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Ilkhanate
Establishment
January 1261: The Mongol Empire fragmented into four political units: the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate.
January 1261: The Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area was ruled by the Ilkhanate between 1260-1261.
January 1261: In 1260, under the influence of his father-in-law, the Armenian king Hetoum I, Bohemond VI submitted to the Mongols under Hulagu, making Antioch a tributary state of the Mongol Empire.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of military campaigny by the Mongols that created the largest contiguous Empire in history, the Mongol Empire, which controlled most of Eurasia.
January 1263: During the closing years of Aku Bakr and Sa'd II, Fars fell under the dominion of Mongol empire and later the Ilkhanate of Hulegu.
1.1.Mongol-Mamluk Wars
Were a series of wars between the Mongols and the Muslim Dynasties of the Ayyubids and Mamluks.
1.1.1.Mamluk-Ilkhanid War
Was a war between the Ilkhanate, a successor of the Mongol Empire, and the Mamluks.
January 1262: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area conquered by Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
November 1271: Second mongol invasion of Syria.
December 1271: When the sultan Baybars advanced from Egypt the Mongol forces retreated beyond the Euphrates.
January 1272: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area conquered by Ilkhanate.
January 1273: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area conquered by Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
April 1277: The Mamluks invaded Anatolia and defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Elbistan.
May 1277: The Mamluks leave Anatolia.
January 1281: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area conquered by Ilkhanate.
October 1281: The Mongols were beaten back to the Euphrates river at the Second Battle of Homs.
November 1281: The Mongols of the Ilkhanate moved as far south as Homs.
November 1281: The third major Mongol invasion of the Levant took place in 1281 under Ilkhan Abaqa Khan. He crossed the Euphrates and captured Aleppo.
January 1282: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area conquered by Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
May 1285: Qalawun was the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt who raised an army in Damascus to besiege Margat in 1285. Margat was a fortress located in present-day Syria, strategically important for controlling the coastal region. The siege marked a significant event in the conflict between the Mamluks and the Crusader states.
January 1286: In 1281, following the defeat of the Mongols and the Armenians under Möngke Temur by the Mamluks at the Second Battle of Homs, a truce was forced on Armenia. Further, in 1285, following a powerful offensive push by Qalawun, the Armenians had to sign a ten-year truce under harsh terms. The Armenians were obligated to cede many fortresses to the Mamluks and were prohibited to rebuild their defensive fortifications.
January 1293: Marash, a city in modern-day Turkey, was captured by Al-Ashraf Khalil, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, in 1292.
January 1293: In 1292, it was invaded by Al-Ashraf Khalil, the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, who had conquered the remnants of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in Acre the year before. Hromkla was also sacked, forcing the Catholicossate to move to Sis. Het'um was forced to abandon Behesni, Marash, and Tel Hamdoun to the Turks.
November 1299: In late 1299, the Mongol Ilkhan Mahmud Ghazan, son of Arghun, invaded Syria with his army. They crossed the Euphrates river and successfully took Aleppo, continuing south towards Homs.
December 1299: In 1299, the Mongol ruler Ghazan led his forces to besiege Damascus, which surrendered on December 30. Ghazan was the fifth Ilkhanate ruler, and Damascus was a key city in the region at the time.
January 1300: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area conquered by Ilkhanate.
January 1300: Marash was recaptured by Hethum II, King of Cilician Armenia, in 1299.
January 1300: Damascus conquered by Ilkhanate.
February 1300: With the retreat of the majority of forces from both sides, for about three months, until the Mamluks returned in May 1300, Mulay's forces were in technical control over Syria.
June 1300: When the Mamluks returned from Egypt, the Mongols retreated from the occupied regions in the Levant.
January 1301: Small raiding parties raided all throughout Palestine, as far as Gaza, until the Mongol army withdrew in 1300 out of need of fodder.
December 1301: In late 1300, Ghazan's forces (Ilkhanate) had dealt with the distraction of the Chagatai invasion on their northern border, and once again turned their attention to Syria. They crossed the Euphrates river between December 14, 1300 and November 1, 1301.
December 1301: The Mamluk army in Syria withdrew without engaging in combat, which resulted in a panic in Damascus when they heard of the new threat from the Mongols. The Syrians of Hamat were able to achieve a small victory against the Mongols at a battle near Aleppo by the post of Hamat. This created order in Damascus, enough for the governor to send for a larger relief force from Egypt.
January 1304: The Ilkhanate returned to Syria in 1303, travelling unopposed down the Levant until they reached Damascus.
January 1305: Marash was finally taken by the Mamluks in 1304.
January 1313: After about a month of fighting in which they suffered heavy casualties, the Mongols ultimately left the territories they had occupied in the levant.
January 1313: Encouraged by the defection of some Syrian emirs, Ilkhan Öljaitü decided to cross the Euphrates in 1312 to attack the Mamluk Sultanate. He laid siege to the heavily fortified town of Rahbat.
Were a series of wars between the successor states of the Mongol Empire.
2.1.Toluid Civil War
Was a war of succession over the Mongol Empire fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq Böke, from 1260 to 1264.
2.1.1.Division of the Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire fragmented into four successor states at the beginning of the Toluid Civil War.
2.2.Berke-Hulagu war
Was a war between two successor states of the Mongol Empire, the Ilkhanate and the Golden Horde, that took place mainly in the Caucasus, a border area between the two states.
January 1263: Ilkhan Hulegu marched northwards through the pass of Derbend. On the banks of the Terek, he was ambushed by an army of the Golden Horde under Nogai, and his army was defeated at the Battle of the Terek River.
February 1263: After Ilkhan Hulegu was defeated at the Battle of the Terek River, his army left the area.
2.3.Esen Buqa-Ayurbarwada war
Was a war between two successor states of the Mongol Empire, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate.
January 1316: The invasion of the Ilkhanate was initially successful. Kebek and Yasa'ur defeated Öljaitü's army at the Murgab River and advanced to Herat.
February 1316: The Yuan army crushed Esen Buqa's resistance.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the Medieval period. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291.
3.1.Siege of Antioch (1268)
The Siege of Antioch occurred in 1268 when the Mamelukes under Baibars finally succeeded in capturing the city of Antioch.
May 1268: The Mamluks conquered the major Crusader fortress of Antioch.
June 1268: The Siege of Antioch occurred in 1268 when the Mamelukes under Baibars finally succeeded in capturing the city of Antioch.
3.2.Fall of Krak des Chevaliers
The Crusader fortress of Krak des Chevaliers fell to the Mamluk sultan Baybars in 1271.
March 1271: Baibars' army arrived at the Krak des Chevaliers, a Crusader's castle now located in Syria.
3.3.Fall of Tripoli (1289)
Was the capture and destruction of the Crusader state, the County of Tripoli (in what is modern-day Lebanon), by the Muslim Mamluks.
April 1289: The Siege of Tripoli in 1289 was led by the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, under the command of Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil. The city was defended by the Knights Hospitaller, led by Grand Master Odo de Pins. The Mamluks eventually captured the city, ending Crusader control in the region.
May 1289: The Fall of Tripoli was the capture and destruction of the Crusader state by the Mamluks.
January 1262: Amisus (Simesso/Samsun) was one of the Genoese colonies on the Black Sea from 1261.
January 1262: From 1261 a Turkmen principality was formed in Ladik/Denizli.
January 1263: In 1262 the Zengid branch in Mosul was overthrown by the Ilkhane.
January 1266: Sinop returned to Turkish control in 1265.
January 1267: As a result of a dispute with the royal court, the province of Samtskhe seceded from Georgia and submitted directly to the Ilkhan rule in 1266.
January 1276: The Sahip Ataids was an Anatolian beylik centered in Kara Hisar-i Sâhib (Afyonkarahisar).
January 1278: In 1277, the territory of Sinope was taken over by the Pervâneoğulları, a small and short-lived beylical dynasty. The Pervâneoğulları ruled over Sinope and its surrounding region for a brief period of time.
January 1278: The Divriği branch was ended by the Ilkhanate in 1277.
January 1281: The Kingdom of the Hamidids was one of the 14th century Anatolian beyliks that emerged as a consequence of the decline of the Sultanate of Rum.
January 1281: The Kingdom of the Eshrefids was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Sultanate of Rum.
January 1283: Following the extinction of the Salghurids, Fars was ruled directly by the Ilkhanate.
January 1291: In 1290, Osman I proclaimed himself more autonomous from the Seljuk Turks and took the title of Bey. This marked the beginning of the Ottoman Beylik, which eventually grew into the powerful Ottoman Empire under his leadership.
January 1291: The Karamanids conquered Anamur from Cilicia Armenians.
January 1291: Ahis in Ankara also saw their chance to declare their semi independence under Mongol suzerainty towards the end of the century (about 1290).
January 1293: The Beylik of Jandar was founded in 1292 by Emir Jandar, a Turkmen leader. The territory was located in present-day Turkey, near the Black Sea coast. The beylik existed until it was annexed by the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century.
January 1294: After the Battle of Köse Dağ, the Seljuqs lost control of the city of Alaiye, and it became semi-autonomous.
January 1295: Aigeai (heute Ayas) 1294-1347.
January 1301: In the XIV century, the island of Ormuz was controlled by the Arab trading state of Hormuz, a powerful kingdom known for its strategic location on the eastern coast of the Persian Gulf.
January 1301: The Germiyanids rebelled against the central power in 1283, upon the execution of the sultan Kaykhusraw III by the Mongols. The struggle between combined Mongol-Seljuq forces based in Konya and the rebel forces of Germiyan continued until 1290. Eventually, the Germiyanids were able to become independent.
January 1311: In 1310, the city of Erzurum was occupied by the Empire of Trebizond, which was a successor state of the Byzantine Empire. The Ilkhanate, a Mongol khanate, also had control over the region during this time.
January 1311: The Beyliks of Canik were a group of small Turkoman principalities in northern Anatolia during the 14th and 15th centuries. In 1310, the territory of Canik was established, encompassing regions that were previously under the control of the Seljuk Empire. The Beyliks of Canik played a significant role in the political landscape of Anatolia during this period.
January 1316: In 1315, Chagatai ruler Esen Buqa invaded the Ilkhanate in support of Duwa's grandson, Dawud Khoja, who had set himself up in eastern Afghanistan. He defeated an Ilkhanate army on the Murgab and reached as far as Herat, but was forced to retreat when the Yuan dynasty attacked him from the east.
January 1316: In 1315 the Chagatayid prince Yasa'ur defected to the Ilkhanate, only to rebel, taking Khorasan.
January 1319: The Golden Horde, led by Uzbeg Khan, invaded the Ilkhanate under Abu Sa'id in 1318. The Ilkhanate was a Mongol khanate established in Persia, while the Golden Horde was a Mongol khanate in Russia and Eastern Europe. Abu Sa'id was the last ruler of the Ilkhanate.
February 1319: The Golden Horde, led by Uzbeg Khan, invaded the Ilkhanate under Abu Sa'id in 1318. The Ilkhanate was a Mongol khanate established in Persia, while the Golden Horde was a Mongol khanate in Russia. Abu Sa'id was the last ruler of the Ilkhanate, facing internal strife and external threats during his reign.
January 1321: The Usfurids had an uneasy relationship with the main regional power at the time, the princes in Hormuz, who took control of Bahrain and Qatif in 1320.
January 1321: Both Chagatai and Ilkhanate forces attacked Yasa'ur of Khorasan. He was killed as he fled.
January 1322: An Ottoman column captured the southeastern coast of the Sea of Marmara
January 1322: The Beylik of Teke was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.
January 1325: In 1324, the Ilkhanate territory was raided by the Golden Horde, led by their ruler Ozbeg Khan. This military raid was part of the ongoing power struggles and conflicts between the Mongol successor states in the aftermath of the Mongol Empire's fragmentation.
February 1325: In 1325, the Ilkhanate territory was raided by the Golden Horde, led by the Mongol ruler Ozbeg Khan. After the raid the Golden Horde left the territory.
January 1329: An the Anatolian beylik of the Eretnids succeeded the Ilkhanid governors in Anatolia and ruled in a large region extending between Caesarea, Sebastea and Amaseia in Central Anatolia.
January 1329: The last sultan of Rum, Mesud II, was defeated and his lands conquered by the Karamanids in 1328.
January 1330: Using Mongol force to his advantage, In 1329, George laid siege to Kutaisi, western Georgia, reducing the local king Bagrat I the Little to a vassal prince.
January 1331: Imereti was conquered by Giorgi the Brilliant, who was subject to the Mongols, and united Imereti with the east Kingdom of Georgia.
January 1335: In 1334 George V of Georgia reasserted royal authority over the virtually independent principality of Samtskhe, ruled by his cousin Qvarqvare I Jaqeli.
January 1336: The Jalayirid Sultanate was a Persianate Mongol Jalayir dynasty which ruled over Iraq and western Persia after the breakup of the Mongol khanate of Persia in the 1330s.
January 1336: In the 1330s, outbreaks of the Black Death ravaged the Ilkhanate and both Abu-Sai'd and his sons were killed by 1335 by the plague. The Jalayirids, Chobanids, Muzaffarids, Injuids, Sarbadars, and Kartids took the Ilkhanate's place as the major powers in Iran.
January 1336: In the year 1335 Ilkhanate was annexed by the Golden Horde.
January 1336: After the Ilkhanate's collapsed in 1335, the Mihrabanids, a Turkic dynasty founded by Mihraban, gained independence in the region. The Mihrabanids were known for their military prowess and ruled over parts of modern-day Iran and Azerbaijan.
January 1336: Upon the fragmentation of the Ilkhanate in 1335, Mu'izz-uddin Husayn ibn Ghiyath-uddin, also known as Hasan Buzurg, was a Kart dynasty ruler who worked to expand his principality in the region of Kerman, located in present-day Iran.
January 1336: The Injuids became de facto independent rulers following the breakup of the Ilkhanate.
January 1336: In the 1330s, outbreaks of the Black Death ravaged the Ilkhanate and both Khan Abu-Sai'd and his sons were killed by 1335 by the plague. The Jalayirids, Chobanids, Muzaffarids, Injuids, Sarbadars, and Kartids took the Ilkhanate's place as the major powers in Iran.
January 1336: The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was a Christian state established by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk Turks. It became a protectorate of the Mongol Empire in 1245 under the rule of King Hetoum I. The kingdom remained under Mongol and later Ilkhanate control until 1335.
February 1336: End of the brieft control of the Ilkhanate by the Golden Horde.
January 1337: The Empire of Trebzond ceases to be a vassal of the Mongol Empire.
April 1337: The Sarbadar state came into existence around early 1337. At that time, much of Khurasan was under the control of the Ilkhanid claimant Togha Temur and his amirs.
September 1337: In the summer of 1337, the Sarbadars, a Persian Shia sect, took possession of Sabzavar, a city in northeastern Iran.
January 1341: According to the chronicles of the Byzantine Empire, the Aq Qoyunlu or Ak Koyunlu ("White Sheep Turkomans") Turkoman confederation is established in Anatolia as early as 1340.
January 1345: George took advantage of the civil war in the Il-Khanate, where several khans were overthrown between 1335 and 1344, and drove the last remaining Mongol troops out of Georgia.
January 1346: The city of Bam was besieged and conquered by the Muzaffarids in 1345. The Muzaffarids were a Persian dynasty that ruled in the region of Iran during the 14th and 15th centuries. The conquest of Bam was a significant event in their expansion of power in the region.
January 1351: In 1350, Moghulistan ruler Tughlugh invaded Transoxania and conquered it.
Disestablishment
January 1358: Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad conquered Isfahan and Tabriz (1357), becoming the most important ruler in Iran.
January 1358: In 1357, the Khan of the Golden Horder Jani Beg of the Golden Horde conquered Chupanid-held Tabriz for a year, putting an end to the Ilkhanate remnant.
Selected Sources
Atwood, C. P. (2004): Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, New York (USA), p. 236
Kopalyan, N. (2017): World Political Systems after Polarity, Taylor & Francis, p. 164
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