This article is about the specific polity Teutonic Order and therefore only includes events related to its territory and not to its possessions or colonies. If you are interested in the possession, this is the link to the article about the nation which includes all possessions as well as all the different incarnations of the nation.
If you are looking for the page with the statistics about this polity you can find it here:All Statistics
Was a medieval Crusader state, located in Central Europe along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea. It was formed by the Knights of the Teutonic Order during the 13th century Northern Crusades in the region of Prussia. The Livonian Brothers of the Sword merged in 1237 with the Teutonic Order of Prussia and became known as its branch, the Livonian Order, while their state (Terra Mariana) became a part of the Teutonic Order State. The Prussian territories of the order were inglobated into Poland in 1466, but the state continued to exist as a small independent polity through its scattered possessions in the Holy Roman Empire.
Establishment
January 1220: In 1219, the brothers Andreas, Friedrich and Heinrich von Hohenlohe gave the Teutonic Order property and rights in Mergentheim, which made it the Commander of the Teutonic Order and laid the foundation for becoming a town and for the Teutonic Order residence.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a military campaign carried out by the Teutonic Knights of the Livonian Order with the aim to conquer the lands of Pskov and Novgorod.
September 1240: In August, the Livonian knights captured the town of Izborsk and arrived at the outskirts of Pskov, beginning a siege. The knights managed to bribe the Governor of the Pskov, Tverdila, and he opened the gates of the city. The townspeople tried to resist but, in the end, had to surrender.
April 1241: In 1241, the Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Hermann von Salza, captured the Novgorod city of Tesov. They then constructed the fortress of Koporie to store their supplies and strengthen their control over the region.
April 1242: One of Russia's most famous battles, the Battle of the Ice, took place on the ice of Lake Peipsi. The battle was a significant defeat sustained by the crusaders during the Northern Crusades. The crusaders' defeat in the battle marked the end of their campaigns against the Orthodox Novgorod Republic.
June 1242: In the Spring of 1242, Alexander Nevsky, the prince of Novgorod, recaptured Pskov.
Were a series of military campaigny by the Mongols that created the largest contiguous Empire in history, the Mongol Empire, which controlled most of Eurasia.
2.1.Mongol Invasions of Germany
Were a series of Mongol raids in Germany.
2.1.1.First Mongol Invasion of Germany
Was a Mongol raid in the Holy Roman Empire.
May 1241: The Mongols invaded the Holy Roman Empire without major clash of arms.The army invaded eastern Germany, and crossed the March of Moravia in April-May 1241.
June 1241: The Mongols left eastern Germany and Moravia.
Were a series of Wars between the Teutonic Order and the Kingdom of Poland. .
3.1.Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)
After disputes over the control of the city between the Order and the King of Poland arose, the knights murdered a number of citizens within the city and took it as their own.
November 1308: The takeover of Danzig by the Teutonic Order on November 13, 1308 was an important event in the history of the city of Danzig, as a result of which the city and part of Pomerelia were incorporated into the Order State.
3.2.Polish-Teutonic War (1326-1332)
Was a war between the Kingdom of Poland and the State of the Teutonic Order over Pomerelia.
January 1327: King Władysław I of Poland received assistance from Grand Duke Gediminas of Lithuania and King Charles I of Hungary. Together, they launched a successful campaign against the Teutonic Order, pillaging the Kulmerland of Teutonic Prussia up to the Osa River near Grudziądz in 1326.
January 1327: In 1326, the Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Werner von Orseln, pillaged and conquered the Polish Kuyavian region and the Dobrzyń Land. This marked a significant expansion of the Teutonic Knights' territory in Eastern Europe.
January 1327: In 1326, the Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Werner von Orseln, pillaged and conquered the Polish Kuyavian region and the Dobrzyń Land.
February 1327: In 1327, King Władysław I of Poland received assistance from Lithuania and Hungary to raid the Kulmerland of Teutonic Prussia up to the Osa River near Grudziądz.
January 1331: After years of conflict, the Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Werner von Orseln, agreed to a temporary peace with King Casimir III of Poland in 1330. As part of the agreement, the Order returned control of the Kuyavian region and the Dobrzyń Land to the Kingdom of Poland.
September 1331: After the indecisive Battle of Płowce in 1331, the Teutonic Order gained the upper hand against Poland and retook the Kuyavian region and the Dobrzyń Land
July 1343: In 1343, the territorial claims of Poland and the Teutonic Order were settled in the Peace of Kalisz. King Casimir III the Great, relinquishes Pomerelia, Chełmno Land and Michałów Land, in return for which he regains Kuyavia and Dobrzyń Land from the State of the Teutonic Order.
3.3.Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War
Was a war between the Teutonic Knights and the allied Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania caused by territorial disputes.
August 1409: In 1409, the Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen, launched a military campaign in the region. They burned the castle at Dobrin, captured Bobrowniki after a fourteen-day siege, conquered Bydgoszcz, and sacked several towns in the area.
September 1409: The Teutonic Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen declared war on the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania on 6 August 1409. The Knights hoped to defeat Poland and Lithuania separately and began by invading Greater Poland and Kuyavia, catching the Poles by surprise.
September 1409: The Poles organized counterattacks and recaptured Bydgoszcz.
September 1409: In 1409, the Samogitians, led by their leader Vytautas the Great, attacked the city of Memel (present-day Klaipėda). The territory was not under the control of any specific entity at that time, leading to conflicts between various factions in the region.
October 1409: In 1409, the Samogitians, led by their leader Vytautas the Great, attacked the city of Memel (present-day Klaipėda). The territory was under the control of the Teutonic Order at the time, leading to a conflict between the two sides.
October 1409: Poland and the Teutonic Order signed a truce on 8 October 1409. Both countries left militarly occupied territories. However, the Teutonic Order was not able to take back Samogitia where an uprising was taking place.
July 1410: The Polish-Lithuanian forces invaded the Teutonic Order's territory up to Kauernick.
July 1410: The forces of Poland-Lithuania arrive near Wysoka.
July 1410: Gilgenburg conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
July 1410: Faulen conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
July 1410: The city of Allenstein surrendered to the Polish-Lithuanian forces.
July 1410: The town of Mohrungen surrendered to Polish-Lithuanian forces.
July 1410: Christburg surrenders to the Polish-Lithuanian forces.
July 1410: The city of Stuhm surrendered to the Polish-Lithuanian forces.
July 1410: Start of Marienburg siege by Polish forces.
September 1410: The Teutonic siege of Marienburg was lifted on 19 September. The Polish-Lithuanian forces left garrisons in fortresses that were captured or surrendered and returned home.
November 1410: The Teutonic Knights quickly recaptured most of the castles that Poland had occupied. By the end of October, only four Teutonic castles along the border remained in Polish hands.
February 1411: The Peace of Thorn was signed on 1 February 1411 between the Teutonic Knights and Poland-Lithuania. The Knights agreed to cede Dobrin Land to Poland and renounce their claims to Samogitia during the lifetimes of Jogaila and Vytautas.
February 1411: The Peace of Thorn was signed between the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Poland. The Teutonic Knights agreed to resign their claims to Samogitia.
May 1413: After the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War of 1410-1411 not all issues between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Teutonic Knights were settled. The most contentious matter was the border between Samogitia and Prussia. On 3 May 1413, Benedict (Holy Roman Empire) made the decision and recognized the right bank of the Neman River, including Klaipėda, to Lithuania.
May 1413: Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, agreed to mediate the territorial disputes between the Teutonic Knights and Poland Lithuania. He appointed Benedict Makrai, who recognized the right bank of the Neman River, including Klaipėda, to Lithuania. The Knights refused to accept this decision and Teutonic Grand Master Heinrich von Plauen ordered Teutonic armies into northern Poland.
June 1413: Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, agreed to mediate the territorial disputes between the Teutonic Knights and Poland Lithuania. He appointed Benedict Makrai, who recognized the right bank of the Neman River, including Klaipėda, to Lithuania. The Knights refused to accept this decision and Teutonic Grand Master Heinrich von Plauen ordered Teutonic armies into northern Poland. The army, commanded by Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg, returned into Prussia after just 16 days of campaign.
3.4.Hunger War
Was a brief conflict between the allied Kingdom of Poland, and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, against the Teutonic Knights in summer 1414 in an attempt to resolve territorial disputes.
September 1414: In the summer of 1414, King Jogaila of Poland and Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania invaded Prussia, which was ruled by the Teutonic Order. They marched through Osterode and Warmia, causing destruction by plundering villages and burning crops.
November 1414: A two-year truce between the Teutonic Order and the allied Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania was signed in Strasburg (now Brodnica) in October.
3.5.Gollub War
Was a war of the Teutonic Knights against the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1422.
August 1422: Riesenburg and Gollub conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
August 1422: In 1422, the joint forces of King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland and Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania marched to Ostróda. The Teutonic Order forces, led by Grand Master Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg, retreated to Löbau in the face of the advancing Polish-Lithuanian army.
September 1422: A truce was signed and the Gollub War concluded ten days later with the Treaty of Melno. The treaty resolved territorial disputes between the Teutonic Knights and Lithuania regarding Samogitia, which had dragged on since 1382, and determined the Prussian-Lithuanian border, which afterwards remained unchanged for about 500 years. A portion of the original border survives as a portion of the modern border between the Republic of Lithuania and Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, making it one of the most stable borders in Europe.
3.6.Polish-Teutonic War (1431-1435)
Was a war between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Knights.
September 1433: In June 1433 Poland allied itself with the Czech Hussites. For four months the Hussite army, including forces led by Feodor Ostrogski, ravaged Teutonic territories in Neumark, Pomerania, and western Prussia.
October 1433: In June 1433 Poland allied itself with the Czech Hussites. For four months the Hussite army, including forces led by Feodor Ostrogski, ravaged Teutonic territories in Neumark, Pomerania, and western Prussia.
3.7.Thirteen Years' War (1454-1466)
Was a conflict fought in 1454-1466 between the Prussian Confederation, allied with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, and the State of the Teutonic Order.
February 1454: On February 22, the Polish king also declared war on the Teutonic Order and on March 6 he accepted the surrender of the Prussian estates and incorporated the entire order state into the Polish Empire. The country was pro forma divided into four voivodeships (Kulm, Pommerellen, Elbing, Königsberg). In the west, the order only stayed in a few castles: Marienburg, Stuhm and Konitz.
September 1454: On September 18, 1454, the battle of Konitz between Poland-Lithuania and the Teutonic Order took place. Despite the numerical superiority of the Poles, it ended with their heavy defeat. As a result, numerous cities, especially Königsberg, returned to the order.
January 1455: Neumarkt sold to the Electorate of Brandenburg.
January 1461: The city of Malbork surrendered to Danzig.
September 1463: Mewe and other Vistula towns still in the hands of the Order were conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
October 1466: The Second Peace of Thorn, negotiated on October 19, 1466 between the Teutonic Order and the Kingdom of Poland under the leadership of Casimir the Jagiellonian in Thorn, today's Toruń, ended the 13-year Prussian War of the Cities. Only Ducal Prussia remained to to the Teutonic Order (as fief of Poland), the remnant territories being incorporated into Poland.
October 1466: Peace of Thorn: Remaining Prussian Territories become a polish fief.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
4.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
4.1.1.Franco-Swedish Period
Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.
4.1.1.1.North German Front (Sweden)
Was the north German front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
November 1648: When in November Gustaf of Sweden received a report about the signed peace, he ordered his troops to leave. Also the French troops started leaving the occupied territories in the Holy Roman Empire.
4.1.1.2.Rhineland Front (France)
Was the Rhineland front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
May 1645: French General Thurenne advanced up to Bad Mergentheim, where a battle with German field Marshal Franz von Mercy would take place on May, 5 1645.
August 1645: French general Mercy and the Duc d'Enghien defeated the Imperial army at the Second Battle of Nördlingen on August 3.
November 1645: The French evacuate their ephemeral conquests in Germany, systematically devastating them.
May 1648: The French returned to Swabia and then to Bavaria. They defeated the Imperial forces at Zusmarshausen (May 17, 1648) and drove Maximilian of Bavaria out of Munich.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
January 1810: From 1526 to 1809 Mergentheim was the headquarters of the Teutonic Order [...] Since 1809 the city belonged to the Kingdom of Württemberg and became the seat of the Württemberg Oberamt of the same name.
January 1226: From 1225, Sumiswald was a commandery of the Teutonic Knights of the "Ballei" Swabia-Alsace-Burgundy.
January 1227: A request by Duke Conrad of Masovia to the Teutonic Order for help in the fight against the pagan Prussians in 1225 offered Hermann von Salza new perspectives. Konrad offered the Kulmer Land to the order as compensation for military assistance. Emperor Friedrich II confirmed the agreement in the Golden Bull of Rimini. The Teutonic Knights occupied the Kulmar Land around 1226.
January 1235: With this army, the first Landmeister of Prussia, Balk, advanced to Pomesania in 1234.
January 1238: Lithuania, taking advantage of the conflict between the Teutonic and Livonian Orders, launched an attack on Ruthenia and successfully annexed the regions of Navahrudak and Hrodna.
January 1238: The Battle of Saule took place in 1236 between the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and the Samogitians. After suffering heavy losses, the surviving members of the Brothers of the Sword merged into the Teutonic Order of Prussia in 1237, and became known as Livonian Order.
June 1238: After their defeat in the Battle of Saule, the surviving members of the Livonian order merged into the Teutonic Order of Prussia in 1237. On June 7, 1238, the Teutonic Order concluded the Treaty of Stensby at a royal fortress in the south of Zealand with the Danish king, Valdemar II. Under the treaty, Jerwia stayed part of the Ordenstaat, while Harria and Vironia were ceded back to King of Denmark as his direct dominion.
January 1242: In 1241 the Oeselians accepted Christianity by signing treaties with the Livonian Order's Master Andreas de Velven and the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek.
January 1254: Bandava is conquered and divided in 1253 by the Bishopric of Courland and the Livonian Order.
January 1254: Piemare is acquired by the Teutonic Order.
January 1255: The Livonian Order partly subdued the Semigallians in 1254.
January 1262: Whole East Prussia is occupied by the Teutonic Order.
January 1267: The Curonian resistance in Southern Courland was led by the Semigallian chief, Dabrelis. In 1266, the Teutonic Order successfully subdued the resistance, leading to the partition of Courland between the Livonian Order and the Archbishop of Riga.
January 1278: The Teutonic Knights proceeded to conquer other Baltic tribes: the Nadruvians and Skalvians in 1274-1277.
January 1282: In 1281, Grand Duke Traidenis of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania conquered Jersika Castle, located in present-day Preiļi District. Jersika Castle was a key stronghold in the region, and its capture solidified Traidenis' control over the territory.
January 1283: The Teutonic Order agreed to exchange the Jersika Castle for the Dinaburg Castle.
January 1284: The territory of the Yotvingians (a Western Baltic people who were closely tied to the Old Prussians) conquered by the Teutonic Order.
January 1284: From 1274 to 1283 the Teutonic Knights conquered Skalvians, Nadruvians, and Sudovians/Yotvingians.
January 1314: The Order captured the Dynaburg Castle, controlled by Lithuanians since 1281, in 1313.
January 1316: Expansion of Lithuania by 1315.
January 1347: The Duchy of Estonia was sold to the Teutonic Order and became part of the Ordensstaat.
January 1384: Serrey was a dominion in present-day Lithuania, which belonged to the Teutonic Order from 1383 to 1398.
January 1399: In the same year, Jungingen acquired Lower Lithuania (Schamaiten) in the Treaty of Sallinweder.
January 1399: Serrey was a dominion in present-day Lithuania, which belonged to the Teutonic Order from 1383 to 1398. In 1398, the territory was transferred to Poland-Lithuania.
January 1399: Gotland became a fief of the Teutonic Knights, awarded to them on the condition that they expel the piratical Victual Brothers from their fortified sanctuary. An invading army of Teutonic Knights conquered the island in 1398, destroying Visby and driving the Victual Brothers from Gotland.
January 1403: In 1402 Konrad von Jungingen, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, was able to acquire the Brandenburg Neumark for 63,200 Hungarian guilders.
January 1410: In 1409, Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen of the Teutonic Knights guaranteed peace with the Kalmar Union of Scandinavia by selling the island of Gotland to Queen Margaret of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
January 1411: The Teutonic Order fell into decline after Poland and Lithuania defeated it in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410. The Livonian Order managed to maintain an independent existence.
January 1440: In 1439, Tempelburg (modern-day Czaplinek, Poland) became part of the Polish Starostei Draheim. The Starostei was a territorial division within the Kingdom of Poland.
January 1699: Sumiswald was sold to the city of Bern for 36,000 Reichs thaler in 1698.
Disestablishment
January 1810: From 1526 to 1809 Mergentheim was the headquarters of the Teutonic Order [...] Since 1809 the city belonged to the Kingdom of Württemberg and became the seat of the Württemberg Oberamt of the same name.
Selected Sources
Krumenacker, Y. (2008): La Guerre de Trente Ans, Paris, Ellipses, pp. 144-145
Krumenacker, Y. (2008): La Guerre de Trente Ans, Paris, Ellipses, pp. 146-147
Schmiele, E. (1887): Zur Geschichte des schwedisch-polnischen Krieges von 1655 bis 1660, Berlin (Germany), p. 5
Strakosh-Grassmann, G. (1893): Der Einfall der Mongolen in Mitteleuropa in den Jahren 1241 und 1242, Innsbruck (Austria), pp. 53-67
Urban, W. (2003): Tannenberg and After: Lithuania, Poland and the Teutonic Order in Search of Immortality (Revised ed.), Chicago (USA), p. 166
Urban, W. (2003): Tannenberg and After: Lithuania, Poland and the Teutonic Order in Search of Immortality (Revised ed.), Chicago (USA), p. 205
Urban, W. (2003): Tannenberg and After: Lithuania, Poland and the Teutonic Order in Search of Immortality (Revised ed.), Chicago (USA), pp. 195-196
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Teutonic Order
