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Polity that includes all territories militarly occupied by the Kingdom of Sardinia that are not part of a specific military territory.
Establishment
March 1848: In 1848, during the Italian Wars of Independence, the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert and General Giuseppe Garibaldi, occupied Pavia. The people of Pavia welcomed the Sardinian forces as they entered the city, showing their support for the movement towards Italian unification.
March 1848: General Michele Giuseppe Bes was an Italian military leader who fought during the Italian Wars of Independence. The Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert, was involved in a military occupation of Boffalora in 1848 as part of the broader struggle for Italian unification.
March 1848: The Sardinian forces arrived in Brescia.
April 1848: In 1848, during the First Italian War of Independence, the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert, conducted a military occupation of Marcaria. The strategic move involved crossing the Oglio River as part of their campaign against Austrian forces.
April 1848: Battle of the Goito bridge.
April 1848: The Piedmontese took possession of the Monzambano bridge.
April 1848: The siege began on the 27th.
April 1848: Battle of Pastrengo.
May 1848: The battle of Santa Lucia in 1848 was a significant event during the First Italian War of Independence. The Piedmontese forces, led by King Charles Albert of Sardinia, were defeated by the Austrian army. This loss shifted the military initiative to the Austrians in the conflict.
June 1848: The battle of Santa Lucia in 1848 was a significant event during the First Italian War of Independence. The Piedmontese forces, led by King Charles Albert of Sardinia, were defeated by the Austrian army, shifting the military advantage to the Austrians in the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
June 1848: The provisional government of Milan sanctioned the annexation to Piedmont with a referendum (June 8, 1848).
July 1848: The Second Battle of Governolo took place during the First Italian War of Independence in 1848. It was fought between the Austrian Empire, led by Field Marshal Radetzky, and the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert. The battle resulted in a victory for the Austrian forces, leading to the territory of Governolo being placed under military occupation by the Kingdom of Sardinia.
July 1848: At 9 pm the general retreat movement of the Piedmontese towards the Oglio began and at 12 noon on July 28 the Piedmontese army was gathered behind the lower reaches of the river.
July 1848: The Piedmontese army retreated behind the Adda ready to resist.
August 1848: The advance guards of the Piedmontese army, led by General Alfonso La Marmora, were near Milan in 1848 during the First Italian War of Independence. The city was under Austrian control at the time, part of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
August 1848: The Piedmontese were always being pursued at a short distance by the Austrians and on 4 August 1848, in the southern area of Milan, what would have been Radetzky's last attack of the first campaign began on the road to Melegnano. On the 6th the Piedmontese had crossed the Ticino again and on that same day the Austrians entered Milan.
August 1848: On August 9, 1848, Austrian field marshal Radetzky and Piedmontese General Salasco concluded an armistice in which it was established that the Piedmontese troops would withdraw from all of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a revolutionary wave in Europe that started in France. The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, as envisioned by romantic nationalism.
1.1.First Italian War of Independence
Was the first of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence. It was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire but it did not led to any territorial modification.
August 1849: Return to the status quo ante bellum at the end of the First Italian War of Independence.
1.1.1.Pedmontese Front (First Italian War of Independence)
Was the Piedmontese front of the First Italian War of Independence.
1.1.1.1.Battle of Custoza
The First Battle of Custoza was fought on July 24 and 25, 1848, during the First Italian War of Independence between the armies of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia.
Was a series of conflicts that led to the unification of the Italian Peninsula into the Kingdom of Italy. It includes the three wars considered the three independency wars of Italy, in addition to a series of military operations like the Expedition of the Thousand and the Sardinian military campaign in Central Italy.
2.1.Second Italian War of Independence
Was the second of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence. It was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of France against the Austrian Empire. It resulted in the Sardinian annexion of Austrian ruled Lombardy, as well as the annexion of several Italian polities in Central Italy.
June 1859: Battle of Magenta.
June 1859: Battle of Melegnano (1859).
June 1859: One of the bloodiest battles of the 19th century, the Battle of Solferino on June 24, 1859, marked an important step forward in the unification of Italy. The defeat of Austria by the Piedmontese and French troops eventually led to territorial concession of Austria to the Kingdom of Sardinia.
July 1859: The Franco-Sardinian fleet took possession of the island of Lussino in the Gulf of Kvarner and 3,000 men landed, joyfully welcomed by the population who waved the two tricolors. Subsequently, the Austrian military also withdrew from the island of Cres.
2.1.1.Peace of Villafranca
Was an armistice that ended the Second War of Italian Independence. Italy annexed Lombardy from Austria, but had to cede Savoy and Nice to France.
July 1859: Armistice of Villafranca: Austria-Hungary ceded Lombard to the Kingdom of Sardinia (nominally, it was ceded to France which then transferred the region to Sardinia). Austrian and Savoy troops also left militarly occupied territories.
2.2.Expedition of the Thousand
Was a military operation by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his volunteers (the so-called "thousand") to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and annex it to the Kingdom of Italy.
2.2.1.Meeting of Teano
Was the event that ended Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousands. After conquering the the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Garibaldi symbolically handed over his conquests to the Kingdom of Sardinia that shortly after became the Kingdom of Italy.
October 1860: On October 26, Vittorio Emanuele II met Giuseppe Garibaldi, in what would become known as the Teano meeting: thus symbolically concluding the Expedition of the Thousand. Garibaldi saluted Vittorio Emanuele as king of Italy, handing over the newly conquered lands to him.
2.3.Military Campaign of the Kingdom of Sardinia in Central Italy
Was a military campaign of the Kingdom of Sardinia in central Italy against the Papal States and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. It was part of a series of conflicts that resulted in the unification of the Italian Peninsula.
2.3.1.Invasion of the Papal States
Was the invasion of the Papal States by the Kingdom of Sardinia that happened at the same time of Garibaldi's expedition in southern Italy.
September 1860: On 3 September 1860 Salvatore Rampone from Benevento, without an escort, dressed in the red shirt of a Garibaldian colonel, went to the castle to inform the last apostolic delegate, Edoardo Agnelli, of the order to leave the city within three hours. Papal rule was over.
September 1860: The V Army Corps of the Kingdom of Sardinia took Città di Castello, Umbertide and Perugia.
September 1860: The IV Army Corps of the Kingdom of Sardinia invaded the Marches from several points: the 13th Division, under the command of Raffele Cadorna, followed a route close to the Apennines through Urbino, Cagli and Gubbio.
September 1860: Sardinian forces continued their invasion of the Papal States along the coast crossing Pesaro, Fano and Senigallia.
September 1860: Battle of Castelfidardo.
September 1860: Siege of Ancona (1860).
December 1860: Siege of Ancona (1860).
2.3.2.Invasion of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies
Was the invasion of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies by the Kingdom of Sardinia that happened at the same time of Garibaldi's expedition in southern Italy.
October 1860: Battle of Macerone.
November 1860: Battle of Mole.
February 1861: Siege of Gaeta (1860).
2.4.Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
Was the formal act that sanctioned the birth of the unified Kingdom of Italy. It happened with a normative act of the Kingdom of Sardinia - the law 17 March 1861, n. 4761 - with which Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy assumed for himself and for his successors the title of King of Italy.
March 1861: Formal act that sanctioned the birth of the unified Kingdom of Italy. It happened with a normative act of the Kingdom of Sardinia - the law 17 March 1861, n. 4761 - with which Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy assumed for himself and for his successors the title of King of Italy.
Disestablishment
February 1861: Siege of Gaeta (1860).
March 1861: Formal act that sanctioned the birth of the unified Kingdom of Italy. It happened with a normative act of the Kingdom of Sardinia - the law 17 March 1861, n. 4761 - with which Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy assumed for himself and for his successors the title of King of Italy.
Selected Sources
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.331
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Kingdom of Sardinia (Military Occupation)
