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Polity that includes all territories militarly occupied by Russia that are not part of a specific military territory.
Establishment
August 1722: The flotilla arrived at the mouth of the Sulak on 27 July 1722.
August 1722: In 1722, Peter the Great of Russia made a state entry into Tarki, the capital of the Shamkhalate of Tarki, as part of the Russian Empire's military occupation of the territory. This event marked the beginning of Russian control over the region.
September 1722: The Khan of Derbent, Shahgulu Khan, offered Peter the Great, the Tsar of Russia, the keys to the city on August 23, 1722. This event marked the beginning of the Russian Empire's military occupation of Utemish, Derbent.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of wars between Persia and Russia in the period 1651-1828.
1.1.Russo-Persian War (1722-23)
Was a war between the Russian Empire and Safavid Iran, triggered by the Tsar's attempt to expand Russian influence in the Caspian and Caucasus regions.
March 1723: The Russian Empire captured Rasht.
July 1723: After a long siege, on 26 June 1723 Russian General Matyushkin took the Iranian town of Baku.
August 1723: Caspain Coast of Persia conquered by russia.
August 1723: Shirvan conquered by russia.
September 1723: The Treaty of Saint Petersburg concluded the Russo-Persian War of 1722-1723 between Imperial Russia and Safavid Iran. It ratified for Iran's forced ceding of its territories in the North Caucasus, South Caucasus, and contemporary mainland Northern Iran, comprising Derbent, Baku, the respective surrounding lands of Shirvan, as well as the provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astarabad.
Were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Domains. The conflicts started with the partition of Hungary between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs after the Battle of Mohács (1526).
2.1.Austro-Russian-Turkish War (1735-39)
Was a war mainly between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
May 1736: On May 28, 1736, Field Marshal Münnich's main army (about 50,000 strong) broke through the defense line and captured the same city.
July 1736: The city of Bachchysaraj, seat of the Crimean Tatar Khans, was devastated along with the peninsula before Münnich had to return to Ukraine due to supply shortages and diseases that had occurred in his army.
July 1736: General Peter Lacy occupied Azov with his troops (about 15,000 men) on July 4.
August 1736: The city of Bachchysaraj, seat of the Crimean Tatar Khans, was devastated along with the peninsula before Münnich had to return to Ukraine due to supply shortages and diseases that had occurred in his army.
July 1737: In 1737, Russian General Burkhard Christoph von Münnich led the military occupation of Očakiv, now in Ukraine. He swiftly captured the city without a formal siege by launching a sudden attack on 10 July.
August 1737: In july the Russian Army managed to break into Crimea.
September 1737: The Russian Army leaves central Crimea including Bachčysaraj.
September 1737: The Russian Army occupies Crimea.
August 1738: General Lacy, who with 35,000 men had to proceed again towards the Crimea to conquer the city of Caffa, occupied Perekop in July.
January 1739: The Ochakiv fortress had to be left to the Turks again that year without fighting.
August 1739: The Russians defeated the Turks on August 27 near Stavučany and the city of Chotyn fell to them soon after.
2.1.1.Treaty of Niš
Was a treaty that ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1735-1739. Russia left most of the territories it had occupied during the war and kept only possession of the the forts of Azob and Zaporižžja.
October 1739: Russia's accession to the Treaty of Belgrade with the Peace of Nyssa (October 3, 1739) was of little benefit to Tsarina Anna. She renounced all territorial conquests made in military campaigns and only the fortresses of Azov and Zaporizhzhya passed under Russian control.
Was a war between the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Sweden caused by the Swedish aim to regain the territories lost to Russia during the Great Northern War.
June 1742: With the support of the Russian galley fleet, a 30,000 men strong Russian army under the command of Field-Marshal Lacy marched from Vyborg. It crossed the border on 13 June and then continued advancing towards Frederikshamn.
June 1742: The Swedish army under Lewenhaupt set the town of Frederikshamn on fire and started withdrawing.
July 1742: The Russians moved into Borgå, which the Swedish army had abandoned one day earlier.
August 1742: The Swedish withdrawal from Helsingfors in 1742 was led by Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Armfeldt. The Russian forces, under the command of General Peter Lacy, successfully surrounded the town after the Swedish retreat.
August 1742: The deputy commander of Swedish forces, General Jean Louis Bousquet, signed a surrender document on 24 August. According to the terms of the document, the Finnish men were released from the army while the Swedish men were allowed to sail back home.
November 1742: The Russians advanced all the way to Åland and cut Finland off from the rest of the Sweden. All of Finland fell under Russian occupation.
August 1743: The peace treaty signed in Turku in 1743 marked the end of the Russo-Swedish War of 1741-1743. The treaty resulted in Russia evacuating Finland and gaining territory from Sweden, solidifying the Russian Empire's control in the region.
August 1743: The peace treaty signed in Turku in 1743 marked the end of the Russo-Swedish War of 1741-1743. The treaty was signed by Empress Elizabeth of Russia and Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden, resulting in Russia evacuating Finland and part of it being given to Sweden.
3.1.Treaty of Åbo
Was the treaty that ended the Russo-Swedish War of 1741-1743.
April 1743: The Swedish army retook Åland in March 1743.
Was a war between Russia and an alliance comprising the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Sardinia.
4.1.Danube campaign (Crimean War)
Was the Danubian theatre of the Crimean War.
April 1854: In early 1854 the Russians again advanced, crossing the River Danube into the Turkish province of Dobruja.
April 1854: Siege of Silistra.
May 1854: By April 1854, the Russians had reached the lines of Trajan's Wall where they were finally halted.
June 1854: Siege of Silistra.
4.2.Caucasus theatre (Crimean War)
Was the Caucasian theatre of the Crimean War.
November 1855: Kars surrendered to Russian forces on 8 November.
January 1856: Learning of the fall of Kars, the Turkish forces withdrew to the Ingur River.
March 1856: The Ottoman army evacuated Batum.
March 1856: The Treaty of Paris of 1856 settled the Crimean War between the Russian Empire: it restored the respective territories of the Russian and the Ottoman Empires to their prewar boundaries, with the exception of southern Bessarabia which was lost by Russia to the Ottoman Empire.
4.3.Treaty of Paris (1856)
The Treaty of Paris of 1856 ended the Crimean War.
Was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire, and including Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.
5.1.Caucasus front of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)
Was the Caucasian theatre of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
April 1877: The Russians, led by General Loris-Melikov, managed to occupy the Doğubeyazıt fortress on April 30, 1877.
May 1877: Ardahan conquered by russia.
November 1877: The Russians conquer Kars.
February 1878: Erzerum, with a weak Turkish garrison, was occupied occupied by Russian forces on February 21st.
5.2.Danubian Theatre
Was the Danubian theatre of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
June 1877: Russian advance towards Svishtov. After a short fight the Turks retreated and the Bulgarians who inhabited the city handed it over to the Russians.
July 1877: The former residence of the Bulgarian tsars, Tarnovo, was captured by the Russians after a minor fight.
July 1877: Battle of Nicopolis.
July 1877: In 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War, the Russian Empire, under the command of General Mikhail Skobelev, successfully captured the Šipka pass from the Ottoman Empire. The pass was strategically important for controlling access to the Balkans. The Russians quickly fortified the area to defend against any potential counterattacks.
September 1877: An attempt to take Šipka was made by the Turks on 16 September night, when the attackers were able to capture Mount St. Nicholas, near the pass.
September 1877: Mount Saint Nichola conquered by russia.
January 1878: In 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War, the Russian Empire, under the leadership of Tsar Alexander II, occupied Măcin, Tulcea, and Hârșova after the Turks withdrew from the Danube delta area.
January 1878: Remaining at Trajan's Wall, the Russians then conquered all of Dobruja.
January 1878: General Iosif Gurko's army had the task of following the second direction and in the intense cold and sleet, after some victorious clashes, on 4 January 1878 it entered Sofia.
January 1878: In 1878, during the Russo-Turkish War, the Russian Empire's army, led by General Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko, occupied Ihtiman as part of their military campaign towards Philippopolis (now Plovdiv, Bulgaria). This strategic move played a crucial role in the eventual Russian victory in the war.
January 1878: Pazardžik conquered by russia.
January 1878: During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, Russian forces led by General Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko defeated the Ottoman Turks at Philippopolis (now Plovdiv, Bulgaria). This victory led to the Russian Empire occupying the territory as part of the Treaty of San Stefano.
January 1878: Occupied Adrianople and ever closer to the capital Constantinople, the Russians prompted the Turkish government to send plenipotentiaries who met Grand Duke Nicholas on January 20.
March 1878: Corlu, San Stefano, Pazardzhik, Plovdiv conquered by russia.
5.3.Treaty of San Stefano
Was a treaty between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire that ended the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). The Ottoman Empire recognized the independence of Montenegro, Romania and Serbia.
March 1878: The Treaty of San Stefano was signed by Russia and the Ottoman Empire, with British and Austrian representatives present. It was negotiated by Russian statesman Count Nikolay Ignatyev and Ottoman Grand Vizier Mehmed Said Pasha. The treaty aimed to create a large Bulgarian state, but was later revised by the Congress of Berlin.
5.4.Treaty of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin (13 June - 13 July 1878) was a meeting of the representatives of the era's six great powers in Europe (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany), the Ottoman Empire and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro). It aimed at determining the territories of the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 and came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Berlin, which replaced the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano. The treaty formally recognized the independence of the de facto sovereign principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro.
July 1878: The Congress of Berlin was a meeting of the representatives of the era's six great powers in Europe (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany), the Ottoman Empire and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro). It aimed at determining the territories of the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War and came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Berlin, which replaced the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano. The treaty formally recognized the independence of the de facto sovereign principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro.
July 1878: The Treaty of Berlin confirmed most of the Russian gains from the Ottoman Empire specified in the Treaty of San Stefan, but the valley of Alashkerd and the town of Bayazid were returned to the Ottomans.
July 1878: Following the Romanian War of Independence in 1877-78, Romania shook off formal Ottoman rule but eventually clashed with its Russian ally over its demand for the Southern Bessarabia region. Ultimately, Romania was awarded Northern Dobruja in exchange for Southern Bessarabia.
January 1726: Expansion of the Russian Empire by 1725 (based on maps).
Disestablishment
January 1878: In 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War, the Russian Empire, under the leadership of Tsar Alexander II, occupied Măcin, Tulcea, and Hârșova after the Turks withdrew from the Danube delta area.
January 1878: Remaining at Trajan's Wall, the Russians then conquered all of Dobruja.
January 1878: General Iosif Gurko's army had the task of following the second direction and in the intense cold and sleet, after some victorious clashes, on 4 January 1878 it entered Sofia.
January 1878: In 1878, during the Russo-Turkish War, the Russian Empire's army, led by General Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko, occupied Ihtiman as part of their military campaign towards Philippopolis (now Plovdiv, Bulgaria). This strategic move played a crucial role in the eventual Russian victory in the war.
January 1878: Pazardžik conquered by russia.
January 1878: During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, Russian forces led by General Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko defeated the Ottoman Turks at Philippopolis (now Plovdiv, Bulgaria). This victory led to the Russian Empire occupying the territory as part of the Treaty of San Stefano.
January 1878: Occupied Adrianople and ever closer to the capital Constantinople, the Russians prompted the Turkish government to send plenipotentiaries who met Grand Duke Nicholas on January 20.
February 1878: Erzerum, with a weak Turkish garrison, was occupied occupied by Russian forces on February 21st.
March 1878: Corlu, San Stefano, Pazardzhik, Plovdiv conquered by russia.
March 1878: The Treaty of San Stefano was signed by Russia and the Ottoman Empire, with British and Austrian representatives present. It was negotiated by Russian statesman Count Nikolay Ignatyev and Ottoman Grand Vizier Mehmed Said Pasha. The treaty aimed to create a large Bulgarian state, but was later revised by the Congress of Berlin.
July 1878: The Treaty of Berlin confirmed most of the Russian gains from the Ottoman Empire specified in the Treaty of San Stefan, but the valley of Alashkerd and the town of Bayazid were returned to the Ottomans.
July 1878: Following the Romanian War of Independence in 1877-78, Romania shook off formal Ottoman rule but eventually clashed with its Russian ally over its demand for the Southern Bessarabia region. Ultimately, Romania was awarded Northern Dobruja in exchange for Southern Bessarabia.
July 1878: The Congress of Berlin was a meeting of the representatives of the era's six great powers in Europe (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany), the Ottoman Empire and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro). It aimed at determining the territories of the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War and came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Berlin, which replaced the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano. The treaty formally recognized the independence of the de facto sovereign principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro.
Selected Sources
Treaty of Paris (1856), https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10557776?page=,1
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Russian Empire (Military Occupation)
