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The cluster includes all the forms of the country from the Grand Duchy of Moscow to modern-day Russia.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Grand Duchy of Moscow (Mongol Empire)
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Tsardom of Russia
Russia (Poland Protectorate)
Russian Empire
Russian Republic
RSFSR
Provisional All-Russian Government
USSR
Russian Federation
Establishment
January 1264: The Moscow principality was allocated in 1226 3 as an inheritance to the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Expansion during the rule of Algirdas in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
January 1356: Expansion of Lithuania by 1355.
Were a series of wars between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow (later the Tsardom of Russia).
2.1.Lithuanian-Muscovite War (1368-1372)
Were a series of military invasions of the the Grand Duchy of Moscow by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
2.1.1.Invasion of Russia by Algirdas
Was a military campaign launched by Lithuanian Grand Duke Algirdas in Russia.
November 1368: The Lithuanians defeated the Russian defense forces on the Trosna River.
December 1368: The Lithuanians surrounded the Kremlin of Moscow, burned and looted it.
January 1369: In 1368, Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania gathered a large army, which included his brother Kęstutis and forces from Tver and Smolensk. The army was assembled in secret and marched quietly so that not to give an advance warning to the Russians. After crossing the Lithuania-Russia border, Lithuanians began pillaging and burning various villages.
June 1372: Prince of Moscow Dmitry Donskoy marched with his army to meet the invading Lithuanian army, which was stopped near Lyubutsk.
2.1.2.Russian counterattack against Algirdas
Was the Russian counterattack to the Lithuanian invasion started in 1368.
December 1368: The Lithuanian army retreated from all Russian territories without a serious attempt at taking the Moscow Kremlin.
April 1370: In early 1370, Moscow attacked Tver and Bryansk which belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
November 1370: On November 26, the Lithuanian army besieged Volokolamsk. The battle continued for two days. Lithuanians killed Prince Vasily Ivanovich Berezuysky, commander of the city's defenses, but did not succeed in capturing the city.
December 1370: The Lithuanian army led by Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, besieged Moscow on December 6. Algirdas' forces burned and pillaged, but did not succeed in taking the city's Kremlin where the Prince of Moscow, Dmitry Donskoy, had retreated.
December 1370: A truce between Russia and Lithuania was concluded. Lithuanian Grand Duke Algirdas retreated from the occupied territories.
2.1.3.Kęstutis' raid
Was a military campaign launched by Kęstutis, the brother of Lithuanian Grand Duke Algirdas, in Russia.
June 1372: The armies of Lithuania and Tver attacked Kashin and its duke acknowledged Tver's suzerainty.
June 1372: Mikhail II prince of Tver (allied with Lirhuania) attacked the city of Dmitrov.
June 1372: In spring 1372, Lithuanians raided Russian lands again. This time Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, did not participate. The Lithuanian Army was commanded by Kęstutis (Algirdas' brother) and his son Vytautas and Algirdas' son Andrei of Polotsk. They attacked Pereslavl-Zalessky, burned the posad and churches, looted and extracted a ransom.
2.1.4.Truce - Lithuanian-Muscovite War (1368-1372)
Was a treaty that ended the Lithuanian-Muscovite War (1368-72).
September 1372: The Treaty of Lyubutsk was a peace treaty signed in summer of 1372 between Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Dmitri Donskoi, Prince of Moscow. The treaty ended the Lithuanian-Muscovite War (1368-72) and resulted in a seven-year peace period. Lithuanian forces left the occupied territories.
2.2.Lithuanian annexion of Smolensk
Was a war between Moscow and Lithuania that included figths on the Ugra river and the Lithuanian annexion of Smolensk.
January 1403: Vasily hesitated until Vytautas advanced on Pskov. Alarmed by Lithuania's continuing expansion, Vasily sent an army to aid the Pskovians against his father-in-law. The Russian and Lithuanian armies met near the Ugra River.
February 1403: The commander didn't ventured to commit his troops to battle. A peace ensued, whereby Vytautas kept Smolensk.
2.3.Fourth Lithuanian-Muscovite border war
Was a war between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1514: In December 1512, Tsar Vasili III of Muscovy Rus' led the invasion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, aiming to capture the strategic trading center of Smolensk. The city fell to Moscow's forces in 1513, marking a significant territorial gain for the Duchy of Moscow.
August 1514: The city of Smolensk fell to the Duchy of Moscow in July 1514.
January 1515: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1515.
January 1520: In 1519, the Russians, led by Grand Prince Vasili III of Moscow, invaded Lithuania, raiding cities such as Orsha, Mogilev, Minsk, Vitebsk, and Polotsk. This military occupation marked a period of conflict between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Duchy of Moscow.
2.4.Fifth Lithuanian-Muscovite border war
Was a war between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
November 1534: In October 1534, a Muscovite army under the command of Prince Ovchina-Telepnev-Obolensky, Prince Nikita Obolensky, and Prince Vasily Shuisky invaded Lithuania, advancing as far as Vilnius and Navahrudak.
January 1536: The Lithuanian army under Hetman Radziwill, Andrei Nemirovich, Polish Hetman Jan Tarnowski, and Semen Belsky launched a powerful counterattack and took Homel and Starodub.
January 1537: In 1536, the fortress Sebezh, located in present-day Russia, successfully defended against the Lithuanian forces led by Ivan Nemirovich-Danchenko. The victory resulted in the territory falling under the military occupation of the Duchy of Moscow.
January 1538: Lithuania and Russia negotiated a five-year truce, without prisoner exchange, in which Homel stayed under the Lithuanian king's control, while the Moscovites kept Sebezh and Zavoloche.
Was a series of wars fought between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Khanate of Kazan from 1439, until Kazan was finally conquered by the Tsardom of Russia under Ivan the Terrible in 1552.
3.1.Wars of Vasily II
Russian military campaign against the Khanate of Kazan by Vasily II.
January 1440: Tatars devastated the outskirts of Moscow for 10 days and on their way back to Kazan burned Kolomna. They also took many captives.
January 1440: In 1439, a year after the khanate's foundation, the very first khan of Kazan, Ulugh Muhammad, advanced on Moscow with a large army. Vasily II of Moscow fled from his capital across the Volga River.
January 1446: Khan Maxmut took the strategic fortress of Nizhny Novgorod and invaded Muscovy.
January 1446: Vasily II of Moscow mustered an army and defeated the Tatars near Murom and Gorokhovets.
3.2.Wars of Ivan III
Russian military campaign against the Khanate of Kazan by Ivan III.
September 1467: A fragile peace between Russia and Kazan was broken in 1467, when Ibrahim of Kazan came to the throne and Ivan III of Russia supported the claims of his ally or vassal Qasim Khan. Ivan's army sailed down the Volga, quickly reaching Kazan.
December 1467: In 1467, during the reign of Ivan III of Russia, the Russian forces faced difficulties due to autumn rains and rasputitsa while trying to advance in the occupied regions, which eventually fell under the control of the Khanate of Kazan.
January 1468: In 1467, the campaign led by Ivan III of Russia against the Khanate of Kazan fell apart due to the lack of unity and military capability among the Russian forces.
January 1468: When frosty winter came, the Russian generals launched an invasion of the northern Vyatka Region.
January 1469: The Russians sailed down the Vyatka River and the Kama towards the Volga, pillaging merchant vessels on their way.
February 1469: Khazan Khan Ibrahim mounted a counter-offensive against the Russians, overran Vyatka, and forced local inhabitants into slavery for the duration of the campaign.
December 1469: In autumn 1469, Ivan III of Moscow launched a third invasion of the Kazan khanate. The Russian commander, Prince Daniil Kholmsky, besieged Kazan, leading to the territory falling under the military occupation of the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1470: In 1469, under the terms of the peace settlement, the Khanate of Kazan set free all the ethnic Christian Russians they had enslaved in the forty previous years. The Russian and Kazan forces left the territories they had occupied during the war.
January 1470: In 1469, under the terms of the peace settlement, the Khanate of Kazan set free all the ethnic Christian Russians they had enslaved in the forty previous years. The Russians left the territories they had occupied in the Khanate of Khazan.
November 1480: The Great Stand on the Ugra River was a standoff between the forces of Akhmat Khan of the Great Horde, and the Grand Prince Ivan III of Muscovy in 1480 on the banks of the Ugra River, which ended when the Tatars departed without conflict. It is seen in Russian historiography as the end of Tatar/Mongol rule over Moscow.
January 1484: The Grand Duchy of Moscow gained the Elets principality (Елец) from Ryazan by an agreement.
January 1484: Ryazan completely annexed Pronsk in 1483 during the regency of Anna of Ryazan.
January 1484: Principality of Tver conquered by Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1484: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1484.
January 1486: The Kholm Principality lasted until the annexation of the Tver principality of Moscow in 1486.
January 1486: The Mikulinskoe principality was ruled by Prince Ivan Mikulinsky until it was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1485. The annexation marked the end of Mikulinsky's rule and the incorporation of the territory into the expanding Moscow principality. It lasted until the annexation of the Tver principality of Moscow in 1486.
May 1487: Prince Kholmsky, also known as Ivan III of Russia, led the military occupation of Kazan in 1487. The city was a key stronghold of the Tatar Khanate and its capture was a significant victory for the Grand Duchy of Moscow in their expansion efforts.
June 1487: The city of Kazan fell to the Russians on 9 June.
January 1488: The Russian leave all occupied regions of the Khanate of Kazan.
January 1490: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1490.
January 1495: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1495.
January 1500: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1500.
January 1501: The Putivl Principality is acquired by the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1505: Ruza conquered by the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1506: A huge army of the Kazan and Nogai Tatars advanced towards Nizhny Novgorod and besieged the city.
3.2.1.First Lithuanian-Muscovite border war
Was a war of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, in alliance with the Crimean Khanate, against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenia in alliance with the Golden Horde Khan Akhmat.
3.2.2.Russo-Swedish War (1495-1497)
Was a border war which occurred between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Kingdom of Sweden.
August 1495: In 1495, Ivan III of Russia sent Princes Daniil Shchenya and Vasily Shuisky to besiege the Swedish castle of Viborg.
November 1495: The siege of Viborg in 1495 was led by Tsar Ivan III of Russia against the Kingdom of Sweden. The castellan who set the powder on fire was Knut Posse, a Swedish nobleman defending the city. The Muscovites were forced to retreat after the explosion, ending the siege.
January 1497: In 1496, Hämeenlinna was severely devastated by Russian generals Vasily Kosoy and Andrey Chelyadnin during the military occupation of Finland by Russia.
January 1497: Svante Nilsson, a Swedish nobleman and military leader, led the occupation of Ivangorod in 1496. Ivangorod was a strategically important fortress located on the border between Sweden and Russia.
February 1497: Russian forces leave Swedish Finland.
February 1497: In 1497, during the Russo-Swedish War, the Swedes, led by King Hans of Denmark, set the fortress of Ivangorod ablaze before sailing back to their homeland. This event marked a significant victory for the Grand Duchy of Moscow in their conflict with Sweden.
3.2.3.Second Lithuanian-Muscovite border war
Was a war between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
3.2.3.1.Muscovite invasion
Was a Muscovite invasion of Lithuania.
3.2.3.2.Livonian Intervention alongside Lithuania
The Livonian Order joined the Second Muscovite Border War as an ally of Lithuania.
3.2.3.3.Truce (Second Lithuanian-Muscovite border war)
A six-year truce was concluded on the Feast of the Annunciation, ending the Second Muscovite Border War. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania lost approximately 210,000 square kilometres (81,000 sq mi), or a third of its territory.
3.3.Wars of Vasily III
Russian military campaign against the Khanate of Kazan by Vasily III.
January 1507: In 1506, Moxammat Amin, a ruler of all occupied regions, decided to seek peace and pay homage to Vasily III of Russia, the successor of Ivan the Great. This marked a significant shift in power dynamics in the region, with the territory ultimately going to the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1511: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1511.
January 1511: In 1510, Grand Prince of Moscow Vasili III arrived in Pskov and ended the Pskov Republic and its autonomous rights.
January 1521: The Principality of Ryazan is acquired by Moscow.
September 1521: End of the Crimean campaign against the Muscovites.
January 1523: Kazan attack in the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
February 1523: Kazan attack in the Grand Duchy of Moscow. After the raid the Kazans left the region.
January 1524: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1524.
January 1525: Russian Prince Ivan Belsky accepted the terms proposed by the Tatar envoys and returned to Moscow, evacuating the occupied territories in Kazan.
January 1525: In 1524, Prince Ivan Belsky led the 150,000-strong Russian army against the Tatar capital. This campaign is described in detail by a foreign witness, Herberstein. Belsky's huge army spent 20 days encamped on an island opposite Kazan.
August 1530: Prince Belsky of Moscow returned to the walls of Kazan in July 1530.
January 1531: The Tatars sued for peace, promising to accept any khan appointed from Moscow. The Moscovites accepted the peace terms and left the occupied territories.
January 1534: Kazan attack in the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
February 1534: Kazan attack in the Grand Duchy of Moscow. After the raid the Kazans left the region.
January 1538: Kazan attack in the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
February 1538: Kazan attack in the Grand Duchy of Moscow. After the raid the Kazans left the region.
January 1539: Kazan attack in the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
February 1539: Kazan attack in the Grand Duchy of Moscow. After the raid the Kazans left the region.
January 1540: Kazan attack in the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
February 1540: Kazan attack in the Grand Duchy of Moscow. After the raid the Kazans left the region.
January 1541: Kazan attack in the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
February 1541: Kazan attack in the Grand Duchy of Moscow. After the raid the Kazans left the region.
January 1542: Kazan attack in the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
February 1542: Kazan attack in the Grand Duchy of Moscow. After the raid the Kazans left the region.
3.3.1.Truce (Fourth Lithuanian-Muscovite border war)
Was a treaty that ended the Lithuanian-Muscovite War (1512-1522). The Grand Duchy of Moscow retained Smolensk.
3.4.Wars of Ivan IV
A Russian military campaign agains the Khanate of Kazan, which was was finally conquered by Russia.
January 1546: In 1545, Ivan IV of Moscow mounted an expedition to the Volga River.
February 1546: Moscovite forces leave the Volga River region after a raid.
January 1548: Russian military campaign in Kazan and the Volga River region in 1547-48.
February 1548: End of the Russian military campaign in Kazan and the Volga River region of 1547-48.
January 1550: Russian invasion of the Volga River region and siege of Kazan.
February 1550: The Russian forces leave the Volga River region.
August 1552: The final siege of the Tatar capital Kazan in 1552 was led by Tsar Ivan IV of Russia, also known as Ivan the Terrible. The military occupation of Kazan marked the end of the independent Khanate of Kazan and the incorporation of the territory into the Tsardom of Russia.
October 1552: In August 1552, forces of Ivan the Terrible, operating from the Russian castle of Sviyazhsk, laid siege to Kazan. The Russians defeated the Tatar inland troops, burnt Archa and some castles. On October 3, after two months of siege and destruction of the citadel walls, the Russians entered the city.
October 1552: The Siege of Kazan in 1552 was the final battle of the Russo-Kazan Wars and led to the fall of the Khanate of Kazan.
Conquests and wars with Ottoman involvement during the rule of Suleiman I.
August 1521: In July 1521 there was a Crimean campaign against the Muscovite Empire.
Was a war between the Tsardom of Russia and and the allied forces of the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire.
May 1571: In May 1571, the 120,000-strong Crimean and Turkish army (80,000 Tatars, 33,000 irregular Turks and 7,000 janissaries) led by the khan of Crimea Devlet I Giray, and Big and Small Nogai hordes and troops of Circassians, bypassed the Serpukhov defensive fortifications on the Oka River, crossed the Ugra River and rounded the flank of the 6,000-man Russian army.
May 1571: The Crimean army, led by Khan Devlet I Giray, devastated the towns and villages around Moscow in 1571. The devastating military campaign culminated in the burning of the suburbs of the Russian capital.
May 1571: From May 24 to May 26, 1571 the Crimean Tatars led by Khan Devlet I Giray occupied Moscow. The attack resulted in the destruction of most of the city, including the Kremlin. This event is known as the "Fire of Moscow" and is considered one of the most destructive fires in the city's history.
June 1571: From May 24 to May 26, 1571 the Crimean Tatars led by Khan Devlet I Giray occupied Moscow. The attack resulted in the destruction of most of the city, including the Kremlin. This event is known as the "Fire of Moscow" and is considered one of the most destructive fires in the city's history.
January 1572: After the defeat of the Crimean Khanate in 1571, the Crimean troops, led by Devlet I Giray, were forced to retreat from their occupation of Russian territories. This marked a significant victory for Ivan the Terrible and the Tsardom of Russia in their ongoing conflict with the Crimean Tatars.
August 1572: After the burning of Moscow, Crimean Devlet Giray Khan, supported by the Ottoman Empire, invaded Russia again in 1572.
September 1572: A combined force of Tatars and Turks was repelled by Russia in the Battle of Molodi.
A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
6.1.Livonian War
Was a war fought over the control of Old Livonia. The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. Old Livonia was finally partitioned between Sweden, Poland-Lithuania and Denmark-Norway.
January 1576: In 1575, Ivan the Terrible of Russia ordered an attack on Poland, leading to the capture of Salacgrīva and Pärnu in Livonia. This marked a significant expansion of the Tsardom of Russia's territory through military occupation.
6.1.1.Russian invasion of Livonia
Was a Russian invasion of Livonia by Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible).
June 1558: Ivan IV of Russia regarded the Livonian Confederation's approach to the Polish-Lithuanian union for protection under the Treaty of Pozvol as casus belli. Ivan reacted with the invasion of Livonia. Russian troops took Dorpat in May.
August 1558: Russian forces start the siege of Reval (Tallinn).
August 1558: Narva conquered by russia.
September 1577: Magnus of Livonia besieged the the town of Wenden (Cesis) in August 1577.
December 1577: Polish forces re-captured the stronghold in Wenden (Cesis).
January 1578: Advancement of Russian forces by 1577.
June 1578: Advancement of Russian forces by mid 1578.
6.1.2.Livonian Counterattack
Were the Livonian operation against the Russian invasion.
January 1559: In 1558, Livonian forces, led by the Livonian Confederation (Poland-Lithuania) and supported by 1,200 landsknechte and 100 gunners from Germany, successfully retook Wesenberg (now Rakvere) and several other fortresses from the invading Russian forces during the Livonian War.
September 1560: The Russian Tsar's forces took important fortresses like Fellin, yet lacked the means to gain the major cities of Riga, Reval or Pernau.
6.1.3.Russian war with Lithuania
Was a Russian invasion of Lithuania by Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible).
January 1564: When the Russo-Lithuanian truce expired in 1562, Ivan IV of Russia rejected Sigismund's offer of an extension. The Tsar had used the period of the truce to build up his forces in Livonia, and he invaded Lithuania. His army raided Vitebsk and, after a series of border clashes, took Polotsk in 1563.
February 1564: In January and February Russian forces attacked Dubrowna, Orsha, Druchevsk, Borisov, Kopos, Shklow, Teterin, Mogilev, Radoml, Mstislavl, and Chachersk, reaching as far as the border of Vilnius and the Berezina River.
6.1.4.Polish and Swedish counterattack (Livonian War)
Were the military operations of Sweden and Poland-Lithuania against the Russian invasion.
March 1578: Swedish forces launched an offensive targeting key cities such as Pernau (Pärnu), Dorpat (Tartu), and Novgorod.
April 1578: The Swedish forces left the are of Pernau, Dorpat and Novgorod.
August 1579: Polish-Lithuanian troops advanced on Polotsk. The siege began 11 August, and the city surrendered on the 29th of that month.
October 1579: The Polish army also captured all 8 Russian castles in Polotsk - Rossony region (Sokol, Nescherda, Susha, Krasnae, Turovlia, Sitna, Kaz'jany, Usviaty).
September 1580: The forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth besieged Velikiye Luki on 29 August and took it on 5 September.
September 1580: A cavalry battle took place on 20 September near Toropets (battle of Toropets) and ended in another Polish victory.
October 1580: Polish forces captured Velizh and Nevel.
January 1581: The towns of Kexholm and Padise were taken by Swedish forces led by King John III of Sweden in 1580. This military occupation was part of the Livonian War, a conflict between Sweden, Russia, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth over control of the Baltic region.
January 1581: The fall of Narva, Ivangorod, Jama, and Koporye in 1580 marked Sweden's military occupation of these territories in Livonia. This expansion was part of King Charles IX's efforts to strengthen Sweden's influence in the region.
January 1582: During the Livonian War, Sweden, under the leadership of King John III, captured the strategic city of Narva in 1581. This military occupation allowed Sweden to gain control over important trade routes in the region and expand its influence in the Baltic Sea.
6.1.4.1.Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky
The Truce or Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky (Ям-Запольский) or Jam Zapolski, signed on 15 January 1582 between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia, was one of the treaties that ended the Livonian War.
January 1582: The Truce or Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky, signed on 15 January 1582 between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia, was one of the treaties that ended the Livonian War. In the terms of the treaty, Russia renounced its claims to Livonia and Polotsk but conceded no core Russian territories as Batory and returned the territories his armies had been occupying.
6.1.4.2.Truce of Plussa
Was a Truce concluded between Sweden and Russia that ended the Livonian War.
August 1583: The war of Sweden with Russia ended when the Tsar concluded the Truce of Plussa (Plyussa, Pljussa, Plusa) with Sweden on 10 August 1583. Russia relinquished most of Ingria, leaving Narva and Ivangorod under Swedish control. Russia kept a narrow passage to the Baltic Sea at the estuary of the Neva River, between the Strelka and Sestra Rivers.
August 1583: The Treaty of Plussa was signed in 1583 between Tsar Ivan IV of Russia and King John III of Sweden. It allowed Sweden to keep the annexed Russian towns of Ivangorod, Jamburg, Koporye, and Korela with their uyezds, solidifying Swedish control over Ingria.
6.2.Russo-Swedish War (1590-1595)
Was a war between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Tsardom of Russia initiated by the latter in order the reconquer territories lost during the Livonian War.
January 1590: On January 26, 1590 the siege of Jam began. The Swedish garrison, numbering only 500 men, surrendered to Russian forces the next day.
March 1590: The Swedes agreed to cede Ivangorod, Yam and Koporje to the Russians and a year-long truce was signed.
August 1590: On July 18, 1590, the Swedes landed on the shores of the White Sea and proceeded with great brutality to slaughter the local population and to plunder and desecrate Orthodox churches.
September 1590: On July 18, 1590, the Swedes landed on the shores of the White Sea and proceeded with great brutality to slaughter the local population and to plunder and desecrate Orthodox churches.
October 1591: In September 1591, the Swedish Peterson forces tried unsuccessfully to take the Solovetsky Monastery and once again plundered the shores of the White Sea.
November 1591: End of Swedish raid on the shores of the White Sea.
January 1592: On January 6, 1592, the troops of Russian generals Mstislavski and Trubezkoi crossed the Swedish border at Oreshek.
January 1592: On January 30, the Russian army reached Vyborg.
February 1592: As the Russian voivodes did not dare to besiege the well-fortified Vyborg fortress, they plundered the area around Vyborg and Kexholm, before returning to Oreshek along Lake Ladoga.
6.2.1.Treaty of Teusina
The Treaty of Teusina, concluded on 18 May 1595, ended the Russo-Swedish War (1590-95). The treaty revised the provisions of the Truce of Plussa of 1583, restoring to Russia all territories then ceded to Sweden except for Narva. Russia received most of Ingria, with the towns of Ivangorod, Jama, Koporye and Korela Fortress.
May 1595: The Swedish-Russian border was delineated from the outstream of the Systerbäck river into the Gulf of Finland, over lakes Saimaa, Inari, the settlement of Neiden and up to the Murman Sea.
May 1595: The Treaty of Teusina, Tyavzin or Tyavzino was concluded on 18 May 1595 to end the Russo-Swedish War (1590-95) between the powers. The treaty revised the provisions of the Truce of Plussa of 1583, restoring to Russia all territory then ceded to Sweden except for Narva. Russia received most of Ingria, with the towns of Ivangorod, Jama, Koporye and Korela Fortress.
6.3.Russo-Polish War (1654-1667)
Was a major conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that ended with significant Russian territorial gains.
July 1654: V.B. Sheremetev set out from Pskov and seized the Lithuanian cities of Nevel.
July 1654: In 1654, Ukrainian hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky's forces captured Homel from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
July 1654: In 1654, during the Russo-Polish War, Prince Trubetskoy led Russian forces to capture the territories of Mstislavl and Roslavl.
July 1654: Polotsk conquered by russia.
August 1654: In July 1654, during the Russo-Polish War (1654-1667), the Russian army under the command of Tsar Alexei I captured the border forts of Bely and Dorogobuzh, solidifying Russian military occupation in the region.
August 1654: In 1654, Russian military leader Ivan Cherkassky captured the city of Orsha during the Battle of Shklov. .
September 1654: The Russian forces, led by Tsar Alexei I, successfully captured Smolensk on September 23, 1654, marking a significant victory in the conflict.
November 1654: Vitebsk conquered by russia.
December 1654: The combined forces of Khmelnitsky and the Russian Boyar Buturlin struck against Volynia. Despite many disagreements between the commanders, they took hold of Ostroh and Rivne by the end of the year.
January 1655: In 1654, Tsar's troops led by Alexei I of Russia invaded and occupied Ludza and Rezekne in Polish Livonia.
June 1655: In the winter and spring of 1655, Prince Radziwill launched a counter-offensive in Belarus, recapturing Orsha.
June 1655: A Polish army (allied with the Tatars) crushed a Russian-Ukrainian contingent at Zhashkov.
June 1655: In 1655, Prince Vasily Sheremetev, a Russian military leader, captured the town of Velizh during the Russo-Polish War.
July 1655: In 1655, Lithuanian forces, led by Janusz Radziwiłł, surrendered Minsk to the Cossacks and Ivan Cherkassky during the Russo-Polish War.
July 1655: Vilnius, the capital of the Great Duchy of Lithuania, was taken by the Russians.
September 1655: Russian conquest of Kaunas and Hrodno.
October 1655: Russian and Cossack forces had occupied the east of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as far as Lublin, with only Lwow remaining under Polish-Lithuanian control.
January 1656: Trubetskoy's unit overran Slonim and Kletsk.
January 1656: In 1655, Prince Volkonsky, a Russian military leader, sailed from Kiev up the Dnieper and Pripyat rivers. He defeated the Lithuanians and captured Pinsk, which was then under Russian military occupation.
January 1664: Towards the end of 1663, the Polish-Lithuanian King crossed the Dnieper and invaded Left-bank Ukraine.
February 1664: The Poles loose Left-Bank Ukraine.
6.3.1.Truce of Andrusovo
The Truce of Andrusovo established a thirteen-and-a-half year truce, signed in 1667 between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which had fought the Russo-Polish War since 1654 over the territories of modern-day Ukraine and Belarus.
January 1667: During the 1667 truce of Andrusovo, the region of Zaporizhzhia fell under condominium of both the Tsardom of Muscovy and the Kingdom of Poland.
January 1667: The peace negotiations were between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia. The Treaty of Andrusovo was signed by Polish King John II Casimir and Russian Tsar Alexis I, ending the Russo-Polish War of 1654-1667. The treaty resulted in Russia gaining control of Smolensk and Left-Bank Ukraine.
January 1667: The peace negotiations in 1664-1667 involved the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia. The Treaty of Andrusovo was signed by Polish King John II Casimir and Russian Tsar Alexis I, ending the Russo-Polish War. The treaty divided the territories of Smolensk and Left-Bank Ukraine between the two powers.
January 1667: In 1667, the Russo-Polish war ended with the Treaty of Andrusovo, which split the Cossack Hetmanate along the Dnieper River: Left-bank Ukraine enjoyed a degree of autonomy within the Tsardom of Russia, while Right-bank Ukraine remained part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
6.4.Second Northern War
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden (along with their respective allies) over the hegemony in the Baltic Sea.
June 1656: In May 1656, Alexis of Russia declared war on Sweden. He invaded Livonia with 35,000 men and took Dünaburg.
September 1656: In August 1656, Tsar Alexis of Russia's army, led by Prince Yakov Cherkassky, captured the Livonian town of Koknese during the Russo-Swedish War.
October 1656: Besieged Dorpat surrendered to Tsar Alexis of Russia.
December 1658: The Treaty of Valiesar was a treaty between Russia and Sweden, which concluded the Russo-Swedish theater of the Second Northern War. It was signed in the estate of Valiesar near Narva on 20 December 1658. Russia was allowed to keep the conquered Livonian territories for three years (Kokenhusen, Dorpat, Marienborg, Syrensk, Yama, Dinaburg, Rēzekne and a few others).
January 1662: The treaty of Cardis obliged Russia to yield its Livonian and Ingrian conquests to Sweden.
6.4.1.Russo-Swedish War (1656-1658)
Was fought by Russia and Sweden as a theater of the Second Northern War.
August 1656: In July 1656, during the Second Northern War, a reserve force of the Russian army led by Tsar Alexei I struck across Swedish Ingria and overran the key Baltic fortresses of Nöteborg and Nyen.
January 1658: The Swedes recaptured much of Ingria, took the Pskov Monastery of the Caves and inflicted a defeat on the Russian general Matvey Sheremetev at Walk in 1657.
December 1658: On 20 December Ordin-Nashchokin negotiated with Sweden the Treaty of Valiesar, whereby Russia was allowed to keep the conquered territories in present-day Latvia and Estonia — Koknese, Aluksne, Dorpat, Nyslott — for three years.
January 1662: As the Russian tsar could not allow himself to be involved into a new conflict against powerful Sweden, he had to sign Treaty of Kardis, which obliged Russia to yield its Livonian and Ingrian conquests to Sweden, confirming the provisions of the Treaty of Stolbovo.
6.5.Great Northern War
Was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
6.5.1.Phase 1: Swedish Dominance
Was the first phase of the Great Northern War, characterized by Swedish victories.
6.5.1.1.Livonian-Estonian Frontier of the Great Northern War
Was the Livonian-Estonian theatre of war in the first phase of the Great Northern War.
October 1700: In mid-September, a Russian advance guard advanced into Swedish territory, and on October 4, 1700, the main Russian army with about 35,000 soldiers began the siege of Narva.
November 1700: Battle of Narva (30 November 30, 1700): the Swedish troops crushed the numerically superior Russian army.
January 1702: On December 30, 1701, Russian forces defeated the Swedish Livonian army in the Battle of Erastfer.
January 1702: After the victorious Russians had plundered Erastfer and nearby regions, they withdrew again as they feared an attack by Swedish forces.
July 1702: Battle at Hummelshof.
August 1702: Since the remaining Swedish forces were too weak to oppose the Russians in open battle, Wolmar and Marienburg as well as the rural areas of Livonia fell into Russian hands in August.
December 1702: The Russian army retreated to Pskov without occupying the territory conquered in Livonia.
June 1704: In early June 1704, Dorpat (Tartu) was surrounded by Russian forces.
June 1704: Battle of Wesenberg.
June 1704: Siege of Narva (1704).
July 1704: On July 14, 1704, the city of Tartu fell into Russian hands.
August 1704: Russian forces captured Narva.
August 1705: Mitau is besieged by the Tsardom of Russia.
September 1705: Mitau is besieged by the Tsardom of Russia.
6.5.1.2.War against Augustus II
Was a military campaign initiated by Sweden during the Great Northern war. The goal of the campaign was the overthrow of Augustus II the Strong, who was at the same the Elector fo Saxony and the King of Poland-Lithuania.
December 1704: In 1704, during the Great Northern War, Tsar Peter the Great of Russia led a large army into Belarus, capturing key cities like Vilnius, Minsk, and Grodno. This military occupation marked a significant expansion of Russian influence in the region.
January 1707: Moreover, in 1706 a Russian army had invaded and occupied western Poland.
6.5.1.3.Ingrian Front of the Great Northern War
Was the Ingrian theatre of war in the first phase of the Great Northern War.
October 1702: Siege of Nöteborg.
October 1702: Russian conquest of Nöteborg (actual Shlisselburg) after a siege.
April 1703: Siege of Nyenschanz.
May 1703: Siege of Nyenschanz.
May 1703: Naval battle at the mouth of the Neva. the Neva was now fully controlled by Russian forces.
July 1703: The rest of Ingermanland including Jaama and Koporje could also be occupied by the Russians within a few weeks after taking Nyenschantz by a Russian infantry command under Major General Nikolai von Werdin.
October 1706: Russian forces started besieged the city of Vyborg.
November 1706: Russian forces ended the siege of Vyborg and left the area.
July 1708: Sack of Porvoo by Russian forces.
August 1708: The Russians leave Porvoo.
September 1708: Battle of the Neva.
October 1708: Battle of Koporje.
6.5.1.4.Russian Campaign of Charles XII
Was the Swedish invasion of the Tsardom of Russia during the first phase of the Great Northern War.
October 1707: On September 7, 1707, it crossed the Polish border near Steinau an der Oder. Menshikov's army avoided battle and withdrew from the western part of Poland.
January 1708: In mid-January 1708, King Charles XII of Sweden led his army out of Masuria and arrived in Grodno on January 28, 1708. The Swedish military occupation of Grodno was part of their campaign during the Great Northern War against the Russian Empire.
March 1708: Tsar Peter, who met with Menshikov not far from the city, considered the strength of the Russian army too weak to be able to stop the Swedish army there and ordered a further retreat to the Lithuanian-Russian border […] The Swedish advance lasted until the beginning February until the army of Charles XII. moved into winter camp near the Lithuanian town of Smorgon.
June 1708: After the start of the summer campaign on June 1st, the Swedish army crossed the Berezina on June 18th. The Russian forces were able to elude an attempted evasion by the Swedes and withdrew behind the next river barrier, the Drut.
July 1708: Battle of Golovchin.
August 1708: When the main Swedish army crossed the Dnieper in the first week of August, Lewenhaupt's army had still not arrived.
September 1708: Finally, King Charles XII of Sweden decided to call off the march on Moscow. When he left Tatarsk in mid-September 1708, it marked the end of Sweden's military occupation of the territory.
September 1708: Swedish General Lewenhaupt reached the Dnieper River. The crossing took a week, allowing the Russian forces to close in and eventually chase the Swedes.
December 1708: Siege and storming of Weprik.
January 1709: In 1709, during the Great Northern War, Weprik was besieged and stormed by Swedish forces under the command of King Charles XII. The siege resulted in the territory falling under Swedish military occupation.
February 1709: Battle of Krasnokutsk.
April 1709: Siege of Poltava.
July 1709: The Swedish force was decisively defeated by Peter the Great of Russia at Poltava near the River Dnieper.
July 1709: The Swedish force was decisively defeated by Peter the Great of Russia at Poltava near the River Dnieper. Charles XII of Sweden fled to Turkish Moldavia.
July 1709: The troops around King Karl reached the Bug on July 17, where the pasha gave Ochakov permission to enter the Ottoman Empire. This ended Charles' Russian campaign in a catastrophic defeat.
July 1709: The troops around King Karl of Sweden reached the Bug River on July 17, 1709. The pasha gave Ochakov permission to enter the Ottoman Empire, ending Charles XII's Russian campaign in a catastrophic defeat against Tsar Peter the Great of Russia.
6.5.2.Phase 2: Sweden Defending itself
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
6.5.2.1.North German Front of the Great Northern War
Was the theatre of war of northern Germany in the second phase of the Great Northern War.
February 1710: Russian storming of Elbing (today: Elbląg).
6.5.2.2.Russian Offensive in the East
Was a Russian military campaign against the territories occupied by Sweden in eastern Europe and the Baltic during the Great Northern War.
March 1710: Siege of Vyborg.
June 1710: Siege of Vyborg.
July 1710: Siege of Riga (1709).
July 1710: Siege of Kexholm.
July 1710: Siege of Pernau.
August 1710: Siege of Pernau.
August 1710: Reval (today Tallinn) is besieged and taken by the Tsardom of Russia, along with Livonia and Estonia as all the Swedish forts had been conquered.
September 1710: Siege of Kexholm.
October 1710: Reval (today Tallinn) is besieged and taken by the Tsardom of Russia, along with Livonia and Estonia as all the Swedish forts had been conquered.
January 1711: Capitulation of Arensburg (now Kuressaare) in present-day Estonia to the Tsardom of Russia.
January 1711: Conquest of the island of Ösel by the Russians.
6.5.2.3.Russian Offensive in the Ottoman Empire
Was a Russian military campaign against the Ottoman Empire during the Great Northern War.
July 1711: Siege of Brăila.
July 1711: Battle of Stănileşti: the joint Moldavian and Russian troops, the former under the command of Cantemir and the latter under Peter the Great and Boris Sheremetev, were surrounded and forced to surrender (on 22 July) to the larger Ottoman army.
July 1711: In 1711 the mouth of the Don was lost in favor of Turkey according to the Prut peace.
July 1711: The conflict was ended on 21 July 1711 by the Treaty of the Pruth that stipulated the return of Azov to the Ottomans.
6.5.2.4.Russian Campaign in Finnland
Was a Russian military campaign in Finland, at the time part of Sweden, during the Great Northern War.
May 1713: In 1713, during the Great Northern War, Tsar Peter the Great's Russian forces landed near Helsingfors (now Helsinki). The Swedish commander Georg Lybecker preemptively burned the city to prevent its capture, leading to its eventual occupation by the Tsardom of Russia.
May 1713: On the evening of May 22, 1713, Russian marines unopposed landed near the city of Borgå (modern-day Porvoo).
October 1713: Battle of Pälkäne.
March 1714: The Battle of Storkyro was a decisive victory for the Russian forces led by Tsar Peter the Great over the Swedish army in Finland. The defeat led to the complete occupation of Finland by the Tsardom of Russia in 1714.
August 1714: The whole of Åland was under Russian control.
6.5.2.5.Swedish-Norwegian Front in the Great Northern War
Was the theatre of war on the border between Sweden and Norway in the second phase of the Great Northern War.
December 1714: In the fall of 1714, Russian troops led by Tsar Peter the Great landed near Umeå, Sweden. The Swedish garrison quickly abandoned the city after a brief skirmish, marking the beginning of the Tsardom of Russia's military occupation of the territory.
6.5.2.6.Russian Invasion of Sweden
Was the Russian invasion of Sweden during the second phase of the Great Northern War.
6.5.3.Phase 3: Sweden on the defensive (1710-1721)
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
6.5.4.Peace Treaties of the Great Northern War
Were the peace treaties that ended the Great Northern War.
6.5.4.1.Peace of Nystad
Was a treaty that ended the Great Northern War between the Tsardom of Russia and the Swedish Empire.
September 1721: In the Nystad Peace Treaty (1721), Sweden ceded the areas of Ingria, Livonia, Estonia, the islands of Ösel and Dagö, and South Karelia to Russia.
September 1721: In 1721, Russia evacuated the military occupied territories in Livonia and Estonia at the end of the Great Northern War. The territories were returned to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under the Treaty of Nystad, signed by Russian Tsar Peter the Great and Swedish King Frederick I.
September 1721: Russia evacuates the military occupied territories at the end of the war.
September 1721: This event occurred during the Great Northern War, a conflict between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia. The territories in Finland were occupied by Russia but were later evacuated as part of the peace agreement, returning to the control of the Kingdom of Sweden.
Was a Russian military campaign that resulted in the conquest of the Khanate of Sibir.
January 1583: Kuchum was a ruler of the Siberian Khanate, while Yermak was a Cossack leader. The Battle of Chuvash Cape marked the defeat of Kuchum's forces by Yermak in 1582, leading to the Cossacks entering Iskar that same year. This event ultimately resulted in the territory of the Siberian Khanate being annexed by the Tsardom of Russia.
January 1585: Kuchum reasserted his authority over Sibir.
January 1587: In 1586 300 Russians built an Ostrog (fortress) at Tyumen.
January 1588: Tobolsk conquered by Tsardom of Russia.
January 1592: In 1591 the Konda River Mansi were annexed by Russia.
January 1595: Tara was founded by the Cossack leader Yermak Timofeyevich in 1594 as a fortress to protect the caravan route along the middle Irtysh River. The territory later came under the control of the Tsardom of Russia.
January 1599: In 1598 Kuchum was defeated by the Russians on the banks of the Ob and was forced to flee to the territories of the Nogai, bringing an end to his rule in Sibir.
January 1603: Foundation of Ketsk.
Were a series of military and exploration campaigns where Russia gradually extended into the territories of northeastern Asia.
January 1593: Expansion of Russia by 1592.
January 1646: The Tsardom of Russia expands through the colonization or voluntary entry of Asian tribes and tribal unions.
January 1650: In 1649, Russian explorer Erofei Khabarov founded the city of Albazin in the Far East of Russia, in the territory covering the left-bank basin of the Amur River.
January 1698: The Tsardom of Russia expands into Kamchatka through the colonization or voluntary entry of Asian tribes and tribal unions.
January 1704: In 1703, the Dzungarian Khan Tsevan Rabdan resettled the Yenisei Kirghiz and their Kyshtyms (about 15-20 thousand people) to the Irtysh River region. Thus ended the history of Hongoray.
January 1726: The Tsardom of Russia expands through the colonization or voluntary entry of Asian tribes and tribal unions.
January 1748: Russian colonization of the northern areas of Altai Territory, Altai Republic, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk regions of Russia, and East Kazakhstan region.
January 1757: In 1756, the southern part of the Altai Territory, Altai Republic, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk regions of Russia, and East Kazakhstan region was annexed by the Russian Empire. This event marked the expansion of Russian territory into the Altai region.
January 1763: In 1762, Russian explorers Semyon Chelyuskin and Dmitry Ovtsyn led the colonization of the eastern part of Novaya Zemlya island. This territory was then claimed by the Russian Empire as part of their expansion into the Arctic region.
January 1771: The New Siberian Islands were colonized by the Russian Empire.
January 1783: Ainu tribal unions brought to Russian citizenship by 1782.
January 1850: Russian settlers began establishing coal mines, administration facilities, schools, and churches on the island of Sakhalin.
February 1855: Under the treaty of 1855, the South Kuriles went to Japan.
February 1855: In 1855, Russia and Japan signed the Treaty of Shimoda, which declared that nationals of both countries could inhabit the island: Russians in the north, and Japanese in the south, without a clearly defined boundary between.
January 1868: Russian occupation of Wrangel island.
January 1874: Russian colonization of Franz Josef Land.
May 1875: The Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) stipulated that Japan cedes to Russia the part of Sakhalin island it then owned in exchange for the group of the Kuril Islands owned by Russia. Japan thus acquired the northern Kuriles.
May 1875: The Sakhalin island remained under shared sovereignty until the signing of the 1875 Treaty of Saint Petersburg, in which Japan surrendered its claims in Sakhalin to Russia.
January 1914: Russian colonization of Emperor Nicholas II Land (today called the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago).
January 1927: Russian occupation of Arctic islands.
Was a period of political crisis during the Tsardom of Russia which began in 1598 with the death of Fyodor I, the last of the Rurik dynasty, and ended in 1613 with the accession of Michael I of the House of Romanov.
9.1.Polish-Muscovite War (1605-1618)
Was a conflict fought between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth together with Zaporozhian Cossacks.
9.1.1.Polish Invasion of Russia (1609)
A Commonwealth army under the command of Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski invaded the Tsardom of Russia in 1609.
September 1609: In 1609, Smolensk was occupied by Poland-Lithuania under the command of Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski.
June 1610: The Siege of Tsaryovo.
July 1610: On 27 July a treaty was signed between the boyars and Żółkiewski promising the Russian boyars the same vast privileges the Polish szlachta had, in exchange for them recognizing Władysław as the new tsar.
October 1610: In 1610, during the Time of Troubles in Russia, the pro-Polish faction led by Prince Władysław IV gained dominance in Moscow. As a result, the Poles were allowed into Moscow on 8 October, marking the beginning of a military occupation by Poland-Lithuania.
January 1611: Lisowczycy took and plundered Pskov.
June 1611: After a 20 months siege, the Poles take Smolensk.
9.1.2.Expulsion of the Poles from Russia
Was a revolt against Polish occupation that started in Moscow and finally expelled the Poles from Russia.
November 1611: In 1611, during the Time of Troubles in Russia, the Russians of Moscow revolted against the Polish occupation. The siege of the Moscow Kremlin led to its fall, and on 7 November, the Polish soldiers were forced to withdraw from Moscow.
December 1611: News of the capitulation reached Polish King Sigismund III on December 8 at Volokolamsk, less than 30 kilometers away. Upon finding out about this, the king, who was on his way to help the garrison, decided to halt the march and head back to Poland.
9.1.3.Polish Invasion of Russia (1617)
Was an invasion of the Tsardom of Russia by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
December 1617: In 1617, during the Polish-Muscovite War, the Commonwealth forces led by Jan Karol Chodkiewicz faced resistance near Mozhaisk. Chodkiewicz's intended swift advance to Moscow was thwarted by the stubborn defenders.
October 1618: In 1618, during the Time of Troubles in Russia, the Russian army, led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, retreated to Moscow to defend the city against the invading forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, commanded by Jan Karol Chodkiewicz and Petro Sahaidachny. The siege of Moscow began on 2 October, marking a significant moment in the conflict for control over the Russian territory.
December 1618: Because the armies were not ready for a long siege, the Polish siege of Moscow was lifted.
January 1619: In 1618 Petro Sahaidachny agreed to join the campaign against Tsardom of Russia. His army of Zaporozhian Cossacks invaded from the South, captured and sacked a number of towns, such as Livny, Yelets, Dankov etc. and headed for Moscow.
9.1.4.Truce of Deulino
Was the treaty that ended the Polish-Muscovite War (1609-1618) with notable Polish territorial gains.
January 1619: Truce of Deulino (Peace or Treaty of Dywilino) took effect on 4 January 1619.
January 1619: With the Truce of Deulino at the end of the Polish-Muscovite War (1605-1618), Russia ceded various territories to Poland-Lithuania. The Commonwealth gained control over the Smolensk and Chernihiv Voivodeships.
9.2.Ingrian War
Was a war between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia. It ended with a large Swedish territorial gain (including Ingria) in the Treaty of Stolbovo.
9.2.1.Swedish invasion of Russia
Was the Swedish invasion of the Tsardom of Russia during the Ingrian War.
January 1612: In 1611 a Swedish expeditionary corps under Jacob De la Gardie captured Novgorod.
August 1614: Gdov is besieged by Sweden.
9.2.2.Treaty of Stolbovo
Was the treaty that ended the Ingrian War. Sweden gained the province of Ingria. Novgorod and Gdov were restored to Russia.
March 1617: The Kingdom of Sweden gained further parts of finalnd.
March 1617: The Treaty of Stolbovo stripped Russia of its access to the Baltic Sea and awarded to Sweden the province of Ingria. Novgorod and Gdov were restored to Russia.
March 1617: The Treaty of Stolbovo was signed in 1617 between Tsar Michael I of Russia and King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. As a result, Sweden gained the province of Kexholm in Karelia and the province of Ingria, marking a significant territorial expansion for the Kingdom of Sweden.
March 1617: The Treaty of Stolbovo was signed on February 27, 1617, between Tsar Michael I of Russia and King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. As a result, Sweden gained the province of Kexholm in Karelia and the province of Ingria, solidifying its territorial expansion in the region.
Was a conflict fought between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia.
October 1632: Several towns and castles fell as the Russians advanced, and on 28 October 1632 (the same day that the historic town of Dorogobuzh was taken), Shein moved to begin the siege of Smolensk.
August 1633: In July 1633, the Russians, led by Tsar Michael I and his military commander Dmitry Pozharsky, took control of the towns of Polatsk, Velizh, Usvyat, and Ozerishche.
December 1633: In the autumn of 1633, Commonwealth forces led by Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski retook Dorogobuzh from the Russian forces during the Smolensk War.
June 1634: The Treaty of Polyanovka was signed by representatives of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, led by King Władysław IV Vasa, and the Tsardom of Russia, led by Tsar Michael I. This treaty marked the end of military occupations between the two powers and resulted in the territory being transferred to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Were a series of intermittent skirmishes between the Qing dynasty of China and the Tsardom of Russia in which the latter tried and failed to gain the land north of the Amur River.
January 1650: In 1649 Yerofei Khabarov found a better route to the upper Amur and quickly returned to Yakutsk where he recommended that a larger force be sent to conquer the region. He returned the same year and built winter quarters at Albazin at the northernmost point on the river. He occupied the Daur's fort Albazin after subduing the Daurs led by Arbaši.
September 1650: The Russians sailed down the Amur and built a fort at Achansk.
April 1654: Battle of Hutong.
May 1654: Battle of Hutong.
January 1656: Russian Tsardom has established a "military governor of the Amur region".
January 1659: By 1658 the Chinese had wiped out the Russians below Nerchinsk and the deserted land became a haven for outlaws.
January 1673: In 1672 Albazin received the Czar's pardon and was officially recognized.
January 1686: Siege of Albazin (1685).
January 1687: Most of the Russians withdrew to Nerchinsk, but a few joined the Qing, becoming the Albazin Cossacks at Peking. The Chinese withdrew from the area, but the Russians, hearing of this, returned with 800 men under Aleksei Tolbuzin and reoccupied the fort. .
August 1689: In 1689, by the Treaty of Nerchinsk, the Russians abandoned the whole Amur country including Albazin. The frontier was established as the Argun River and the Stanovoy Range.
August 1689: The Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689 was the first treaty between Russia and China under the Qing dynasty. The Russians gave up the area north of the Amur River as far as the Stanovoy Range and kept the area between the Argun River and Lake Baikal.
May 1858: On 28 May 1858, the Treaty of Aigun was signed by China and Russia to revise the border as determined by the Nerchinsk Treaty in 1689. Russia gained the left bank of the Amur River.
Were a series of Wars between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire.
12.1.Polish-Cossack-Tatar War (1666-1671)
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire over territories in Ukraine.
November 1667: In 1667, Podhajce was invaded by Tatars during the ongoing conflict between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Cossack Hetmanate (Russia).
12.2.Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676)
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. The war ended with the Commonwealth ceding control of most of its Ukraine territories to the Ottomans.
12.2.1.First Phase of the Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676)
Was the first phase of the Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676), where the Ottomans invaded the Ukrainian territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
September 1672: The Ottoman forces, led by Grand Vizier Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed and Sultan Mehmed IV, invaded Polish Ukraine in 1672. They successfully captured the Commonwealth fortress at Kamieniec Podolski, marking a significant victory for the Ottoman Empire.
Were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Domains. The conflicts started with the partition of Hungary between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs after the Battle of Mohács (1526).
13.1.Great Turkish War
Was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League consisting of the Holy Roman Empire, Poland-Lithuania, Venice, Russia, and Habsburg Hungary.
13.1.1.Russo-Turkish War (1686-1700)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Tsardom of Russia that began after the Tsardom of Russia joined the European anti-Turkish coalition (Habsburg monarchy, Poland-Lithuania, Venice) in 1686, after Poland-Lithuania agreed to recognize Russian incorporation of Kiev and the left bank of Ukraine.
June 1687: In 1687, during the First Crimean Campaign, the Russians, led by Tsar Ivan V, reached the Konskiye Vody river in Crimea.
June 1687: On 17 June the Russians decided to turn back from Crimea.
May 1689: Second crimean campaign: by 3 May they were at the point where the 1687 expedition had turned back.
May 1689: On 20 May the Russian army reached the isthmus of Perekop.
June 1689: Because the Tatars had dug a 7 km ditch which made moving the artillery forward impossible, Prince Vasily Golitsyn ordered the Russian army to turn back from their campaign in the Crimean Khanate.
July 1696: The Azov garrison surrendered on July 19 to Russian forces.
13.2.Austro-Russian-Turkish War (1735-39)
Was a war mainly between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
May 1736: On May 28, 1736, Field Marshal Münnich's main army (about 50,000 strong) broke through the defense line and captured the same city.
July 1736: The city of Bachchysaraj, seat of the Crimean Tatar Khans, was devastated along with the peninsula before Münnich had to return to Ukraine due to supply shortages and diseases that had occurred in his army.
July 1736: General Peter Lacy occupied Azov with his troops (about 15,000 men) on July 4.
August 1736: The city of Bachchysaraj, seat of the Crimean Tatar Khans, was devastated along with the peninsula before Münnich had to return to Ukraine due to supply shortages and diseases that had occurred in his army.
July 1737: In 1737, Russian General Burkhard Christoph von Münnich led the military occupation of Očakiv, now in Ukraine. He swiftly captured the city without a formal siege by launching a sudden attack on 10 July.
August 1737: In july the Russian Army managed to break into Crimea.
September 1737: The Russian Army leaves central Crimea including Bachčysaraj.
September 1737: The Russian Army occupies Crimea.
August 1738: General Lacy, who with 35,000 men had to proceed again towards the Crimea to conquer the city of Caffa, occupied Perekop in July.
January 1739: The Ochakiv fortress had to be left to the Turks again that year without fighting.
August 1739: The Russians defeated the Turks on August 27 near Stavučany and the city of Chotyn fell to them soon after.
13.2.1.Treaty of Niš
Was a treaty that ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1735-1739. Russia left most of the territories it had occupied during the war and kept only possession of the the forts of Azob and Zaporižžja.
October 1739: Russia's accession to the Treaty of Belgrade with the Peace of Nyssa (October 3, 1739) was of little benefit to Tsarina Anna. She renounced all territorial conquests made in military campaigns and only the fortresses of Azov and Zaporizhzhya passed under Russian control.
With Tauke Khan's death in 1718, the Kazakh Khanate splintered into three Jüz: the Great jüz, the Middle jüz and the Little jüz. Each Jüz had its own Khan from this time onward.
January 1719: With Tauke Khan's death in 1718, the Kazakh Khanate splintered into three Jüz: the Great jüz, the Middle jüz and the Little jüz. Each Jüz had its own Khan from this time onward.
Were a series of wars between Persia and Russia in the period 1651-1828.
15.1.Russo-Persian War (1722-23)
Was a war between the Russian Empire and Safavid Iran, triggered by the Tsar's attempt to expand Russian influence in the Caspian and Caucasus regions.
August 1722: The flotilla arrived at the mouth of the Sulak on 27 July 1722.
August 1722: In 1722, Peter the Great of Russia made a state entry into Tarki, the capital of the Shamkhalate of Tarki, as part of the Russian Empire's military occupation of the territory. This event marked the beginning of Russian control over the region.
September 1722: The Khan of Derbent, Shahgulu Khan, offered Peter the Great, the Tsar of Russia, the keys to the city on August 23, 1722. This event marked the beginning of the Russian Empire's military occupation of Utemish, Derbent.
March 1723: The Russian Empire captured Rasht.
July 1723: After a long siege, on 26 June 1723 Russian General Matyushkin took the Iranian town of Baku.
August 1723: Caspain Coast of Persia conquered by russia.
August 1723: Shirvan conquered by russia.
September 1723: The Treaty of Saint Petersburg concluded the Russo-Persian War of 1722-1723 between Imperial Russia and Safavid Iran. It ratified for Iran's forced ceding of its territories in the North Caucasus, South Caucasus, and contemporary mainland Northern Iran, comprising Derbent, Baku, the respective surrounding lands of Shirvan, as well as the provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astarabad.
June 1724: The Treaty of Constantinople (1724) concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, dividing large portions of the Safavid Iran between them. Iranian lands located on the east of the conjunction of the rivers Kurosh (Kur) and Aras were given to the Russians. These comprised the provinces in northern mainland Iran (Gilan, Mazandaran and Astrabad), the territories in Dagestan (amongst which Derbent), as well as Baku and the territory surrounding it in the Shirvan province.
January 1726: Expansion of the Russian Empire by 1725 (based on maps).
January 1732: The Treaty of Resht was signed between the Russian Empire and Safavid Empire at Rasht on 21 January 1732. According to this treaty Russia waived its claim to any territory south of the Kura River. This included return of the provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astrabad, conquered by Peter I in the early 1720s.
March 1735: The Treaty of Ganja concluded between the Russian Empire and Iran established a defensive alliance against the Ottoman Empire. The Russian government agreed to return the remaining territories in the North Caucasus and South Caucasus, including Derbend and Baku, that had been conquered by Peter I in the 1720s.
15.2.Persian Expedition of 1796
Was a Russian military campaign in Persia.
May 1796: Russia conquered the fortress of Derbent on May 10th, 1796.
July 1796: In June, Russian General Zubov's troops took most of northern Azerbaijan without resistance, including the Baku, Shirvan, and Ganja khanates.
December 1796: In November the Russians reached the confluence of the Aras and the Kura.
January 1797: After Russian empress Catherine the Great died that month and Paul succeeded her on the throne, the Russian army under general Valerian Zubov was recalled from Persia.
15.3.Russo-Persian War (1804-13)
Was a war between the Russian Empire and Qajar Persia over territorial disputes in the Caucasus.
January 1804: In 1803, the newly appointed commander of Russian forces in the Caucasus, Paul Tsitsianov, attacked Ganja and captured its citadel.
January 1805: The war in 1804 began when Russian commanders Ivan Gudovich and Paul Tsitsianov attacked the Persian settlement of Echmiadzin, leading to the territory falling under Russian military occupation. Echmiadzin is a historic city in Armenia, known for being the center of the Armenian Apostolic Church.
January 1805: Russian forces led by Gudovich end the siege of Echmiadzin due to a lack of troops.
January 1805: Persian forces withdrew to Yerevan.
January 1805: Siege of Yerevan.
April 1805: The Shuragel Sultanate, a small area at the junction of Georgia, the Yerevan Khanate and Turkey and included the militarily important town of Gyumri, wa taken.
May 1805: The Karabakh Khanate became a vassal of Russia.
May 1805: The Shaki Khanate submitted to Russia.
July 1805: The Persians occupied the Askeran Fortress at the mouth of a valley that leads from the plain southwest to Shusha, the capital of Karabakh.
December 1805: In November Tsitsianov marched east toward Baku, en route accepting the submission of the Shirvan Khanate.
January 1806: Russian forces pushed east into Persia almost to the Caspian.
March 1806: On 8 February 1806 Russian General Pavel Tsitsianov was murdered while accepting the surrender of Baku. He was succeeded by General Karl Heinrich von Knorring, who led the Russian forces to take control of the Baku Khanate and other territories in the region.
January 1807: Russian forces capture the Caspian Coast.
January 1809: Russian forces took Echmiadzrin.
January 1809: Abbas Mirza was defeated south of Lake Shirvan and Nakhichevan, or some part of it, was occupied.
October 1812: Battle of Aslanduz.
January 1813: Storming of Lankaran.
October 1813: By the Treaty of Gulistan Persia recognized Russian possession of all the Khanates it held and gave up all pretensions to Dagestan and Georgia.
October 1813: Final annexation of the Shamkhalate of Tarki and other territories of Dagestan into Russia was concluded by the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813.
15.4.Russo-Persian War (1826-28)
Was a military conflict between the Russian Empire and Persia over territories in southern Caucasus.
September 1826: In 1826, a 35,000-strong army led by Abbas Mirza, the Crown Prince of Persia, invaded the territories of Karabakh and Talysh.
June 1827: The Nakhichevan Khanate became a Russian province.
October 1827: Yerevan fell to the Erivan Khanate.
October 1827: By 13 October the Russians were a few miles from Tabriz. The garrison fled, driven out, it is said, by the inhabitants. The gates were opened and the ancient and wealthy city of 60,000 inhabitants was occupied without opposition.
November 1827: Urmia was occupied by Russian forces led by General Ivan Paskevich. The city of Ardebil surrendered to the Russians shortly after.
February 1828: The Treaty of Turkmenchay was signed by Russia and Persia. The two Azerbaijani khanates of Yerevan and Nakhichevan were awarded to Russia.
Was a war between the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Sweden caused by the Swedish aim to regain the territories lost to Russia during the Great Northern War.
June 1742: With the support of the Russian galley fleet, a 30,000 men strong Russian army under the command of Field-Marshal Lacy marched from Vyborg. It crossed the border on 13 June and then continued advancing towards Frederikshamn.
June 1742: The Swedish army under Lewenhaupt set the town of Frederikshamn on fire and started withdrawing.
July 1742: The Russians moved into Borgå, which the Swedish army had abandoned one day earlier.
August 1742: The Swedish withdrawal from Helsingfors in 1742 was led by Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Armfeldt. The Russian forces, under the command of General Peter Lacy, successfully surrounded the town after the Swedish retreat.
August 1742: The deputy commander of Swedish forces, General Jean Louis Bousquet, signed a surrender document on 24 August. According to the terms of the document, the Finnish men were released from the army while the Swedish men were allowed to sail back home.
November 1742: The Russians advanced all the way to Åland and cut Finland off from the rest of the Sweden. All of Finland fell under Russian occupation.
August 1743: The peace treaty signed in Turku in 1743 marked the end of the Russo-Swedish War of 1741-1743. The treaty was signed by Empress Elizabeth of Russia and Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden, resulting in Russia evacuating Finland and part of it being given to Sweden.
August 1743: The peace treaty signed in Turku in 1743 marked the end of the Russo-Swedish War of 1741-1743. The treaty resulted in Russia evacuating Finland and gaining territory from Sweden, solidifying the Russian Empire's control in the region.
16.1.Treaty of Åbo
Was the treaty that ended the Russo-Swedish War of 1741-1743.
April 1743: The Swedish army retook Åland in March 1743.
Was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. At the end of the war the main winner was Great Britain, that obtained territories in North America, the Caribbean and India, becoming the most powerful maritime and colonial of the European powers.
17.1.Third Silesian War
Was the last of three wars between Austria and Prussia for the control of Silesia. It was also part of the Seven Years' War.
17.1.1.Russian invasion of East Prussia (Third Silesian War)
Was the Russian invasion of East Prussia during the Third Silesian War.
July 1757: In mid-1757 a Russian force of 75,000 troops under Field Marshal Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin invaded East Prussia and took the fortress at Memel.
August 1757: In 1757, during the Seven Years' War, the Russian forces, led by Field Marshal Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin, defeated a smaller Prussian army commanded by Field Marshal Lehwaldt in the Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf.
January 1758: In 1757, during the Seven Years' War, the Russian forces under Field Marshal Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin were unable to capture Königsberg from the Kingdom of Prussia. The Russians had exhausted their supplies at Memel and Gross-Jägersdorf, leading to their retreat from East Prussia.
February 1758: In January 1758 a Russian army commanded by Count William Fermor again invaded East Prussia, where the few remaining Prussian troops put up little resistance. Frederick abandoned the province to Russian occupation, judging it strategically expendable and preferring to concentrate on achieving another decisive victory in the Silesian theatre to force the Austrians to the peace table.
17.1.2.Russian invasion of Brandenburg (Third Silesian War)
Was the Russian invasion of Brandenburg during the Third Silesian War.
July 1758: The Russians continued to press into Neumark. On 23 July the new Russian commander, Count Pyotr Saltykov, led 47,000 men in defeating 26,000 Prussians commanded by General Carl Heinrich von Wedel at the Battle of Kay.
August 1758: Advancing Russians, who had by then reached the borders of Brandenburg, besieged and burned Küstrin.
August 1758: Russian Field Marshal Saltykov reached and occupied Frankfurt an der Oder.
October 1758: Despite the coalition's overwhelming superiority of force in Brandenburg, Russia withdrew from Prussian territory (but not from East Prussia).
October 1760: With Prussian forces concentrated in Silesia and Saxony, Brandenburg was left largely undefended. In early October a Russian corps under General Gottlob Heinrich Tottleben advanced through Neumark and joined Lacy's Austrians in briefly occupying Berlin.
October 1760: A rumour that Frederick the Great was marching to the rescue of Berlin with his superior forces prompted the commanders to withdraw from the city as they had completed their major objectives. The occupiers withdrew from the city on 12 October. he Russians rejoined their main army in the vicinity of Frankfurt.
December 1761: The town of Kolberg, located in modern-day Poland, was besieged by Russian forces in 1761 during the Seven Years' War. The Prussian garrison, led by Lieutenant Colonel August von Gneisenau, was forced to surrender due to the town's weakened defenses.
17.1.3.Russia switches sided
On 5 January 1762 the ailing Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her nephew and successor, Tsar Peter III, was an ardent admirer of Frederick the Great of Prussia, and he reversed Russia's foreign policy and ordered a ceasefire with Prussia. Peter agreed to an armistice with Prussia in March and lifted the Russian occupation of East Prussia and Pomerania.
April 1762: On January 5, 1762, Russian Empress Elizabeth passed away. Her nephew and successor, Tsar Peter III, an ardent admirer of Prussian King Frederick, immediately reversed Elizabeth's foreign policy and ordered a ceasefire with Prussia. In March, Peter agreed to an armistice with Prussia and lifted the Russian occupation of East Prussia and Pomerania.
May 1762: The province of East Prussia was returned by the Russians to the Kingdom of Prussia by treaty in 1762.
Russia instigated a coup that made Poland its factual protectorate.
September 1764: Poland was in personal union with Saxony until Russia orchestrated a coup, effectively making it its protectorate (A Russian-backed coup in Poland, instigated by the Czartoryskis, resulted in the election of Stanislaus II Augustus Poniatowski as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania on 7 September 1764 as Stanisław II). For this reason the war of Bar is to be considered a rebellion that takes place parallel to the partition of Poland (first partition).
Was a war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The Russian Empire was victorious and ceded territories in Ukraine to Russia. The Crimean Khanate became a Russian protectorate.
19.1.Russian invasion (Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774)
Was the Russian invasion of the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774).
September 1769: The Russians began their initial campaign over the Dneister into Moldavia. The elite Ottoman Janissaries took heavy casualties from the Russians at Khotyn.
October 1769: With the Ottomans in disarray the Russians took the capital of Moldavia (Jassy).
November 1769: The Russians continued the advance south into Wallachia, occupying its capital Bucharest.
August 1770: From the capital of Bucharest, the Russians fanned out through the principality, only later being challenged by Grand Vizier Mehmed Emin Pasha at Kagul on Aug 1, 1770. The Russians routed the Grand Vizier's forces and allegedly one-third of the Ottoman troops drowned in the Danube trying to escape.
19.2.Ottoman Raids
Were a series of raids by Crimean Khan Qırım in Russian held territories in modern-day Ukraine.
January 1770: In 1769, Crimean Khan Qırım Giray invaded the Russian held territories in modern-day Ukraine, leading to the territory being occupied by Turkey. Qırım Giray was a prominent leader of the Crimean Khanate, a Turkic state that was a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
February 1770: In 1769, Crimean Khan Qırım Giray invaded the Russian held territories in modern-day Ukraine. This event eventually led to the Russian Empire gaining control of the territory in 1770.
19.3.Russian Mediterranean expedition
Was a Russian naval expedition in the Mediterranean raiding Ottoman territories.
January 1770: Several islands in Greece were occupied by Russia.
July 1771: The Russian fleet abandoned the region in following June.
June 1772: Russian occupations of Beirut.
June 1772: The Russians surrendered Beirut to the pro-Ottoman emir of Mount Lebanon, Yusuf Shihab, only after being paid a large ransom.
October 1773: In 1773, Russian forces led by Count Orlov occupied Beirut for four months to pressure Yusuf Karamanli, the ruler of Tripoli, to pay a ransom for the release of Russian prisoners captured during the First Russo-Turkish War. This military occupation was part of the broader conflict between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
February 1774: In 1774, the Russians, led by Count Orlov, occupied Beirut for four months in order to pressure Yusuf, the governor of Sidon, to pay a ransom. This event was part of the larger Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774) between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
19.4.Final Russian offensive
Was the final and victorious Russian offensive against the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774).
June 1774: Battle of Kozludzha.
19.5.Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
Was the treaty that ended the Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774). The Ottomans ceded territories in modern-day Ukraine to Russia, and the Crimean Khanate became a Russian protectorate.
July 1774: After the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca forced the Ottoman Empire to leave the Crimean Khanate, the Russian army left the other regions it had occupied.
July 1774: In 1774, the Ottoman Empire ceded the seaports of Azov and Kerch to the Russian Empire as part of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca. This treaty was signed by representatives of the Ottoman Empire and Russia, marking a significant shift in power dynamics in the region.
July 1774: In 1774, as part of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, Russia gained territory between the rivers Dnieper and Southern Bug from the Ottoman Empire. The Porte, referring to the Ottoman Empire, renounced its claims to Kabarda in the North Caucasus. This treaty was signed by Catherine the Great of Russia and Sultan Abdul Hamid I of the Ottoman Empire.
July 1774: In 1774, as part of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, Russia gained territory between the rivers Dnieper and Southern Bug from the Ottoman Empire. The Porte renounced its claims to Kabarda in the North Caucasus. This treaty was signed by Catherine the Great of Russia and Sultan Mustafa III of the Ottoman Empire.
Was a revolt of Polish nobles that revolted against Russian influence to protect the independence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The revolt was put down and shortly after the First Partition of Poland took place.
20.1.First Partition of Poland
Was the first of the three partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At the time the country was occupied by Russia. The first partition saw Polish-Lithuanian territories taken by Austria, Russia and Prussia.
August 1772: First partition of Poland: Prussia buys Ermland (Warmia) and Royal Prussia (organized in the province of West Prussia), the county of Pomerania, but without the city of Danzig, the counties of Marienburg (Malbork), Kulm ( Chełmno), but without the city of Torun, and some districts in Greater Poland.
August 1772: On 19 February 1772, the agreement of partition was signed in Vienna. A previous agreement between Prussia and Russia had been made in Saint Petersburg on 6 February 1772. Early in August Russian, Prussian and Austrian troops simultaneously entered the Commonwealth and occupied the provinces agreed upon among themselves. On 5 August, the three parties signed the treaty on their respective territorial gains on the Commonwealth's expense.
August 1772: The Treaty of Lubowla was signed in 1412 between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Poland. The annexation of 13 Hungarian towns by Austria in 1769 was a violation of this treaty, leading to tensions between the two powers.
January 1773: With the First Partition of Poland, Zator fell to the Habsburg Empire.
20.2.Second Partition of Poland
The second of three partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth happened in the aftermath of the Polish-Russian War of 1792. Polish-Lithuanian territories were acquired by Prussia and Russia.
20.3.Third Partition of Poland
Was the third an final partition of Poland-Lithuania whose immediate reason was the Kościuszko Uprising against Prussia and Russia. The Polish-Lithuanian remaining territories were partitioned between the Habsburg Monarchy, Prussia and Russia. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ceased to exist.
Was a series of Russian military expeditions into northern Caucasus that resulted in the inglobation of this region in the Russian Empire.
January 1775: Originally, Russia did not want to conquer the North Caucasus, which was difficult to access, which also did not belong to the Ottoman Empire, but only wanted to control a paved connecting road to Transcaucasian Georgia, the Georgian Military Road, which Russia had expanded. Therefore, in 1774, the two principalities of the Kabardians bordering on this road, the "Great Kabarda" and "Small Kabarda", were declared a protectorate (dependent protective state).
January 1792: In Chechnya Russia met more determined resistance from the preacher of the mystical school of Islam, Sufism, Sheikh Mansur Ushurma, who drove the Russian army out of northern Chechnya again in 1785-91.
January 1818: Russian troops under Yermolov conquered the flat northern Chechnya and founded the Grozny fortress.
January 1826: Kabardia was dissolved in 1825 and annexed directly to Russia.
January 1831: From 1818 to 1830, the Russian army under Ermolov and his successor as viceroy and field marshal, Count Paskevich, succeeded in taking eastern Dagestan.
January 1859: In 1858, the principality of Svaneti was abolished and converted into a district administered by a Russian-appointed officer (pristav).
January 1860: After a series of defeats, the resistance of the Murids in the east of the North Caucasus finally ended in 1859 with the capture of Imam Shamil.
January 1860: In 1859 after the death of Aglar-khan, the Gazikumukh Khanate was abolished "due to absence of heir", although there was such heir: Jafar-bek, son of Aglar-khan, who was still young. The territory of Khanate annexed to Russia as the Gazikumukh District.
January 1860: Russian forces conquered the Circassian territories from the Taman Peninsula to the hills and mountains south of the Kuban.
December 1864: The autonomy of Abkhazia, which had functioned as a pro-Russian "buffer zone" in this troublesome region, was no more needed to the Tsarist government and the rule of the Shervashidze came to an end. In November 1864, Prince Michael was forced to renounce his rights and resettle in Voronezh. Abkhazia was incorporated in the Russian Empire.
January 1865: This Caucasian War raged until 1864, when the Avar Khanate was abolished and the Avar District was instituted instead.
January 1865: Russian occupation of Circassia.
June 1865: Tashkent was taken by the Russian troops.
January 1867: The principality of Mingrelia ultimately came to an end when Prince Niko Dadiani was deposed, and the principality abolished, by Russia in 1867.
February 1867: In January 1876, Tsar Alexander II stated that he had been forced to "... yield to the wishes of the Kokandi people to become Russian subjects." The Khanate of Kokand was declared abolished, and incorporated into the Fergana Oblast of Russian Turkestan.
January 1868: In 1867 the feudal domain of the Shamkhalate of Tarki was abolished, and on its territory Temir-Khan-Shura district of Dagestan oblast was established.
Was a war between Sweden and Russia.
July 1788: The storm of Nyslott by surprise ended in a siege led by Russian military commander Alexander Suvorov against the Swedish fortress of Nyslott in 1788. The siege resulted in the territory falling under Swedish military occupation.
July 1788: General Carl Gustaf Armfeldt's 4,000 men were to support the coastal fleet's capture of Frederikshamn and crossed the border on 18 July.
July 1788: The Swedish reached a staging ground just north of Frederikshamn.
August 1788: The landings were successful, some 10 km south-east of the town, and by the evening Swedish forces were advancing towards Frederikshamn.
August 1788: The siege of Nyslott had to be abandoned on 21 August 1788. The Swedish commander, Carl Olof Cronstedt, was forced to surrender the fortress to the Russian Empire after a prolonged siege during the Russo-Swedish War of 1788-1790.
August 1788: In 1788, King Gustav III of Sweden ordered a retreat from all territories occupied in Russia due to the threat of war from Denmark-Norway. The Swedish forces, led by Field Marshal Johan Christopher Toll, withdrew and the territories were ceded to the Russian Empire on August 25th.
June 1789: The Swedes won a resounding victory at Utti.
July 1789: By 18 July the Swedish army cleared the Russian defences of Frederikshamn.
July 1789: Small Swedish detachments (roughly 2,000 men) sent to stop the Russians were defeated at Kaipiainen and the Swedish army decided to withdraw from Russian territory.
April 1790: Swedes led by Colonel Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt defeated Russian defenders on 15 April in southern Savolax.
May 1790: Russian forces led by General Nikolay Arkharov launched a successful attack near the Kymmene River, capturing the strategic town of Anjala in Finland.
May 1790: The Russians are thrown back from Anjala.
August 1790: The Russo-Swedish War of 1788-1790 was ended by the Treaty of Värälä, resulting in the return to the status quo ante bellum.
Was an unsuccessful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain lands lost to the Russian Empire in the course of the previous Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774).
December 1788: Ochakov, at the mouth of the Dnieper, fell to the Russian forces on 6 December 1788 after a six-month siege by Prince Grigory Potemkin and Suvorov.
January 1789: In Moldavia, Russian troops captured the Ottoman cities of Chocim and Jassy.
August 1789: On 1 August the Russians under Suvorov attained a victory against the Ottomans led by Osman Pasha at Focsani
September 1789: Russian troops drove the Ottomans away from near the Râmnicul Sărat river
December 1789: The Russians continued their advance when Suvorov captured the reportedly "impenetrable" Ottoman fortress of Ismail.
July 1791: Russia defeats the Ottomans at Machin (9 July 1791).
23.1.Treaty of Jassy
Was the treaty that ended the Russo-Turkish War (1787-1792).
January 1792: The Treaty of Jassy was signed on 9 January 1792 by the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, recognizing Russia's 1783 annexation of the Crimean Khanate. Yedisan (Odessa and Ochakov) was also ceded to Russia.
Was a war fought between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on one side, and the Targowica Confederation (conservative nobility of the Commonwealth opposed to the new Constitution of 3 May 1791) and the Russian Empire under Catherine the Great on the other.
24.1.Southern Theatre (Polish-Russian War of 1792)
Was the southern theatre of the Polish-Russian War of 1792.
May 1792: Due to the Polish situation (it became indepndent from Russian influence), Russia started the war. Poniatowski, in face of a significant numerical inferiority of his forces, and promised reinforcements by King Poniatowski, decided to abandon Ukraine and move to Volhynia.
July 1792: Poniatowski's army retreated to the Bug River, where Kościuszko's units on 18 July fought the Battle of Dubienka, which was a draw.
24.2.Northern theatre
Was the northern theatre of the Polish-Russian War of 1792.
May 1792: Minsk was abandoned to the Russians, after some skirmishes.
June 1792: The Russians, led by General Fyodor Denisov, defeated Tadeusz Judycki, a Polish military leader, at the Battle of Mir on 11 June 1792. This marked the beginning of Russia's military occupation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
June 1792: The Russians, led by General Denisov, took Wilno from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1792. The local garrison, commanded by General Kosciuszko, put up a brief resistance before surrendering.
June 1792: The Russians occupied Nieśwież.
June 1792: Kaunas conquered by Russia.
June 1792: The Polish army, led by General Tadeusz Kościuszko, withdrew in relative order towards Warsaw after a minor defeat at Zelwa in 1792. This event occurred during the Polish-Russian War of 1792, where Poland was ultimately forced to cede territory to Russia.
July 1792: In 1792, during the Second Partition of Poland, Russian forces led by General Alexander Suvorov took control of Grodno on 5 July. This military occupation was part of Russia's expansion into Polish territories, following the weakening of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
July 1792: Białystok conquered by russia.
July 1792: On 23 July the Russians took Brest.
Was an uprising against the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia led by Tadeusz Kościuszko in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and in the Prussian territories in Poland. The revolt was caused by the first two partitions of Poland.
25.1.Revolt proper (Kościuszko Uprising)
On 24 March 1794, Tadeusz Kościuszko, a veteran of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, announced a general uprising of Poland-Lithuania against Russia and Prussia.
March 1794: Tadeusz Kościuszko, a veteran of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, announced the general uprising in a speech in the Kraków town square and assumed the powers of the Commander in Chief of all of the Polish forces.
April 1794: By early April the Polish forces concentrated in the lands of Lublin and Volhynia,.
April 1794: On 17 April in Warsaw, the Russian attempt to arrest those suspected of supporting the insurrection and to disarm the weak Polish garrison of Warsaw under Gen. Stanisław Mokronowski by seizing the arsenal at Miodowa Street resulted in an uprising against the Russian garrison of Warsaw.
April 1794: In 1794, Jakub Jasiński led an uprising in Wilno (Vilnius) against the Russian Empire.
August 1794: In 1794, during the Kościuszko Uprising, the opposition in Lithuania, led by Tadeusz Kościuszko, was crushed by Russian forces. Vilnius, also known as Wilno, was besieged and eventually capitulated to the Russian military occupation.
November 1794: On November 4 the joint Russian forces started the Battle of Praga, after the name of the right-bank suburb of Warsaw where it took place. After four hours of brutal hand-to-hand fighting, the 22,000-strong Russian forces broke through the Polish defences and Suvorov allowed his Cossacks to loot and burn Warsaw. Approximately 20,000 were murdered in the Praga massacre.
November 1794: The commander of the Kościuszko Uprising, Tomasz Wawrzecki, surrendered to Russian and Prussian forces Radoszyce.
Was fought between the Qajar Iran and the Georgian armies of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and Kingdom of Imereti at the place of Krtsanisi near Tbilisi, Georgia.
September 1795: The Battle of Krtsanisi was fought between the Qajar Iran and the Georgian armies of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and Kingdom of Imereti at the place of Krtsanisi near Tbilisi, Georgia, from September 8 to September 11, 1795, as part of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's war in response to King Heraclius II of Georgia’s alliance with the Russian Empire.
Was the slow colonization of Japanese archipelago by the ethnically Yamato Japanese state.
January 1801: Expansion of the Japanese Empire in the Japanese Archipelago by 1800 AD.
Was the last major armed conflict between Russians and Alaska Natives, and was initiated in response to the destruction of a Russian trading post two years before.
July 1802: In June 1802, a group of Tlingit warriors attacked the Russian fort at mid-day. Led by Skautlelt and Kotleian, the raiding party massacred many, looted the sea otter pelts, and burned the settlement, including a ship under construction.
October 1804: The battle of Sitka was initiated in response to the destruction of a Russian trading post two years before.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
January 1807: French occupation of Jever.
29.1.War of the Fourth Coalition
Was a war between the French Empire and a coalition of European monarchies, mainly Prussia and Russia.
29.1.1.Polish, Russian and Swedish campaigns (War of the Fourth Coalition)
Was the theatre of war in Poland, Russia and Sweden during the War of the Fourth Coalition.
January 1807: In order to safeguard the Russian border against a possible French attack, a 40,000-strong Russian contingent advanced into Moldavia and Wallachia.
29.1.2.Peace of Tilsit
Were a series of treaties that ended the War of the Fourth Coalition.
July 1807: The Treaties of Tilsit were two agreements signed by Napoleon I of France in the town of Tilsit in July 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland. The first was signed on 7 July, between Emperor Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon I of France. The Russian tsar agreed to evacuate Wallachia and Moldavia.
July 1807: Towards the end of 1806, the French entered Poland and Napoleon created a new Duchy of Warsaw.
July 1807: The second of the Treaties of Tilsit was signed by France with Prussia on 9 July 1807. It awarded the left bank of the Elbe to the newly created Kingdom of Westphalia. In addition, Białystok was given to Russia (which led to the creation of the Belostok Oblast).
29.2.Finnish War
Was a war between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Russian Empire fought during the Napoleonic Wars. Sweden lost Finland, which became the Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire.
February 1808: In 1808, during the Finnish War, 24,000 Russian troops led by General Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoevden invaded Finland and captured the town of Lovisa.
February 1808: Borgå (Finnish: Porvoo) was captured on 24 February.
March 1808: Helsinki conquered by russia.
March 1808: In Savolax, Russians advanced rapidly and took Kuopio.
March 1808: Abandoned Swedish fortifications on the Hangö Peninsula were taken by Russia and manned on 21 March.
March 1808: The Russian army took Åbo.
March 1808: A small Russian detachment was sent to Åland. Before the end of March 1808 even Vasa was taken by the Russians.
June 1808: In May, the Russians suffered further setbacks when they were driven from Gotland and Åland by Swedish forces.
August 1808: Swedish landing in Pori.
September 1808: After the Russians were driven from Central Finland, their forces stretched along the line of Pori - Tampere - Mikkeli.
September 1808: In 1808, during the Finnish War, Russian General Nikolay Kamensky led a 11,000-strong corps to achieve important victories at Kuortane, leading to the territory falling under Russian military occupation.
September 1808: Oravais conquered by russia.
November 1808: By November 1808, Russian forces had overrun all of Finland. On 19 November, the Convention of Olkijoki was signed and the Swedish army was forced to leave the Finnish countryside.
March 1809: Bagration's corps of 17,000 men occupied the strategic Åland Islands.
March 1809: The Russians entered Umeå on 24 March.
January 1810: The Treaty of Paris in 1810 ended the war between France and Sweden after Sweden's defeat by Russia in the Finnish War. Swedish Pomerania was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden as a result of this treaty.
29.2.1.Treaty of Fredrikshamn
The Treaty of Fredrikshamn or the Treaty of Hamina was a peace treaty concluded between Sweden and Russia on 17 September 1809 that ended the Finnish War. Sweden ceded the whole of Finland and all of its domains east of the Torne River to Russia.
September 1809: The Treaty of Fredrikshamn or the Treaty of Hamina was a peace treaty concluded between Sweden and Russia on 17 September 1809. Sweden ceded the whole of Finland and all of its domains east of the Torne River (the north-eastern parts of what was then called Västerbotten, today Norrbottens län) to Russia. Sweden then joined the Continental System and closed its harbours to British ships.
29.3.War of the Fifth Coalition
Was a conflict between a colition of European monarchies and Napoleon's French Empire.
29.3.1.Treaty of Schönbrunn
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Fifth Coalition.
October 1809: The Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between France and Austria at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna. Austria lost its access to the Adriatic Sea by waiving the Littoral territories of Gorizia and Gradisca and the Imperial Free City of Trieste, together with Carniola, the March of Istria, western ("Upper") Carinthia with East Tyrol, and the Croatian lands southwest of the river Sava to the French Empire (Illyrian provinces).
29.4.French invasion of Russia
Was a French military campaign in Russia. It was launched by Napoleon to force the Russian Empire back into the continental blockade of the United Kingdom. The campaign proved unsuccesful, and the French Army suffered heavy losses.
June 1812: The 25th of June 1812 found Napoleon Bonaparte's group advancing past the bridge head with Marshal Ney's command approaching the existing crossings at Alexioten in Lithuania during the French military occupation.
June 1812: On June the 28th Napoleon entered Vilnius.
June 1812: Eugene de Beauharnais, the stepson of Napoleon Bonaparte and Viceroy of Italy, crossed at Prenn on June 30.
June 1812: Jerome Bonaparte, the younger brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, moved VII Corps to Białystok.
August 1812: Following a defeat at Smolensk on August 16-18, Napoleon Bonaparte continued his move east during the French invasion of Russia in 1812. The Battle of Smolensk was a key engagement between the French forces and the Russian army led by General Mikhail Kutuzov.
September 1812: The Battle of Borodino took place during Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812. It was fought between the French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte and the Russian army commanded by General Mikhail Kutuzov. The battle resulted in heavy casualties on both sides, with neither emerging as a clear victor.
September 1812: The Battle of Borodino, was the largest and bloodiest battle of the French Campaign in Russia.
September 1812: Napoleon Bonaparte, the French military leader and emperor, moved into Moscow in 1812 during the French invasion of Russia. This marked the beginning of the French military occupation of the city during the Napoleonic Wars.
October 1812: The Second Battle of Polotsk was fought between the French army and the Russian army.
November 1812: Battle of Vyazma.
November 1812: Battle of Krasnoi (Krasny) (November 15 to 18, 1812).
December 1812: The last French troops left Russian soil.
29.5.War of the Sixth Coalition
Was a war between France and a a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, and a number of German States. The coalition emerged after the decimation of the French army in the French invasion of Russia. The coalition ultimately invaded France and forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile.
January 1814: Ostfriesland is annexed by Russia.
29.5.1.Treaty of Paris (1814)
Was the treaty that ended the war between France and the Sixth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars.
May 1814: Jever is occupied by Russia.
29.6.Congress of Vienna
Was a series of international diplomatic meetings after the end of the Napoleonic wars whose aim was a long-term peace plan for Europe. It redraw the borders of Europe and partially restored the Monarchies of the pre-revolutionary period.
June 1815: Fulda fell to Hanover with the Congress of Vienna.
June 1815: In the 1815 Congress of Vienna, Poland was formally partitioned between Russia, Prussia and Austria.
June 1815: Establishment of the free city of Hamburg after the Congress of Vienna.
June 1815: The Austrian Empire receives the Tarnopol district from Russia.
June 1815: Lingen fell to Hanover with the Congress of Vienna.
June 1815: After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the territory of Nain went to the Kingdom of Prussia, specifically outside the German Confederation. This decision was made by the European powers to reorganize the political landscape of Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.
Was a war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
September 1809: In August 1809, Prince Bagration succeeded General Kamensky in leading the Russian military occupation of Dobruja. Bagration's crossing of the Danube River marked a significant military advance in the region during the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-1812.
January 1810: In 1809, during the Russo-Turkish War, Russian General Bagration laid siege to Silistra in Dobruja. However, upon learning of the approaching 50,000-strong Turkish army, Bagration decided to retreat to Bessarabia to avoid confrontation.
May 1810: The Russians defeated the Ottoman reinforcement heading for Silistra and ousted the Turks from Hacıoğlu Pazarcık.
May 1810: The garrison of Silistra, led by Ottoman military commander Ahmed Pasha, surrendered to the Russian forces in 1810 during the Russo-Turkish War. The occupation of Silistra by Russia marked a significant turning point in the conflict.
June 1810: During the Russo-Turkish War, on June 19, 1810, Mamia V Gurieli accepted Russian suzerainty.
September 1810: The fortress of Rousse (or Rustchuk) fell to the Russians.
January 1811: On July 2, 1810, the Russian Marines stormed Suhum-Kale and had Aslan-Bey replaced with his rival brother, Sefer-Bey (1810-1821), who had become converted to Christianity and assumed the name of George. Abkhazia joined the Russian empire as an autonomous principality.
January 1812: Russian general Mikhail Kutuzov, in accordance with his cautious character, evacuated Silistria and slowly started to retreat northward. Kutuzov's withdrawal induced the Turks to launch a counter-offensive to recapture all the lost area.
30.1.Caucasus front of the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812)
Was the theatre of the Caucasus area of the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812).
January 1808: Fighting with Turkey began in 1807 with the swift seizure of Anapa by Admiral Pustoshkin.
30.2.Treaty of Bucharest
The Treaty of Bucharest between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, was signed on 28 May 1812 at the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-12. The eastern half of the Principality of Moldavia was ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Russia.
July 1812: The Treaty of Bucharest between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, was signed on 28 May 1812, in Manuc's Inn in Bucharest, and ratified on 5 July 1812, at the end of the Russo-Turkish War. The eastern half of the Principality of Moldavia, between Prut and Dniester Rivers, with an area of 45,630 km2 (Bessarabia), was ceded by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal) to Russia.
July 1812: The Ottoman Empire regained Poti, Anapa and Akhalkalali. Russia retained Sukhum-Kale on the Abkhazian coast.
Was a war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. War broke out after the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II closed the Dardanelles to Russian ships because Russia had supported the revolutionaries of the Greek War of Independency.
31.1.Balkan front of the Russo-Turkish War (1828-29)
Was the Balkan theatre of the Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829).
June 1828: In April and May 1828, the Russian commander-in-chief, Prince Peter Wittgenstein, led Russian forces into the Romanian Principates of Wallachia and Moldavia as part of the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829. The territories were placed under Russian military occupation.
July 1828: In June 1828, the main Russian forces under the emperor crossed the Danube and advanced into Dobruja.
September 1828: Varna was captured by Russian forces on 29 September.
January 1829: Russia had to withdraw to Moldavia with heavy losses without having captured Shumla and Silistra.
July 1829: On 19 June, Silistra fell to the Russians.
July 1829: The Russians captured the city of Burgas.
August 1829: By 22 August, the Russians had taken Adrianople.
31.2.Caucasus front of the Russo-Turkish War (1828-29)
Was the Caucasian theatre of the Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829).
June 1828: Anapa was captured by Russian forces on 12 June.
June 1828: In 1828, Russian General Ivan Paskevich led his troops to victory against the Turks at the Battle of Akhalzic. Following this success, Paskevich captured the strategic city of Kars on June 23rd, solidifying Russian military occupation in the region.
June 1828: Erzurum conquered by russia.
July 1828: In 1828, during the Russo-Turkish War, Russian forces led by General Ivan Paskevich captured the fortress of Akhalkalak. The defenders, led by Ottoman commander Mehmet Bey, were overwhelmed and forced to surrender after the Russians scaled the walls using the same ropes left behind by the retreating Ottoman troops.
August 1828: On 22 August 1828, the Russian forces, led by General Ivan Paskevich, occupied Ardahan as part of the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829. This military occupation marked a significant turning point in the conflict between the two empires.
February 1829: In 1829, Akhmet Beg of Hulo, a prominent Ottoman military leader, along with 15000 Lazes and Adjars, captured the town of Akhaltsikhe. This event marked the territory of Akhaltsikhe falling under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
June 1829: That great city of Erzurum, which had not seen Christian soldiers within its walls for five centuries, surrendered to Russia.
31.3.Treaty of Adrianople (1829)
Was the treaty that ended the Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829).
September 1829: The Ottoman Empire gave Russia access to the mouths of the Danube and the fortresses of Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki in Georgia. The Sultan recognized Russia's possession of Georgia (with Imeretia, Mingrelia, Guria) and of the Khanates of Erivan and Nakhichevan which had been ceded to the tsar by Persia in the Treaty of Turkmenchay a year earlier.
September 1829: With the Treaty of Adrianople of 1829, Russia retained Moldavia and evacuated the ther territories it had occupied in the Ottoman Empire.
September 1829: The treaty also fixed the border between the Ottoman Empire and Wallachia on the thalweg of the Danube, transferring to Wallachia the rule of the rayas of Turnu, Giurgiu and Brăila.
September 1829: With the Treaty of Adrianople in 1829, following the Russo-Turkish War, The Russian Empire gained control over Moldavia, leading to a period of Russian influence in the region.
Was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire.
March 1832: The Russian Emperor Nicholas I decreed that henceforth Russian-occupied Poland would lose its autonomy and become an integral part of the Russian Empire. The Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland replaced the personal union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Russian Empire with the "eternal incorporation" of Poland into Russia.
Was a war between Russia and an alliance comprising the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Sardinia.
33.1.Danube campaign (Crimean War)
Was the Danubian theatre of the Crimean War.
June 1853: The Danube campaign opened when the Russians occupied the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in May 1853, bringing their forces to the north bank of the River Danube.
November 1853: Following the Ottoman ultimatum in September 1853, forces under the Ottoman general Omar Pasha, a prominent military leader in the Ottoman Empire, crossed the Danube at Vidin and captured Calafat in October 1853. This event marked the beginning of the military occupation of Calafat by Turkey.
April 1854: In early 1854 the Russians again advanced, crossing the River Danube into the Turkish province of Dobruja.
April 1854: Siege of Silistra.
May 1854: By April 1854, the Russians had reached the lines of Trajan's Wall where they were finally halted.
June 1854: Siege of Silistra.
July 1854: During the Crimean War, the Ottoman forces led by Omar Pasha crossed the Danube River and defeated the Russian troops in Giurgiu, a city in Wallachia. This victory resulted in the territory of Giurgiu being placed under Turkish military occupation in 1854.
July 1854: On 26 July 1854, Tsar Nicholas I, responding to an Austrian ultimatum, ordered the withdrawal of Russian troops from the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Their place in the Principalities was taken by the Austrians, as a neutral peacekeeping force.
March 1856: Moldavia and Walachia (Romania) were recognized as quasi-independent states under Ottoman suzerainty. They gained the left bank of the mouth of the Danube and part of Bessarabia from Russia.
33.2.Caucasus theatre (Crimean War)
Was the Caucasian theatre of the Crimean War.
October 1853: Being outnumbered, the Russians abandoned Poti and Redut Kale.
November 1853: In 1853, during the Crimean War, the Turks, led by Ottoman military leader Omar Pasha, advanced towards Akhaltsike in Georgia, threatening the Russian forces stationed there. The Turks were waiting for reinforcements to launch an attack on the Russian-held territory.
December 1853: In 1853, during the Crimean War, about 30,000 Ottoman troops, led by Omar Pasha and Mehmed Ali Pasha, retreated east to the main Russian concentration at Gyumri (Alexandropol). The territory was under Turkish military occupation at the time.
November 1855: Ottoman field marshal Omar Pasha crossed the Ingur River on 7 November.
November 1855: Kars surrendered to Russian forces on 8 November.
January 1856: Learning of the fall of Kars, the Turkish forces withdrew to the Ingur River.
March 1856: The Ottoman army evacuated Batum.
March 1856: The Treaty of Paris of 1856 settled the Crimean War between the Russian Empire: it restored the respective territories of the Russian and the Ottoman Empires to their prewar boundaries, with the exception of southern Bessarabia which was lost by Russia to the Ottoman Empire.
33.3.Black Sea theatre
Was the Black Sea theatre of the Crimean War.
September 1854: Anchoring on 13 September in the bay of Eupatoria, the town surrendered and 500 marines landed to occupy it.
September 1854: The ships then sailed east to make the landing of the allied expeditionary force on the sandy beaches of Calamita Bay on the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula.
September 1854: The allies advanced and on the morning of 20 September came up to the River Alma and engaged the Russian army.
September 1854: The whole army began to march southeast and encircled the city from the south, after establishing port facilities at Balaclava for the British and at Kamiesch.
June 1855: In May 1855, the allies successfully invaded Kerch.
September 1855: Siege of Sevastopol (1854-1855).
October 1855: Battle of Kinburn. Russian defeat. The Russians handed over Kinburn Fort to the Anglo-French.
33.4.Treaty of Paris (1856)
The Treaty of Paris of 1856 ended the Crimean War.
A period (1839-1949) of foregin interventions in China resulting in the occupation, conquest or lease of large territories by foregin countries.
34.1.Opium Wars
Were two wars between Qing China and the Western powers. The first war was caused by the Chinese prohibition against opium trafficking by British merchants, and the conflicts took their name from this fact.
34.1.1.Second Opium War
Was a war that saw the Qing Dynasty fighting against the French and British Empires.
34.1.1.1.Treaty of Aigun
On 28 May 1858, the treaty of Aigun was signed between China and Russia to revise the Chinese and Russian border as determined by the Nerchinsk Treaty in 1689. Russia gained the left bank of the Amur River.
34.1.1.2.Convention of Peking
Was an agreement comprising three distinct treaties concluded between the Qing dynasty of China and Great Britain, France, and the Russian Empire. It was signed at the end of the Second Opium War.
October 1860: In 1860, with the Treaty of Beijing, the Russians annexed the Pacific coast down to Vladivostok.
34.2.Concessions in China
During the XIX and XX century China was forced into treaties with foreign powers that established concessions (factually enclaves) in its territory.
June 1896: China leases a concession in Hankow to Russia.
December 1897: Establishment of Russian Dalian.
December 1900: China leases a concession in Tientsin to Russia.
September 1920: China takes over temporary administration and terminates the Russian Concession in Hankou.
July 1927: China takes over administration and terminates the Russian Concession in Tianjin.
January 1946: With the unconditional surrender of Japan in August 1945, Dairen was passed to the Soviets, whose Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation had liberated the city.
34.3.Sino-Japanese Wars
Were two major wars between China and Japan in the XIX and XX centuries.
34.3.1.First Sino-Japanese War
Was a conflict between China and Japan primarily over influence in Korea.
34.3.1.1.Triple Intervention
Was a diplomatic intervention by Russia, Germany, and France on 23 April 1895 over the harsh terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki imposed by Japan on the Qing dynasty of China that ended the First Sino-Japanese War.
April 1895: The ceding of Liaodong peninsula was rescinded after the Triple Intervention of 23 April 1895 by Russia, France and Germany. In the aftermath of this intervention, the Russian government pressured the Qing dynasty to lease Liaodong and the strategically important Lüshunkou (Port Arthur) for use by the Russian Navy.
34.4.Boxer Rebellion
Was an anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901. The rebels were known as the "Boxers" in English because many of its members had practiced Chinese martial arts, which at the time were referred to as "Chinese boxing".
34.4.1.Russian invasion of Manchuria
Was the Russian invasion of Manchuria, a territory of Qing China, during the Boxer Rebellion.
34.5.Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
Was a military campaign of the Soviet Union in the Chinese northwestern region of Xinjiang in 1934.
March 1934: The Torgut and Russian army marched into Korla.
May 1934: Conclusion of a ceasefire between the Kuomintang and the USSR. Xinjiang is divided into two.
January 1935: Battle of Tutung.
Was the conquest of the Central Asian Emirate of Bukhara by the Russian Empire.
May 1868: The war between Russia and the Bukhara erupted again when Emir Muzaffar ad-Din Bahadur Khan was forced to assume tsarist status vassal.
February 1870: Afghan forces leave Badakhshan.
Was a war between Russia and the Khanate of Khiva that resulted in the Russian conquest of the latter.
June 1873: The Russians took Khojali, 88 km south, and Mangit (56 km southeast of that).
June 1873: On June 7, 1873, Russian commander Nikolaj Aleksandrovič Verëvkin reached the outskirts of Khiva.
June 1873: Khiva captured by the Russians (June 10, 1873).
August 1873: Russian conquest of Khivan Khanate: part was directly inglobated into Russia.
August 1873: Russian conquest of the Khanate of Khiva.
Was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire, and including Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.
37.1.Caucasus front of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)
Was the Caucasian theatre of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
April 1877: The Russians, led by General Loris-Melikov, managed to occupy the Doğubeyazıt fortress on April 30, 1877.
May 1877: Ardahan conquered by russia.
November 1877: The Russians conquer Kars.
February 1878: Erzerum, with a weak Turkish garrison, was occupied occupied by Russian forces on February 21st.
37.2.Danubian Theatre
Was the Danubian theatre of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
June 1877: Russian advance towards Svishtov. After a short fight the Turks retreated and the Bulgarians who inhabited the city handed it over to the Russians.
July 1877: The former residence of the Bulgarian tsars, Tarnovo, was captured by the Russians after a minor fight.
July 1877: Battle of Nicopolis.
July 1877: In 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War, the Russian Empire, under the command of General Mikhail Skobelev, successfully captured the Šipka pass from the Ottoman Empire. The pass was strategically important for controlling access to the Balkans. The Russians quickly fortified the area to defend against any potential counterattacks.
September 1877: An attempt to take Šipka was made by the Turks on 16 September night, when the attackers were able to capture Mount St. Nicholas, near the pass.
September 1877: Mount Saint Nichola conquered by russia.
January 1878: In 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War, the Russian Empire, under the leadership of Tsar Alexander II, occupied Măcin, Tulcea, and Hârșova after the Turks withdrew from the Danube delta area.
January 1878: Remaining at Trajan's Wall, the Russians then conquered all of Dobruja.
January 1878: General Iosif Gurko's army had the task of following the second direction and in the intense cold and sleet, after some victorious clashes, on 4 January 1878 it entered Sofia.
January 1878: In 1878, during the Russo-Turkish War, the Russian Empire's army, led by General Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko, occupied Ihtiman as part of their military campaign towards Philippopolis (now Plovdiv, Bulgaria). This strategic move played a crucial role in the eventual Russian victory in the war.
January 1878: Pazardžik conquered by russia.
January 1878: During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, Russian forces led by General Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko defeated the Ottoman Turks at Philippopolis (now Plovdiv, Bulgaria). This victory led to the Russian Empire occupying the territory as part of the Treaty of San Stefano.
January 1878: Occupied Adrianople and ever closer to the capital Constantinople, the Russians prompted the Turkish government to send plenipotentiaries who met Grand Duke Nicholas on January 20.
March 1878: Corlu, San Stefano, Pazardzhik, Plovdiv conquered by russia.
37.3.Treaty of San Stefano
Was a treaty between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire that ended the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). The Ottoman Empire recognized the independence of Montenegro, Romania and Serbia.
March 1878: The Treaty of San Stefano was signed by Russia and the Ottoman Empire, with British and Austrian representatives present. It was negotiated by Russian statesman Count Nikolay Ignatyev and Ottoman Grand Vizier Mehmed Said Pasha. The treaty aimed to create a large Bulgarian state, but was later revised by the Congress of Berlin.
37.4.Treaty of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin (13 June - 13 July 1878) was a meeting of the representatives of the era's six great powers in Europe (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany), the Ottoman Empire and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro). It aimed at determining the territories of the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 and came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Berlin, which replaced the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano. The treaty formally recognized the independence of the de facto sovereign principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro.
July 1878: The Treaty of Berlin confirmed most of the Russian gains from the Ottoman Empire specified in the Treaty of San Stefan, but the valley of Alashkerd and the town of Bayazid were returned to the Ottomans.
July 1878: Romania was forced to cede southern Bessarabia to the Russian Empire.
July 1878: Following the Romanian War of Independence in 1877-78, Romania shook off formal Ottoman rule but eventually clashed with its Russian ally over its demand for the Southern Bessarabia region. Ultimately, Romania was awarded Northern Dobruja in exchange for Southern Bessarabia.
July 1878: The Congress of Berlin was a meeting of the representatives of the era's six great powers in Europe (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany), the Ottoman Empire and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro). It aimed at determining the territories of the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War and came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Berlin, which replaced the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano. The treaty formally recognized the independence of the de facto sovereign principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro.
Was a treaty between the Russian Empire and the Qing dynasty that provided for the return to China of the eastern part of the Ili Basin region which had been occupied by Russia since 1871 during the Dungan Revolt.
February 1881: In 1881, the eastern part of the Ili Basin region, Zhetysu, was returned to the Qing Dynasty of China. This decision was made as part of the Treaty of Saint Petersburg, signed by Russian diplomat Nikolay Ignatiev and Chinese statesman Li Hongzhang.
Was a war between the Japanese Empire and the Russian Empire over the control of Manchuria and Korea.
39.1.Occupation of Southern Manchuria
Was the Japanese invasion of Manchuria during the Russo-Japanese War.
May 1904: Japanese troops take Chinchou and Dalny.
June 1904: Russian troops abandon the critical Motien Pass to advancing Japanese forces.
July 1904: Japanese forces take the village of Tashihchiao.
July 1904: Russian forces are forced to abandon the village of Hsimucheng to advancing Japanese forces.
August 1904: Advances of the Japanese 3rd Japanese Army in southern Manchuria by August 15th.
October 1904: Battle of Shaho between Russian and Japanese forces.
January 1905: Japanese forces besiege Port Arthur.
March 1905: After their victory at the Battle of Mukden, the Japanese occupied all of southern Manchuria.
39.2.Invasion of Sakhalin
Was the Japanese invasion of Sakhalin during the Russo-Japanese War.
July 1905: Japanese forces landed between Aniva and Korsakov.
July 1905: The Japanese occupied Korsakov.
July 1905: Japanese forces took the village of Vladimirovka (present-day Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk).
July 1905: A Japanese detachment landed at Cape Notoro.
July 1905: Russian Colonel Arciszewski dug in to resist the Japanese, but was outflanked and forced to flee into the mountainous interior of Sakalin island. He surrendered with his remaining men on 16 July.
July 1905: The Japanese landed in northern Sakhalin near Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinski. Because of the numerical and material superiority of the Japanese, the Russians withdrew from the city.
July 1905: All the Russian forces in Sakhalin Island surrendered to the Japanese.
39.3.Treaty of Portsmouth
The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War. Manchuria was given back to Qing China. The southern portion of Sakhalin island was gained by Japan.
September 1905: The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War. China gained Manchuria.
September 1905: The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War. Russia had to cede the south of the island of Sakhalin to Japan. Japanese forces evacuated the remaining occupied territories of Russia.
September 1905: The former Russian leasehold of Kwantung on the Liaodong Peninsula with the naval port of Port Arthur fell to Japan.
During the Persian Constitutional Revolution, rebellion broke out in Tabriz on 23 June 1908. In early February 1909 government forces under Prince ʿAyn-al-dawla surrounded the city. On 20 April, in response to the siege situation, Britain and Russia agreed that a Russian force should be sent to occupy the city in order "to facilitate the entrance into the town of the necessary provisions, to protect the consulates and foreign subjects, and to help those who so desired to leave the town.".
April 1909: Russian forces under General Snarski occupied Tabriz.
Were a series of wars between Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (Persia) through the 16th-20th centuries.
41.1.Ottoman invasion of Persia (1906)
Was an Ottoman invasion of Persia that started in 1906.
January 1912: The Ottomans were expelled from Persia by the Russian Imperial Army in 1911.
Were two wars fought in southeastern Europe in 1912-1913 during which the states of the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia) first conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace from the Ottomans and then clashed with each other over the division of the conquered lands.
42.1.Second Balkan War
Was a war fought by Bulgary against a coalition of Balkan states. During the First Balkan War the Balkan League had conquered most of the Ottoman Balkan territories. Bulgaria was dissatisfied by the territorial partition and invaded its former allies.
42.1.1.Treaty of Bucarest
Was the treaty that ended the Second Balkan War.
August 1913: The European borders of Turkey were set with the Treaty of Bucarest that ended the Second Balkan War.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
43.1.World War I eastern Front
Was the theatre of war in eastern Europe during World War I.
February 1915: Russian advancement on the Eastern front by 7th February.
September 1917: The Germans attacked and captured Riga.
December 1917: With the fall of Nicholas II, many parts of the Russian Empire took the opportunity to declare their independence, one of which was Finland, which did so in December 1917.
January 1918: Following the Russian Revolution in 1917, Estonia declared independence. However, German forces occupied the territory shortly after, with General Rüdiger von der Goltz leading the military administration.
43.1.1.Russian invasion of East Prussia
Was the Russian invasion of East Prussia in the early phases of World War I.
August 1914: The Russians entered East Prussia on 7-9 August.
August 1914: Battle of Stallupönen, fought between Russian and German armies on 17 August 1914, was the opening battle of World War I on the Eastern Front.
August 1914: The Battle of Gumbinnen, started by the Germans, was the first major offensive on the Eastern Front during the First World War.
August 1914: Movement of Russian troops during the Battle of Tannenberg.
September 1914: The First Battle of the Masurian Lakes in 1914 was a significant military engagement during World War I. It was led by German generals Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, resulting in a decisive victory over the Russian forces and pushing them out of East Prussia.
September 1914: Part of Russia on the border with East Prussia invaded by German forces.
43.1.2.Battle of Galicia
Was a major battle between Russia and Austria-Hungary during the early stages of World War I. The Austro-Hungarian armies were severely defeated and forced out of Galicia.
August 1914: The Austro-Hungarian 1st Army under Viktor Dankl moved in the north towards Lublin. Battle of Kraśnik.
August 1914: Battle of Komarow.
August 1914: Battle of Gnila Lipa won by Russia.
September 1914: Battle of Rawa won by Russia.
September 1914: Avancement into Galica by Russia.
November 1914: Front at the Battle of Lodz.
December 1914: After the battle of Lodz in 1914, the Eastern Front of World War I stabilized between the cities of Lodz and Warsaw.
43.1.3.Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
Was the northern part of the Central Powers' offensive on the Eastern Front in the winter of 1915.
February 1915: German advance in Prussia with the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes.
43.1.4.Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive
The Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive during World War I was initially conceived as a minor German offensive to relieve Russian pressure on the Austro-Hungarians to their south on the Eastern Front, but resulted in the Central Powers' chief offensive effort of 1915, causing the total collapse of the Russian lines and their retreat far into Russia.
May 1915: The Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive during World War I was initially conceived as a minor German offensive to relieve Russian pressure on the Austro-Hungarians to their south on the Eastern Front, but resulted in the Central Powers' chief offensive effort of 1915, causing the total collapse of the Russian lines and their retreat far into Russia.
June 1915: Border changes during the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive.
June 1915: The Russians abandoned Galicia.
July 1915: Border changes during the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive.
August 1915: Border changes during the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive.
September 1915: Border changes during the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive.
43.1.5.Brusilov Offensive
Was a major Russian offensive against the Central Powers during World War I.
June 1916: Russian conquests of the Brusilov Offensive.
July 1916: Russian conquests of the Brusilov Offensive.
September 1916: Russian conquests of the Brusilov Offensive.
43.1.6.Romania during World War I
Romanian theatre of World War I.
February 1917: With the Romanian Army in full control, on 24 January/6 February, the Moldavian Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence.
43.1.7.Kerensky Offensive
Was the last Russian offensive of World War I. Starting on July 1, 1917 the Russian troops attacked the Austro-Germans in Galicia, pushing toward Lviv.
July 1917: In the last Russian offensive of World War I, the Russian troops attacked the Austro-Germans in Galicia, pushing toward Lviv.
July 1917: The Russian line collapsed altogether by July 16. On the 18th the Austro-Germans counterattacked, meeting little resistance and advancing through Galicia and Ukraine until the Zbruch River.
43.1.8.Operation Faustschlag
Was a Central Powers offensive in World War I. It was the last major action on the Eastern Front. The northern force, consisting of 16 divisions, captured the key Daugavpils junction on the first day.
February 1918: Daugavpils conquered by Austrian and German forces.
February 1918: Minsk was captured by the Central Powers together with the headquarters of the Western Army Group.
February 1918: The Southern forces broke through the remains of the Russian Southwestern Army Group, capturing Zhitomir on 24 February.
February 1918: The Central Powers captured Pskov and secured Narva.
43.1.9.Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (also known as the Brest Peace in Russia) was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers (German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I.
March 1918: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers (German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I.
March 1918: Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia declared independence as the Transcaucasian Commissariat.
March 1918: On March 3, the Ottoman Grand vizier Talat Pasha signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Russian SFSR. Bolshevik Russia ceded Batum, Kars, and Ardahan to the Ottomans, which the Russians had captured during the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
43.1.10.White Russia administrative changes
Where the administrative changes of Belarus during World War I and the Russian Civil War.
March 1918: The Belarusian People's Republic was declared on March 9, 1918, in Minsk, by the members of the Executive Committee of the First All-Belarusian Congress, and two weeks later, on March 25, 1918, it proclaimed independence.
January 1919: With the founding of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) on January 1, 1919, the Belarusian People's Republic lost importance and the government went into exile.
July 1920: The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed on July 31st, 1920 in the parts of Belarus controlled by the Soviets.
43.2.World War I Middle East Theatre
Was the theatre of war in the Middle East during World War I.
43.2.1.Caucasus campaign (World War I)
Was an armed conflict mainly between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus area during World War I.
43.2.1.1.Russian Conquest of Armenia
Was the Russin offensive in Armenia during World War I.
November 1914: Russian forces reached Köprüköy on November 4.
November 1914: The 3rd Infantry Regiment, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, invaded Köprüköy during the Azap Offensive in November 1914, securing the territory for the Ottoman Empire.
November 1914: The Ottoman 3rd Infantry Regiment invaded Köprüköy during the Azap Offensive in November 1914, securing the territory for the Ottoman Empire.
November 1914: By the end of November, the front had stabilized, with the Russians clinging to a salient 25 kilometers into the Ottoman Empire along the Erzurum-Sarikamish axis.
November 1914: Armenian volunteers were took Karaköse and Doğubeyazıt.
December 1914: At the Battle of Ardahan, the city was captured by the Turks.
April 1915: The Russians were holding the towns of Eleşkirt, Ağrı and Doğubeyazıt in the south.
May 1915: Russian forces entered the town of Van.
January 1916: The Battle of Koprukoy in 1916 occurred when the Russians were advancing to Erzurum.
February 1916: Ottoman Mahmut Kamil was forced to order the 3rd Army to retreat from the Erzurum, as Russian Yudenich had a numerical advantage over the Ottoman army.
April 1916: Ottoman forces retreated from Trabzon, and on April 15 the city was taken without a fight by the Russian Caucasus Army.
July 1916: On July 2, Erzincan was captured by Russina forces.
August 1916: Russian units pushed the Ottoman 2nd Army deep into Anatolia and defeated the Turks in the Battles of Mush and Bitlis (March 2 - August 24).
November 1917: The Transcaucasian Commissariat was established at Tbilisi on 11 November 1917, as the first government of the independent Transcaucasia following the October Revolution in Petrograd.
43.2.1.2.Ottoman offensive (Caucasus campaign)
Was the Ottoman military offensive during the Caucasus campaign of World War I.
February 1918: The Bolshevik revolution left Russia's vast southern territories unguarded. The Ottoman forces moved through east of the line between Tirebolu and Bitlis and took Kelkit on February 7.
February 1918: Erzincan conquered by Ottoman Empire.
February 1918: Bayburt conquered by Ottoman Empire.
February 1918: Tercan conquered by Ottoman Empire.
February 1918: The Black Sea port of Trabzon was reconquered by Turkish forces on February 24.
March 1918: Manzikert, Hınıs, Oltu, Köprüköy and Tortum conquered by Ottoman Empire.
March 1918: By March 24 the Ottoman forces had crossed the 1914 frontier into what had been Russian Empire territory, occupying parts of Armenia.
43.2.1.3.Transcaucasian Front of World War I
Was the theatre of war in Transcaucasia during World War I.
April 1918: Surrender of the city of Kars to the Ottoman army.
43.2.2.Persian Campaign
Was a series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire, British Empire and Russian Empire in Iran during World War I.
March 1915: The Van Gendarmerie Division retreated to Qotur.
March 1915: The Russians evacuated the city of Dilman.
April 1915: After the battle of Dilman in 1915, General Nazarbekov of the Russian Empire managed to push Ottoman General Halil Pasha's troops towards Başkale, a town located in present-day Turkey.
November 1915: By the end of the month, Tehran fell to the Russian Caucasus Army and Armenian volunteers.
December 1915: Hamadan was captured by the troops of General Baratov.
February 1916: On February 26, 1916, the Russians defeated the Ottoman gendarmes, who were forced to retreat to Qasr-e-Shirin province.
February 1916: In 1916, during World War I, General Nikolai Baratov led Russian forces to capture the city of Kermanshah in Persia (modern-day Iran).
March 1916: Kharind conquered by russia.
June 1916: In May 1916 Qasr-e-Shirin province also fell into Russian hands.
July 1916: In northern Persia, the Ottoman 6th Division arrived as reinforcements. Ali İhsan Bey captured Khermanshah on 2 July.
August 1916: Turkish forces took Hamadan.
January 1917: In December 1916, Baratov began moving towards the cities of Qom and Hamadan, to eliminate the Persian and Turkish forces there. In the same month the cities were conquered.
June 1918: After the revolution, the Russian troops in Persia were routed and Turkey decided to reconquer these regions. On June 8, 1918, the Ottoman IV Corps entered Tabriz.
June 1918: The town of Dilman was captured by Ottoman forces on June 18.
July 1918: In southern Persia, Urmia fell to the hands of the Ottoman IV Corps.
August 1918: During July 1918, the British army occupied a large portion of Mesopotamia, as well as a large part of Persian Azerbaijan.
October 1918: By September 1918, the Ottomans consolidated their control over northern Persia, between Tabriz and the southern shores of the Caspian Sea.
43.2.2.1.Ottoman campaign in Persia during World War I
Were minor conquests of the Ottomans in Persia during World War I.
December 1914: The Ottoman Van Jandarma Division occupied the city of Qotur.
January 1915: Urmia, a city in northwestern Iran, was captured by a volunteer detachment led by Omer Naci Bey, who was sent by Talat Pasha of the Ottoman Empire on a special mission.
January 1915: The "Mosul Group" commanded by Omer Fevzi Bey entered Tabriz, without facing much resistance.
January 1915: During World War I, Russian General Chernozubov led the force that recaptured Tabriz from Ottoman forces in 1915.
43.2.3.Sinai and Palestine campaign
Was a campaign fought by the Arab Revolt and the British Empire, against the Ottoman Empire and its Imperial German allies.
October 1918: The Armistice of Mudros, concluded on 30 October 1918, ended the hostilities, at noon the next day, in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I. As part of several conditions to the armistice, in the Caucasus, the Ottomans had to retreat to within the pre-war borders between the Ottoman and the Russian Empires.
43.3.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
43.3.1.Aftermath of World War I in Poland
Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Poland.
43.3.1.Polish-Ukrainian War
Was a conflict between the Second Polish Republic and Ukrainian forces (both the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic).
March 1919: By March 18 the Poles had driven the Ukrainian forces from the Lviv-Przemyśl railroad, permanently securing Lviv.
May 1919: The Polish forces reached the Złota Lipa-Berezhany-Jezierna-Radziwiłłów line.
43.3.2.Estonian War of Independence
Was the Estonian War of independence from Bolshevik Russia and German troops.
February 1920: Pskow is under Russian control.
43.3.2.1.Soviet Offensive (Estonian War of Independence)
Was the Bolshevik invasion of Estonia, a former region of the Russian Empire that had declared independence.
November 1918: The RSFSR Captured Narva on 29 November.
December 1918: The 49th Red Latvian Rifle Regiment took the Valga railway junction.
December 1918: On Christmas Eve, the 6th Red Rifle Division captured the Tapa railway junction.
December 1918: Tartu conquered by RSFSR.
December 1918: Border changes during the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive.
43.3.2.2.Liberation of Estonian territories (Estonian War of Independence)
Estonian counteroffensive against the Bolshevik invasion.
January 1919: The strengthened Estonian Army stopped the 7th Red Army's advance in its tracks between 2 and 5 January 1919 and went on the counter-offensive on 7 January. Tapa was liberated two days later.
January 1919: Narva was liberated by the Estonians.
January 1919: Tartu was liberated by the Estonians through the rapid deployment of armored trains.
February 1919: The second half of February saw the Estonian southward advance capture Salacgrīva and Alūksne.
March 1919: The Estonian 2nd Division counterattacked and regained Petseri by 29 March. Subsequently, the 'Estonian' Red Army was pushed behind the Optjok River.
April 1919: The Latvian Riflemen captured Rūjiena.
April 1919: The Bolshevisk were pushed back by the Latvian 3rd Division to Salacgrīva-Seda-Gauja line.
43.3.2.3.Estonian offensives into Russia and Latvia
Offensive of the Estonian army in Russian and Latvian territories.
May 1919: Estonian 2nd and 3rd divisions also started a southward offensive into Northern-Latvia. By end of May they had captured Alūksne and Valmiera.
June 1919: The Estonian army crossed Daugava river and captured Jēkabpils.
43.3.2.4.Battles between Estonia and Latvia
Were battles between Latvia and Estonia during the Independence wars of these two countries.
43.3.2.4.1.Battle of Cēsis
The Battle of Cēsis (alos Battle of Wenden) was a decisive battle in the Estonian War of Independence and the Latvian War of Independence were the Estonian and Latvian forces defeated the Baltic German forces.
June 1919: The Landeswehr captured Cēsis.
43.3.2.5.Final battles and peace (Estonian War of Independence)
Were the final phases of the Estonian War of Independence.
December 1919: The situation for the Estonians became critical as forward units of the 15th Red Army crossed the Narva River.
December 1919: An Estonian counterattack pushed the Soviets back from the Narva river region.
43.3.3.Latvian War of Independence
Was a series of military conflicts in Latvia between 5 December 1918, after the newly proclaimed Republic of Latvia was invaded by Soviet Russia.
43.3.3.1.Soviet offensive (Latvian War of Independence)
Soviet offensive in Latvia, a territory of the Russian Empire that had been occupied by Germany and had then declared independency.
December 1918: The town of Alūksne was captured by the Red Army on 7 December.
December 1918: In the south Daugavpils was taken by the Bolsheviks on 9 December.
December 1918: Pļaviņas conquered by RSFSR.
December 1918: Valka conquered by RSFSR.
December 1918: Cēsis conquered by RSFSR.
January 1919: Riga was captured by the Red Army.
January 1919: By the end of January the Latvian Provisional Government and remaining German units had retreated all the way to Liepāja, but then the Red offensive stalled along the Venta river.
43.3.3.2.Latvian and German counteroffensive
German and Latvian counterattack against Bolshevik forces during the Latvian War of Independence.
March 1919: On 3 March, the German and Latvian forces commenced a counterattack against the Red Latvian Riflemen. Tukums was recaptured from the Bolsheviks on 15 March.
March 1919: Jelgava conquered by Republic of Latvia.
May 1919: Riga was recaptured by the German-Latvian Freikorps and an organised persecution of suspected Bolshevik supporters began.
June 1919: The Estonian Army, including the North Latvian Brigade loyal to the Ulmanis government, started a major offensive against the Soviets in north Latvia. By the middle of June the Soviet rule was reduced to the area surrounding Latgale.
43.3.3.3.Latvian-Soviet Peace Treaty
The Latvian-Soviet Peace Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Riga, was signed on 11 August 1920 by representatives of the Republic of Latvia and Soviet Russia. It officially ended the Latvian War of Independence. In Article II of the treaty, Soviet Russia recognised the independence of Latvia as inviolable "for all future time".
August 1920: The Latvian-Soviet Peace Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Riga, was signed on 11 August 1920 by representatives of the Republic of Latvia and Soviet Russia. It officially ended the Latvian War of Independence. In Article II of the treaty, Soviet Russia recognised the independence of Latvia as inviolable "for all future time".
43.3.4.Lithuanian War of Independence
Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Lithuania leading to the independence of the country.
43.3.4.1.Lithuanian-Soviet War
Was a war between Lithuania and the Russian SFSR. Russia considerd Lithuania, that had recently declared independence, a secessionist state. At the end of the war Russia recognized the independency of Lithuania.
January 1919: Vilnius was captured by the Soviet Red Army.
43.3.4.1.1.Soviet offensive (Lithuanian War of Independence)
Was the military invasion of Lithuania by the Russian SFSR that started the Lithuanian-Soviet War.
December 1918: Zarasai and Švenčionys conquered by RSFSR.
December 1918: Utena conquered by RSFSR.
December 1918: Rokiškis was taken over by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR).
January 1919: Ukmergė and Panevėžys are occupied by Russian Bolshevik forces.
January 1919: Šiauliai conquered by RSFSR.
January 1919: To prevent fights in Lithuania between retreating Germans and the Red Army, the Soviets and Germans signed a treaty on January 18. The treaty drew a temporary demarcation line that went through Daugai, Stakliškės, and 10 kilometres east of the Kaišiadorys-Jonava-Kėdainiai railway.
January 1919: Telšiai conquered by RSFSR.
February 1919: Russian operations to take Kaunas began on February 7.
February 1919: Soviet 7th Riflemen Regiment (900 men) took over Jieznas, south of Kaunas.
February 1919: A joint Lithuanian and German forces captured Šėta and forced the Red Army to retreat.
February 1919: The Bolshevik 3rd and 4th Riflemen Regiments (about 2,000 men) attacked Alytus.
February 1919: Lithuanians retreated, were reinforced by new Lithuanian and Saxon Volunteers, attacked again, and took Jieznas on February 13.
February 1919: On the night of February 14-15, German forces and one company of the Lithuanians returned to Alytus and retook the city.
April 1919: The Red Army retook Panevėžys on April 4.
43.3.4.1.2.German/Lithuanian Offensive (Lithuanian-Soviet War)
Was a joint German-Lithuanian offensive against the the Soviet invasion, during the Lithuanian-Soviet War.
February 1919: The movement of the Bolsheviks towards East Prussia worried Germany, and they sent volunteers. At the end of February, the Lithuanian partisans, supported by German artillery, took Mažeikiai and Seda, and pursued the Bolsheviks to Kuršėnai.
March 1919: Before mid-March, the Germans took Kuršėnai, Šiauliai, Radviliškis, Šeduva, Joniškis.
March 1919: The Bolshevik morale underwent deeper declines and, between March 19 and March 24, their forces left Panevėžys. Lithuanian forces entered the city on March 26.
43.3.4.1.3.Lithuanian offensive
Was a Lithuanian offensive in the territories of the Russian SFSR, during the Lithuanian-Soviet War.
May 1919: On May 3, the Separate Panevėžys Volunteer Regiment, supported by the 18th Regiment of Saxon Volunteers, had secured the town of Ukmergė.
May 1919: On May 7, Lithuanians entered Širvintos.
May 1919: Lithuanians and Poles mounted a joint operation to take Giedraičiai.
May 1919: The reorganized Lithuanian army carried out its first operation. The Vilkmergė Group captured Kurkliai and Anykščiai.
May 1919: The Panevėžys Group launched a drive towards Panevėžys on May 18 and secured the city the following day.
May 1919: The Lithuanians lost Panevėžys to a Bolshevik counterattack.
May 1919: The Soviets left Panevėžys to Lithuanian forces without a fight.
May 1919: Lithianian forces charged towards Kupiškis and secured Subačius.
May 1919: Joniškėlis' partisans broke through the Soviet lines and took Rokiškis in Soviet rear.
June 1919: Bolshevik forces, afraid that they could be encircled, left Kupiškis on the night of May 30-31, and Lithuania secured that city on June 1.
June 1919: The drive towards Utena resumed on May 31, and the city was secured on June 2 by Lithuanian forces.
June 1919: Another Soviet push came on June 20 and the front stabilized.The Soviets were cornered in a small region around Zarasai.
43.3.4.1.4.Final Battles of the Lithuanian-Soviet War
Were the final battles of the Lithuanian-Soviet War.
August 1919: The Ukmergė Group attacked first and captured Zarasai.
43.3.4.2.Polish-Lithuanian War
Was a war between newly-independent Lithuania and Poland following World War I.
July 1920: Augustów conquered by RSFSR.
August 1920: Knowing that the Polish Army was busy preparing for the Battle of the Nemunas River, the Lithuanian authorities decided to capture the city of Augustów, an event which took place on August 26.
September 1920: Polish forces retreated from Sejny further south.
43.3.5.Aftermath of World War I in Pokuttya
Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in the Pokuttya region.
May 1919: During the interwar period, Romania was Poland's main ally in Eastern Europe. To actively cooperate, governments in Bucharest and Warsaw emphasized the necessity of a shared border. The proposal was accepted by the Polish leader, Marshal Józef Piłsudski and on May 24, 1919 by the Romanian Army. Infantry Division, led by General Iacob Zadik, entered Pokuttya. After three days, the Romanians met the Poles in the area of Kalusz. As the Polish Army was involved in other conflicts (chiefly with the Soviets), the Romanians stayed in Pokuttya until late August 1919.
Was a Civil War in Russia that involved varios factions but mainly the Bolsheviks and the conservative White Army in the core Russian territories, as well as a multitude of local secessionist states. At the end of war the Bolsheviks were victorious and established the Soviet Union.
September 1917: Russia is declared a republic.
December 1917: The Bolsheviks took over Turkestan.
December 1917: A local Council of Workers and Soldiers' Ambassadors convened on Naissaar, declaring the local People's Commissar Council.
January 1918: With the help of the Kiev Arsenal Uprising, the Bolsheviks captured the city.
February 1918: The Finnish Civil War expanded to Åland on 10 February, as a squad of 460 White Guard members, led by the captain Johan Fabritius, from the Vakka-Suomi region landed the islands. On 14 February, they took the Prästö telegraph station in Sund, capturing 20 Russian soldiers.
February 1918: The Kuban People's Republic was proclaimed by the Kuban Rada on 28 January 1918 and declared its independence on 16 February.
February 1918: The Whites left Åland on 20 February.
March 1918: Swedish troops take control of the Åland Islands.
March 1918: The Idel-Ural State, which included only some sections of Kazan, was defeated by the Red Army.
August 1918: The Provisional Regional Government of the Urals was an anti-Bolshevik provisional government, created in Yekaterinburg on August 13 or 19, 1918, which controlled the Perm Governorate.
October 1918: The Provisional Regional Government of the Urals was abolished in October 1918.
January 1919: the Republic of North Ingria was a short-lived, small state for the Ingrian Finns in the southern part of the Karelian Isthmus, which seceded from Bolshevist Russia after the October Revolution. Its aim by most proponents was to ultimately be incorporated into the Kingdom of Finland, and it ruled parts of Northern Ingria from 1919 until 1920.
November 1919: During the Russian Civil War, the Uryankhay Krai was occupied by China.
April 1920: The Khorezm People's Soviet Republic was officially declared by the First Khorezm Kurultay (Assembly).
October 1920: The Bukhara People's Soviet Republic was a short-lived Soviet state that governed the former Emirate of Bukhara during the years immediately following the Russian Revolution.
December 1920: With the Peace Treaty of Tartu, the Republic of North Ingria was re-integrated into Russia.
February 1921: Creation of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.
April 1921: Chinese troops defeated at Maimachin.
August 1921: Supported by the Red Army, the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party established the Soviet puppet state of the Tuvan People's Republic (initially Tannu Tuva).
44.1.Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War
Local independence movement caused several secessions and revolts during the Russian Civil War.
44.1.1.Pro-independence and White movements in the Caucasus during the Russian Civil War
Were a series of revolts and secessions in the Caucasus during the Russian Civil War.
April 1917: The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus broke away from the Russian Empire during the February Revolution, shortly before the start of the Russian Civil War.
April 1920: By January 1920, the military and economic situation in the North Caucasian Emirate had begun to deteriorate and Uzun Haji consented to the entry of the emirate into the Russian SFSR with promises of autonomy. He soon died but the existence of the state led to the formation of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
April 1920: The Bolshevik army started its mobilization and was occupying the government buildings and started imposing Martial laws on Baku.
April 1920: Creation of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.
May 1920: On May 8, the Ossetians declared a Soviet republic in the Roki area on the Russian-Georgian border. A Bolshevik force from Vladikavkaz crossed into Georgia and helped the local rebels to defeat a Georgian force in the Java district. The rebellious areas were effectively incorporated into Soviet Russia.
June 1920: Vladimir Lenin’s desire to keep peace with Georgia at that time and eventual military failures of the rebels forced the Bolsheviks to distance themselves from the Ossetian struggle. The Georgian People's Guard under Valiko Jugheli crushed the revolt with great violence.
July 1921: The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus was captured by Soviet Russian forces in 1921, who transformed it into the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
October 1921: The Treaty of Kars was a peace treaty that established the common borders between Turkey and the three Transcaucasian republics of the Soviet Union.
44.1.1.1.Sochi conflict
Was a three-party border conflict which involved the counterrevolutionary White Russian forces, Bolshevik Red Army and the Democratic Republic of Georgia, each of which sought control over the Black Sea town of Sochi.
44.1.1.2.Georgian-Armenian War
Was a border dispute that was fought in December 1918 between the newly independent Democratic Republic of Georgia and the First Republic of Armenia.
44.1.1.3.Armenian-Azerbaijani War
Was a conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan during the Russian Civil War.
44.1.1.4.Red Army invasion of Georgia and Armenia
Was a military campaign by the Russian Red Army against secessionist states in the Caucasus.
December 1920: Capture of Yerevan and Echmiadzin by Bolshevik forces.
December 1920: The Soviets took control of Armenia, which ceased to exist as an independent state. The regions given to Armenia by the treaty of Sevres remained to Turkey.
February 1921: On the night of 11-12 February 1921, at Ordzhonikidze's instigation, Bolsheviks attacked local Georgian military posts in the predominantly ethnic Armenian district of Lori and the nearby village of Shulaveri.
February 1921: By 17 February, Soviet infantry and cavalry divisions supported by aircraft were less than 15 kilometers northeast of Tbilisi.
February 1921: The triumphant Red Army entered Tbilisi.
March 1921: Soviet forces joined by Abkhaz peasant militias, the Kyaraz, succeeded in taking Gagra.
March 1921: In 1921, New Athos was taken over by the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic on 3 March.
March 1921: Sukhumi conquered by russia.
March 1921: Surami conquered by russia.
March 1921: In 1921, during the Red Army invasion of Georgia, Soviet leaders Joseph Stalin and Sergo Ordzhonikidze ordered the advance eastward to occupy Zugdidi, a key town in western Georgia.
March 1921: On 10 March Soviet forces entered Kutaisi.
March 1921: Poti conquered by russia.
44.1.2.Pro-independence and White movements in the Russian Far East during the Russian Civil War
Were a series of revolts and secessions in the Russian Far East during the Russian Civil War.
April 1917: The State of Buryat-Mongolia was established according to the decision of the first All-Buryat congress.
February 1918: The Provisional Siberian Government (later the Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia), was an ephemeral government for Siberia created by the White movement.
September 1918: From June to August 1918, Komuch's influence spread from Samara into the provinces of Simbirsk, Kazan, Ufa and Saratov.
November 1918: The Provisional All-Russian Government (PA-RG) was a short-lived government (1918-1920) centred in Omsk in Siberia during the Russian Civil War of 1917-1922.
November 1918: Samara falls to the Provisional All-Russian Government.
November 1919: Omsk was conquered by the Reds.
January 1920: The Zemstvo of Maritime Territory was a local government that existed in the eastern part of Russia during the Russian Civil War between 31 January and 28 October 1920.
April 1920: The State of Buryat-Mongolia de facto ceased to exist after the formation of the Far Eastern Republic.
April 1920: When the Japanese evacuated the Trans-Baikal and Amur oblasts in the spring of 1920, a political vacuum resulted. The Far Eastern Republic was established comprising only the area around Verkhne-Udinsk.
April 1920: The Far Eastern Republic was a nominally independent state that existed from April 1920 in the Russian Far East.
May 1921: Right-wing forces rejected the idea of a fledgling democratic republic. On 26 May 1921 a White coup took place in Vladivostok, backed by Japanese occupying forces. A cordon sanitaire of Japanese troops protected the insurgents, who sought to establish a new régime known as the Provisional Government of the Priamur.
July 1921: Gradually the enclave of Priamur was expanded to Khabarovsk and then Spassk, 201 km north of Vladivostok.
March 1922: Korobeinikov's "Yakut People's Army," armed with six machine guns, took the major town of Yakutsk.
April 1922: Korobeinikov's "Yakut People's Army," armed with six machine guns, took the major town of Yakutsk.
September 1922: In summer 1922, the Whites were ousted from Yakutsk and withdrew to the Pacific coast.
October 1922: When the Japanese withdrew, the Soviet army of the Far Eastern Republic retook the territory.The army of the Far Eastern Republic retook Vladivostok on 25 October 1922, effectively bringing the Russian Civil War to a close.
November 1922: With the Civil War finally over, Soviet Russia absorbed the Far Eastern Republic.
December 1922: When the Soviet Union was formed on 30 December 1922, the only Russian territory still controlled by the White Movement was the region of the Pepelyayevshchina ("пепеляевщина"), that is, Ayan, Okhotsk, and Nelkan.
July 1924: The Tungus Republic was a short-lived unrecognized secessionist state covering mostly Okhotsk region and the eastern regions of the Yakut ASSR from July 1924 to May 1925.
May 1925: The Tungus Republic was a short-lived unrecognized secessionist state covering mostly Okhotsk region and the eastern regions of the Yakut ASSR from July 1924 to May 1925.
January 1926: Japan retained the northern half of Sakhalin Island until 1925, ostensibly as compensation for the massacre of about 700 civilians and soldiers at the Japanese garrison at Nikolaevsk-na-Amure in January 1920.
44.1.3.Pro-independence movements in the Kuban region during the Russian Civil War
Were a series of revolts and secessions in the Kuban Region during the Russian Civil War.
May 1917: After the February Revolution, in April 1917 the Kuban Rada, proclaimed itself as the supreme administration of the Kuban Oblast.
44.1.4.Secession of Bashkurdistan
Was the secession of Bashkurdistan during the Russian Civil War.
November 1917: A national-territorial autonomy proclaimed on November 15 1917 by the Bashkir regional Shuro and approved by the Constituent Congress of Bashkurdistan.
March 1919: Remnant territories of Bashkurdistan occupied by Provisional All-Russian Government.
44.1.5.Pro-independence movements in central Asia during the Russian Civil War
Were a series of revolts and secessions in central Asia during the Russian Civil War.
November 1917: Turkestan Autonomy, or Kokand Autonomy, was an unrecognized state in Central Asia that existed at the beginning of the Russian Civil War. It was formed on 27 November 1917.
December 1917: The Alash Autonomy was a short- lived Kazakh state that existed from December 13, 1917.
January 1918: During the Russian Civil War, the Confederated Republic of Altai was established in 1917, and declared as the first step to rebuilding Genghis Khan's Mongol Empire.
February 1918: The Turkestan Autonomy existed until 22 February 1918. For the destruction of the self-proclaimed Turkestan Autonomy, 11 trains with troops and artillery under the command of Konstantin Osipov arrived from Moscow in Tashkent. As a result of hostilities, thousands of civilians were killed. Thus, the Turkestan autonomy was liquidated by the Bolsheviks only 3 months after its creation.
February 1920: The Altai Republic was annexed back into Russia.
August 1920: In 1919-20 the Bolsheviks defeated the White Russian forces and occupied Kazakhstan. On August 26, 1920, the Soviet government established the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
January 1922: A second Altai Republic was formed in 1921.
January 1923: In 1922 the Altai Republic was annexed by the Bolsheviks.
44.1.6.Pro-independence and White movements in Crimea during the Russian Civil War
Were a series of revolts and secessions in Crimea during the Russian Civil War.
December 1917: The Bolsheviks captured Sevastopol.
January 1918: The Bolsheviks captured Simferopol.
January 1918: By the end of January 1918, the Bolsheviks had captured the whole of Crimea and dissolved both the Qurultay as well as the Council of National Representatives.
March 1918: The Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic existed from 19 March to 30 April 1918 and was recognised by the Russian SFSR.
April 1918: With the assistance of the German Empire, the Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic was quickly overrun by forces of Ukraine. By the end of April 1918, the majority of the CEC and the Council of People's Commissars, including council leader Anton Slutsky and local Bolshevik chief Jan Tarwacki, were arrested and shot in Alushta by insurgent Crimean Tatars. On 30 April, the Republic was abolished.
44.1.7.Secession of the Idel-Ural State
Was the secession of the Idel-Ural State, a short-lived Tatar republic located in Kazan, during the Russian Civil War.
March 1918: The Idel-Ural State was a short-lived Tatar republic located in Kazan that claimed to unite Tatars, Bashkirs, Volga Germans, and the Chuvash in the turmoil of the Russian Civil War.
44.1.8.Establishment of the Don Republic
The Don Republic was an anti-Bolshevik republic formed by the Armed Forces of South Russia on the territory of the Don Cossacks, during the Russian Civil War.
May 1918: The assembly of the Don Cossacks - the Krug - proclaimed the independence of the Don Republic.
January 1921: The Don Republic ceased to exist after the Don Cossacks, who formed an essential part of the White Army, were defeated by the Red Army in the Russian Civil War.
44.1.9.Secession of Uhtua
Was the secession of the Republic of Uhtua, in Karelia, during the Russian Civil War.
May 1920: The Red Army went to Uhtua and disestablished the republic.
44.1.10.Secession of Olonets
Was the secession of the Olonets Government of Southern Karelia, a short-lived state that existed in 1920 in South Karelia, modern-day Finland, during the Russian Civil War.
June 1920: The Olonets Government of Southern Karelia was a short-lived state that existed in 1920 in South Karelia, modern-day Finland. The government formed in Olonets in May 1920.
September 1920: The territories of the Olonets Government of Southern Karelia were captured by the Red Army.
44.1.11.Soviet-Finnish conflict 1921-22
Was a conflict between Finland and the Russian SFSR during the Russian Civil War.
December 1921: In November and December 1921, the Finnish troops reoccupied part of the regions of Karelia, which began the Soviet-Finnish conflict.
February 1922: In early February 1922 the Center Committee Karelian village of Uhtua was re-occupied by the Red Army.
44.2.Bolsheviks take control of most of European Russia
Were a series of insurrections that resulted in the Bolshevik conquest of most of European Russia.
November 1917: The Bolshevik insurrection, which began on the night of November 6-7, 1917 in Petrograd, ended in success. The Bolsheviks formed a revolutionary government headed by Lenin and were able to progressively extend their power over most of the territories of the old Tsarist Empire.
November 1917: Bolsheviks take control of Petrograd, Minsk, Novgorod, Ivanovo-Voznesensk and Tartu.
November 1917: Bolsheviks take control of Ufa, Kazan, Yekaterinburg, and Narva.
November 1917: Bolsheviks take control of Vitebsk, Yaroslavl, Saratov, Samara, and Izhevsk.
November 1917: Bolsheviks take control of Rostov, Tver, and Nizhny Novgorod.
November 1917: Bolsheviks take control of Voronezh, Smolensk, and Gomel.
November 1917: Bolsheviks take control of Orel and Perm.
November 1917: Bolsheviks take control of Pskov, Moscow, and Baku.
November 1917: Bolsheviks take control of Tsaritsyn.
December 1917: Bolsheviks take control of Mogilev.
December 1917: On 8 December 1917, Vyatka was taken over by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution.
January 1918: Bolsheviks take control of Yekaterinoslav.
January 1918: Bolsheviks take control of Petrozavodsk.
January 1918: Establishment of the Odesa Soviet Republic.
February 1918: Bolsheviks take control of Astrakhan.
February 1918: Bolsheviks take control of Kyiv and Vologda.
February 1918: Bolsheviks take control of Arkhangelsk.
February 1918: The Bolsheviks occupied most of Ethnical Russia, ending the Russian Republic.
44.3.Ice March
Was a military withdrawal during the Russian Civil War. Under attack by the Red Army advancing from the north, the forces of the Volunteer Army, sometimes referred to as the White Guard, began a retreat from the city of Rostov south towards the Kuban.
November 1917: In the Don Cossack capital, Novocherkassk, the Don Cossack Host had elected General Aleksei Maksimovich Kaledin to the position of Ataman at its traditional assembly, the Host Krug (1 July,O.S. 18 June, 1917). On 20 November (O.S. 7 November) 1917, not long after the Communists took control in central Russia, the Don Krug declared its independence.
December 1917: With the encouragement of Kaledin, the Whites, still only some 500 strong, managed to recapture the city of Rostov from local Red Guard units on 15 December.
February 1918: By the beginning of 1918 better-organised and stronger Communist forces began an advance from the north, capturing Taganrog on the Sea of Azov on 10 February.
February 1918: As the Red Army entered Rostov, the Cossacks led by Kornilov began the march south across the frozen steppelands.
44.4.Ukrainian-Soviet War
Was a conflict between Ukrainian nationalist forces and the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War. It also included a multitude of ethnical and local factions.
November 1917: The Rada announced a wider autonomy for the Ukrainian Republic, still maintaining ties to Russia.
December 1917: Bolshevik forces captured Kharkiv.
January 1918: Aleksandrovsk conquered by RSFSR.
January 1918: Poltava conquered by RSFSR.
January 1918: Due to the aggression from Soviet Russia, on 25 January 1918, the Tsentralna Rada issued its Fourth Universal, breaking ties with Bolshevik Russia and proclaiming a sovereign Ukrainian state.
January 1918: Bolsheviks take control of Zhitomir.
January 1918: The Bolsheviks quickly overran Poltava, Aleksandrovsk, and Yekaterinoslav by January 1918.
January 1918: Due to the declared indipendency from Russia] a series of regional Soviet republics on the territory of Ukraine proclaimed their independence and allegiance to the Petrograd sovnarkom (Odessa Soviet Republic).
February 1918: Donetsk-Krivoi Rog Soviet Republic was a self-declared Soviet republic of the Russian SFSR founded on 12 February 1918.
March 1918: The Imperial German and Austro-Hungarian armies drove the Bolsheviks out of Ukraine, taking Kiev on March 1.
March 1918: The Odessa Soviet Republic ceased to exist altogether when it was sacked by German and Austro-Hungarian troops two months after its creation.
March 1918: In accordance with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Donetsk-Krivoi Rog Soviet Republic was abolished.
April 1918: Kharkov conquered by germany.
December 1918: The Ukrainian Front took the important strategic railroad connection in Kupyansk.
January 1919: On January 3, the Red Army took Kharkiv.
January 1919: The troops under the command of Mykola Schors occupied Chernihiv.
January 1919: The Soviet Army took Poltava while the Ukrainian troops retreated further to Kremenchuk.
January 1919: On January 26 Dybenko (RSFSR) took Katerynoslav.
February 1919: Kiev fell to the Bolshevisk on February 5, 1919.
February 1919: Oleksandria and Yelyzavethrad conquered by RSFSR.
March 1919: On March 2 Ukrainian military leader Otaman Hryhoryev occupied Kherson.
March 1919: In Northern Ukraine, Soviet troops took Ovruch and Chernigov.
March 1919: Soviet troops crossed the line Korosten - Zhitomir - Uman - Olviopol - Kherson - Melitopol.
March 1919: Declaration of the Ukrainian Soviet republic.
March 1919: Ukrainian Bolsheviks took Mykolaiv.
March 1919: Surprisingly, by the end of March the Ukrainian armies successfully conducted series of military operations liberating Sarny, Zhytomyr, Korosten, and threatening to take back Kiev.
April 1919: By April 3 the Entente forces evacuated from Odessa.
April 1919: By the middle of April, the Bolsheviks defeated the army of the UNR and crossed the Novohrad-Volynsky-Shepetivka-Proskurov-Mogilev-Podolsky line.
April 1920: Kiev Offensive: The Ukrainians led by Pilsudski struck on April 25, and captured Zhytomyr the following day.
June 1920: Kiev was evacuated and left to the Soviets.
November 1921: With the Second Winter Campaign, Korosten was captured by communist forces.
44.5.Heimosodat
Were a series of expeditions into Russian territories inhabitated by Finnish peoples during the Russian Civil War. The aim of the expeditions was either the independence of these territories or their annexion to Finland.
44.5.1.Viena expedition
Was a military expedition in March 1918 by Finnish volunteer forces to annex White Karelia from Soviet Russia.
April 1918: By 10 April, Malm's group had advanced as far as the coastal town of Kem on the White Sea but was unable to capture it.
44.5.2.Petsamo expeditions
Were two military expeditions in May 1918 and in April 1920 by Finnish civilian volunteers, to annex Petsamo (Russian: Pechenga) from Bolshevist Russia.
June 1918: Finnish civilian volunteers tried unsuccesfully to annect Petsamo.
44.5.3.Aunus expedition
Was an attempt by Finnish volunteers to occupy parts of East Karelia in 1919, during the Russian Civil War.
April 1919: The Finnish northern group captured Prääsä.
June 1919: The parish of Porajärvi declared on June 6 that it wished to join Finland, as the parish of Repola had already done in 1918. The regular Finnish Army moved in to occupy the parish.
June 1919: The southern group was forced to retreat to Finland after suffering heavy losses. Talvela's group was also forced to retreat back to Finland.
44.6.Eastern Russia, Siberia and Far East of Russia Theatre of War (1918)
Was the theatre of war in Siberia and the Russian Far East in 1918, during the Russian Civil War.
June 1918: Territorial change based on available maps.
June 1918: In May 1918, with the support of the Czechoslovak Legion, the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly - known as the "Komuch" - was established in Samara and Saratov. By July the authority of the Komuch extended over much of the area controlled by the Czechoslovak Legion.
July 1918: Simultaneously Russian officers' organisations overthrew the Bolsheviks in Petropavlovsk.
July 1918: Whites had extended their gains westwards, capturing Ekaterinburg.
August 1918: Anti-Bolshevik forces advanced towards Saratov and Kazan.
August 1918: In July, White Russian troops commanded by Vladimir Kappel took Syzran.
August 1918: Czechoslovak troops took Kuznetsk.
August 1918: Within a month the Whites controlled most of the Trans-Siberian Railroad between Lake Baikal and the Ural regions.
August 1918: In Eastern Siberia Radola Gajda took Irkutsk and Chita.
August 1918: On the Volga, Col. Kappel's White detachment captured Kazan.
September 1918: During the summer Bolshevik power in Siberia was eliminated.
September 1918: The Bolsheviks re-captured the city of Kazan following a counteroffensive.
September 1918: On the 11th Simbirsk fell to the Bolsheviks.
October 1918: Samara was taken by the Soviets. The Whites fell back eastwards to Ufa and Orenburg.
December 1918: White armies had to leave Ufa.
December 1918: After several failures, the Whites took Perm.
44.7.North Russia intervention
Was a military expedition in modern-day Arkhanhgelsk Oblast by an alliance of western powers including Great Britain, Italy, France and the United States of America during the Russian Civil War.
44.7.1.Allied invasion (North Russia intervention)
Was a military invasion of modern-day Arkhanhgelsk Oblast by an alliance of western powers including Great Britain, Italy, France and the United States of America during the Russian Civil War. It resulted in the establishement of the pro-White Supreme Administration of the Northern Region.
August 1918: Anti-Bolshevik forces, led by Tsarist Captain Georgi Chaplin, staged a coup against the local Soviet government at Archangelsk.
August 1918: The Murmansk Krai Soviet authorized Chairman Yuryev to agree on the inclusion of Murmansk Krai into the Supreme Administration of the Northern Region.
August 1918: The Allies advanced to the shores of Onega Bay.
44.7.2.Allied retreat (North Russia intervention)
Was the counterattack by the Russian SFSR against the Provisional Government of the Northern Region, a pro-White entity created by an alliance of Western Powers during the Russian Civil War.
November 1918: Battle of Tulgas.
January 1919: Allied troops were expelled from Shenkursk after an intense battle.
44.7.3.Collapse of the Supreme Administration of the Northern Regions
Was the occupation by the Russian SFSR of the Provisional Government of the Northern Region, a pro-White entity created by an alliance of Western Powers during the Russian Civil War.
February 1920: The White Russian Northern Army was left to face the Red Army alone. Poorly disciplined, they were no match for the Red Army, and quickly collapsed when the Bolsheviks launched a counter-offensive in December 1919. On February 20, 1920 the Bolsheviks entered Arkhangelsk.
March 1920: Murmansk conquered by RSFSR.
44.7.4.Japanese intervention in Siberia
Was the Japanese military occupation of territories in Siberia during the Russian Civil War.
44.8.Kuban Offensive
Was an offensive by the White Army in the kuban region during the Russian Civil War.
April 1919: By the beginning of 1919 the whole Northern Caucasus was controlled by the White Volunteer Army.
44.9.Malleson mission
Was a British military offensive against the Bolheviks in Turkmenistan, during the Russian Civil War.
November 1918: By 1 November 1918, British forces had successfully re-occupied Merv, a strategic city in present-day Turkmenistan.
January 1919: The British Government decided on 21 January to withdraw from Merv and Annenkovo, and the last troops left for Persia on 5 April.
44.10.South Russia 1919 campaign
Was a military offensive by pro-White South Russia during the Russian Civil War.
June 1919: Russian general Denikin's troops took the cities of Kharkov and Belgorod.
June 1919: White troops under Wrangel's command took Tsaritsyn.
August 1919: The Red Army, stretched thin by fighting on all fronts, was forced out of Kiev.
September 1919: Kursk and Orel were taken by White forces, on 20 September and 14 October, respectively.
October 1919: Kursk and Orel were taken by White forces, on 20 September and 14 October, respectively.
November 1919: Kursk was retaken by the Reds.
December 1919: The Red Army recaptured Kiev on 17 December.
December 1919: The Soviets captured the city of Tajpak.
February 1920: The Red Army took Krasnovodsk, south of Fort Alexandrovsk.
March 1920: By the end of March 1920, Denikin's troops were retreating in the Caucasus and Port Petrovsk was abandoned to the advancing Red Army.
44.10.1.Battle for the Donbass
Was a military campaign of the Russian Civil War in which White forces repulsed attacks of the Red Army on the Don Host Oblast and occupied the Donbass region.
January 1919: By January 14 the Reds occupied Starobilsk and entered the Northern Donbass, having seized the stations Logvinovo, Popasnaya, Kramatorskaya, Slavyansk.
January 1919: The Lozovaya-Sinelnikovo line was taken by the communists.
January 1919: On January 16 the Reds took Bilovodsk.
January 1919: Bolshevik units led by Kozhevnikov units occupied Kostiantynivka and Bakhmut.
February 1919: The Makhno brigade recaptured Polohy.
March 1919: Makhno (Communists) seized Berdyansk on March 15.
March 1919: Units of the 13th Red Army attacked from the Northwest and forced the depleted Volunteer battalions to retreat from Debaltsevo.
March 1919: Communist and Anarchis detachments seized Volnovakha.
March 1919: On March 20, the Red Army captured Donesk.
March 1919: They Bolsheviks pushed the enemy towards the south and west of the Donetsk basin.
March 1919: Mariupol conquered by russia.
March 1919: Andrei Shkuro's White troops broke through the front of the Reds at Krindachyovka and took Debaltsevo.
April 1919: The Red 1st Zadneprovskaya division of Pavel Dybenko seized Melitopol, cutting the White Azov Front in two.
May 1919: Lugansk conquered by South Russia (Whites).
May 1919: The Bolsheviks launched the offensive on May 14, and on the next day retook Lugansk.
May 1919: The Whites took Yenakiyevo.
May 1919: Shkuro's cavalry captured Donetsk (Yuzovka) and Avdeevka and the Kornilov division took Debaltsevo.
May 1919: Lugansk occupied by the Whites on 27 May.
June 1919: The Bolshevik 13th Army retreated in disorder to the North, stopping only a month later in the area of Novy Oskol.
44.11.Soviet westward offensive of 1918-25
Was a military campaign by the Russian SFSR into regions that had been evacuated by the German forces in eastern Europe after World War I.
44.11.1.Soviet westward offensive in Poland
Was a military offensive by the Russian SFSR in Poland after the German army left the area.
November 1918: The Red Army entered Polotsk on 21 November.
November 1918: Drissa and Rahachow conquered by RSFSR.
November 1918: Zhlobin conquered by RSFSR.
November 1918: Babruysk conquered by RSFSR.
December 1918: Barysaw conquered by RSFSR.
December 1918: Slutsk conquered by RSFSR.
December 1918: Igumen conquered by RSFSR.
December 1918: On 10 December 1918, the Red Army entered Minsk almost unopposed, putting an end to the short-lived Belarusian People's Republic.
February 1919: The Soviet westward offensive came to a halt by late February.
May 1919: In April the Bolsheviks captured Grodno and Vilna.
44.12.Polish-Soviet War
Was a war between the Second Polish Republic and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in the aftermath of World War I and during the Russian Civil War.
April 1919: Polish forces under General J. Lasocki recaptured Lida.
April 1919: French General A. Mokrzecki captured Nowogródek and Baranowicze.
April 1919: The major city of Vilnius was taken by Polish cavalry units.
June 1919: Polish General Mokrzecki engaged Russians east of Baranowicze.
June 1919: By May units of Rydz-Śmigły had advanced to the north and east and reached the line of Łyngmiany-Ignalino-Hoduciszki-Narocz lake.
July 1919: Polish armies attacked Mołodeczno and captured it on 4 July.
July 1919: Łuniec in the Polesie region was captured by Polish forces.
July 1919: In mid-July, the Soviet counteroffensive near Naliboki was stopped.
August 1919: Polish forces continued their push and captured Minsk.
August 1919: After heavy fighting, the Polish army captured fortress Bobrujsk near Berezyna.
October 1919: Polish forces reached Daugava River and secured the region from Dzisna to Dyneburg.
October 1919: Borysów conquered by Second Polish Republic.
January 1920: By early January 1920, Polish forces had reached the line of Uszyca-Płoskirów-Starokonstantynów-Szepietówka-Zwiahel-Olewsk-Uborć-Bobrujsk-Berezyna-Dyneburg.
April 1920: By March, Polish forces had driven a wedge between Soviet forces in the north (Bielorussia) and south (Ukraine), capturing the towns of Mozyrz and Kalenkowicze.
June 1920: Soviet forces under Yakir captured the Bila Tserkva.
July 1920: The RSFSR captured Brodno.
July 1920: Supported by Lithuanian forces, the Poles captured Wilno on 14 July.
July 1920: The Galician Soviet Socialist Republic was a Bolshevik's self-declared and short-lived political entity that existed from 15 July to formally 21 September 1920. The communist state was established during a successful counter-offensive of the Red Army in the summer of 1920 as part of the Polish-Soviet War.
July 1920: On 19 July Grodno fell to the Red Army.
July 1920: The Polish 1st Army had to retreat behind Neman River.
August 1920: Brest-Litovsk conquered by RSFSR.
August 1920: Polish forces managed to recapture Brody.
August 1920: Łomża and Ostrołęka conquered by RSFSR.
August 1920: The fortress of Brześć Red Army in the first attack.
September 1920: Sovietic Offensive in Poland of August 1920.
September 1920: The Galician Soviet Socialist Republic is absorbed by Poland.
October 1920: Polish counteroffensive of October 1920.
44.12.1.Russian Offensive (Polish-Soviet War)
Was an offensive by the Russian SFSR against Poland during the Polish-Soviet War.
February 1919: The first serious armed conflict of the Polish-Soviet War took place around 14 - 16 February, near the towns of Manevychi and Biaroza in Belarus.
March 1919: In early March 1919, Polish units opened an offensive and forces under General Stanisław Szeptycki captured the cities of Słonim.
March 1919: Polish forces under General A. Listowski took Pinsk.
44.12.2.Battle of Warsaw
Were a series of battles during the Polish-Soviet war that resulted in the defeat of the invading Russian SFSR.
August 1920: Soviet assault at Radzymin.
August 1920: Polish forces recaptured Radzymin.
August 1920: By the end of August, the 4th and 15th Red Armies had been defeated in the field, and their remnants crossed the border into East Prussia.
August 1920: Russian Budionny's cavalry moved through weakly defended areas, reached city of Zamość and attempted to take it.
September 1920: What was left of Buidonny's 1st Cavalry Army retreated towards Włodzimierz Wołyński.
September 1920: Battle of the Niemen River.
September 1920: On 18 September Polish forces recaptured Równe.
September 1920: Petliura's Ukrainian forces defeated the Bolshevik 14th Army and on 18 September took control of the left bank of the Zbruch river.
September 1920: The Second Polish Republic Captured Lida and Pińsk.
October 1920: The soviet Tukhachevski managed to reorganize the eastward-retreating forces and in September established a new defensive line running from the Polish-Lithuanian border to the north to the area of Polesie, with the central point in the city of Grodno in Belarus.
October 1920: After the mid-October Battle of the Szczara River, the Polish Army had reached the Tarnopol-Dubno-Minsk-Drissa line.
October 1920: After the mid-October Battle of the Szczara River, the Polish Army had reached the Tarnopol-Dubno-Minsk-Drisa line.
March 1921: A ceasefire was signed between Poland and Soviet Russia on 12 October and went into effect on 18 October. Borders were settled in the Peace of Riga, signed in Riga on 18 March 1921.
44.13.Fights between the Bolsheviks and the Siberian Army in eastern European Russia
Were a series of fights between the Bolsheviks and the Siberian Army during the Russian Civil War.
44.13.1.Offensive of the Whites on the eastern front
Was an offensive of the Whites in eastern European Russia during the Russian Civil War.
March 1919: Ufa was retaken by the Whites on 13 March.
April 1919: The White Army stopped at the Glazov-Chistopol-Bugulma-Buguruslan-Sharlyk line.
44.13.2.Offensive of the Reds on the eastern front
Was an offensive of the Bolsheviks in eastern European Russia during the Russian Civil War.
May 1919: The RSFSR captured Elabuga on 26 May.
June 1919: Sarapul fell to the Bolsheviks on 2 June.
June 1919: Izevsk conquered by RSFSR.
October 1919: Following the abortive offensive at Chelyabinsk, the White armies withdrew beyond the Tobol.
44.13.3.Great Siberian Ice March (retreat of the Whites)
Was the retreat of Admiral Kolchak's anti Bolshevik Siberian Army from Omsk to Chita, in the course of the Russian Civil War.
December 1919: The pursuing Red 5th Army took Tomsk.
January 1920: White Army forces in Siberia essentially ceased to exist by December.
January 1920: Krasnoyarsk conquered by RSFSR.
44.14.Petrograd Siege
Was a campaign by the White movement to take the city of Petrograd.
October 1919: By 19 October the troops of Nikolai Yudenich, leader of the anti-communist White movement in northwestern Russia, had reached the outskirts of the Petrograd.
November 1919: Yudenich, short of supplies, decided to call off the siege of Petrogra and withdrew.
44.15.Ottoman Invasion of Armenia
Was an Ottoman military invasion of Armenia, part of the Turkish-Armenian war and also of the Caucasian theatre of the Russian Civil War.
March 1921: Treaty of Moscow: the Turkish authorities proclaimed the annexation of Batumi.
March 1921: Georgian Defense Minister Grigol Lordkipanidze and the Soviet plenipotentiary Avel Enukidze arranged an armistice on 17 March, and then, on 18 March, an agreement. The Democratic Republic of Georgia ceased to exist.
March 1921: The battle for Batumi ended with the port and most of the city in Georgian hands.
44.16.Evacuation of Crimea
Was an event in the Russian Civil War, in which the pro-White Russian State evacuated over sea from the Crimean Peninsula, their last stronghold on the Southern Front, bringing an end to the fighting on that Front.
November 1920: The Evacuation of the Crimea was an event in the Russian Civil War, in which the Russian State evacuated over sea from the Crimean Peninsula, their last stronghold on the Southern Front, bringing an end to the fighting on that Front.
November 1920: Whites were defeated at the Siege of Perekop in November 1920, losing the highly strategic Perekop Isthmus and leaving Crimea vulnerable to Red invasion. Wrangel ordered the evacuation of Crimea, effectively ending his government and the Southern Front in Red Victory.
44.17.Treaty of Tartu (1920)
Was a treaty between the Russian SFSR and Finland that defined the border between the two countries.
December 1920: The Finnish - Russian border was determined by the Treaty of Tartu in 1920: Petsamo became finnish.
December 1920: Treaty of Tartu: Repola and Porajärvi were handed back to Soviet Russia.
Was a conflict between the Soviet Union and the Emirate of Afghanistan in the mid-1920s over the control of the island of Urtatagai.
January 1921: When remnants of the Imperial Russian Army evacuated the island of Urtatagai to aid the White Movement in the Russian Civil War, in 1920 Afghan forces were finally able to capture the island unopposed.
November 1925: On 27 November 1925, due to repeated incursions into Soviet territory by Basmachi rebels using the island as a base, as well as the Soviet claim to the Island, 340 Soviet troops landed on the island of Urtatagai.
February 1926: Western press took interest in the conflict, and supported the Afghan government. With potential war looming, the Soviet leadership decided to let a joint commission decide Urtatagai's fate, which ruled in favour of Afghanistan. On 28 February 1926, the Soviets transferred the island to Afghanistan in a ceremony.
On 28 December 1922, a conference of plenipotentiary delegations from the Russian SFSR, the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR, forming the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
December 1922: In 1922, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was admitted to the Soviet Union.
December 1922: On 28 December 1922, a conference of plenipotentiary delegations from the Russian SFSR, the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR, forming the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
December 1922: In 1922, the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic was admitted to the Soviet Union.
December 1922: The TSFSR was one of the four republics to sign the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR establishing the Soviet Union in 1922.
Was a civil war in Afghanistan.
47.1.Afghan campaign of the Red Army (1929)
Was a special operation aimed at supporting the ousted king of Afghanistan, Amanullah Khan, against the Saqqawists and Basmachi.
April 1929: On the morning of 22 April, Primakov’s detachment began shelling Mazar-i-Sharif. Machine guns hit the defenders on the walls. Two hours after the start of the battle, the gunners brought the guns to the entrance to the citadel and, having launched a volley, broke the gate.
May 1929: After airstrikes and shelling, the garrison of Dehdadi left the fortress to the Red Army.
May 1929: On 12 May, Soviet leader Primakov’s detachment occupied Balkh.
May 1929: Not meeting any resistance, the Red Army entered the city of Tashkurgan.
May 1929: The Red Army left Afghanistan after the flight of King Amanullah Khan abroad.
Was a Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan to destroy the economic bases of the Basmachi Movement.
June 1930: At the end of June 1930, the combined cavalry brigade of the Red Army under the command of the brigade commander Yakov Melkumov, crossed the Amu Darya, entering Afghanistan. Not meeting on its way opposition from the local authorities and the regular Afghan army, the Soviet detachment advanced 50-70 km inland.
July 1930: The Soviet forces left the territories they had occupied in northern Afghanistan.
Was a civil war fought in China between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party. The war continued intermittently for more than twenty years, and overlappes with the Second Sino-Japanese War that started in 1937 with the Japanese occupation of Manchuria. The Communists gained control of mainland China and established the People's Republic of China in 1949, forcing the leadership of the Kuomintang-led Republic of China to retreat to the island of Taiwan.
49.1.War in Xinjiang
Was the theatre of war of the Chinese Civil war in Xinjiang, where the First and Second East Turkestan Republic were founded.
November 1944: Rebels established the Provisional Government of the Second East Turkestan Republic in 1944.
49.2.Second Phase (Chinese Civil War)
Was the second phase of the Chinese Civil War. The war had been interrupted by the Japanese invasion of China in 1937. After the defeat of Japan in World War II, the Chinese Civil War resumed in 1945.
January 1946: On January 8, 1946, Liu Handong, the commander of the Nationalist 107th Division, arrived at Siping with over a hundred associates to discuss the city's transfer from the Soviet Red Army to the Chinese administration. The Red Army still occupied the city at the time. Subsequently, on January 10, the Nationalists created the Liaobei Province, with Liu Handong named the chairman of the province.
April 1946: The USSR left Manchuria to the communists.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
50.1.World War II (Asia & Pacific)
Was the East Asian, South Asian and Pacific theatre of World War II.
September 1945: A congress of "People's Representatives" was held in what is now the Sonid Right Banner.
50.1.1.Japanese Surrender (World War II)
Were the evacuation of the Japanese forces from occupied territories after the formal surrender of the Empire of Japan.
August 1945: The Kwantung Leased Territory was occupied by the Soviet Union.
February 1946: After World War II, the Soviet Union gained control of the southern part of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands from Japan. This territorial transfer was confirmed in the Treaty of San Francisco in 1951.
50.1.2.Soviet-Japanese War
Was a conflict during World War II that started when Soviet forces invaded the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.
50.1.2.1.Invasion of South Sakhalin
Was the Soviet invasion of the Japanese portion of Sakhalin Island during World War II.
August 1945: Keton conquered by russia.
August 1945: Toro conquered by russia.
August 1945: Maoka conquered by russia.
August 1945: Otomari conquered by USSR.
August 1945: Tayohara conquered by russia.
50.1.2.2.Soviet invasion of Manchuria
Was the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.
August 1945: The Red Army forces were able to break through the hastily organized Japanese defenses and capture the city of Mutanchiang.
August 1945: The Mengjiang area was conquered by the Red Army and its Mongol allies, and Hohhot was quickly taken.
August 1945: The Red Army took Mukden, Xinjing and Qiqihar on August 20.
50.1.2.3.Seishin Operation
Was an amphibious assault on northern Korea between 13-17 August 1945, carried out by the forces of the Soviet Union.
August 1945: The Soviet 13th Naval Infantry brigade (in total 181 men under command of Colonel A. Z. Denisin) entered the city of Chongjin.
50.1.2.4.Invasion of the Kuril Islands
Was the World War II Soviet military operation to capture the Kuril Islands from Japan in 1945.
August 1945: Shimushu conquered by russia.
August 1945: Paramushiru conquered by russia.
August 1945: Matsuwa conquered by russia.
August 1945: Etorufu conquered by russia.
August 1945: Uruppu conquered by russia.
September 1945: Shikotan conquered by russia.
September 1945: Kunashiri conquered by russia.
September 1945: Habomai conquered by USSR.
50.2.World War II (Eastern Theatre)
Was the Eastern European theatre of World War II.
February 1942: Soviet offensive in the Rzhev area.
December 1942: Frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
February 1943: Kursk was retaken by the Soviets.
February 1943: The Red Army occupies Rostov.
February 1943: Hitler arrived at Army Group South headquarters at Zaporizhia just hours before the Soviets liberated Kharkov.
April 1943: Frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
July 1943: Frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
August 1943: The Lokot Republic was a semi-autonomous region in Nazi German-occupied Central Russia from 1941 to 1944.
August 1943: Frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
November 1943: Frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
December 1943: Frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
March 1944: Frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
April 1944: Frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
June 1944: Restoration of the 1940 Romanian-Soviet border. Northern Bukovina and Bessarabia are annexed to the USSR.
August 1944: Territorial changes based on the known frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
December 1944: Territorial changes based on the known frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
January 1945: Frontline of the Soviet offensive to the Oder in that date.
February 1945: Frontline of the Soviet offensive to the Oder in that date.
March 1945: Frontline of the Soviet offensive to the Oder in that date.
May 1945: On 9 May Soviet troops landed on the island of Bornholm, and after a short fight, the German garrison (about 12,000 strong) surrendered.
50.2.1.Soviet occupation of the Baltic states
Was the Soviet invasion of the Baltic states in the early phase of World War II as agreed by Germany and the USSR in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.
June 1939: On 15 June the USSR invaded Lithuania.
June 1939: The USSR invaded Estonia and Latvia.
June 1939: On June 19, Stalin's representative for the Anschluss, Andrei Janyanevich Vyshinsky, appeared in Riga. Although Latvia was still an independent state, members of the leading social classes were arrested en masse by Soviet Chekists, deported to Russia or even shot.
June 1939: Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion stationed in Tallinn at Raua Street showed resistance to the Red Army and "People's Self-Defence" Communist militia, fighting the invading troops on 21 June 1940. As the Red Army brought in additional reinforcements supported by six armoured fighting vehicles, the battle lasted several hours until sundown. Finally the military resistance was ended with negotiations and the Independent Signal Battalion surrendered and was disarmed.
June 1939: A new "popular front" governments were formed in each Baltic country.
August 1940: Lithuania was incorporated into the Soviet Union.
August 1940: Latvia conquered by USSR.
August 1940: Estonia conquered by USSR.
50.2.2.Invasion of Poland
Was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union. It marked the beginning of World War II.
September 1939: The Red Army invades eastern Poland.
September 1939: Soviet forces capture Wilno.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 19 September.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 20 September.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 21 September.
September 1939: The Red Army occupies Lviv.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 23 September.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 24 September.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 25 September.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 26 September.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 27 September.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 28 September.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 29 September.
October 1939: In 1939, Poland was divided between the Soviet Union and Germany as part of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.
November 1939: Western Ukraine and Belarus are annexed by the Soviet Union.
50.2.3.German administration of eastern teritories during World War II
Refers to administrative acts of Germany on the organization of militarly occupied territories in eastern Europe during World War II.
July 1941: After the German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Białystok Voivodeship, which included the Białystok, Bielsk Podlaski, Grajewo, Łomża, Sokółka, Volkovysk, and Grodno Counties, was "attached to" (not incorporated into) East Prussia.
July 1941: East Galicia was added to the General Gouvernement.
50.2.4.Winter War
The Winter War, also known as the First Soviet-Finnish War, was a war between the Soviet Union and Finland. The war began with a Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, three months after the outbreak of World War II, and ended three and a half months later with the Moscow Peace Treaty on 13 March 1940.
November 1939: Finnish forces marched up to Salla.
November 1939: Start of the Battle of Petsamo.
November 1939: Soviet forces invaded Finland.
December 1939: The Finnish Democratic Republic was a short-lived puppet state of the Soviet Union in Finland from December 1939.
December 1939: The Soviet 163rd Rifle Division captured Suomussalmi.
December 1939: Soviets reach Mannerheim line of Finnish resistance on the Karelian Isthmus.
December 1939: The Red Army approached Kemijärvi.
December 1939: The northern branch of the Finnish moved toward Pelkosenniemi .
January 1940: Retreat of the Reds after the battle of Suomussalmi.
March 1940: Battle of Petsamo.
March 1940: The Finnish Democratic Republic was dissolved upon signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty ending the Winter War and merged into the government of the Karelo-Finnish SSR.
March 1940: In the battle of Salla, the Soviets proceeded easily to Salla.
March 1940: Moscow peace treaty: It was signed by the Soviet Union and Finland on March 12, 1940 and ratified on March 21, 1940. It established the new border between the USSR and Finland.
50.2.4.1.Battles in Ladoga Karelia
Was the war front on the Ladoga Lake during the Winter War.
December 1939: Soviet advancement in Finland by december, 12th.
December 1939: In Northern Karelia, Soviet forces were outmanoeuvred at Ilomantsi and Lieksa. The Finns used effective guerrilla tactics, taking special advantage of their superior skiing skills and snow-white layered clothing and executing surprise ambushes and raids. By the end of December, the Soviets decided to retreat and transfer resources to more critical fronts.
50.2.4.2.Soviet offensive (Winter War)
Were Soviet offensives against Finland in early 1940 during the Winter War.
February 1940: Soviet offensive in Finland.
March 1940: Soviet offensive in Finland.
50.2.5.Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina
The Soviet Union had planned to accomplish the annexation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina with a full-scale invasion, but the Romanian government, responding to the Soviet ultimatum delivered on June 26, 1940, agreed to withdraw from the territories in order to avoid a military conflict.
July 1940: The Soviet Union had planned to accomplish the annexation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina with a full-scale invasion, but the Romanian government, responding to the Soviet ultimatum delivered on June 26, agreed to withdraw from the territories in order to avoid a military conflict.
50.2.6.Operation Barbarossa
Was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies.
July 1941: On July 7, Germany occupied Žytomyr and Berdičev.
July 1941: German advances in USSR during Operation Barbarossa by July 9th.
August 1941: The Transnistria Governorate was established, which was not formally annexed to Romania unlike Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.
September 1941: German advances in USSR during Operation Barbarossa during September 1941.
November 1941: The Lokot Republic was established in central Russia by Bronislav Kaminski, a Russian collaborator with the Nazis.
December 1941: German advances in USSR during Operation Barbarossa by December 5th.
50.2.6.1.Baltic Operation
Refers to German operations that lead to the occupation of the Baltic states during the invasion of Russia of World War II.
June 1941: On the evening of June 22, the German 7th Panzer Division (Major General Hans von Funck) got into a major tank battle east of Olita (Alytus).
June 1941: Fighting was fought around Polangen, the Soviet 10th Rifle Division's defenses were breached and it was forced to retreat north.
June 1941: The 3rd Infantry Division (motorized) of Germany advanced to Dubissa, where a bridgehead was established at Ariogala in the afternoon.
June 1941: The 8th Panzer Division (General Brandenberger), covered on the left by the 290th Infantry Division, took Georgenburg.
June 1941: Tauroggen is occupied by German forces.
June 1941: The German XXVIII. Army Corps attacked with the 122nd and 123rd Infantry Divisions near Neustadt and northwest of Sintautai.
June 1941: Heavy losses of Soviet troops during the counterattacks and lack of fuel and ammunition led to the fall of Kaunas and Vilna on June 24.
June 1941: The German 121st Infantry Division attacked in the Wirballen area and was soon engaged in house-to-house fighting in Kibarten.
June 1941: The German LVI. Army Corps reached the Ukmerge area on 24 June.
June 1941: The breakthrough between Mariampol and Kalvarja was forced by the German Army.
June 1941: The front parts of the Soviet 28th Panzer Division (Raseiniai) were wedged and lost 14 tanks and 20 guns, leaving the battlefield on the night of June 24th.
June 1941: German military occupation of Schaulen (today Šiauliai), Lithuania.
June 1941: On the morning of June 26, the 8th Panzer Division (General Brandenberger) and the 3rd Motorized Division (General Jahn) reached the Düna, taking Dünaburg and securing a bridgehead on the right bank of the river.
June 1941: German motorized corps reached the river at Krustpils on June 26.
June 1941: As late as June 28, Libau was occupied by the Germans without any particular resistance.
June 1941: On June 29, Jelgava (Mitau) was occupied by the German 18th Army.
June 1941: Motorized corps of General Reinhardt reached the western Düna near Jakobstadt and Lievenhof.
June 1941: At the end of June, the German 1st Army Corps with the 1st, 11th and 21st Infantry Divisions concentrated on the Düna in the Friedrichstadt area.
July 1941: Ventspils (Windau) was taken by the Germans on July 1st.
July 1941: On July 1, the Soviet 8th Army was further withdrawn to the Gulbene - Lake Lubana line.
July 1941: East of Dünaburg near Kraslava the Düna crossing by the Germans took place on July 3rd.
July 1941: On the evening of July 3, German troops occupied Gulbene.
July 1941: The pushed-off Soviet 42nd Panzer Division held out in the Dagda District until the evening of July 3.
July 1941: Units of the German LVI. motorized corps occupied Rezekne on July 4th.
July 1941: The Germans retook Ostrow.
July 1941: On July 6 the city of Ostrow fell back into German hands.
July 1941: German troops threw back the remnants of the Soviet 41st Rifle Corps across this river and occupied the western part of Pskov.
July 1941: The German 217th Infantry Division, supported by the Navy, took Pernau on 9 July.
July 1941: German forces reached the Dorpat-Pernau line on July 10.
August 1941: On August 5, the German units reached Tallinn.
August 1941: On August 7th, 1941, German forces under the command of Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb reached the coast of the Gulf of Finland at Kunda.
August 1941: On August 27, Admiral W. F. Tributz issued the order to evacuate his naval troops, on this day German troops entered Tallinn.
50.2.6.2.Battle of Białystok-Minsk
Was a German strategic operation conducted by the Wehrmacht's Army Group Centre during the penetration of the Soviet border region. The operation loed to the occupation of Belarus.
June 1941: Minsk, the capital of Belarus, fell to the Wehrmacht.
50.2.6.2.1.German Invasion of Belarus
Was a German strategic operation conducted by the Wehrmacht's Army Group Centre during the penetration of the Soviet border region. The operation led to the occupation of Belarus.
June 1941: By the night of 25 June, the Soviet counterattack was defeated, and the commander of the 6th Cavalry Corps was captured yb the Germans in Grodno.
50.2.6.3.Siege of Leningrad
Was a prolonged military blockade undertaken by the Axis powers against the Soviet city of Leningrad (present-day Saint Petersburg) on the Eastern Front of World War II.
June 1941: Riga conquered by germany.
August 1941: The German XXVI. Army Corps reached the Luga sector near Kingisepp on August 17.
August 1941: The Germans Captured Tallinn by August 28.
September 1941: On September 8, the Wehrmacht captured Schlisselburg on the shore of Lake Ladoga.
September 1941: Finns captured the Beloostrov and Kirjasalo salients and conducted defensive preparations.
October 1941: Until mid-October the large Baltic islands were occupied by German forces.
50.2.6.4.Operation München (Bessarabia)
A joint German-Romanian offensive during the German invasion of the Soviet Union in World War II, with the primary objective of recapturing Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region, ceded by Romania to the Soviet Union a year before.
July 1941: By the evening of July 4, parts of the German XI. and XXX. Army corps broke through on the Stolnichena, Zaikany, Shuchulia, Kulugar-Sosh and Busila lines and broke through to Balti.
July 1941: On July 5, Chernivtsi, the capital of northern Bukovina, was captured by the Romanian 3rd and 23rd Vânători Battalions.
July 1941: On July 16, after heavy fighting, Kishinev, the capital of Bessarabia, was taken by the Romanian 1st Armored Division (Divizia 1 Blindată).
July 1941: By July 26, Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina were under Romanian-German control.
50.2.6.5.Battle of Kiev
Was the struggle between Germany and the USSR for the area of Kiev during World War II.
July 1941: The German forces managed to break through the fortified Stalin Line in the southeast portion of Zhytomyr Oblast.
July 1941: The Axis ground forces reached the Dnieper tributary Irpin River.
September 1941: German occupation of Kiev.
November 1943: Continuing to advance West of Kiev, Soviet forces take Zhitomir, important rail center.
50.2.6.6.Battle of Smolensk
Was the struggle between Germany and the USSR for the area of Smolenks during World War II.
July 1941: German troops, commanded by Field Marshal Fedor von Bock, conquered the city of Smolensk on July 15, while the battle could be considered concluded on the 26th with the liquidation of the last pockets of Soviet resistance, laying the foundations for the attack towards the capital.
September 1943: Bryansk is liberated by the Red Army during Smolensk operation.
September 1943: After four days of battle, Soviet rifle divisions captured Dukhovshchina.
September 1943: Yartsevo, an important railroad hub near Smolensk, was liberated by Soviet troops.
September 1943: Soviet forces take Smolensk and Roslavl on central front.
50.2.6.7.Battle of Uman
Was the World War II German offensive in Uman, Ukraine, against the 6th and 12th Soviet Armies.
July 1941: Panzergruppe 1 occupied the important strategic point of Bila Tserkva.
August 1941: Battle of Uman.
50.2.6.8.Battle of the Sea of Azov
Was an Axis military campaign fought between 26 September 1941 and 11 October 1941 on the northern shores of the Sea of Azov during Operation Barbarossa.
October 1941: The Germans captured Melitopol and Berdiansk.
October 1941: Germans captured Kharkiv on 24 October.
50.2.6.9.Battle of Moscow - German Offensive
Was the attempt of German troops to conquer Moscow, the capital and largest city of the Soviet Union.
October 1941: Spearheads of the German 3rd and 4th Panzer Groups met at Vyazma.
October 1941: By 13 October 1941, the Wehrmacht had reached the Mozhaisk defense line.
October 1941: German forces captured the city of Kalinin and south Kaluga and Tula.
October 1941: Mozhaisk and Maloyaroslavets conquered by germany.
October 1941: Battle of Bryansk.
October 1941: Naro-Fominsk fell to the Germans on 21 October.
October 1941: The Germans reached the outskirts of Tula until 26 October.
October 1941: Volokolamsk conquered by germany.
November 1941: The German Third Panzer Army captured Klin after heavy fighting on 23 November.
November 1941: The Germans took Stalinogorsk on 22 November 1941.
November 1941: Solnechnogorsk conquered by germany.
November 1941: Istra conquered by germany.
November 1941: Just northwest of Moscow, the Wehrmacht reached Krasnaya Polyana, little more than 29 km from the Kremlin in central Moscow.
50.2.6.10.Siege of Odessa
Was the siege of the city of Odessa, in the Soviet Union, during the early phase of Operation Barbarossa.
October 1941: Siege of Odessa.
50.2.6.11.Battle of Rostov
Was a battle of the Eastern Front of World War II, fought around Rostov-on-Don between the Army Group South of Nazi Germany and the Southern Front of the Soviet Union.
October 1941: By 17 October 1941 the Mius River was crossed by the 14th Panzer Division and Taganrog was captured by German troops.
November 1941: On 21 November the Germans took Rostov.
November 1941: On 27 November the Soviet 37th Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Anton Ivanovich Lopatin, as part of the Rostov Strategic Offensive Operation, counter-attacked the 1st Panzer Army's spearhead from the north, forcing them to pull out of the city of Rostov.
50.2.6.12.Battle of Moscow - Soviet Counteroffensive
Was the counteroffensive of the Soviet troops against the Germans, that had put Moscow under siege.
December 1941: A Soviet offensive liberated Kalinin and the Red Army reached Klin.
December 1941: Soviet armies retook Solnechnogorsk.
December 1941: The Red army takes Klin.
December 1941: Soviet troops liberated Naro-Fominsk.
December 1941: The Red Army approaches Kaluga, south-west of Moscow (full liberation on 31 December).
January 1942: Maloyaroslavets conquered by USSR.
50.2.6.13.Russian Offensives in Leningrad
Was a prolonged military blockade undertaken by the Axis powers against the Soviet city of Leningrad (present-day Saint Petersburg) on the Eastern Front of World War II.
December 1941: Germans retreated from Tikhvin back to the Volkhov River.
January 1944: Red Army units gain ground in Leningrad area. Germans forces pushed 60-100 km away from the city. Enemy is cleared from area between Tosno and Lyuban.
50.2.6.14.Operation Iskra
Was a Soviet military operation in January 1943 during World War II, that succesfully broke the Wehrmacht's siege of Leningrad.
January 1943: Soviet Reconquests from the Germans up to January 22.
January 1943: Schlüsselburg conquered by USSR.
50.2.6.15.Operation Polar Star
Was an operation conducted by the Soviet forces that succeeded in recapturing the Demyansk salient.
February 1943: A Soviet operation succeeded in retaking the Demyansk salient.
50.2.7.Continuation War
The Continuation War, also known as the Second Soviet-Finnish War, was a conflict fought by Finland and Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1944, as part of World War II.
December 1941: The Soviet Union withdrew its troops from the leased area in the Hankko peninsula.
50.2.7.1.Operation Silver Fox
Was a joint German-Finnish military operation during the Continuation War on the Eastern Front of World War II against the Soviet Union. The objective of the offensive was to cut off and capture the key Soviet Port of Murmansk.
June 1941: The German 2nd Mountain Division was able to secure the neck of Rybachy Peninsula, while the 3rd Mountain Division was able to penetrate the Soviet lines at the Titovka Valley, capturing a bridge over the river.
July 1941: The initial Finnish advance against its adversary, the 54th Rifle Division, was very successful. III Corps moved swiftly through the Arctic forest and defeated several Soviet regiments. It advanced 64 km to the canal between Lake Pyaozero and Lake Topozero in just 20 days.
50.2.7.2.Finnish invasion of Ladoga Karelia
Was the Finnish invasion of the region of Carelia in the area of lake Ladoga during the Continuation War.
July 1941: Loimola was captured by the Finnish forces.
July 1941: Finnish troops reached the shore of Lake Ladoga at Koirinoja.
July 1941: Soviet resistance on the eastern shore of the Jänisjärvi Lake, and clearing the resistance lasted until July 16.
July 1941: It took until July 17 for the Finnish VII Corps to finally reach the Jänisjoki River.
July 1941: Finnish forces encircled the defenders and captured Salmi.
July 1941: The Finnish VI Corps reached the 1939 border on July 23.
August 1941: By August 7 Finnish 2nd Division of the II Corps had already reached the shore of lake Ladoga at Lahdenpohja.
50.2.7.3.Finnish invasion of the Karelian Isthmus
Was a military campaign carried out by Finland in 1941 where Finnish forces liberated the Karelian Isthmus.
August 1941: The Finnish 15th Division's managed to capture the town of Hiitola.
August 1941: The Finnish 18th Division captured the town and crossing point of Antrea.
August 1941: The Finnish 18th Division started its crossing of Vuoksi river.
August 1941: Vyborg was captured by Finnish troops.
August 1941: Finnish forces reached the old border with Russia.
50.2.7.4.Finnish invasion of East Karelia
Finnish troops occupied East Karelia during the Continuation War.
September 1941: The Finnish forces captured Olonets on September 5.
September 1941: Finnish advance by Group L reached Svir river.
September 1941: The Finnish 11th Division captured Pryazha.
October 1941: The Finnish forces captured Petrozavodsk.
December 1941: The Finnish spearhead captured the town of Poventsa.
50.2.7.5.Vyborg-Petrozavodsk Offensive
Was a strategic operation by the Soviet on the Karelian Isthmus and East Karelia fronts of the Continuation War, on the Eastern Front of World War II.
June 1944: Soviet units captured frontline trenches and destroyed fortifications, shattering the first Finnish defense line in the Valkeasaari sector.
June 1944: The Soviet 21st Army's offensive reached the partially completed VT-line.
June 1944: Viipuri/Vyborg falls to Soviet forces of Leningrad Front, insuring safety of Leningrad and opening Gulf of Finland to Soviet fleet.
June 1944: The Soviet Union's Karelian Front attacked in the Olonets sector of White Karelia on June 20. Weakened Finnish forces proved unable to stop the offensive which reached Olonets.
June 1944: Petrozavodsk conquered by USSR.
July 1944: The first Karelian Front 7th Army's units reached the U-line.
50.2.7.6.Moscow Armistice
Was an armistice signed by Finland on one side and by the Soviet Union and United Kingdom on the other side on September 19, 1944, ending the Continuation War.
September 1944: Armistice signed between Finland on one side, and the Soviet Union and United Kingdom on the other side on September 19, 1944, ending the Continuation War. Karelia, Salla, Petsamo, and Porkkala fell to the Soviets.
50.2.7.7.Petsamo-Kirkenes Offensive
Was a major military offensive during World War II, mounted by the Red Army against the Wehrmacht in 1944 in the Petsamo region.
October 1944: Despite intensive planning before the Petsamo-Kirkenes Offensive, the initial attack on 7 October immediately met with problems. Poor visibility made it difficult to co-ordinate artillery and fire support, slowing the assault. Nevertheless, after some fierce fighting the Soviets broke through the German lines on the Titovka River.
50.2.8.German Crimean campaign
Was an eight-month-long campaign by Axis forces to conquer the Crimean Peninsula on the Eastern Front of World War II.
November 1941: Simferopol, Feodosiya and Kerch were conquered in quick succession by German forces in November 1941.
July 1942: Sevastopol surrendered to German forces on 4 July 1942.
50.2.9.Battle of the Kerch Peninsula
Was the struggle between Germany and the USSR for the control of the Kerch Peninsula during World War II.
December 1941: While German Army Group South continues offensive against Sevastopol, Soviet Caucasian troops make an amphibious assault against Crimea and seize Kerch and Feodosia.
May 1942: In 1942 the Germans occupied the city of Kerč again.
50.2.10.Demyansk Offensive Operation
Was the Soviet operation against a pocket of German troops encircled by the Red Army around Demyansk, south of Leningrad.
January 1942: German gains during the Demyansk Offensive Operation.
February 1942: Demyansk Pocket encircled by Soviet army.
50.2.11.Barvenkovo-Lozovaya Offensive
Was a Red Army operation in northeastern Ukraine on the Eastern Front of World War II.
May 1942: Soviet gains from the Barvenkovo-Lozovaya Offensive.
50.2.12.Case Blue
Was a German offensive whose goal was to capture the oild fields of Baku in the Caucasus.
July 1942: Japanese gains during the New Guinea Campaign.
July 1942: German gains during Case Blue.
July 1942: Battle of Voronezh.
July 1942: Salsk was captured by German forces on 31 July.
August 1942: German gains during Case Blue.
August 1942: Stavropol conquered by germany.
August 1942: The western oil fields near Maikop were seized by German forces in a commando operation from 8-9 August.
August 1942: Maikop falls to German Army Group A.
August 1942: German Army Group A reaches Pyatigorsk.
August 1942: Elista, in the Kalmyk district south of Stalingrad, was taken by German forces on 13 August.
August 1942: German Army Group B presses in steadily on Stalingrad, spearhead reaching the Volga.
August 1942: In the south, the German advance was stopped north of Grozny, after taking Mozdok.
August 1942: From August-September, the Taman Peninsula and a part of the Novorossiysk naval base were captured by the Germans.
September 1942: The Axis enjoyed greater success and on 1 September, the Germans took Khulkhuta, halfway between Elista and Astrakhan.
November 1942: Alagir was seized and the Alagir-Beslan-Malgobek line reached became the farthest German advance in the south.
November 1942: German gains during Case Blue.
50.2.13.Operation Uranius
Was the codename of the Soviet Red Army's 19-23 November 1942 strategic operation on the Eastern Front of World War II which led to the encirclement of the Axis forces in the vicinity of Stalingrad.
50.2.14.Battle of Stalingrad
Was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II where Nazi Germany and its allies unsuccessfully fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (today Volgograd) in Southern Russia.
February 1943: On 2 February 1943, the German 6th army, having exhausted their ammunition and food, finally capitulated.
50.2.14.1.Operation Winter Storm
A German offensive in December 1942 during World War II whose aim was to break the Soviet encirclement of the German 6th Army during the Battle of Stalingrad.
December 1942: Red Army advances during Operation Uranus by 12 December.
December 1942: Red Army advances during Operation Uranus by 21 December
December 1942: Red Army advances during Operation Uranus by 23 December
50.2.15.Operation Saturn
Was a Red Army offensive on the Eastern Front of World War II in the Don and Chir rivers region.
January 1943: The Battle of Nikolayevka between the Axis Italian-German forces and Soviet troops , led to a chaotic retreat of the Italian Alpine Division.
February 1943: By February 1st the Italian Alpini retreated to the Kharkov area, where the Axis forces successfully organized a line of defense.
February 1943: The Red army continues to close on Rostov, Kharkov and Kursk.
50.2.16.Third Battle of Kharkov
Was a series of battles on the Eastern Front of World War II, undertaken by Army Group South of Nazi Germany against the Soviet Red Army, around the city of Kharkov.
February 1943: The Germans successfully surrounded and destroyed a number of Red Army units south of the Samara River.
March 1943: Between 1-5 March the 4th Panzer Army, including the SS Panzer Corps, covered 80 kilometers and positioned itself only about 16 kilometers south of Kharkov.
March 1943: German forces recapture Kharkov.
50.2.17.Operation Büffel
Was a retreat conducted by the German Army Group Centre on the Eastern Front during the period 1-22 March 1943 to shorten the front by 370 km.
March 1943: German retreat to eliminate the Rzhev Salient and shorten the front with the Soviets.
50.2.18.Battle of Kursk
Was the struggle between Germany and the USSR for the control of the Kursk region during World War II.
July 1943: German offensive operation in July 1943 against Soviet forces in the Kursk salient.
August 1943: Soviet counter-offensive in Kursk area.
August 1943: The Red Army captures Orel and Belgorod. The German 2nd Panzer Army is virtually destroyed during the Orel battle.
August 1943: The Red Army reaches the outskirts of Kharkov.
August 1943: After heavy fighting, Kharkov was liberated by the Red Army.
50.2.19.Donbass Strategic Offensive (August 1943)
Was a Soviet military operation with the goal of liberating the Donetsk Basin, or Donbas, from the forces of Nazi Germany.
August 1943: Taganrog was liberated by Soviet troops.
September 1943: Kal'mius River conquered by USSR.
September 1943: Soviet troops liberated Horlivka and Artemivsk.
September 1943: Konstantikovka conquered by USSR.
September 1943: Germans announce evacuation of Stalino.
September 1943: Soviet forces driving along edge of Sea of Azov take Mariupol.
September 1943: Sovieto liberation of Barvenkovo.
September 1943: As a result of a Soviet victory, the German Army had been forced to fall back more than 300 kilometer on the Panther-Wotan line along the Dnieper.
50.2.20.Battle of the Dnieper
Was a military campaign that took place in 1943 in Ukraine on the Eastern Front of World War II.
September 1943: Soviet forces take Sumy.
September 1943: Tschernigow conquered by USSR.
September 1943: Germans announce evacuation of Poltava, their last stronghold in the middle Dnieper.
September 1943: Red Army troops push through Poltava toward Kremenchug.
September 1943: Soviet troops occupy Kremenchug and eastern bank of the Dnieper in that area.
October 1943: On the Dnieper bend, Soviet forces successfully conclude struggle for Zaporodzhe, industrial center of the Ukraine.
October 1943: Dnepropetrovsk was liberated on October 25.
50.2.21.Dnieper-Carpathian Offensive
Was a Soviet strategic offensive whose goal was to clear the German-Romanian-Hungarian forces from most of the Ukrainian and Moldavian territories.
December 1943: Soviet troops of Second Ukrainian Front overrun Cherkassy.
December 1943: The Soviets liberated Kasatin on December 28.
December 1943: Soviet forces overwhelm enemy at Korosten .
December 1943: By December 30, the Soviets were able to reach the new Rovno-Shepetovka-Zhmerinka-Vinnitsa-Hristinovka-Uman line.
January 1944: On January 3, 1944, the Soviets liberated Novograd-Volynsky.
January 1944: On January 4 Belaya Tserkov falls to Soviet forces.
January 1944: Red Army forces overrun Berdichev, rail junction southwest of Kiev.
January 1944: By the end of the operation on January 16, the front line in the eastern theater was east of Smela, west of Kirovograd and north of Novgorodka.
January 1944: Medvin and Boyarka fell into Soviet hands on January 26.
February 1944: Soviet forces liberated the city of Lutsk.
February 1944: On February 3rd, the Soviet 13th Army took the important railway junction of Sdolbunov.
February 1944: Moscow announces major breakthrough by troops of Third Ukrainian Front in region northeast of Krivoi Rog and Nikopol where Apostolovi, rail junction between the 2 places, is overrun.
February 1944: Shepetovka, rail center West of Kiev near prewar Polish border, falls to troops of First Ukrainian Front.
February 1944: The Red Army reached the Ingulez River on February 29.
March 1944: On March 7, Soviet troops crossed the Gorni Tikich River.
March 1944: Soviet forces break into Tarnopol, where prolonged street fighting ensues.
March 1944: Soviet forces on the offensive South-West of Smela capture Uman, German air base.
March 1944: On March 16 the Red Army occupied Bobrines.
March 1944: Forces of First Ukrainian Front make progress SW of Rowno, overrunning Dubno
March 1944: By March 18, 1944, the Soviet advance led by Marshal Georgy Zhukov had reached Kovel, a city in western Ukraine.
March 1944: Mogilov-Podolsky was taken by Soviet forces on March 19th.
March 1944: After three days of heavy fighting, parts of the 32nd Guards Rifle Corps (Lieutenant General A. I. Rodimtzev) entered Pervomaisk.
March 1944: Highway and rail junction of Vinnitsa falls to troops of First Ukrainian Front.
March 1944: On March 23, Czortków was liberated by the Soviet Red Army.
March 1944: On March 26, the Soviet Army liberated Kamenets-Podolsky.
March 1944: Cernauti (Bessarabia) falls to Soviet forces of First Ukrainian Front.
March 1944: The Red Army liberated the town of Balta on March 29.
April 1944: Odessa, important Black Sea port, is liberated by Soviet forces.
April 1944: Tiraspol is liberated by the Red Army.
April 1944: The Soviet 40 Army captured Botoșani.
50.2.22.Leningrad-Novgorod Offensive
Was a Soviet strategic offensive whose goal was to end the German siege of Leningrad.
January 1944: On January 19, the Red Army recaptured Krasnoye Selo and Ropsha from German occupation.
January 1944: On January 30, Pushkin Gatchina fell to the Red Army.
February 1944: The city of Luga was captured by Soviet troops on February 12.
February 1944: On February 15 the Red Army reached the Narva the eastern shore of Lake Peipus.
March 1944: By the end of February, the Soviets reached the Pskov-Ostrov lines of defense.
50.2.23.Red Army Crimean Offensive
Was a series of offensives by the Red Army that ended with the evacuation of Crimea by the Germans.
April 1944: On the morning of April 11, the Soviet 19th Panzer Corps under Major General Vasilyev occupied Dzhankoi.
April 1944: Soviet forces in the Crimea break through enemy defenses on Kerch Peninsula to seize Kerch.
April 1944: Eupatoria, Simferopol and Feodosiya were occupied by USSR forces on April 13.
April 1944: Soviet Independent Maritime Army captures Yalta, in the Crimea.
May 1944: Sevastopol falls to Soviet forces.
50.2.24.Operation Bagration
Was the Soviet offensive against German-occupied Belarus during World War II.
50.2.24.1.Vitebsk-Orsha Offensive
Was a Soviet military offensive during World War II where Vitebsk and Orsha were conquered from the Germans.
June 1944: Red Army overruns Orsha, North-East of Minsk.
June 1944: The Soviets reached the Berezina River by 28 June.
50.2.24.2.Bobruysk Offensive
Was a Soviet military offensive during World War II where Bobruysk was liberated.
June 1944: The Red Army envelops Bobruysk.
50.2.24.3.Polotsk Offensive
Was a Soviet military offensive during World War II where Polotsk was liberated.
July 1944: USSR Troops of First Baltic Front overrun Polotsk.
50.2.24.4.Minsk Offensive
Was a Soviet military offensive during World War II where Minsk was liberated.
July 1944: Minsk falls to Third and First White Russian Fronts.
50.2.24.5.Vilnius Offensive
Was a Soviet military offensive during World War II where Vilnius was liberated.
July 1944: Molodechno was taken by Soviet units of the 11th Guards Army, 5th Guards Tank Army and 3rd Guards Cavalry Corps on 5 July.
July 1944: Soviet forces reached Vilnius, held by units of the German 3rd Panzer Army.
July 1944: The city of Vilnius fell to the Red Army on 13 July.
50.2.24.6.Belostock Offensive
Was a Soviet military offensive during World War II where Białystok (Poland) was liberated.
July 1944: Soviet converging columns of Third and Second White Russian Fronts overrun Grodno, rail and road junction on route to East Prussia.
July 1944: The Soviet 3rd Army reached the outskirts of Białystok itself, despite strong resistance from the LV Corps. It stormed the city and took it.
50.2.24.7.Šiauliai Offensive
Was an operation of the Soviet forces of the 1st Baltic Front, commanded by General Hovhannes Bagramyan, conducted from 5 July to 29 August 1944. It drove German troops from much of Lithuania, with the main tactical objective being the city of Šiauliai.
July 1944: By July 22 Soviet troops had captured Panevežys.
July 1944: On 27 July the Red Army captured Šiauliai and Daugavpils.
August 1944: Soviet troops liberated the cities of Jelgava and Kaunas.
August 1944: Soviet advances during Operation Bagraton and Šiauliai Offensive.
50.2.24.8.Lublin-Brest Offensive
Strategic offensive by the Soviet Red Army to clear the Nazi German forces from the regions of Eastern Poland and Western Belarus.
July 1944: Soviet troops of First White Russian Front overrun Lublin.
July 1944: Troops of First White Russian Front overrun Brest Litovsk.
August 1944: By 2 August, the 1st Belorussian Front’s left wing armies seized bridgeheads over the Vistula at Magnuszew (Chuikov's 47th Army) and Puławy.
50.2.24.9.Kaunas Offensive
Was an offensive of the Soviet Red Army to clear the area of Kaunas from German forces.
July 1944: The German resistance on the approaches to the Neman was broken.
July 1944: Using the success of the Tank Corps, the troops of the Soviet 33rd Army entered and secured Vilkaviškis and the railway station of Mariampolė.
50.2.24.10.Osovets Offensive
Was an offensive of the Soviet Red Army to clear the area of Osowiec (Poland) from German forces.
August 1944: Joseph Stalin's Order no. 166 for that day noted the capture of the fortress of Osowiec.
50.2.25.Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive
Was a major Red Army operation to force the German troops out from Ukraine and Eastern Poland.
July 1944: The Soviet Mobile Group advanced quickly, under cover of air support, and over the next three days managed to capture the town of Kamionka Strumilowa.
July 1944: Columns of First Ukrainian Front take Lwow
August 1944: Soviet commander Pavel Rybalko is able to expand the Soviet controlled area in the Lvov-Sandomierz region by a depth of 120 kilometers, capturing the city of Sandomierz.
50.2.26.Battle of Narva
With the Narva Offensive, 24-30 July 1944, the Red Army captured the town of Narva.
July 1944: With the Narva Offensive, 24-30 July 1944, the Red Army captured the town of Narva.
50.2.27.Tartu Offensive
Was the Soviet offensive to clear the Tartu area (Estonia) from the German forces on the Eastern Front of World War II.
August 1944: The USSR Captured the town of Võru on 13 August.
August 1944: Tartu falls to forces of Third Baltic Front.
50.2.27.1.Riga Offensive
Was the Soviet operation to conquer Riga as part of the larger Baltic offensive on the Eastern Front during World War II.
October 1944: Riga was taken by forces of the Soviet 3rd Baltic Front.
50.2.28.Battle of Romania
The Soviet Operations to drive out the Axis powers from Romania during World War II.
September 1944: Soviet advance in Romania on 8 September 1944.
September 1944: By 24 September 1944, nearly all of Romania was under Allied control.
50.2.28.1.Jassy-Kishinev Offensive
Was a Soviet offensive against Axis forces in Eastern Romania during World War II.
August 1944: Troops of the USSR 7th Guards Army stormed Bacău and the 40th Army took Târgu Neamț.
August 1944: Focsani falls to troops of Second Ukrainian Front. Galati, third largest city in Rumania and chief port on the Danube, to those of Third Ukrainian Front.
August 1944: Tolbukhin's troops took the port cities of Brăila and Sulina on August 28.
August 1944: The evacuation of the encircled enemy on the left bank of the Prut River was completed by troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front by August 29.
August 1944: Troops of Second Ukrainian Front overrun Bucharest, capital of Rumania
50.2.29.Baltic Offensive
Was the campaign between the northern Fronts of the Red Army and the German Army Group North in the Baltic States during the autumn of 1944 that resulted in the Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic States.
50.2.29.1.Tallinn Offensive
Was a strategic offensive by the Red Army against the German Army in mainland Estonia on the Eastern Front of World War II.
September 1944: Soviet forces site Tallinn.
50.2.29.2.Moonsund Operation
The Moonsund landing operation was an amphibious operation by the Red Army that cleared the West Estonian archipelago from German troops.
October 1944: Soviet conquest of the island of Moon and part of the island of Ösel.
October 1944: Soviet conquest of the island of Ösel.
November 1944: Soviet conquest of the island of Ösel.
50.2.29.3.Battle of Memel
Was a battle which took place on the Eastern Front during World War II resulting in the Soviet conquest of Klaipėda (Memel).
January 1945: German forces abandon Memel, which is occupied by Soviet forces shortly after.
50.2.30.Lapland War
Was a series of fights between Finland and Germany at the end of World War II when German troops were leaving Finland, which had been a German ally until the end of 1944.
October 1944: German troops were in northern Finland in order to support the country against Russia. Between September 1944 and April 1945 all german soldiers left finland after a series of minor battles.
50.2.31.Battle of Debrecen
Was a battle taking place 6-29 October 1944 on the Eastern Front in Hungary during World War II.
50.2.32.Soviet Invasion of Hungary
Was the Soviet invasion of German-occupied Hungary during World War II.
April 1945: Soviet operations in Hungary ended on 4 April 1945, when the last German troops were expelled.
50.2.32.1.Battle of Budapest
Was the 50-day-long encirclement by Soviet and Romanian forces of the German-occupied Hungarian capital of Budapest.
October 1944: The Red Army started its offensive against the city of Budapest.
50.2.32.2.Operation Spring Awakening
Was the last major German offensive of World War II. It took place in Western Hungary on the Eastern Front and lasted from 6 March until 15 March, 1945. The objective was to secure the last significant oil reserves still available to the European Axis powers and prevent the Red Army from advancing towards Vienna. It was a failure for Nazi Germany.
March 1945: German occupation of Balaton lake region (line of 15 march).
March 1945: Soviet counterattack in Hungary.
March 1945: Soviet forces continue to advance in Hungary towards Austria.
50.2.33.Gumbinnen Operation
Was a Soviet offensive on the Eastern Front late in 1944, in which Soviet forces attempted to penetrate the borders of East Prussia.
October 1944: Gumbinnen was reached by the Soviets by 22 October.
October 1944: Gumbinnen was retaken by German forces on the 24 October.
October 1944: The Germans lost Gumbinnen on October 25th.
November 1944: The town of Gumbinnen was again taken by the German 5th Panzer Division.
50.2.34.Vistula-Oder Offensive
Was a Soviet offensive were German-held territories of Kraków, Warsaw and Poznań were conquered.
January 1945: The Soviet 69th Army ruptured the last lines of defence and took Radom.
January 1945: The Soviet First Ukrainian Front takes Kielce.
January 1945: First White Russian Front overruns Warsaw, capital of Poland.
January 1945: First Ukrainian Front seizes and Cracow.
January 1945: First White Russian Front takes Łódź.
January 1945: The Red Army reached the Baltic coast of the Vistula delta.
January 1945: The Red Army reached Katowice.
January 1945: The Soviet 2nd Guards Tank and 5th Shock Armies reached the Oder almost unopposed. A unit of the 5th Shock Army crossed the river ice and took the town of Kienitz as early as 31 January.
50.2.35.Soviet Invasion of Slovakia
Was the Soviet invasion of Slovakia near the end of World War II.
January 1945: The Red Army occupied Bardejov, Svidník, Prešov and Košice in eastern Slovakia.
March 1945: On March 3-5 the Soviets took northwestern Slovakia.
March 1945: In Czechoslovakia, troops of Second Ukrainian Front take communications center of Banska Bystrica.
April 1945: Important communications center of Bratislava (Czechoslovakia) falls to troops of Second Ukrainian Front.
50.2.36.East Prussian Offensive
Was a strategic offensive by the Soviet Red Army against the German Wehrmacht in East Prussia during World War II.
January 1945: Second White Russian Front seizes Allenstein and Deutsch-Eylau.
January 1945: Rokossovsky's leading tank units had reached the shore of the Vistula Lagoon.
March 1945: Some 15 divisions of the German 4th Army had become encircled on the shore of the Vistula Lagoon in what became known as the Heiligenbeil Pocket. After bitter fighting, these units were finally overcome on 29 March.
April 1945: Organized resistance in East Prussia ends as Königsberg fortress falls to troops of Third White Russian Front
April 1945: In East Prussia, troops of Third White Russian Front overrun Pillau, at tip of Samland Peninsula.
50.2.37.Battle of Küstrin
Was the Soviet offensive against German forces in the area of Küstrin (today Kostrzyn nad Odrą in Poland).
February 1945: On February 2, 1945, Soviet troops occupied the fortress of Küstrin.
50.2.38.Siege of Breslau
Was a three-month-long siege of the city of Breslau in Lower Silesia, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland) by Soviet Troops at the End of World War II.
February 1945: In German Silesia, Soviet forces gain ground North-West of Breslau.
May 1945: After a three-month-long siege of the city of Breslau in Lower Silesia, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland), fell to the Soviets.
50.2.39.East Pomeranian Strategic Offensive
Was an offensive by the Soviet Red Army against the German Wehrmacht in Pomerania and West Prussia from 10 February to 4 April 1945.
February 1945: Red Army overruns Schneidemuehl (North-East Prussia).
February 1945: In checkered fighting, Deutsch-Briesen fell into Soviet hands on February 16.
March 1945: As early as March 1, the Soviets had again penetrated east of Koslin to the Baltic Sea.
March 1945: Russian troops reach coast at Koeslin.
March 1945: On March 5th the Red Army reached the Baltic coast and occupied Kammin.
March 1945: Soviet forces led by Marshal Georgy Zhukov occupied Stolpmünde, a town in present-day Poland.
March 1945: On March 8, the 1st Guards Tank Army was temporarily assigned to Rokossovsky's front, parts of the 3rd Guards Tank Corps and the 132nd Rifle Corps of the 19th Army (General Koslow) jointly occupied the town of Stolp.
March 1945: Sopot fell into Soviet hands on March 23.
March 1945: On March 28, the Red Army took Gotenhafen (modern-day Gdynia).
March 1945: Troops of Second White Russian Front complete capture of Danzig.
April 1945: The German formations north-west of Danzig on the Oxhöfter Kämpe and on the Hela peninsula, as well as the German units stationed near Stutthof, continued to resist until April 9, 1945.
50.2.40.Vienna Offensive
Was an offensive launched by the Red Army in order to capture Vienna, Austria, during World War II. .
March 1945: The German bridgehead at Komárom was eliminated by Soviet forces.
April 1945: The Red Army penetrated Klosterneuburg with the 20th and 22nd Guards Tank Brigades.
April 1945: On April 8, Soviet forces also landed on the left bank of the Danube opposite Orth and near Mannsdorf.
April 1945: The German 96th Infantry Division and the 101st Jäger Division had to evacuate Gänserndorf and Angern on April 10th.
April 1945: The Soviet 23rd Panzer Corps (Lieutenant General Akhmanov) occupied Deutsch-Wagram on April 11.
April 1945: Second Ukrainian Front gains ground North of Vienna. Troops of Third Ukrainian Front continue to clear region West of Vienna and overrun Fuerstenfeld, East of Graz.
50.2.41.Battle of Berlin
The German Ninth Army, encircled in a large pocket in the Spree Forest region south-east of Berlin, attempted to break out westwards through the village of Halbe but was defeated.
May 1945: Battle of Halbe: The German Ninth Army, encircled in a large pocket in the Spree Forest region south-east of Berlin, attempted to break out westwards through the village of Halbe but was defeated.
May 1945: Fighting between German and Soviet forces in Berlin.
50.2.42.Prague Offensive
Was the last major military operation of World War II in Europe, fought by the Soviets to liberate Prague. The offensive continued for 2 days after the capitulation of Germany.
May 1945: Troops of Fourth Ukrainian Front overrun Olmütz.
May 1945: Soviet forces finish clearing Czechoslovakia and Austria and begin to mop up isolated remnants.
50.3.World War II (Western Front)
Was the Western European theatre of World War II.
April 1945: The Slovak Republic was abolished after the Soviet occupation in 1945.
50.3.1.Western Allied invasion of Germany
Was the invasion of the western territories of Germany mainly by the United States, United Kingdom, France and Canada at the end of World War II.
April 1945: Final allied military operations in the European theatre of World War II (April-May 1945).
May 1945: Final allied military operations in the European theatre of World War II (April-May 1945).
50.4.World War II (Balkan Theatre)
Was the theatre of conflict of World War II that took place in the Balkans.
50.4.1.Establishment of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was a provisional state established during World War II on 29 November 1943 through the Second Session of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ). .
October 1944: Partisan-controlled territories in Yugoslavia by september 1944.
January 1945: In late September 1944 three Bulgarian armies, some 455,000 strong in total led by General Georgi Marinov Mandjev from the village of Goliamo Sharkovo - Elhovo, entered Yugoslavia with the strategic task of blocking the German forces withdrawing from Greece. Southern and eastern Serbia and Macedonia were liberated within two months.
January 1945: At the onset of winter, the Partisans effectively controlled the entire eastern half of Yugoslavia - Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro - as well as most of the Dalmatian coast.
50.4.1.1.Partisan offensive in Axis-occupied Yugoslavia
Were a series of partisan offensives against Axis-occupied Yugoslavia during World War II.
April 1945: On 12 April, the Yugoslav 3rd Army, under the command of Kosta Nađ, forced a crossing of the Drava river. The 3rd Army then fanned out through Podravina, reached a point north of Zagreb, and crossed the old Austrian border with Yugoslavia in the Dravograd sector.
50.4.2.Soviet invasion of Bulgaria
Was the Soviet invasion of Bulgaria during World War II.
September 1944: On 8 September, Soviet forces crossed the Bulgarian-Romanian border and on the eve of 8 September garrison detachments, led by Zveno officers, overthrew the government after taking strategic points in Sofia and arresting government ministers.
September 1944: The Soviets established a new communist government in Bulgaria, with Kimon Georgiev as prime minister. The Red Army remained in occupation of Bulgaria until 1947.
50.4.3.German Withdrawal from Greece (World War II)
The evacuation of Greece by German troops during World War II.
June 1945: Isolated Axis garrisons remained in Crete, the Dodecanese and various other Aegean islands until the end of the war in May 1945.
50.5.World War II (Middle Eastern Theatre)
Was the Middle Eastern theatre of World War II.
50.5.1.Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
Was the joint invasion of the neutral Imperial State of Iran by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union in August 1941.
August 1941: The British and Soviet forces met at Sanandaj.
August 1941: Qazvin conquered by russia.
50.5.1.1.Soviet invasion of Northwestern Iran
Soviet operations in Northwestern Iran during the Anglo-Sovieto invasion of Iran.
August 1941: The Soviet attack against Gilan Province began.
August 1941: Soviet forces captured the city of Mianeh, East Azerbaijan.
August 1941: The garrison of Bandar Pahlavi was forced to surrender to Soviet forces.
August 1941: Saveh and Qom conquered by russia.
August 1941: The Red Army took Qazvin on the 29th.
August 1941: The Soviet forces had reached the city of Chalus.
August 1941: The Soviet Union's 53rd Army captured the city of Hamadan in Iran,
August 1941: The Iranians accepted the Soviet ceasefire on 29 August, and the Soviets entered the now "open city" of Tehran on 30 August.
50.5.1.2.Soviet invasion of Northeastern Iran
Soviet operations in Northeastern Iran during the Anglo-Sovieto invasion of Iran.
August 1941: There was heavy fighting for three days, and by 28 August, the Iranians had been driven back after taking heavy casualties. Mashhad fell to the Soviets the same day.
50.5.1.3.Partition of Iran
Iran was partitioned between Britain and the Soviet Union after the the Anglo-Soviet invasion, with the Soviets stationed in northern Iran and the British south of Hamadan and Qazvin.
October 1941: The Allies withdrew from Tehran on 17 October and Iran was partitioned between Britain and the Soviet Union, with the Soviets stationed in northern Iran and the British south of Hamadan and Qazvin.
50.5.1.4.Allied withdrawal from Iran after World War II
Was the withdrawal from Iran by Great Britain and the USSR, that had occupied the country during World War II.
June 1946: Soviet troops did not withdraw from Iran proper until May 1946.
50.6.End of World War II in Europe
Refers to the surrender of Axis forces and the end of World War II and to the territorial changes that were a direct consequence of World War II but happened after the traditional end of the War.
May 1945: The entire territory of Germany is occupied by Allied forces.
June 1945: The Third Czechoslovak Republic came into being in April 1945.
August 1945: At the Potsdam Conference the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union placed the German territories (within the 1937 Nazi Germany borders) east of the Oder-Neisse line, and with the exception of parts of East Prussia, as formally under Polish administrative control. The 1919 Versailles Treaty created Free City of Danzig was also placed under Polish administration.
February 1947: Romania was restored to its borders of 1 January 1941, but with Hungary giving Northern Transylvania back to Romania. The loss of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union was confirmed.
October 1949: The German Democratic Republic (or Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR), with East Berlin as its capital, was established in the Soviet Zone.
50.6.1.The Surrender of German forces
Surrender of German forces at the end of World War II.
May 1945: Soviet forces complete capture of Berlin. German forces surrender.
May 1945: Resistance in Latvia ceases as German Sixteenth and Eighteenth Armies begin surrendering to forces of Leningrad Front.
May 1945: The Soviets forced the German units in Army Group Centre, that were located in Bohemia, to capitulate by 11 May.
50.6.2.Austrian State Treaty
The Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state after World War II.
May 1945: In the immediate aftermath of World War II, Austria was divided into four occupation zones and jointly occupied by the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France.
July 1955: The Austrian State Treaty was signed on May 15, 1955, in Vienna, Austria. The treaty was signed by the foreign ministers of the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and France, officially ending the Allied occupation of Austria and re-establishing the country as a sovereign state.
50.6.3.Allied occupation of Germany
The Allies occupied Germany, but the Western allies and Soviet Union formed separate governments covering specific parts of Germany (West Germany, as well as West Berlin, and East Germany).
August 1945: The Allies divided Germany into four occupation zones.
Was a series of withdrawals from territories occupied by the Allies during World War II in the aftermath of the war.
April 1946: Soviet forces leave the island of Bornholm on 5 April 1946. The island was occupied since May 1945.
October 1955: Kwantung returned to China.
January 1956: Although the Soviet lease for Porkkala had been conceded for 50 years, an agreement was reached to return it earlier. The agreement was signed on September 19, 1955, exactly 11 years after the armistice, and control of the area was handed back to Finland on January 26, 1956.
51.1.Division of Korea between USA and URSS
Was the occupation and subsequent partition of Japanese-held Korea by the USSR and the USA.
August 1945: USSR declares war on Japan on 8 August. Some days after the declaration, Soviet troops move into Korea.
51.2.Creation of North and South Korea
The two occupation zones of Korea, by the USSR and the USA, became independent countries.
February 1947: Establishment of the People's Committee of North Korea in Northern Korea up to the 38th Parallel.
Was a civil war in Afghanistan between the end of the 1970's and 2022 that included a series of related conflicts. The first phase of the civil war were two coups d'état that resulted in the establishment of the Socialist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. In order to support the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, the USSR invaded the country. Two years after the Soviet withdrawal, in 1992, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was ended by the Mujahideen, an Islamic rebel group. This was followed by a conflict mainly between the Mujahideen and the Taliban forces (another Islamic militia). Until 1996 Taliban took control of Kabul and most of Afghanistan, and established of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The civil war continued between the Islamic State of Afghanistan and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, two governments recognized by different international actors. This phase was ended by the US-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. The invasion's goals were to capture or kill Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda militants, as well as replace the Taliban with a U.S.-friendly government. With support of the US the Talibans were initially defeated and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was established. However, the Talibans started a counteroffensive and in 2021 recaptured whole Afghanistan and established again the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
52.1.Soviet-Afghan War
Was a Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in support of the socialist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, and is also considered the first phase of the wider Afghan Civil War. After nearly ten years of fighting with the Afghan mujahideen, the Soviet troops left Afghanistan in 1989 and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan collapsed in 1992.
52.1.1.Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan
Was the Soviet military invasion at the beginning of the Soviet-Afghan War.
December 1979: The units of the 108th Motorized Division of the Soviet Union, under the command of General Boris Gromov, first crossed the Amu Darya river on the evening of 24 December 1979. They then proceeded to occupy the cities of Baghlan, Kunduz, and Pol-e Khomri in northern Afghanistan by the afternoon of 27 December.
December 1979: The 5th Motorized Division, part of the Soviet Union's armed forces, entered western Afghanistan in 1979. Led by General Gromov, they quickly captured the cities of Herat and Shindand as part of the USSR's military occupation of the region.
December 1979: A large numbers of Soviet Airborne Forces joined stationed ground troops and began to land in Kabul on December 25. On December 27, 1979, 700 Soviet troops dressed in Afghan uniforms, including KGB and GRU special forces officers from the Alpha Group and Zenith Group, occupied major governmental, military and media buildings in Kabul. The operation was fully complete by the morning of December 28, 1979.
January 1980: The Soviet Union expanded his area of control in Afghanistan up to Farah and Kandahar.
January 1980: By mid-January 1980 the main centers of Afghanistan were in Soviet hands. Red Army troops never attempted to occupy the entire Afghan territory, but concentrated their attention on areas deemed most important such as major urban areas, airports and main roads, ignoring rural areas altogether; at least 80% of Afghan territory remained effectively outside the control of the Kabul government and its Soviet allies.
52.1.2.Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan
Was the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan that ended the Soviet-Afghan War. The final troop withdrawal started on May 15, 1988, and ended on February 15, 1989.
February 1989: The final troop withdrawal started on May 15, 1988, and ended on February 15, 1989.
Are a series of conflicts that are considered to be a consequence of the Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
53.1.War of Transnistria
Was an armed conflict mainly between pro-Transnistria and pro-Moldovan forces.
53.2.Georgian Civil War
Was a civil war in Georgia shortly after the country had gained its independency from the USSR in 1991.
53.2.1.1991-1992 South Ossetia War
Was a war fought between Georgian government forces and the forces of South Ossetia who wanted the region to secede from Georgia and become an independent state. At the end of the war South Ossetia became de facto independent but is today recognized only by Russia, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Nauru, and Syria.
January 1991: In December 1990, Tbilisi declared a state of emergency in South Ossetia.
January 1991: On the night of 5 to 6 January 1991, the Georgian police force entered Tskhinvali to disarm the Ossetian armed groups. The fighting in Tskhinvali first resulted in a divided town: An Ossetian-controlled western part and a Georgian-controlled eastern part.
March 1991: A temporary ceasefire was agreed and Georgian forces largely withdrew from the city of Tskhinvali.
53.3.Chechen Wars
Were two wars caused by the independence struggle of Chechnya from the USSR (and later the Russian Federation). The first war started with the secession of the region during the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The second war resulted in Russia reconquering the area back.
53.3.1.First Chechen War
Was a war of independence which the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria waged against the Russian Federation from December 1994 to August 1996.
53.3.1.1.Chechen Secession
Was the secession of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria from the Soviet Union at the beginning of the First Chechen War.
53.3.1.2.Russian military intervention (First Chechen War)
Was the Russian military intervention in the breakaway Chechen Republic of Ichkeria during the First Chechen War.
53.3.1.3.Khasav-Yurt Accord
Russia and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria signed the Khasav-Yurt Accord on 31 August 1996, ending the First Chechen War.
53.3.2.Second Chechen War
Was a conflict that took place in Chechnya and the border regions of the North Caucasus between the Russian Federation and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria that resulted in the the reincorporation of Chechnya into Russia.
October 1999: The Russian army moved with ease in the wide open spaces of northern Chechnya and reached the Terek River.
October 1999: Russian forces took control of a strategic ridge within artillery range of the Chechen capital Grozny.
October 1999: After heavy fighting, Russia seized a Chechen base in the village of Goragorsky.
November 1999: The Russian flag was raised over Chechnya's second largest city, Gudermes.
November 1999: Russian soldiers dislodged separatists in Bamut.
November 1999: Russian forces managed to capture the village of Achkhoy-Martan.
December 1999: After weeks of heavy fighting, Russian forces under Major General Vladimir Shamanov took control of Alkhan-Yurt, a village just south of Grozny.
December 1999: By 11 December 1999, Russian troops had encircled Shali and were slowly forcing separatists out.
February 2000: Russian advances with the Battle of Grozny.
May 2000: Russian President Vladimir Putin established direct rule of Chechnya.
53.4.War of Dagestan
Was a military conflict between the Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan and the Russian Federation.
August 1999: On August 7, Basayev and Khattab launched an invasion into Dagestan with a group of roughly 1,500-2,000 armed militants consisting of Islamic radicals from Chechnya and Dagestan, including other international Islamists. They seized villages in the districts of Tsumadi (Echeda, Gakko, Kedy, Kvanada, Gadiri and Gigatl) and Botlikh (Godoberi, Miarso, Shodroda, Ansalta, Rakhata and Inkhelo).
August 1999: Basaev and Khattab announced they were withdrawing from Botlikhsky District to "redeploy" and begin a "new phase" in their operations.
September 1999: The rebels of the Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan came within a mere five kilometers of the major city of Khasavyurt.
September 1999: On the morning of September 5, Chechen rebels launched a second invasion into the lowland Novolakskoye region of Dagestan seizing the border village of Tukhchar.
September 1999: Russian forces successfully recaptured all regions occupied by the Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan and and pushed the rebels back into Chechnya.
53.5.Russo-Georgian war
Was a war between Georgia, on one side, and Russia and the Russian-backed self-proclaimed republics of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, on the other.
August 2008: Russians captured the military base near the town of Senaki.
August 2008: The city of Gori in Georgia was militarily occupied by Russia.
August 2008: Reuters reported that Russian forces had pushed to 55 km from Tbilisi, the closest during the war, and stopped in Igoeti.
August 2008: Russia withdraws most troops from Georgia.
53.6.Russo-Ukrainian War
Is a conflict between Russia and Ukraine, part of the conflicts related to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The main reasons for the conflict are the control of the Ukrainian territories of Donbas and Crimea (both territories have a substantial Russian-speaking populations, in particular Crimea has a majority Russian-speaking population) and Russian influence in former USSR countries. The war started in 2014 with the Russian annexion of Crimea and the Russian-sponsored secession of the the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) from Ukraine. After a phase of low-level warfare (2016-2021), Russia started a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
November 2022: The river Island of Ostriv Velykyi Potomkin within the Dnieper River returned to Ukrainian control on 11 November.
November 2022: The Russian Offensive stalled just south to Huliaipole.
November 2022: The Russian army actively pushes on both sides of Bakhmut, in Donetsk Oblast.
December 2022: Russia re-occupied the previously liberated Dnipro river island of Ostriv Velykyi Potomkin close to Kherson.
January 2023: Russian state media reported that Russian forces advanced into Orikhiv and Huliaipole towns in Zaporizhzhia Oblast.
February 2023: The Wagner Group claims the capture of the depopulated Sakko I Vantsetti village.
February 2023: The Wagner Group captured the village of Krasna Hora north of Bakhmut.
May 2023: Ukrainian troops counterattack near Khromove and Bila Hora, advancing 2.6 km along a 3 km-wide front.
May 2023: The Ukrainian Defence Ministry said that its forces had retaken about 20sq km (7.5sq miles) of territory from Russian forces in the north and south of the outskirts of Bakhmut
May 2023: Denis Pushilin, head of the Russian-backed Donetsk People's Republic, said that Russian forces had seized several Ukrainian positions near Avdiivka.
May 2023: Yevgeny Prigozhin claimed on Telegram that his Wagner mercenaries had completely captured Bakhmut.
December 2023: The Ukrainian military acknowledged that Russian forces had advanced by between 1.5 and 2 kilometres in parts of the Avdiivka sector in the past two months
December 2023: Russia said that its forces had taken Marinka while Ukrainian officials said fighting was still ongoing.
January 2024: The Ukrainian military confirmed the capture of the village of Krokhmalne, 30 kilometres southeast of Kupiansk, by Russian forces.
February 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the village of Pobieda, five kilometers west of Donetsk.
February 2024: The Ukrainian military announced that it had withdrawn from the village of Lastochkyne, west of Avdiivka. Russia later said it had taken the village and claimed to have pushed back Ukrainian forces by 10 kilometers.
February 2024: Ukrainian forces withdrew from the villages of Stepove and Sieverne near Avdiivka. Ukrainian commander Oleksandr Tarnavskyi said that defence lines in the area had "stabilised" along the Tonenke-Orlivka-Berdychi axis.
February 2024: The Ukrainian 3rd Assault Brigade claimed that they drove out Russian troops from Krasnohorivka a day after Russian forces entered it
March 2024: Russia claimed to have retaken the southern part of Robotyne.
March 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the village of Nevelske, Donetsk Oblast.
March 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the village of Orlivka, four kilometers west of Avdiivka.
March 2024: Russian forces claimed to have taken the village of Tonenke, 10 kilometers west of Avdiivka.
March 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the village of Ivanivske, west of Bakhmut.
April 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the village of Vodiane, near Avdiivka.
April 2024: Russian forces entered the village of Pervomaiske, ten kilometers west of Avdiivka, and took control of Krasnohorivka. Fighting was also reported north of Avdiivka, at a farmstead on the outskirts of Novokalynove.
April 2024: Russia claimed to have taken Pervomaiske, 11 kilometers west of Avdiivka.
April 2024: Russia claimed to have taken Bohdanivka, three kilometers from Chasiv Yar.
April 2024: Russia claimed to have captured the village of Novomykhailivka, Donetsk Oblast, 20 kilometres from Vuhledar.
April 2024: Russia claimed to have captured the village of Ocheretyne, Donetsk Oblast, which was attributed to a rotational error by Ukrainian military commanders that left the sector mostly undefended and led to Russian forces advancing by five kilometers.
April 2024: Russia seized the village of Novobakhmutivka, ten kilometers northwest of Avdiivka.
April 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the village of Semenivka, five kilometers west of Avdiivka.
May 2024: Russia claimed to have taken Berdychi, near Avdiivka.
May 2024: Ukrainian forces claimed a series of successful counterattacks against Russian forces near Bakhmut, resulting in an advance of some 500 metres
May 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the village of Novokalynove, ten kilometers north of Avdiivka.
May 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the village of Keramik in Donetsk Oblast.
May 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the village of Bilohorivka, Luhansk Oblast.
May 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the village of Klishchiivka in Donetsk Oblast for the second time since the start of the invasion in 2022.
May 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the village of Arkhanhelske, north of Donetsk and near Ocheretyne.
May 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the villages of Netailove, 15 kilometers northwest of Donetsk, and Ivanivka, 20 kilometers east of Kupiansk.
June 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the village of Umanske, 30 kilometers northwest of Donetsk.
June 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the village of Paraskoviivka, 25 kilometers southwest of Donetsk.
June 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the village of Staromaiorske, southwest of Donetsk.
June 2024: Myasozharivka in Luhansk Oblast is conquered by Russia.
June 2024: The Ukrainian Azov Brigade claimed to have advanced by one kilometer and pushed out Russian forces in the Serebryansky forest in Luhansk Oblast.
June 2024: Russian forces took the village of Novooleksandrivka In Donetsk Oblast.
June 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the village of Shumy, ten kilometers east of Toretsk.
July 2024: Russian forces claimed to have taken the Novy district of Chasiv Yar.
July 2024: Russian forces claimed to have taken the village of Sokil, 30 kilometers northwest of Donetsk.
July 2024: Russian forces claimed to have taken the settlement of Chyhari (part of Pivdenne) in Donetsk Oblast.
July 2024: Russian forces claimed to have taken the village of Yasnobrodivka, 45 kilometers from Pokrovsk.
July 2024: DeepStateMap.Live reported that Russia had captured the village of Yevhenivka.
July 2024: DeepStateMap.Live reported that Russia had recaptured the village of Urozhaine, Donetsk Oblast.
July 2024: In Donetsk Oblast, Russian forces took the village of Spirne.
July 2024: The Ukrainian military said that its positions in Krynky had been destroyed by Russian attacks, but denied that it had retreated from the village. However, many sources stated that Ukrainian forces had completely withdrawn from the village.
July 2024: Russian forces captured the village of Prohres in Donetsk Oblast. DeepStateMap.Live additionally reported the fall of Rozdolivka to the Russians.
July 2024: The Russian military claimed to have taken the village of Ivano-Daryivka, 30 kilometers northeast of Bakhmut
July 2024: Russian forces captured the village of Lozuvatske in Donetsk Oblast, 24 kilometers east of Pokrovsk.
July 2024: Russian forces took the villages of Novoselivka Persha, 20 kilometers northwest of Avdiivka, and Vovche in Donetsk Oblast.
July 2024: Russian forces captured the village of Tymofiivka in Donetsk Oblast.
August 2024: Russian forces captured the village of Vesele in Donetsk Oblast.
August 2024: Russian forces seized the village of Serhiivka , east of Pokrovsk.
August 2024: Russian forces seized the villages of Ivanivka and Svyrdonivka , both 15 kilometers east of Pokrovsk.
August 2024: Russia captured the villages of Zhelanne and Orlivka , east of Pokrovsk.
August 2024: Ukrainian authorities in Donetsk Oblast reported that Russian forces were now 10 kilometers away from Pokrovsk, and urged all citizens to evacuate.
August 2024: Ukrainian authorities in Donetsk Oblast reported that Russian forces were now six kilometers away from Myrnohrad.
August 2024: Russia captured the villages of Novozhelanne and Zavitne, east of Pokrovsk.
August 2024: Russia captured the villages of Skuchne and Mezhove, east of Pokrovsk, and claimed to have taken the city of Zalizne, southeast of Toretsk.
August 2024: Russia claimed to have taken New York, south of Toretsk.
August 2024: Russian forces took the settlement of Komyshivka, east of Pokrovsk.
August 2024: Russia seized the settlement of Ptyche, east of Pokrovsk.
August 2024: Russia was visually confirmed to have seized the village of Mykolaivka, east of Pokrovsk.
August 2024: Russian forces made their first visually confirmed advance into Toretsk, entering it from the south.
August 2024: Russia captured the village of Kalynove, southeast of Pokrovsk, and likely captured the village of Kostiantynivka, southwest of Donetsk. It also took full control over the city of Novohrodivka, nine kilometers southeast of Pokrovsk.
August 2024: The Ukrainian military said that Russian forces were in partial control over Chasiv Yar, adding that the city was now destroyed.
August 2024: and captured the village of Karlivka in Donetsk Oblast.
September 2024: Russia likely captured the villages of Mykhailivka and Dolynivka, southeast of Pokrovsk.
September 2024: Russia likely seized the village of Halytsynivka, southeast of Pokrovsk.
September 2024: Russia was visually confirmed to have captured Prechystivka, west of Vuhledar.
September 2024: The Azov Brigade claimed to have retaken parts of Niu York and relieved trapped Ukrainian units in the area.
September 2024: Russian forces captured the village of Vodiane, five kilometers from Vuhledar.
September 2024: Russia captured Hryhorivka. Russia also captured the town of Memryk, 20 kilometers from Pokrovsk.
September 2024: Russian forces captured the town of Lisivka in Donetsk Oblast.
September 2024: Russian forces captured the city of Ukrainsk, southeast of Pokrovsk.
September 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the village of Hostre, 30 kilometers west of Donetsk.
September 2024: Russian forces were confirmed to have captured the village of Krutyi Yar , southeast of Pokrovsk. Russia also claimed control over Makiivka in Luhansk Oblast.
September 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the village of Nelipivka, north of Niu York.
October 2024: Russian forces captured the city of Vuhledar.
October 2024: Russian forces captured Tsukuryne, southeast of Pokrovsk, and claimed to have taken Zhelannoye Vtoroye, near Pokrovsk.
October 2024: Russian forces captured Miasozharivka in Luhansk Oblast.
October 2024: Russia claimed to have captured the village of Zolota Nyva.
October 2024: Russian forces were stated to have seized the villages of Zhelanne Pershe, and Krasnyi Yar, all southeast of Pokrovsk.
October 2024: Russia captured the village of Ostrivske, near Kurakhove.
October 2024: Russia was recaptured Nevske in Luhansk Oblast.
October 2024: Russia captured the village of Maksymilianivka, east of Kurakhove.
October 2024: Russian forces seized Zhelanne Druhe in Donetsk Oblast.
October 2024: Russian forces advanced in southwestern Kruhliakivka.
October 2024: Russia captured Serebrianka in Donetsk Oblast.
October 2024: Russian forces seized the village of Novosadove.
October 2024: Russian forces captured Levadne.
October 2024: Russian forces captured the village of Bohoiavlenka in Donetsk Oblast.
October 2024: Russian forces captured the city of Hirnyk in Donetsk Oblast.
October 2024: Russian forces captured Katerynivka.
October 2024: Russian forces conquered the city of Selydove, southeast of Pokrovsk.
November 2024: Russian forces captured Trudove and Kurakhivka in Donetsk Oblast.
November 2024: Russian forces conquered the villages of Vyshneve and Leonidivka.
November 2024: Russian forces captured Novodmytrivka in southern Donetsk Oblast.
November 2024: Russian forces captured the town of Novooleksiivka, south of Pokrovsk.
November 2024: Russian forces captured Kolisnykivka.
November 2024: Russian forces captured Novoselydivka, Makarivka and Rivnopil in Donetsk Oblast.
November 2024: Russian forces captured Illinka in Donetsk Oblast.
November 2024: Russian forces captured Antonivka, Donetsk Oblast.
November 2024: Russian forces captured Dalnie, Novodarivka and Voznesenka in Donetsk Oblast.
November 2024: Russian forces occupied the settlements of Hremiach, Kolos, Novoselydivka and Muravi in the Chernihiv Oblast.
November 2024: Russian captured the town of Zhovte in Donetsk Oblast.
November 2024: Russian forces captured the village of Petrivka in the Pokrovsk front.
November 2024: Russian forces captured the town of Rozdolne in Donetsk Oblast.
November 2024: Russian forces captured the town of Pustynka, south of Pokrovsk.
November 2024: Russian forces captured the town Yurivka, south of Pokrovsk.
December 2024: Russian captured Novyi Komar in southern Donetsk Oblast.
December 2024: Ukrainian forces retook the village of Novomlynsk on the Oskil river.
December 2024: Ukrainian forces retook Rozdolne in southern Donetsk Oblast.
December 2024: Russian forces captured the towns of Novyi Trud, Stari Terny, and Blahodatne in Donetsk Oblast.
December 2024: Russian forces conquered the town of Novopustynka, south of Pokrovsk.
December 2024: Ukrainian forces reconquered Novyi Komar.
December 2024: Russia captured the settlement of Sukhi Yaly, southwest of Kurakhove.
December 2024: Russia captured the village of Beretsky, near Kurakhove.
December 2024: Russian forces had captured Kalynivka, east of Chasiv Yar.
December 2024: Russian forces captured the town of Dvorichna, west of the Oskil river.
December 2024: Russian forces captured the town of Hihant in Donetsk Oblast.
December 2024: Russian forces captured the towns of Rozdolne, Kostyantynopolske, Sukhi Yali, and Novyi Komar in Donetsk Oblast.
December 2024: Russia captured Storozheve, Donetsk Oblast.
December 2024: Russian forces conquered the towns of Ukrainka and Novoolenivka near Pokrovsk.
December 2024: Russian forces captured the city of Kurakhove in Donetsk Oblast.
December 2024: Russian forces conquered Vovkove, south of Pokrovsk.
December 2024: Russian forces captured the town of Vozdvyzhenka.
January 2025: Russian forces likely captured the town of Petropavlivka near Stari Terny.
53.6.1.Wagner Group rebellion
The Wagner Group, a Russian private military company led by Yevgeny Prigozhin, briefly revolted against the Russian Government in 2023.
June 2023: Prigozhin declared the start of an armed conflict against the Ministry of Defence in a message posted on his press service's Telegram channel
June 2023: another crossed over from the occupied territory of Ukraine. The vehicles advanced across Voronezh Oblast where they encountered little resistance.
June 2023: Wagner proceeded into Lipetsk Oblast, approximately 400 kilometres (250 mi) from Moscow.
June 2023: Advance towards Moscow: one column reportedly came from Rostov-on-Don, capturing Millerovo air base
June 2023: Wagner forces passed through the town of Yelets, and continued north along the M4 highway.
June 2023: There are reports that the closest to Moscow that Wagner troops got was the town of Kashira in southern Moscow Oblast, 95 kilometres (59 mi) south of Moscow. Wagner presence is not visually confirmed any closer than Krasnoye in northern Lipetsk Oblast, 330 kilometres (210 mi) south of Moscow.
June 2023: Wagner fighters drove past Voronezh [...] According to media reports, Wagner took control of all military facilities in the city.
June 2023: During the early morning of 24 June, Wagner forces crossed into Russia's Rostov Oblast from Luhansk and swiftly captured Rostov-on-Don, encountering no apparent opposition.
June 2023: President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko brokered a settlement with Prigozhin, who subsequently agreed to halt the rebellion. In the late evening of 24 June, Wagner troops abandoned their push to Moscow and those who remained in Rostov-on-Don began withdrawing.
53.6.2.Russian Annexion of Crimea
In February and March 2014, Russia invaded and subsequently annexed the Crimean Peninsula from Ukraine. This event is part of the wider Russo-Ukrainian War.
February 2014: On 27 February, masked Russian troops without insignia took over the Supreme Council (parliament) of Crimea and captured strategic sites across Crimea, which led to the installation of the pro-Russian Aksyonov government in the region.
March 2014: Russia formally incorporated Crimea as two federal subjects of the Russian Federation on 18 March 2014.
53.6.3.War in Donbas
Was a conflict between Russia and Ukraine over the Donbas region that later esclataed in the 2022 Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
53.6.3.1.Secession of Donetsk and Luhansk
Was the secession of the Donetsk and Luhansk republics from Ukraine at the beginning of the War in Donbas, part of the wider Russo-Ukrainian conflict.
April 2014: Pro-Russian protesters seized the regional government buildings in the Ukrainian city of Donetsk and declare Donetsk an indipendent republic.
April 2014: Fifty two armed militants led by Igor Girkin (retired colonel of Russia's military intelligence GRU) attacked the executive committee building, the police department, and the Security Service of Ukraine offices in Sloviansk. In Kramatorsk, in the course of a Pro-Russian rally, protestors overpowered a police line and took over the building of the local executive committee, where they hoisted the flag of the new-proclaimed republic of Donetsk.
April 2014: In Artemivsk, separatists captured the city administration building and raised the DPR flag over it.
April 2014: Police repelled an attack by pro-Russian militants upon an office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Krasnyi Lyman on 12 April, but the building was later captured by the separatists after a skirmish.
April 2014: Insurgents affiliated with the Donbass People's Militia occupied a regional administration building in Khartsyzk on 13 April.
April 2014: By 14 April, pro-Russian militants led by former Russian military intelligence (GRU) operatives Igor Girkin and Igor Bezler had taken control of government buildings in many cities within the Donetsk oblast, including Sloviansk, Mariupol, Horlivka, Kramatorsk, Yenakiieve, Makiivka, Druzhkivka, and Zhdanivka.
April 2014: The local administration building in Zhdanivka is taken by Donetsk separatists.
April 2014: The city administration buildings in Yenakiieve and Druzhkivka were captured by Donetsk separatists.
April 2014: Demonstrators hoisted the flag of the DPR over the city administration buildings in Krasnoarmiisk and Novoazovsk on 16 April.
April 2014: The local administration building in Siversk was captured by Donetsk separatists..
April 2014: Separatists in Yenakiieve left the city administration building.
April 2014: Pro-Russia separatists in the eastern Ukrainian city of Luhansk declared the establishment of a "Luhansk People's Republic".
April 2014: Some 30 Donetsk militants seized the police headquarters in Konstantinovka.
April 2014: A city administration building in Pervomaisk was overrun by Luhansk People's Republic.
April 2014: Luhansk Militants seized control over the city administration building in Alchevsk.
May 2014: Insurgents occupied the city administration building in Stakhanov.
May 2014: The police headquarters in Slovianoserbsk was seized by members of the Luhansk Army of the South-East.
May 2014: The town of Antratsyt was occupied by forces affiliated to the Luhansk People's Republic.
May 2014: Insurgents seized the prosecutor's office in Sievierodonetsk.
May 2014: Supporters of the Luhansk People's Republic captured government buildings in Starobilsk.
May 2014: In Krasnyi Luch, the city administration conceded to demands by separatist activists to support the referendums on the status of Donetsk and Luhansk being held on 11 May, and followed by raising the Russian flag over the city administration building.
May 2014: The Luhansk separatist authorities unilaterally declared independence from Ukraine on May 12, 2014, following a referendum.
May 2014: The Donetsk separatist authorities unilaterally declared independence from Ukraine on May 12, 2014, following a referendum.
53.6.3.2.Ukraine Counterrattack
Was a military counterattack by Ukrainian government forces against the recently created breakaway Donetsk and Luhansk republics. .
June 2014: Government forces destroyed a separatist stronghold in Semenivka, and regained control of Krasnyi Lyman on 3 June.
June 2014: Government gains during the Battle of Mariupol (May-June 2014).
June 2014: The Ukrainian military said that they had gained control of Yampil and Siversk.
July 2014: Government forces recaptured the town of Mykolaivka, near Sloviansk.
July 2014: Siege of Sloviansk.
July 2014: Battle of Kramatorsk.
July 2014: The suburb of Mayorsk, just outside Horlivka, and the city of Sievierodonetsk, in Luhansk Oblast, were recaptured by the Armed Forces.
July 2014: Government forces broke through the insurgent blockade around Donetsk airport on 23 July, and then advanced into the northwestern corner of Donetsk city. Subsequently, the insurgents withdrew from many areas on the outskirts of the city, including Karlivka, Netailove, Pervomaiske.
July 2014: Government forces recaptured Lysychansk.
July 2014: Ukrainian troops entered the town of Shakhtarsk.
July 2014: The strategic heights of Savur-Mohyla were under Ukrainian control.
July 2014: Debaltseve conquered by Ukraine.
July 2014: Ukraine government forces evicted insurgents from Avdiivka.
August 2014: The Armed Forces recaptured the vital town of Yasynuvata.
August 2014: The Ukrainians captured the vital town of Krasnyi Luch.
August 2014: The cities of Pervomaisk, Kalynove, Komyshuvakha, in western Luhansk Oblast near Popasna, were captured by government forces.
53.6.3.3.Shyrokyne standoff
Was a battle for the control of the strategic village of Shyrokyne, part of the War in Donbas.
July 2014: Insurgent losses to Ukraine government forces by 28 July 2014.
July 2014: On 30 July 2014, the DPR militia resumed control of the city of Shyrokyne.
August 2014: Insurgent losses in Luhansk by 31 August 2014.
February 2015: Ukrainian forces captured Shyrokyne, Pavlopil, Kominternovo and Oktyabyr.
February 2015: DPR forces recaptured the villages of Pavlopil and Pyshchevyk.
April 2015: It was confirmed the separatists had captured the village of Vodyane.
April 2015: Separatists were in control of much of Shyrokyne.
April 2015: Pavlopil and Pyshchevyk are once again under Ukrainian control.
July 2015: On 1 July, separatist forces proclaimed Shyrokyne to be a demilitarized zone and withdrew from the village.
December 2015: The village of Kominternove, about 24 km east of Mariupol, was captured by Donetsk People's Republic forces.
53.6.3.4.Russian-backed rebel counterattack
An offensive against Ukrainian forces by the breakaway Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic, backed by Russian troops, during the War in Donbas.
August 2014: Insurgents affiliated with the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR), backed by Russian troops, opened a new front in the War in Donbass on 25 August 2014, when they attacked the Ukrainian government-controlled city of Novoazovsk in southern Donetsk. Government forces were forced to retreat from Novoazovsk.
August 2014: The National Guard of Ukraine temporarily retook the city of Komsomolske.
August 2014: Ukrainian forces retreated from the city, and Komsomolske was once again taken by the DPR forces.
53.6.3.5.Battle of Debaltseve
Was a military confrontation in the city of Debaltseve, Donetsk Oblast, between the pro-Russian separatist forces of the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR), and the Ukrainian Armed Forces, starting in mid-January 2015 during the war in the Donbas region.
February 2015: DPR and LPR forces capture Debaltseve, Vuhlehirsk, Lohvynove and four other villages.
53.6.3.6.Battle of Marinka
A battle between Donetsk People's Republic and Ukrainian forces during the war in Donbas.
June 2015: The town of Marinka was seized by the DPR forces.
June 2015: Marinka recaptured by the Ukrainians.
53.6.4.Russian Invasion of Ukraine
Is the full-scale invasion of Ukraine started by Russia on 24 February 2022, part of the wider Russo-Ukrainian War.
March 2022: By 20 March, Russia had completely encircled Mariupol.
53.6.4.1.Ukrainian Counteroffensive of summer 2023
Ukraine launched a counteroffensive in mid-2023 to reclaim territories occupied by Russian forces. By early December 2023, the counteroffensive was generally considered failed by multiple international media outlets.
June 2023: Ukrainian forces were reported to be advancing towards Bakhmut, with the Wagner Group's Yevgeny Prigozhin confirming that Ukrainian soldiers had retaken part of the settlement of Berkhivka, north of the city [...] near the settlements of Novodonetske and Oktyabrske.
June 2023: Ukraine announced the liberation of the villages of Blahodatne, Makarivka and Neskuchne in Donetsk Oblast
June 2023: Ukraine announced it had retaken seven villages in Zaporizhzhia and Donetsk Oblasts, including the settlements of Lobkove, Levadne, Novodarivka and Storozheve.
June 2023: On the southern front, Ukrainian forces claimed to have advanced by up to 7 kilometers (4.4 miles) along the Mokry Yali river, as well as up to 3 kilometers (1.8 miles) near Mala Tokmachka.
June 2023: Ukrainian forces claimed to have retaken the village of Rivnopil in Donetsk Oblast, as well as territories around Krasnohorivka near the city of Donetsk that had been held by pro-Russian separatists since 2014.
July 2023: but acknowledged Russian advances in Lyman, Avdiivka and Marinka in the Donetsk front. Russia also launched an offensive around Svatove, Luhansk Oblast, attacking the towns of Bilohorivka and Serebryanka.
July 2023: the Ukrainian Defence Ministry said its forces were advancing towards Berdyansk and Melitopol in the Zaporizhzhia front
July 2023: Ukrainian Deputy Defence Minister Hanna Maliar said that Ukrainian forces had recaptured 9 square kilometers of territory in the east and 28.4 square kilometers in the south during the previous week. In the south, the military is continuing successful offensive operations toward Melitopol and Berdiansk in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, specifically in the directions of Novodarivka-Pryiutne, Novodanylivka-Robotyne, and Novosilka-Staromaiorske, Maliar wrote on Telegram.
July 2023: The General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces claimed that it had retaken 10 square kilometers of territory in the southern front and 4 square kilometers in the eastern front over the past week. It also claimed to have advanced more than one kilometer towards Melitopol and Berdiansk. The Ukrainian Defence Ministry claimed its forces had recaptured key heights around Bakhmut and subjected all access points to the city under its line of fire.
July 2023: Russian forces claimed to have advanced by 1.5 kilometers (0.9 miles) near Lyman.
July 2023: Ukrainian forces claimed to have advanced 1.7 kilometers in the direction of Melitopol in the past week
July 2023: The Ukrainian military claimed to have advanced by more than one kilometer towards Berdiansk
July 2023: Russian forces advanced 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) towards Kupiansk, which was denied by Ukrainian Colonel-General Oleksandr Syrskyi
July 2023: The Ukrainian military claimed to have pushed out Russian forces from their positions near the village of Orikhovo-Vasylivka, northwest of Bakhmut.
July 2023: The Ukrainian military claimed to have retaken 12.7 square kilometers of territory in the southern front and 4 square kilometers in the eastern front, increasing the total amount of territory retaken since the start of the counteroffensive to 192.1 square kilometers. It also claimed to have advanced by up to 1.4 kilometers towards Berdiansk.
July 2023: The Ukrainian military claimed to have retaken the village of Andriivka, south of Bakhmut, and pushed out Russian forces from Staromaiorske in southern Donetsk Oblast.
July 2023: The Ukrainian military claimed to have retaken the village of Staromaiorske in southern Donetsk Oblast
August 2023: The ISW, citing Russian milbloggers, reported that Ukrainian forces aboard seven boats had crossed the Dnipro river again near Kozachi Laheri, Kherson Oblast, and advanced by 800 meters after breaching Russian defenses.
August 2023: The ISW, citing geolocated footage, assessed that Ukrainian forces had reached the northern outskirts of the village of Robotyne in the Zaporizhzhia front.
August 2023: Ukraine claimed it had completely retaken Urozhaine.
August 2023: The Ukrainian Defence Ministry said that its forces had retaken three square kilometers of territory in the southern flank of Bakhmut in the past week
September 2023: Ukrainian border guards reclaimed the frontier settlements of Stroivka and Topoli, both of which lay in a recently de-mined "gray zone" between Ukrainian and Russian positions in Kharkiv Oblast.
September 2023: The Ukrainian military claimed to have retaken more than half of the village of Klishchiivka, south of Bakhmut
September 2023: The Ukrainian defence ministry claimed its forces had retaken parts of the village of Opytne, three kilometers northwest of Donetsk, as well as 4.8 square kilometers of territory in the southern front over the past week.
September 2023: The Ukrainian military claimed it had retaken Klishchiivka.
October 2023: The ISW assessed that Russian forces had taken 4.5 square kilometers of territory around Avdiivka
October 2023: The Ukrainian military said it had advanced by a kilometer west of Verbove.
October 2023: Ukrainian forces reportedly landed on the east bank of the Dnipro river in Kherson Oblast, advancing north of Pishchanivka and into Poima, around four kilometers from the shore, and prompting Russian airstrikes on Pishchanivka.
October 2023: The ISW assessed that Ukrainian forces had reached the northeastern part of the village of Krynky, two kilometers southeast of the Dnipro River in Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast.
November 2023: Andriy Yermak, chief of staff to President Zelenskyy, acknowledged for the first time that Ukrainian forces were holding positions on the east bank of the Dnipro river. The Ukrainian military later said it had established a buffer zone of three to eight kilometers from the river's bank in Kherson Oblast.
53.6.4.2.2024 Kharkiv Offensive
An offensive by the Russian Military Forces in the Kharkiv Oblast initiated in 2024.
May 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the villages of Soloviove in Donetsk Oblast and Kotliarivka in Kharkiv Oblast, 20 kilometers from Kupiansk.
May 2024: Up to 4-5 Russian infantry battalions from a newly created force crossed the state border, reportedly capturing the villages of Krasne, Borysivka, Strilecha, and Pylna.
May 2024: According to the ISW, geolocated footage published on 11 May indicated that Morokhovets, Oliinykove and Ohirtseve had come under Russian control.
May 2024: The Russian Ministry of Defence claimed that its forces had captured the villages of Hatyshche, Krasne, Morokhovets and Oliinykove.
May 2024: Russian forces had taken control over the village of Zelene, while the village of Lukiantsi was almost wholly occupied.
May 2024: Russian forces also made gains in Vovchansk and advanced into central Buhruvatka with the Russian ministry of defense claiming that they had fully secured the village, although, geolocated footage still reported some fighting in its southern outskirts.
May 2024: Russian forces took control of Lukiantsi and continued operations towards Lyptsi, Hlyboke, and Pylna. Russian forces also advanced within northern Vovchansk and made marginal gains in northeastern Starytsia while continuing offensive operations near Starytsia and Pletenivka.
May 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the village of Starytsia in Kharkiv Oblast.
May 2024: Ukrainian forces recaptured a windbreak overlooking Lukiantsi
June 2024: Ukrainian forces regained positions near Hlyboke.
June 2024: Ukrainian forces recaptured the whole of Tykhe
July 2024: Geolocated footage published on July 14 also showed the Chechen 204th "Akhmat" Spetsnaz Regiment fighting in Vovchansk. Additionally, the 245th Motorized Rifle Regiment was also spotted fighting in Sotnytskyi Kozachok.
July 2024: Russia claimed to have taken the villages of Pishchane in Kharkiv Oblast and Andriivka in Luhansk Oblast.
August 2024: Russian forces reportedly seized border settlements that they had previously raided, namely, Sotnytskyi Kozachok in Kharkiv Oblast, and Lukashivka in Sumy Oblast.
September 2024: Russia advanced into the southern areas of the village of Synkivka in eastern Kharkiv Oblast, potentially taking control of the settlement.
October 2024: Russia captured Kruhliakivka in Kharkiv Oblast.
November 2024: Russian forces entered Kupiansk in Kharkiv Oblast.
53.6.4.3.Battle of Soledar
The battle of Soledar was a series of military engagements in and around the urban-type settlement of Soledar, Ukraine.
December 2022: Russian forces captured the village of Bakhmutske, located along Soledar's southern flank, on 27 December.
January 2023: Russian sources claimed that Russian forces seized the Dekonska railway station on the southern outskirts of Soledar.
January 2023: The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) reported that Russia had likely captured Soledar proper on 11 January
53.6.4.4.Kursk Oblast Offensive
An offensive by the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the Russian Oblast of Kursk.
August 2024: Ukrainian fighters, equipped with tanks and armored vehicles, crossed into Russian territory. the incursion involved around 300 Ukrainian troops, 11 tanks, and over 20 armored combat vehicles, and was aimed in two directions: at Oleshnya in the direction of Sudzha, east-northeast of Sumy, and towards Nikolayevo-Darino, north-northeast of Sumy.
August 2024: Geolocated footage confirmed that Ukrainian forces had advanced at least 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) across the Russian border, having penetrated at least two Russian defensive lines and a stronghold. Russian sources indicated that Ukrainian forces were trying to advance along the 38K-030 Sudzha-Korenevo highway, and a prominent Kremlin-affiliated milblogger claimed that by 18:00 local time on 7 August, Ukrainian forces had advanced both northwest and southeast along the highway and were now fighting on the outskirts of Korenevo and Sudzha.
August 2024: Ukrainian forces were in control of the western part of Sudzha and the surrounding roads; skirmishes continued in the town.
August 2024: Ukrainian forces entered the settlement of Mirny [ru; uk] and had taken control of the villages of Kazachya Loknya, Bogdanovka, 1st Knyazhiy and 2nd Knyazhiy. Skirmishes took place in the village of Snagost.
August 2024: Reports claimed that Ukrainian troops had captured around 100-200 square kilometers of territory, at a depth of around 10 kilometers on average.
August 2024: By 9 August, Russian forces had retaken the village of Snagost, and in the north had pushed Ukraine back to the northern village of Malaya Loknya back from Ukraine's positions in Milyutino and Generalovka.
August 2024: The Russian Armed Forces claimed to have regained control of the village of Makhnovka east of Sudzha.
August 2024: Ukrainian Armed Forces had managed to take control of the village of Poroz.
August 2024: On the night of 11 August, the Ukrainian Armed Forces entered Belovsky District
August 2024: Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy said that his forces were in control of roughly 1,000 square kilometres and 74 settlements inside Kursk Oblast. The Russian defence ministry claimed to have thwarted Ukrainian assaults in Korenevsky District near the villages of Obshchy Kolodez, Kauchuk, Alekseyevsky, and Snagost and in Sudzhansky District in the direction of Martynovka, and also in the areas of Korenevo, Oleshnya, Nikolayevo-Daryino, Sudzha, and Mikhaylovka.
August 2024: Ukrainian troops entered the village of Kamyshnoye where an urban battle was reported.
August 2024: By 14 August, the Ukrainian incursion had penetrated 10 kilometres (6 mi) into the Belgorod oblast and had captured multiple positions.
August 2024: Ukraine reportedly attempted to advance in three directions: east from Sudzha toward the village of Belitsa and the neighboring settlement of Giri, north towards Lgov, and northwest towards Korenevo on the road to Rylsk. A fierce battle was reported near the settlement of Kauchuk, approximately 30 kilometers from Lgov. Russian forces dug new trenches south of Lgov and in Chermoshnoy. Ukrainian forces claimed to have advanced 1-2 kilometers and completed clearance of Sudzha.
August 2024: The town of Glushkovo was ordered evacuated by governor Smirnov
August 2024: Cherkasskaya Konopelka, to the south of Sudzha, was reportedly captured by Ukraine, while the village of Kurilovka, the hamlet of Dmitryukov and the villages of Borki and Krupets were also reportedly occupied.
August 2024: Ukrainian state television aired a report claiming that Sudzha was under Ukrainian control and showing Ukrainian soldiers removing the Russian flag from an official building.
August 2024: The Russian MOD claimed to have recaptured the village of Krupets.
August 2024: A fierce Russian response led to heavy Ukrainian casualties and a subsequent retreat from the captured territory in the Belgorod Oblast by 15 August
August 2024: The Ukrainian military claimed the capture of the settlement of Korenevo but the Russian MOD described the settlement as contested.
August 2024: Russian forces reportedly blew up two bridges near Tyotkino and Popovo-Lezhachi after withdrawing from the right bank of the Seym River in the area.
August 2024: President Zelenskyy said that Ukrainian forces were in control of 92 settlements in Kursk Oblast and 1,250 square kilometers of Russian territory.
August 2024: The Ukrainian Ministry of Defense claimed to have advanced towards the villages of Novoivanovka and Kul'baki. It also stated that Korenevo was being attacked from the south. The settlement on the Sudzha-Kursk-Martynovka road was also claimed to be controlled by Ukraine, who also claimed to have taken over Plekhovo in the south
August 2024: Borki, Kamyshnoye and Gir'i were under Russian control.
August 2024: The Russian Ministry of Defense claimed that its forces had repelled Ukrainian assaults from Komarovka, Korenevo, Malaya Loknya and Russkaya Konopelka and attacked Ukrainian soldiers near eight villages in Kursk Oblast and nine villages in Sumy Oblast.
August 2024: Russian forces fully retook Korenevo.
September 2024: Russian forces entered Snagost. Russian forces captured the settlements of Gordeyevka and Vnezapnoye.
September 2024: The Russian defense ministry reiterated Alaudinov's statements of 10 settlements having been retaken, and specified that these were Apanasovka, Byakhovo, Vishnevka, Viktorovka, Vnezapnoye, Gordeevka, Krasnooktyabrsky, Obukhovka, Snagost, and 10-y Oktyabr.
September 2024: Ukraine simultaneously expanded operations outside of their main salient in Kursk Oblast, attacking southwest of Glushkovo near Novy Put and making advances.
September 2024: Ukrainian forces made further confirmed gains southwest of Glushkovo, advancing three kilometers from the border with Russia south of Vesyoloye.
September 2024: The Russian Ministry of Defense claimed to have retaken the village of Uspenovka.
September 2024: Apti Alaudinov stated that Russia had regained control over the settlements of Nikolayevo-Darino and Darino in the Sudzhansky District.
October 2024: The Russian Ministry of Defense claimed that Russian forces had regained control over Pokrovsky and Novaya Sorochina in the Sudzhansky District.
December 2024: Russian forces recaptured the town of Novoivanovka in Kursk Oblast.
December 2024: Russian forces recaptured the town of Plekhovo in Kursk Oblast.
December 2024: Russian captured the town of Novoivanovka in Kursk Oblast.
December 2024: Russian forces recaptured Kruglenkoye in Kursk Oblast.
December 2024: Russian forces claimed to have captured the town of Agronom in Kursk Oblast
December 2024: Ukrainian forces retook the town of Kruglenkoye in Kursk Oblast.
January 2025: Ukrainian forces captured the town of Martynovka.
53.6.4.5.Kyiv offensive (2022)
Was an ultimately unsuccesful Russian campaign for thhe control of Kyiv (or Kiev), the capital of Ukraine, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
February 2022: Battle of Chernobyl.
February 2022: In the early morning of 25 February 2022, Russian forces approached Ivankiv from the northeast after making a breakthrough in the Battle of Chernobyl.
February 2022: Russian conquests in Ukraine as of February 26th, 2022.
February 2022: Vorzel and Markhalivka conquered by Russian forces while Borodianka was extensively bombed, killing hundreds.
March 2022: Russian conquests in Ukraine as of March 1st, 2022.
March 2022: Russian advance up to the outskirts of Makariv.
March 2022: Russians stopped in Peremohal east of Kiev.
March 2022: Russian conquests in Ukraine as of March 3rd, 2022.
March 2022: Russian conquests in Ukraine as of March 5th, 2022.
March 2022: Small russian gains towards Byshiv.
March 2022: Russian forces had captured Bucha and half of Irpin by 14 March.
March 2022: Village of Moschun reconquered by Ukraine.
March 2022: On 28 March, Ukraine reportedly retook Irpin.
March 2022: On 29 March, the Russian Deputy Ministry of Defence Alexander Fomin announced a withdrawal of Russian forces from the Kyiv and Chernihiv areas.
April 2022: On 2 April, Ukrainian forces retook control over all of Kyiv Oblast including Irpin, Bucha, and Hostomel.
53.6.4.6.Southern Ukraine Front
The theatre of War of the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine in southern Ukraine.
February 2022: On 24 February, Russian forces took control of the North Crimean Canal, allowing Crimea to obtain water from the Dnieper, previously cut off since 2014.
February 2022: Completion of the Russian conquest of the North Crimean Canal.
February 2022: By evening, Russian tanks were on the outskirts of Mykolaiv.
February 2022: Russians captured the coastal city of Prymorsk and surrounded the city of Berdiansk west of Mariupol.
February 2022: Russian conquests in Ukraine as of February 27th, 2022.
February 2022: Russian forces were able to enter and capture Berdiansk.
February 2022: Russian forces advanced towards Mariupol.
February 2022: Russian siege at Enerhodar.
February 2022: Russian conquests in Ukraine as of February 28th, 2022.
February 2022: Advancing north from Crimea, with the Russian 22nd Army Corps approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant on 26 February.
March 2022: Kherson captured by Russian forces.
March 2022: De facto border of the regions under Ukrainian and Russian control in the Dniepr area as of March 1st, 2022.
March 2022: Russians sent a lone army group with tanks to Voznesensk.
March 2022: On 7 March, the Ukrainian regional military administration of Zaporizhzhia Oblast stated that Russian forces had thus far captured the cities of Berdiansk, Enerhodar, Melitopol, Vasylivka, Tokmak and Polohy.
March 2022: The Associated Press independently confirmed that Volnovakha had been captured by pro-Russian separatists.
March 2022: DPR conquests in Ukraine as of March 13th, 2022.
March 2022: Russian forces were staging in the settlements of Velyka Oleksandrivka, Novovorontsovka and Arkhanhelske.
March 2022: On 15 March, Russian Defense Ministry stated that Russian forces had captured all of Kherson Oblast.
March 2022: Russian troops driven back about 40 miles of Voznesensk.
March 2022: Russian conquests in Ukraine as of March 20th, 2022.
March 2022: Territories acquired by Ukrainian Counteroffensive of March.
April 2022: Russian advance in Ukraine by April 6th, 2022.
April 2022: By 10 April, Ukrainian forces had made significant advances and pushed back the Russian military in the area around Kherson, gaining ground at Osokorkivka and Oleksandrivka.
May 2022: Siege of Mariupol.
June 2022: Ukrainian forces reportedly recaptured the settlements Zelenyi Hai and Barvinok north of the city of Kherson.
August 2022: Russian troops captured the towns of Zaitseve and Dacha in Donetsk.
53.6.4.7.Eastern Ukraine Front
The theatre of War of the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine in the Ukrainian Donetsk Oblast, Luhansk Oblast, and Kharkiv Oblast.
February 2022: Russian conquests in Ukraine as of February 25th, 2022.
February 2022: On the morning of 25 February, Russian forces advanced from the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) towards Mariupol.
February 2022: LPR advance up to Starobilsk.
February 2022: DPR advance up to Volnovakha.
March 2022: Forces of the Luhansk People's Republic and Russian troops captured Novoaidar.
March 2022: Russian, LPR and DPR forces capture Starobilsk.
March 2022: Ukrainian forces lost control of Svatove, Starobilsk and Novopskov.
March 2022: The Russian Defense Ministry stated that Russian forces had captured the settlements of Nikolske, Blahodatne, Volodymyrivka and Pavlivka in Donetsk Oblast.
March 2022: The head of the LPR, Leonid Pasechnik, claimed that "almost 80% of the territory" of the Luhansk region is occupied.
April 2022: After Russia abandoned its offensive to capture Kyiv, it shifted its attention to eastern and southern Ukraine.
April 2022: It was reported that Russian and LNR troops had entered the city of Kreminna.
May 2022: Russia and separatist troops also captured Popasna.
May 2022: On 23 May, Russian forces took control of Lyman.
May 2022: Russia captured Svitlodarsk.
May 2022: On 12 May, Russian forces seized Rubizhne and the nearby town of Voevodivka.
June 2022: Russian forces captured Metiolkine on Sievierodonetsk's eastern outskirts.
June 2022: Russia took control of Toshkivka.
June 2022: Russian forces capture the city of Sievierodonetsk and the settlements of Syrotyne, Voronove and Borivske.
July 2022: President Zelenskyy acknowledged the loss of the Luhansk Oblast.
July 2022: The interior ministry of the LPR reported that their troops and Russian troops had entered Siversk.
July 2022: Russian forces reportedly captured the Vuhlehirska Power Station.
53.6.4.8.Northeastern Ukraine offensive
The theatre of war of the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine in the Ukrainian Chernihiv and Sumy Oblasts.
February 2022: Ukrainian forces lost control of Konotop. By the second day of the offensive, Russian forces were present in or near Chuhuiv, Snovsk, Sosnytsia, Mena, Semenivka, Hrodna, Koryukivka and Novhorod-Siversky.
February 2022: Russian forces west of Sumy reportedly advanced further westwards by the night.
February 2022: Hennadiy Matsegora, the mayor of Kupiansk, agreed to hand over control of the city to Russian forces and accused Ukrainian forces of abandoning it when the invasion began.
February 2022: A number of Russian vehicles advanced into Sumy from the east on 27 February.
February 2022: Seredyna-Buda has been taken by Russian forces.
March 2022: Russian advance on Bobrovytsia through Slabyn and Pakul.
March 2022: Russian forces captured Trostianets.
March 2022: Detached Russian offensive northeast of Kiev from the Chernihiv axis,.
March 2022: Attack by Russian forces on Izium.
March 2022: Russian conquests in Ukraine as of March 8th, 2022.
March 2022: Siege of Chernihiv.
March 2022: Russia stated that by the morning of March 24, the city of Izium was completely under control of its units.
March 2022: De facto border of the regions under Ukrainian and Russian control as of March 26th, 2022.
March 2022: Okhtyrka, Trostianets, Krasnopillya, and Slavutych reconquered by Ukrainian forces.
March 2022: The Pentagon confirmed that the Russian army left Chernihiv Oblast, while Sumy Oblast remained contested.
March 2022: After several weeks of attacks, and a month under siege, Ukrainian forces managed to break the encirclement of Chernihiv by recapturing a main road connecting Kyiv with the regional capital.
April 2022: The Pentagon confirmed that the Russian army left Chernihiv Oblast, while Sumy Oblast remained contested.
April 2022: Governor Zhyvytskyi stated that all Russians troops left Sumy Oblast.
April 2022: Russian advance in Ukraine by April 15th, 2022.
May 2022: On 7 May, it was reported that Ukrainian forces had successfully pushed back Russian forces stationed around Kharkiv.
May 2022: On 15 May, Ukrainian forces reached the border near Kharkiv, while contining to push back Russian and LPR units.
53.6.4.9.2022 Ukrainian eastern counteroffensive
Was a counteroffensive by the Armed Forces of Ukraine on the Russian-occupied Ukrainian territory of the Kharkiv Oblast which was launched on 6 September 2022.
September 2022: Chkalovske was occupied by Russian forces until 8 September 2022.
September 2022: Ukrainian forces retook parts of Kharkiv Oblast.
September 2022: As part of a major counteroffensive, Ukrainian forces recaptured Kupiansk and Izium.
September 2022: The Russian Ministry of Defense published a map which confirmed that Russian forces in Kharkiv region had retreated to the east bank of the Oskol river.
September 2022: The Ukrainian Ground Forces recaptured the village of Bilohorivka in Luhansk Oblast.
September 2022: The Armed Forces of Ukraine reestablished control over the settlement of Yatskivka in the Donetsk region.
September 2022: The Armed Forces of Ukraine retook the village of Kupiansk-Vuzlovyi in the Kharkiv region.
September 2022: Ukraine captured Kupiansk.
October 2022: Russia confirmed that it had lost control of Lyman. Ukrainian soldiers retook Yampil.
October 2022: Ukrainian authorities regained control of the Kharkhiv Oblast.
53.6.4.10.2022 Ukrainian southern counteroffensive
Was a counteroffensive by the Armed Forces of Ukraine on the Russian-occupied Ukrainian territory in the southern regions of Kherson and Mykolaiv oblasts, launched on 29 August 2022.
September 2022: On the Kherson front, it was reported that Russian forces had withdrawn from Kiselyovka, a settlement 15 km from Kherson.
October 2022: An Ukrainian armoured offensive burst through Russian lines in the south capturing multiple villages along the Dnieper river.
October 2022: Ukrainian forces regained control of numerous settlements north of the Dnieper River in Kherson Oblast including Davydiv Brid, Lyubymivka, Khreshchenivka, Zolota Balka, Bilyaivka, Ukrainka and Velyka Oleksandrivka.
November 2022: Ukrainian forces entered Snihurivka.
November 2022: Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine Valerii Zaluzhnyi stated that Ukrainian forces have taken back 41 settlements in the Kherson direction since 1 October.
53.6.4.11.Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts
On 30 September 2022, Russia unilaterally declared the annexation of the territories under ist control in four Ukrainian oblasts - Luhansk, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia and Kherson.
September 2022: On 30 September 2022, Russia unilaterally declared the annexation of the territories under ist control in four Ukrainian oblasts - Luhansk, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia and Kherson.
Was the process of internal disintegration within the Soviet Union (USSR) which resulted in the end of the country as a sovereign state, thereby resulting in its constituent republics gaining full independence.
April 1991: Georgia's secession from the Soviet Union in April 1991.
August 1991: In Estonoa, the peaceful Singing Revolution resulted in the restoration of de facto independence.
August 1991: The peaceful Singing Revolution, starting in 1987, called for Baltic emancipation from Soviet rule and condemning the Communist regime's illegal takeover. It ended with the Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia on 4 May 1990 and restoring de facto independence on 21 August 1991.
August 1991: Ukraine gained its independence in 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
August 1991: The parliament of the republic proclaimed the sovereignty of Belarus on 27 July 1990, and during the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Belarus declared independence on 25 August 1991.
August 1991: Independence of Moldavia.
August 1991: The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991 shortly before the dissolution of the USSR in the same year.
August 1991: Independence of Kyrgyzistan.
September 1991: The Republic of Uzbekistan declared independence from the Soviet Union.
September 1991: Tajikistan became an independent sovereign nation when the Soviet Union was disintegrating.
September 1991: The Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
October 1991: Independence of Turkmenistan.
December 1991: On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states. The Russian Federation (formerly the Russian SFSR) assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as its continued legal personality.
December 1991: Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
December 1991: Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian space program continued to operate from Baikonur under the auspices of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
January 1281: The Dmitrov Principality was an independent state entity between 1280 and 1334.
January 1301: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1300.
January 1301: Volosts, from Ryazan , located on the river of the same name.
January 1302: Annexation of Kolomna to the Moscow principality in 1301 .
January 1303: In 1302, the last Pereyaslavl-Zalessky prince Ivan Dmitrievich died, with no direct heirs, and the principality, according to his will, passed to his uncle, Daniel Alexandrovich, the first prince of Moscow.
January 1304: In 1303, the Mozhaisk Principality was captured by the Moscow prince Yuri Danilovich.
January 1321: After the death of prince Boris, Kostroma passed under the control of the Moscow princes.
January 1332: The Moscovites absorbed the Duchy of Vladimir-Suzdal by the 1320s.
January 1340: Separated from the Belozersk principality during the period of feudal fragmentation in Russia, the territory of Sugorye - along the Kema and Soga rivers - went to the Sugorsk Principality in 1339. This transfer of land was a result of the political and territorial divisions that occurred during this period in Russian history.
January 1341: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1340.
January 1341: In 1340, the territory of Volost, located on the banks of the Berega River, was purchased from the principality of Novosilsky by the Grand Duchy of Moscow, which was under the rule of Ivan Kalita at the time. This acquisition helped expand Moscow's territory and influence in the region.
January 1341: Around 1340 the Yurievsky principality was annexed to the Moscow principality.
January 1341: Acquisition of Volosts from the Ryazan principality in the middle reaches of the Protva river.
November 1341: The Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal principality was formed in October 1341, when the Khan of the Golden Horde, Uzbek Khan, divided the Vladimir Grand Duchy, transferring Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets to the Suzdal Prince Konstantin Vasilyevich.
January 1351: Establishment of the Mosalsk Principality.
January 1351: Establishment of the Koninskoe Principality.
January 1351: In the 50s of the XIV century, the Tarusa Principality fell into dependence on the Moscow prince.
January 1354: In 1353, Lopasnya was incorporated into the Principality of Ryazan, which was under the rule of the Golden Horde at the time. This transfer of territory was a result of political and military agreements between the rulers of Ryazan and the Golden Horde.
January 1361: The Moscovites purchase the Galich-Mer principality.
January 1361: In 1360, Meshchovsk became part of the Principality of Mezets.
January 1361: The Dmitrov Principality is acquired by the Grand Duchy of Moscow (Mongol Empire).
February 1361: In 1360 the Galich-Mer Principality was recreated by decision of the Horde.
January 1364: The Starodub principality is acquired by Moscow.
January 1364: The Galich-Mer Principality is annexed to the Moscow domain.
January 1365: The Ustyug principality was created in 1364.
January 1365: Uglitsky principality (1216-1605).
January 1376: The Sugorsk Principality fell to the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1378: Conquest of Lithuanian territories by the Grand Duchy of Moscow (based on maps).
January 1381: Vassalage of the Republic of Pskov to Moscow since 1348.
January 1381: The Kemsky Principality was established by Prince Yury of Moscow in the Kema river region in 1380. However, it quickly fragmented into smaller territories, including the Sheleshpansky, Kemsky, and Kargolomsky appanages.
January 1381: Establishment of the Przemysl Principality.
January 1381: After the breakup of the Sheleshpansky Principality in 1380, it fragmented into smaller territories known as Sheleshpansky, Kemsky, and Kargolomsky appanages. These were smaller regions ruled by different princes or nobles within the former principality.
January 1381: The new principality did not last long, and after 1380 it broke up into even smaller Sheleshpansky , Kemsky and Kargolomsky appanages.
January 1382: Tula (Тула, Russia) was conquered by Ryazan from the Mongols but at some point reconquered back by the Mosvoites.
January 1382: In 1381, the territory of Meshchera (Мещёрская) was purchased by the Grand Duchy of Moscow from local princes.
January 1386: Beloselsky was a principality (c. 1385-1470) located in Beloe Selo in Poshekhonsky district.
January 1390: In 1389, the Principality of Beloozero was subjugated by Muscovy.
January 1393: The Grand Duchy of Moscow purchases the principalities of Murom and of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod from the khan of the Golden Horde.
January 1398: The Vologda principality was taken by Moscow from Novgorod by military force.
January 1401: The Zaozersk Principality emerged from an inheritance division of the Yaroslavl Principality.
January 1401: The Romanov Principality fell to the Moscovites at the beginning of the 15th century.
January 1404: Expansion of Poland-Lithuania in 1403 (based on maps).
January 1404: Semyon Dmitrievich dies in 1401 and Vasily Kirdyapa in 1403. After their death, Vasily I annexed the Vyatka land to the Moscow principality.
January 1405: In 1404, the Verkhovskoe principality in Kozelsk was seized by the Grand Duchy of Moscow from the Mongol Empire, possibly as a strategic move against Lithuania. This event marked a shift in power dynamics in the region.
January 1405: The Fominsk-Berezuisk Principality is acquired by the Moscovites.
January 1407: In 1406 Kozelsk was conquered by Lithuania.
January 1409: The Kozelsk Principality was acquired by the Moscow prince Vasily I Dmitrievich.
January 1411: Establishment of the Romodanovskoe Principality in village of Romodanovo , located east of Starodub.
January 1411: At the end of the 15th century, the Sheleshpalsky princes were already vassal princes of the Grand Duke of Moscow.
January 1411: Establishment of the Vadbolsk Principality.
January 1425: The Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal Grand Duchy was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1426: The Ustyug Principality is annexed by Moscow.
January 1426: At the beginning of the 15th century, the Shumorovskoe principality became part of the Moscow principality.
January 1426: Around 1425 the Bohtyug Principality was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1426: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1425.
January 1431: The Principality of Andozh is acquired by the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1431: The Kemsky Principality is acquired by the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1431: Kargolom principality (c. 1375-1430).
January 1435: Modern-day Penza region and Republic of Mordovia are annexed by Russia.
January 1441: The Ryapolovskoe Principality was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow under the rule of Grand Prince Vasily II of Moscow.
January 1441: The Romodanovskoe Principality was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1446: In 1445, Ulugh Muhammad, the ruler of the Golden Horde, was murdered by his son, Mäxmüd of Kazan. Mäxmüd fled to the middle Volga region and established the Khanate of Kazan. This event marked the beginning of the Khanate of Kazan's independence from the Golden Horde.
January 1446: The Kozelsk Principality is acquired by the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1446: The Lithuanians again took possession of Kozelsk and annexed it to their possessions.
January 1448: Before 1447, the Zaozersk principality was annexed to Moscow.
January 1449: End of the independent Shuisky principality, which is nnexed by Moscow.
January 1451: The territory of the Koninskoe Principality was included in the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1451: The exact time of foundation of the Ruza Principality is unknown, but it is mentioned in the chronicle for the first time in the 15th century.
January 1451: The Principality of Molozh is acquired by the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1451: Vadbolsk principality (c. 1410-50).
January 1451: The Ukhtomsk Principality is acquired by the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1453: Ulugh Muhammad was a prominent ruler of the Golden Horde. His son, Qasim Khan, sought refuge in Moscow and was granted land by Vasily II, establishing the Qasim Khanate in 1452. This territory was located in the modern-day Republic of Tatarstan, Russia.
January 1456: Kurbsk principality (c. 1425-1455).
January 1457: Vassalage of Ryazan to Moscow since 1456.
January 1461: The Prozorov Principality is acquired by the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1461: In 1460, the territory of Tutaev was bought by Maria of Borovsk, the wife of Grand Prince Vasily II of Moscow. This acquisition was part of the expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow under the rule of the Mongol Empire.
January 1461: Sitsky principality (c. 1408-1460).
January 1463: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1462.
January 1464: Yaroslavl prince Alexander was forced to sell the rights to the principality to the next Grand Duke of Moscow, Ivan III, and a governor from Moscow was appointed to rule.
January 1471: The Principality of Novlenskoe was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1471: Palekh principality conquered by the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1471: Around 1470, the Volkonskoe principality was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Moscow and ceased to exist.
January 1471: Beloselsky was a principality (c. 1385-1470) located in Beloe Selo in Poshekhonsky district.
January 1472: Varzuzhskaya Volost was seized in the XIV-XV centuries from Novgorod and Rostov by the Grand Duchy of Moscow, which was under the rule of Ivan III at the time. This marked a significant expansion of Moscow's territory and influence in the region.
January 1473: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1473.
January 1473: Great Perm principality.
January 1475: In 1474, the Grand Duke Ivan III, bought the remaining half of the Rostov principality from the last Rostov princes.
January 1478: The Grand Duchy of Moscow annexed the Novgorod Republic in 1477.
January 1501: In 1500, the territory of Sosvinske (Сосьвінське) was established as a principality.
January 1547: In 1547, Ivan IV was crowned king of Russia.
January 1553: After the conquest of Kazan, the self-government of the khans was abolished and the khanate came to be governed by Russian voyevodas.
January 1557: In 1556, Ivan the Terrible, the Tsar of Russia, sent troops to occupy the Khanate of Astrakhan. This marked the incorporation of Astrakhan into the expanding Russian Empire, solidifying Russian control over the region.
January 1558: After Kazan fell to Ivan the Terrible in 1554-1555, representatives of western and northwestern Bashkir tribes approached the Tsar with a request to voluntarily join Muscovy.
January 1569: Haqnazar Khan (Khazakh Khanate) reconquered Saraishyk from the Nogai Horde.
January 1569: Haqnazar Khan annexed the northern regions of Sary-Arka to the Kazakh Khanate.
January 1584: In 1583 the Belogorsk principality was conquered by the Tsardom of Russia.
January 1584: The Principality of Kod is acquired by the Tsardom of Russia after a period of vassalage.
January 1587: The Lyapin principality becomes a vassal of the Russian kingdom (from 1586 ).
January 1594: In 1593, the Kazym principality was conquered by the Russian kingdom.
January 1595: Thousands of Nogay Tatars raid southern Muscovite lands.
January 1595: The Principality of the Kumyks became a Russian vassale by voluntary entry.
January 1595: After the defeat of Pelim in 1594, the Tabarin principality recognized the power of Muscovy.
January 1595: In 1594, the Vogul principality of Kondinskoye was liquidated by the Russians.
January 1595: In 1593, the Bardakovo Principali was conquered by the Russian kingdom.
February 1595: End of Nogay raid in Russia.
January 1596: All Mansi principalities fell to Moscow.
January 1596: The Mansi region was acquired by Russia through gradual conquest and voluntary entry.
January 1603: With the construction of the Narymsky (1598) and Ketsky (1602) forts the Pied Horde was finally conquered by the Russian kingdom.
January 1610: In 1609, Prince Mamruk with the Obdorsk and Nenets detachments in alliance with the Kod regent Anna Purteyeva, with the support of the Kondinsky, Surgut Khanty and Tobolsk Tatars, tried to overthrow the power of the Russian tsar in the Ugra lands, but in vain. From that moment on, the principality finally became dependent on the Russian kingdom.
January 1618: In 1617, the Nogai Horde, led by Khan Temir, and Azov Tatars, led by their chieftain Islyam, launched three raids on southern Russia. These raids were aimed at plundering villages and capturing prisoners.
February 1618: End of Nogai raid in southern Russia.
January 1631: Upon arrival to the lower Volga region in 1630, the Oirats encamped on land that was once part of the Astrakhan Khanate, but was then claimed by the Tsarist government.
January 1634: In 1633, the last Crimean-Nogay raid reached the Oka River in southern Russia.
February 1634: End of Nogay and Crimea raid in Russia.
January 1635: Nogai Horde conquered by the Tsardom of Russia.
January 1635: The Oirat Federation is established.
January 1647: The territory of the Don Cossacks is conquered by the Tsardom of Russia.
January 1650: Anadyr River conquered by Tsardom of Russia.
January 1654: Establishment of vassal relations between the Cossack Hetmanate and the Tsardom of Russia in the Treaty of Pereyaslav of 1654.
January 1682: After the death of khanbika (queen) Fatima Soltan in 1681, the Khanate was abolished.
May 1686: A Treaty of Perpetual Peace between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was signed on 6 May 1686 in Moscow. The region of Zaporizhian Sich, Siverian lands, cities of Chernihiv, Starodub, Smolensk and its outskirts were also ceded to Russia, while Poland retained Right-bank Ukraine.
May 1686: Zaporizhzhia fell under Russia.
January 1717: The Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin by dynastic union treaty (Karl Leopold married Ekaterina Ioannovna , niece of Peter I), was occupied during the Northern War.
January 1718: In 1717, the Russian army was withdrawn and the treaty was terminated.
November 1721: In 1721, after the victorious Northern War, Tsar Peter I was proclaimed emperor of All Russia.
January 1726: Expansion of the Russian Empire by 1725 (based on maps).
January 1727: The Quba Khanate was one of the most significant semi-independent khanate that existed from 1726 to 1806, under Iranian suzerainty.
June 1728: The treaty of Kyakhta was signed in 1728 between the Russian Empire and the Qing Dynasty of China. It established the border between the two empires in Mongolia up to the present-day Russia-Mongolia border.
January 1730: Foundation of the Salyan Sultanate.
January 1762: Territorial expansion of Russia by 1761.
January 1762: Russian colonization of Alaska by 1761.
January 1762: Charles Peter Ulrich of Gottorp, who acceded to the Russian throne as Peter III in 1762.
November 1764: After a failed attempt to break the union with Russia by Ivan Mazepa in 1708, the whole area was included into the Government of Kiev and Cossack autonomy was severely restricted. Catherine II of Russia officially abolished the institute of the Hetman in 1764.
January 1772: The Kalmyk Khanate was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1771.
June 1773: With the 1773 Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo, she agreed to cede the territorial claims of her son to the Holstein-Gottorp lands still held by Denmark and to cede the part of Duchy, held by her husband.
July 1783: The Treaty of Georgievsk was a bilateral treaty concluded between the Russian Empire and the east Georgian kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and established eastern Georgia as a protectorate of Russia.
January 1785: In 1784, Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov, who later set up the Russian-Alaska Company that colonized early Alaska, arrived in Three Saints Bay on Kodiak Island with two ships, the Three Saints and the St. Simon. Having established his authority on Kodiak Island, Shelikhov founded the second permanent Russian settlement in Alaska (after Unalaska) on the island's Three Saints Bay.
May 1791: As the Russians found themselves fighting in the Russo-Swedish War, a new alliance between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Prussia seeming to provide security against Russian intervention was signed. On 3 May 1791 the a constitution was read and adopted to overwhelming popular support. End of Russian influence in Poland.
January 1794: Jever is annexed to Russia.
March 1795: The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (Poland-Lithuania) was annexed by the Russian Empire in the Third Partition of Poland.
January 1797: Russian colonization of Alaska by 1796.
April 1799: Following the power vacuum in Georgia that got created mainly due to Agha Mohammad Khan's death, the Russian troops entered Tbilisi. Pursuant to article VI of the 1783 treaty, Emperor Paul confirmed David’s claim to reign as the next king on April 18, 1799.
January 1800: Old Sitka was founded in 1799 by Alexandr Baranov, the governor of Russian America, in Novo-Arkhangelsk (today: Sitka). The territory was under the control of the Russian-American Company, a trading company established by the Russian government to exploit the resources of Alaska.
January 1801: Manchu Expansion by 1800.
September 1801: Paul issued a decree on December 18, 1800 annexing Kartli-Kakheti to Russia and deposing the Bagratids. Paul himself was assassinated shortly thereafter. It is said that his successor, Emperor Alexander I, considered retracting the annexation in favor of a Bagratid heir, but being unable to identify one likely to retain the crown, on September 12, 1801 Alexander proceeded to confirm annexation.
January 1804: Russia conquers the Principality of Mingrelia.
April 1804: Solomon II of Imereti accepted Russian vassalage.
January 1806: In 1805 the Russian imperial government officially abolished the khanate and the military district of Elisabethpol was created.
January 1807: In 1803-1806 Pavel Tsitsianov pushed east to the Caspian. In April General Gulyakov subdued the Djaro-Belokani area. They submitted and the Elisu Sultanate was included in their submission.
January 1807: In 1806, Maysum, Qadi and other Tabasaran feudal lords took Russian citizenship.
October 1809: The Tarnopolsky District of Austria within the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria was cquired by Russia under an agreement.
February 1810: Russia annexes Imereti.
January 1811: In 1810, Russian General Aleksey Yermolov led the campaign to impose Russian authority on the Ingush people in Ingushia.
January 1813: The Russians, led by Ivan Kuskov, established their outpost of Fort Ross in 1812 near Bodega Bay in Northern California. The territory was under the control of the Russian-American Company, a trading company chartered by Tsar Paul I.
October 1813: As a result of the Treaty of Gulistan the Nakhichevan Khanate was returned to Persian control.
January 1814: In 1813 Tabasaran was finally annexed to the Russian Empire.
January 1817: Fort Elizabeth was built by the Russian-American Company before 1817.
December 1817: In the autumn of 1817 the settlers of the Russian-American Company left Hawaii. Fort Elizabeth was taken over by the Scottish officer Alexander Adams on behalf of King Kamehameha I.
January 1819: After the withdrawal of the Napoleonic troops, Russia regained its rights over Jever in 1813, but ceded the rule of Jever to the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg in 1818.
January 1820: In 1819, Shaki Khanate was officially abolished and transformed into a Russian province.
January 1820: When Ismail, the khan of Shaki, died in 1819 without any heir, the Russian Empire annexed the entity.
January 1821: The Gazikumukh Khanate was conquered by Russian empire.
January 1823: The Karabakh Khanate was abolished in 1822, after a few years of Russian tolerance towards its Muslim rulers.
February 1825: The Treaty of Saint Petersburg of 1825 was signed between Russia and Britain, with the Russian-American Company gaining control of the territory up to 54 degrees 40 minutes north latitude in the Pacific Northwest of North America.
January 1826: Expansion of Russia in central Asia by 1825 (based on maps).
January 1826: Russian colonization of Alaska by 1825.
May 1826: Demarcation of the border between Russia and Norway. Most of the Nyavdemsky and Pazretsky graveyards ceded by Russia to Norway.
January 1827: After the death of Khan Mir Hasan in 1826, the Talysh Khanate was dissolved.
January 1828: Russia expands into the current regions of Kabardino-Balkaria and North Ossetia through treaties with locals and voluntary entries of local tribes.
February 1828: With the Treaty of Turkmenchay, in 1828 the khanate became a Russian possession.
February 1828: The Erivan Khanate is ceded to the Russian Empire in 1828 in accordance with the Treaty of Turkmenchay.
November 1828: The territories corresponding to modern-day Krasnodar Territory and Karachay-Cherkess Republic become part of the Russian Empire.
January 1829: The Caucasian Imamate was founded in 1828 by Ghazi Mohammed by merging several areas that where still ummune of Russian control in the region.
September 1829: The Russian authorities deposed David and forced Sophia into exile to Turkey. Guria was annexed to the Russian Empire.
January 1831: Kabardia came under Russian control between about 1769 and 1830.
January 1834: In the 1820s, the Principality of Svaneti effectively split into two as a result of a blood feud between the rival Dadeshkeliani branches. Through the mediation by the princes of Mingrelia, both branches accepted nominal Russian suzerainty in 1833.
January 1842: Fort Ross was a Russian settlement in California, established by the Russian-American Company. In 1841, the Russians decided to sell the fort to John Sutter due to financial difficulties. The territory then went to the Centralist Republic of Mexico after Mexico gained independence from Spain.
January 1845: The Russians took Elisu and abolished the Sultanate of Elisu.
January 1847: The Quba Khanate was fully incorporated into newly created Shamakha Governorate by 1846.
January 1849: Between 1822 and 1848, the loose Russian protectorate over the Khazakh Khanate was replaced by direct administration.
January 1856: Russian colonization of Alaska by 1855.
January 1856: Expansion of Russia by 1855 (based on maps).
October 1864: The Treaty of Tarbagatai was a border protocol between Qing China and the Russian Empire that defined most of the western extent of their border in central Asia, between Outer Mongolia and the Khanate of Kokand.
October 1867: The purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million in 1867 ended Imperial Russia's colonial presence in the Americas. The negotiation was led by US Secretary of State William Seward and Russian Minister to the US Edouard de Stoeckl. The territory was then transferred to the Department of Alaska.
January 1870: Afghan forces attacked Badakhshan and burned fort Zang Kila.
January 1872: The Ili Sultanate was annexed by the Russian Empire.
February 1876: Nasruddin Khan's anti-Russian stance provoked the annexation of Kokand.
January 1885: Nomadic tribes of the Turkmens were brought into Russian citizenship.
January 1889: Sagallo was a short-lived Russian settlement established in 1889 on the Gulf of Tadjoura.
February 1889: The Cossacks noticed one French cruiser and three French gunboats. An ultimatum was issued, but Achinov misunderstood it and did not surrender. The artillery barrage that followed came as a complete surprise for the Russians, leaving 6 colonists dead and 22 wounded. A white shirt was raised to show surrender. The Russian Government disavowed Achinov, accusing him of disobedience to the Czar and acts of piracy.
January 1895: Expansion of the Russian Empire by 1894 (based on maps).
January 1895: Expansion of the Sultanate of Aceh by 1630.
January 1896: The easternmost section of the Afghan border (now forming part of the Afghan-Tajik boundary) was not finally delimited until 1893-95, with the Afghans agreeing to waive any claims to lands north the Amu Darya.
January 1896: Tribal unions of Tajiks in modern-day Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Okrug of Tajikistan are annexed by the Russian Empire.
January 1903: An insurgent community existed between 1902 and 1906 in the western Georgian region of Guria.
January 1907: Russian authorities returned with overwhelming military force to re-assert control over the Gurian Republic in 1906.
April 1914: The Uryankhay Republic became a Russian protectorate as the Uryankhay Krai.
September 1914: Siege of Przemyśl.
October 1919: In September 1919, joint Polish and Latvian forces took the southern shore of Daugava, including Grīva.
October 1920: In the treaty of Tartu in 1920 Finland and Soviet Union agreed on their common border.
March 1922: The Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian SSRs, were united into the Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia on 12 March 1922.
February 1924: The Bukhara People's Soviet Republic became part of the USSR 17 February 1924.
October 1924: The Khorezm Socialist Soviet Republic became part of the USSR
October 1944: In October 1944, the Tuvan People's Republicwas annexed into the Russian SFSR.
November 1945: The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposition of King Peter II.
December 1945: The Azerbaijan People's Government was a short-lived unrecognized secessionist state in northern Iran from November 1945 to December 1946.
January 1946: The Republic of Mahabad was established in 1946 in present-day Iran, led by Kurdish nationalist leader Qazi Muhammad and supported by the Soviet Union. It aimed to create an independent Kurdish state.
January 1946: Zakarpatska Oblast was established on 22 January 1946, after the resignation of Czechoslovakia on the territory of Subcarpathian Ruthenia, annexed forcibly by the Soviet Union and attached to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, under a treaty between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union.
February 1946: The Second Hungarian Republic was established in 1946.
September 1946: Monarchy abolished in Bulgaria on 15 September 1946. Bulgaria becomes a Republic.
February 1948: The Soviet Union insisted on signing a protocol defining the border with Romania, which was fulfilled on 4 February 1948. According to this protocol, the Soviet Union would annex the Danubian islands of Tătaru Mic, Daleru Mic, Daleru Mare, Maican and Limba, as well as the Snake Island in the Black Sea.
January 1949: The Polish border underwent a minor correction in 1948, when the village of Medyka near Przemyśl was transferred from the USSR to Poland.
February 1951: On February 15, 1951 Aleksander Zawadzki, the president of the Polish Republic, and Andrey Vyshinsky, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, signed Treaty No. 6222. The treaty was a border adjustment.
March 1990: On 11 March 1990, a year before the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union, Lithuania became the first Baltic state to proclaim its independence, resulting in the restoration of the independent State of Lithuania.
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Baronas, D. (2011): Ekspansijos Rusioje potvyniai ir atoslūgiai in Dubonis, Arūnas (ed.). Lietuvos istorija. XIII a. - 1385 m. valstybės iškilimas tarp rytų ir vakarų Vol. III, Vilnius (Lithuania), pp. 468-471
Batūra, R. (2013): Algirdo žygiai į Maskvą 1368 1370, 1372in Zikaras, K.: Žymiausi Lietuvos mūšiai ir karinės operacijos (2nd ed.). Vilnius (Lithuania), pp. 46-49
Bilohorivka,48.927222,38.248611
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