlerand.

  • October 1799: The Russian troops were forced by the French to abandon their hold on the left bank of the Rhine.

  • 3.2.2.Treaty of Lunéville

    Was a treaty between the French Republic and the Holy Roman Empire that formally ended the partecipation of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire in the War of the Second Coalition.

  • February 1801: The Treaty of Lunéville was signed in the Treaty House of Lunéville between the French Republic and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. Certain Austrian holdings within the borders of the Holy Roman Empire were relinquished, and French control was extended to the left bank of the Rhine, "in complete sovereignty" but France renounced any claim to territories east of the Rhine. Contested boundaries in Italy were set. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was awarded to the French.

  • Disestablishment


  • January 1804: In 1803, the right-bank territory of Speyer (at the time also spelled Spayer) was transferred to the Electorate of Baden. This decision was part of the territorial changes following the Treaty of Lunéville, which aimed to reorganize the territories of the Holy Roman Empire after the Napoleonic Wars.
  • Selected Sources


  • Gagliardo, J. (1980): Reich and Nation: The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality, 1763–1806, Bloomington (USA), p. 192
  • Kreins, J. (2003): Histoire du Luxembourg, Paris (France), p. 63
  • Krumenacker, Y. (2008): La Guerre de Trente Ans, Paris, Ellipses, pp. 144-145
  • Livet, G. (1994): La Guerre de Trente Ans, Paris (France), p. 37
  • Poole, R.L. (1902): Historical Atlas of Modern Europe, Oxford (United Kingdom), Plate XI
  • Swiss campaign of Suvorov and his wonder-heroes. Top War. 30 September 2011. https://en.topwar.ru/7227-shveycarskiy-pohod-suvorova-i-ego-chudo-bogatyrey.html
  • Treaty of Ryswick (English version), https://bonoc.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/tratado-ryswick.pdf
  • Zeller, O. (2024): La Bresse et le pouvoir: Le Papier journal de Jean Corton, syndic du tiers état (1641-1643), Dijon (France), p. 12
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