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The Tanûkhids were a confederation of Arab tribes in northern Arabia and southern Syria.
Establishment
January 197: The Tanûkhids were a confederation of Arab tribes from 196 AD. The confederation occupied southern Syria and Jordan and western Iraq.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of Wars between Rome (first the Roman Republic then the Roman Empire and finally the Eastern Roman Empire) and Persia (the Parthian Empire, and then its successor, the Sasanian Empire). The wars were ended by the early Muslim conquests, which led to the fall of the Sasanian Empire and huge territorial losses for the Byzantine Empire.
January 542: Sasanian general Cosroe digged a tunnel that allowed his army to reach under a tower of the Petra and set it on fire. With part of its defenses destroyed, the city surrendered to the Sasanians who entered triumphantly (541).
1.1.Lazic War
Was a war fought between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire for control of the ancient Georgian region of Lazica.
January 552: The Byzantine commander Bessa put down a pro-Persian revolt by the Abasgoi tribe and took Petra.
1.2.Byzantine-Sasanian War of 572-591
Was a war fought between the Sasanian Empire of Persia and the Eastern Roman Empire. It was triggered by pro-Byzantine revolts in areas of the Caucasus under Persian hegemony.
January 574: In 573, the Sassanid forces led by Khosrow I launched a successful counter-attack against the Byzantine Empire, capturing the city of Dara after a four-month siege. Khosrow I was the ruler of the Sassanid Empire from 531 to 579.
April 591: Byzantine conquest of Dara.
1.3.Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628
Was the final and most devastating of the series of wars fought between the Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire. The war was fought in Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, the Caucasus, Anatolia, Armenia, the Aegean Sea and before the walls of Constantinople itself. After an initial phase of Sasanian conquest, the Byzantines were able to regain most of their territories. The war ended after a civil war broke out in Persia. After the war both Empires were so weakened that the Middle East and North Africa were soon conquered by the emerging Islamic Caliphate.
1.3.1.Persian dominance (Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628)
Were a series of Sasanian military campaigns that resulted in the conquest of large portions of the Byzantine Empire.
January 606: An army sent by Roman emperor Phocas against Sasanian Shah Khosrow was defeated near Dara in Upper Mesopotamia, leading to the capture of that important fortress in 605.
January 614: The cities of Damascus, Apamea, and Emesa fell quickly to the Sasanians in 613.
June 614: The Sasanian Empire, under the rule of King Khosrow II, conquered Jerusalem after a brief siege in 614. This conquest led to the fall of the Byzantine Empire's control over the region and marked a significant shift in power in the area.
1.3.2.Byzantine Counterattack (Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628)
Were a series of military operations by the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius that resulted in the reconquest of most of the territories lost to the Sasanian Empire.
March 628: The Persian army rebelled and overthrew Khosrow II, installing his son Kavadh II as his successor. Immediately after ascending to the throne, Kavadh II initiated peace talks with Byzantine Emperor Heraclius. Under the terms of the resulting peace treaty, the Byzantines regained all their territories that had been lost, their captured soldiers, a war indemnity, and the religious relics that had been taken from Jerusalem.
Were the military campaigns by the first three Islamic Caliphates (the Caliphate of Muhammad, the Rashidun Caliphate and the Umayyad Caliphate) that led to the Islamic conquest of most of the Middle East as well as the Iberian Peninsula.
2.1.Establishment of Mohammed´s Caliphate
Was the establishment of the first Islamic Caliphate under the Prophet Mohammed.
January 633: When Mohammed died in 632, the entire Arabian Peninsula was under the control of his Caliphate.
2.2.Muslim conquest of the Levant
Was a 634-638 CE invasion of Byzantine Syria by the Rashidun Caliphate. .
2.2.1.Conquest of Syria
Conquest of Syria from the Byantines by the Rashidun Caliphate.
April 634: Arab commander ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ conquers Elat.
May 634: Abū ʿUbayda and Shuraḥbīl continued their march and in early May 634 they reached the region between Bosra and al-Jābiya.
June 634: Khalid was then immediately dispatched to the Syrian front. The leader moved from Hira, Iraq, at the beginning of June 634. After crossing the desert, Khalid's army arrived on the Syrian front at Tadmur (Palmyra), in central Syria, at the beginning of June.
July 634: Battles of Qaryatayn and Ḥuwwārīn.
July 634: The Muslims, led by the Rashidun Caliphate, defeated the Byzantines in the battle of Ajnadayn on July 30, 634. The battle was a significant victory for the Muslims, led by the military commander Khalid ibn al-Walid, against the Byzantine Empire.
September 634: The city of Damascus was besieged for 30 days by the Rashidun Caliphate in 634. It was conquered by the Muslim forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, a prominent military commander and companion of the Prophet Muhammad.
January 635: Battle of Fahl.
2.2.2.Conquest of Northern Syria
Conquest of northern Syria from the Byzantines by the Rashidun Caliphate.
November 635: In 635, the military commander Khalid ibn al-Walid, leading the Rashidun Caliphate forces, conquered the territories of Shayzar, Afamiya, and Matar al-Hamz.
August 636: In the 7th century, during the Muslim conquest of the Levant, the Tanukhids fought with the Romans against the Muslims, including in the Battle of Yarmouk. After Yarmouk, their status as foederati ended.
2.2.3.Conquest of Palestina
Conquest of Palestine from the Byzantines by the Rashidun Caliphate.
November 635: In 635, the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab, conquered Palestine, Jordan, and southern Syria, excluding Jerusalem and Caesarea. This marked a significant expansion of Muslim territory in the region.
January 251: Christian Arabs emigrated, in the year 250, from Yemen to the Hawran region in southern Syria and established the Ghassanid Kingdom.
January 401: The Salīḥids were the dominant Arab foederati of the Byzantine Empire in the 5th century. They succeeded the Tanukhids, who were dominant in the 4th century.
Disestablishment
August 636: In the 7th century, during the Muslim conquest of the Levant, the Tanukhids fought with the Romans against the Muslims, including in the Battle of Yarmouk. After Yarmouk, their status as foederati ended.
Tanukhid Confederation
