This article is about the specific polity Ilkhanate and therefore only includes events related to its territory and not to its possessions or colonies. If you are interested in the possession, this is the link to the article about the nation which includes all possessions as well as all the different incarnations of the nation.
If you are looking for the page with the statistics about this polity you can find it here:All Statistics
Was one of the successor states of the Mongol Empire. The Ilkhanate's core territory lied in what is now part of the countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. At its greatest extent, the Ilkhanate also included parts of modern Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Georgia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, part of modern Dagestan, and part of modern Tajikistan. The last Ilkhan, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, died in 1335, after which the Ilkhanate disintegrated in several smaller polities.
Establishment
January 1261: The Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area was ruled by the Ilkhanate between 1260-1261.
January 1261: The Mongol Empire fragmented into four political units: the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of wars between the successor states of the Mongol Empire.
1.1.Toluid Civil War
Was a war of succession over the Mongol Empire fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq Böke, from 1260 to 1264.
1.1.1.Division of the Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire fragmented into four successor states at the beginning of the Toluid Civil War.
1.2.Berke-Hulagu war
Was a war between two successor states of the Mongol Empire, the Ilkhanate and the Golden Horde, that took place mainly in the Caucasus, a border area between the two states.
January 1263: Ilkhan Hulegu marched northwards through the pass of Derbend. On the banks of the Terek, he was ambushed by an army of the Golden Horde under Nogai, and his army was defeated at the Battle of the Terek River.
February 1263: After Ilkhan Hulegu was defeated at the Battle of the Terek River, his army left the area.
1.3.Esen Buqa-Ayurbarwada war
Was a war between two successor states of the Mongol Empire, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate.
January 1316: The invasion of the Ilkhanate was initially successful. Kebek and Yasa'ur defeated Öljaitü's army at the Murgab River and advanced to Herat.
February 1316: The Yuan army crushed Esen Buqa's resistance.
Were a series of military campaigny by the Mongols that created the largest contiguous Empire in history, the Mongol Empire, which controlled most of Eurasia.
2.1.Mongol-Mamluk Wars
Were a series of wars between the Mongols and the Muslim Dynasties of the Ayyubids and Mamluks.
2.1.1.Mamluk-Ilkhanid War
Was a war between the Ilkhanate, a successor of the Mongol Empire, and the Mamluks.
January 1262: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area conquered by Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
November 1271: Second mongol invasion of Syria.
December 1271: When the sultan Baybars advanced from Egypt the Mongol forces retreated beyond the Euphrates.
January 1272: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area conquered by Ilkhanate.
January 1273: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area conquered by Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
January 1281: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area conquered by Ilkhanate.
October 1281: The Mongols were beaten back to the Euphrates river at the Second Battle of Homs.
November 1281: The Mongols of the Ilkhanate moved as far south as Homs.
November 1281: The third major Mongol invasion of the Levant took place in 1281 under Ilkhan Abaqa Khan. He crossed the Euphrates and captured Aleppo.
January 1282: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area conquered by Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
January 1293: In 1292, it was invaded by Al-Ashraf Khalil, the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, who had conquered the remnants of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in Acre the year before. Hromkla was also sacked, forcing the Catholicossate to move to Sis. Het'um was forced to abandon Behesni, Marash, and Tel Hamdoun to the Turks.
January 1293: Marash, a city in modern-day Turkey, was captured by Al-Ashraf Khalil, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, in 1292.
November 1299: In late 1299, the Mongol Ilkhan Mahmud Ghazan, son of Arghun, invaded Syria with his army. They crossed the Euphrates river and successfully took Aleppo, continuing south towards Homs.
December 1299: In 1299, the Mongol ruler Ghazan led his forces to besiege Damascus, which surrendered on December 30. Ghazan was the fifth Ilkhanate ruler, and Damascus was a key city in the region at the time.
January 1300: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area conquered by Ilkhanate.
January 1300: Damascus conquered by Ilkhanate.
February 1300: With the retreat of the majority of forces from both sides, for about three months, until the Mamluks returned in May 1300, Mulay's forces were in technical control over Syria.
June 1300: When the Mamluks returned from Egypt, the Mongols retreated from the occupied regions in the Levant.
January 1301: Small raiding parties raided all throughout Palestine, as far as Gaza, until the Mongol army withdrew in 1300 out of need of fodder.
December 1301: In late 1300, Ghazan's forces (Ilkhanate) had dealt with the distraction of the Chagatai invasion on their northern border, and once again turned their attention to Syria. They crossed the Euphrates river between December 14, 1300 and November 1, 1301.
December 1301: The Mamluk army in Syria withdrew without engaging in combat, which resulted in a panic in Damascus when they heard of the new threat from the Mongols. The Syrians of Hamat were able to achieve a small victory against the Mongols at a battle near Aleppo by the post of Hamat. This created order in Damascus, enough for the governor to send for a larger relief force from Egypt.
January 1304: The Ilkhanate returned to Syria in 1303, travelling unopposed down the Levant until they reached Damascus.
January 1313: After about a month of fighting in which they suffered heavy casualties, the Mongols ultimately left the territories they had occupied in the levant.
January 1313: Encouraged by the defection of some Syrian emirs, Ilkhan Öljaitü decided to cross the Euphrates in 1312 to attack the Mamluk Sultanate. He laid siege to the heavily fortified town of Rahbat.
January 1263: In 1262 the Zengid branch in Mosul was overthrown by the Ilkhane.
January 1278: The Divriği branch was ended by the Ilkhanate in 1277.
January 1283: Following the extinction of the Salghurids, Fars was ruled directly by the Ilkhanate.
January 1301: In the XIV century, the island of Ormuz was controlled by the Arab trading state of Hormuz, a powerful kingdom known for its strategic location on the eastern coast of the Persian Gulf.
January 1311: In 1310, the city of Erzurum was occupied by the Empire of Trebizond, which was a successor state of the Byzantine Empire. The Ilkhanate, a Mongol khanate, also had control over the region during this time.
January 1316: In 1315 the Chagatayid prince Yasa'ur defected to the Ilkhanate, only to rebel, taking Khorasan.
January 1316: In 1315, Chagatai ruler Esen Buqa invaded the Ilkhanate in support of Duwa's grandson, Dawud Khoja, who had set himself up in eastern Afghanistan. He defeated an Ilkhanate army on the Murgab and reached as far as Herat, but was forced to retreat when the Yuan dynasty attacked him from the east.
January 1319: The Golden Horde, led by Uzbeg Khan, invaded the Ilkhanate under Abu Sa'id in 1318. The Ilkhanate was a Mongol khanate established in Persia, while the Golden Horde was a Mongol khanate in Russia and Eastern Europe. Abu Sa'id was the last ruler of the Ilkhanate.
February 1319: The Golden Horde, led by Uzbeg Khan, invaded the Ilkhanate under Abu Sa'id in 1318. The Ilkhanate was a Mongol khanate established in Persia, while the Golden Horde was a Mongol khanate in Russia. Abu Sa'id was the last ruler of the Ilkhanate, facing internal strife and external threats during his reign.
January 1321: Both Chagatai and Ilkhanate forces attacked Yasa'ur of Khorasan. He was killed as he fled.
January 1321: The Usfurids had an uneasy relationship with the main regional power at the time, the princes in Hormuz, who took control of Bahrain and Qatif in 1320.
January 1325: In 1324, the Ilkhanate territory was raided by the Golden Horde, led by their ruler Ozbeg Khan. This military raid was part of the ongoing power struggles and conflicts between the Mongol successor states in the aftermath of the Mongol Empire's fragmentation.
February 1325: In 1325, the Ilkhanate territory was raided by the Golden Horde, led by the Mongol ruler Ozbeg Khan. After the raid the Golden Horde left the territory.
January 1336: In the year 1335 Ilkhanate was annexed by the Golden Horde.
January 1336: The Jalayirid Sultanate was a Persianate Mongol Jalayir dynasty which ruled over Iraq and western Persia after the breakup of the Mongol khanate of Persia in the 1330s.
January 1336: In the 1330s, outbreaks of the Black Death ravaged the Ilkhanate and both Abu-Sai'd and his sons were killed by 1335 by the plague. The Jalayirids, Chobanids, Muzaffarids, Injuids, Sarbadars, and Kartids took the Ilkhanate's place as the major powers in Iran.
January 1336: In the 1330s, outbreaks of the Black Death ravaged the Ilkhanate and both Khan Abu-Sai'd and his sons were killed by 1335 by the plague. The Jalayirids, Chobanids, Muzaffarids, Injuids, Sarbadars, and Kartids took the Ilkhanate's place as the major powers in Iran.
January 1336: After the Ilkhanate's collapsed in 1335, the Mihrabanids, a Turkic dynasty founded by Mihraban, gained independence in the region. The Mihrabanids were known for their military prowess and ruled over parts of modern-day Iran and Azerbaijan.
January 1336: Upon the fragmentation of the Ilkhanate in 1335, Mu'izz-uddin Husayn ibn Ghiyath-uddin, also known as Hasan Buzurg, was a Kart dynasty ruler who worked to expand his principality in the region of Kerman, located in present-day Iran.
January 1336: The Injuids became de facto independent rulers following the breakup of the Ilkhanate.
February 1336: End of the brieft control of the Ilkhanate by the Golden Horde.
April 1337: The Sarbadar state came into existence around early 1337. At that time, much of Khurasan was under the control of the Ilkhanid claimant Togha Temur and his amirs.
September 1337: In the summer of 1337, the Sarbadars, a Persian Shia sect, took possession of Sabzavar, a city in northeastern Iran.
January 1341: According to the chronicles of the Byzantine Empire, the Aq Qoyunlu or Ak Koyunlu ("White Sheep Turkomans") Turkoman confederation is established in Anatolia as early as 1340.
January 1346: The city of Bam was besieged and conquered by the Muzaffarids in 1345. The Muzaffarids were a Persian dynasty that ruled in the region of Iran during the 14th and 15th centuries. The conquest of Bam was a significant event in their expansion of power in the region.
January 1351: In 1350, Moghulistan ruler Tughlugh invaded Transoxania and conquered it.
Disestablishment
January 1358: Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad conquered Isfahan and Tabriz (1357), becoming the most important ruler in Iran.
January 1358: In 1357, the Khan of the Golden Horder Jani Beg of the Golden Horde conquered Chupanid-held Tabriz for a year, putting an end to the Ilkhanate remnant.
Selected Sources
Atwood, C. P. (2004): Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, New York (USA), p. 236
Kopalyan, N. (2017): World Political Systems after Polarity, Taylor & Francis, p. 164
Ilkhanate
