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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Republic of Venice
Republic of San Marco
Establishment
January 698: The birth of the Duchy of Venice is conventionally placed in 697.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of wars between the Frankish and Lombard Kingdoms. Charlemagne finally incorporated the Kingdom of the Lombards in the Frankish Kingdom.
1.1.Frankish Invasion of Italy (775)
Was the second military campaign of Frankish king Charles the Great against the Kingdom of the Lombards, which was annexed to the Frankish possessions.
January 775: In 774 the pontiff gave him the title of patricius Romanorum. Charles donated Roman Tuscia (with the centers of Ronciglione, Viterbo, Tuscania, Soana) together with some centers of Longobard Tuscia (Populonia, Rusellae and Castrum Felicitatis) and to Ancona, Numana and Osimo: a total of ten cities;.
Military campaigns initiated by the Frankish emperor Charlemagne.
2.1.Frankish war against Venice
Was a war between the Frankish Empire and Venice.
June 810: The Franks attacked the lagoons of Venice both from the sea and from the mainland, quickly conquering the more peripheral centers such as Grado. In particular, they reached as far as Albiola, a very short distance from the capital, Malamocco.
September 810: During the final battle, which took place in the lagoon waters behind Malamocco, the Frankish fleet, awkward in maneuvering among the intricate lagoon weaves of canals and slums, was easy prey for the agile Venetian boats. The invaders were annihilated.
Were a series conflicts and naval campaigns waged for control of the northeastern coast of the Adriatic Sea between the Republic of Venice and the Principality of Croatia (later the Kingdom of Croatia, as well as the Kingdom of Croatia in personal union with Hungary).
3.1.Second Croatian-Venetian War
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and the Narentines.
January 847: In 846, the Narentines, a South Slavic tribe known for their piracy, attacked and looted the Venetian city of Caorle. This occurred after the Venetians suffered a defeat against the Saracens, leaving them vulnerable to attacks from other maritime powers in the region.
February 847: In 846, the Narentines, a group of Slavic pirates, attacked and looted the Venetian city of Caorle after the Venetians suffered a defeat against the Saracens. The Venetians regained control of Caorle in 847, incorporating it into the Republic of Venice.
3.2.Third Croatian-Venetian War
Was a war between the Republic of venice and the Narentines.
January 886: The Doge Orso I Partecipazio was the leader of the Republic of Venice, while the Narentine pirates were a group of Slavic pirates who terrorized the Adriatic Sea. The islands of Brazza, Lesina, and Curzola were strategic locations for the pirates, but they were defeated by the Venetians in 865.
February 886: In 886, the islands of Brazza, Lesina, and Curzola were taken over by the Narentine State after Doge Orso I Partecipazio attacked and defeated the Narentine pirates who had sought refuge there in 865.
3.3.Sixth Croatian-Venetian War
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and the kingdom of Croatia for the control of the northeastern coast of the Adriatic Sea.
January 1001: The Venetian fleet led by Pietro Orseolo II managed to conquer the coastal cities from Arbe in the north to Ragusa in the south, together with the islands of Lissa, Lagosta and Curzola.
3.4.Seventh Croatian-Venetian War
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Croatia for the control of the northeastern coast of the Adriatic Sea.
January 1051: In the second half of the 11th century, Zadar expelled the Venetian count Orso Giustinian and surrendered to Pietro Cresimiro, king of Croatia.
January 1052: Doge Domenico I Contarini reconquered the city of Zara.
3.5.Eigth Croatian-Venetian War
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and the kingdom of Croatia (at the time in Persona Union with Hungary) for the control of the northeastern coast of the Adriatic Sea.
January 1106: In 1105 the Hungarians launched a war against the Venetians and retook the northeastern Adriatic coast.
January 1119: Venetian Doge Ordelaffo Falier managed to reconquer a large part of the disputed areas of Dalmatia, including Zara and many other cities, proclaiming himself Doge of Venice of Dalmatia and Croatia.
January 1119: A new peace treaty was concluded, according to which Zadar remained Venetian, while Zaravecchia, Šibenik, Trogir and Spalato remained in the Kingdom of Croatia-Hungary.
3.6.Ninth Croatian-Venetian War
In 1124, while the Doge was engaged against the Byzantine Empire (now hostile to Venice), Stephen II recovered Split and Trogir without resistance.
January 1125: In 1124, while the Doge was engaged against the Byzantine Empire (now hostile to Venice), Stephen II of Hungary recovered Split and Trogir without resistance.
January 1127: The Venetians attacked and retook Šibenik, Spalato and Trogir, while the fortress of Zaravecchia was razed to the ground.
3.7.Tenth Croatian-Venetian War
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Croatia (at the time in Persona Union with Hungary) for the control of the northeastern coast of the Adriatic Sea.
January 1203: In 1202 the Venetians, with the help of Crusaders, reconquered and sacked Zadar.
3.8.Eleventh Croatian-Venetian War
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Croatia (at the time in Persona Union with Hungary) for the control of the northeastern coast of the Adriatic Sea.
January 1358: In the summer of 1356 the king of Hungary launched a great military campaign and attacked all Venetian territories. Furthermore, he allied himself with the Duke of Austria, with the counts of Gorizia, with the Patriarch of Aquileia and the Paduan lord Francesco da Carrara. Within a year and a half, Hungarian armies entered Zadar, Split, Trogir, Šibenik and other Croatian coastal cities.
February 1358: In the Treaty of Zara, which was signed on February 18, 1358 in the monastery of San Francesco, the Republic of Venice renounced all the cities and islands of Dalmatia between the Gulf of Kvarner and the city of Durres (in today's Albania) in favor of the king of Hungary.
3.9.Fourteenth Croatian-Venetian War
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Croatia (at the time in Persona Union with Hungary) for the control of the northeastern coast of the Adriatic Sea.
January 1421: Pietro Loredan sailed with fifteen galleys towards Dalmatia and retook Traù, Cattaro, Curzola, Spalato, Scutari.
The Magyars (or Hungarians) successfully conquered the Carpathian Basin (corresponding to the later Kingdom of Hungary) by the end of the ninth century, and launched a number of plundering raids thoughout Europe.
January 900: In 899, the Magyars defeated Berengar of Friuli's army in the Battle of Brenta River and invaded the northern regions of Italy.
February 900: The Magyars leave northern Italy after a raid.
January 901: The Hungarians, returning victorious to their lands, invaded the Duchy, storming Cittanova Eracliana, Equilio, Brondolo and the two Chioggia, then advancing towards the port of Albiola, just south of Metamauco, where they were however finally rejected and defeated .
February 901: The Hungarians, returning victorious to their lands, invaded the Duchy, storming Cittanova Eracliana, Equilio, Brondolo and the two Chioggia, then advancing towards the port of Albiola, just south of Metamauco, where they were however finally rejected and defeated .
January 902: In 901, the Magyars attacked Italy again.
February 902: In 901, the Magyars attacked Italy again. The territories were left after the raid.
January 922: In 921, the Hungarians raided Italy, reaching Apulia in 922.
February 922: In 921, the Hungarians raided Italy, reaching Apulia in 922. The territories were left after the raid.
January 928: The Hungarians marched up to Rome and imposed large tribute payments on Tuscany and Tarento.
February 928: The Hungarians marched up to Rome and imposed large tribute payments on Tuscany and Tarento. After the raid, the Hungarians left these territories.
January 938: In 937, the Hungarians raided France as far west as Reims, Lotharingia, Swabia, Franconia, the Duchy of Burgundy and Italy as far as Otranto in the south.
February 938: In 937, the Hungarians raided France as far west as Reims, Lotharingia, Swabia, Franconia, the Duchy of Burgundy and Italy as far as Otranto in the south. After the ride they left these territories.
January 948: In 947, Bulcsú, a Hungarian chieftain of Taksony, led a raid into Italy as far as Apulia.
February 948: In 947, Bulcsú, a Hungarian chieftain of Taksony, led a raid into Italy as far as Apulia.
In the year 1000 AD an expedition of Venetian ships in coastal Istria and Dalmatia secured the Venetian suzerainty in the area.
January 1001: In the year 1000 AD an expedition of Venetian ships in coastal Istria and Dalmatia secured the Venetian suzerainty in the area.
January 1001: In the year 1000 the Republic of Venice received submission from the Tragurium inhabitants.
January 1001: Venetian control over Dubrovnik (Raguxa/Ragusa) from 1000 AD.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the Medieval period. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291.
6.1.Fourth Crusade
Was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III. The stated intent of the expedition was to recapture the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem. However, the Western Crusaders sacked Constantinople in 1204 and partitioned the Byzantine Empire.
November 1202: The Siege of Zara was the first major action of the Fourth Crusade and the first attack against a Catholic city by Catholic crusaders. The crusaders had an agreement with Venice for transport across the sea, but the price far exceeded what they were able to pay. Venice set the condition that the crusaders help them capture Zara. Zara fell on 24 November.
November 1204: Venetian Tekirdağ (Rodosto) and Gelibolu Peninsula (Gallipoli), 1204-1235.
November 1204: Samothrace Island (Samotracia) is acquired by Venice after the Fourth Crusade.
November 1204: After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Beyoğlu (Pera) neighborhood in Constantinople was taken over by the Republic of Venice. The Venetians controlled the area until 1261 when the Byzantine Empire recaptured Constantinople.
January 1205: After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Hydra (Idra) became a Venetian colony.
January 1205: Cession of Crete to Venice by the King of Thessalonica (1204).
Expansion during the rule of Michael VIII in the Byzantine Empire.
January 1262: After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Beyoğlu (Pera) neighborhood in Constantinople became a Venetian colony. In 1261, the territory was returned to the Byzantine Empire under the rule of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.
January 1271: The Venetian Colonies in the Sporades, including Skiathos, Skopelos, Alonnisos, and Skyros, were established in 1207 and lasted until the 1270s when they were taken over by the Byzantine Empire.
January 1278: In 1276-77 the Byzantines conquered Caristo.
January 1279: Venetian noblemen Marco II Sanudo lost many of the islands, except Naxos and Paros, to the forces of the renewed Byzantine Empire under the admiral Licario in the late 13th century.
January 1280: By 1279 the Byzantines controlled the entirety of the island of Negroponte.
Was a wer between the Republic of Venice and Habsburg Austria over the possession of the city of Trieste.
August 1369: Trieste submitted to Leopold III of Habsburg on August 31, 1369.
November 1369: The war of Trieste was a conflict fought in 1368-1369 between the Republic of Venice and the city of Trieste, because in 1369 it received the support of the Archduchy of Austria in exchange for submission (dedication) to it. The war ended with the Venetian victory.
Were a series of wars between the Republic of Venice and the Republic of Genoa.
9.1.War of Chioggia
Was a conflict between Genoa and Venice which lasted from 1378 to 1381, from which Venice emerged triumphant.
August 1379: The Genoese, advancing along the island of Pellestrina, were now also threatening the central gap between the lagoon and the sea.
June 1380: Carlo Zeno made the final assault on the defenses of Chioggia.
July 1380: On July 1, the Genoese led by Matteo Maruffo occupied Koper.
August 1380: Vettor Pisani's fleet left Venice and retook Capodistria and Arbe.
January 1382: If on the sea the war turned in favor of Venice, on the continent its weapons certainly could not hope to compete with those of so many stubborn enemies: Castelfranco, Asolo and Noale fell into the hands of Francesco da Carrara.
9.1.1.Peace of Turin
Was the treaty that ended the War of Chioggia.
August 1381: Amedeo VI of Savoy received the island of Tenedos in the Aegean.
August 1381: Transfer of Cavarzere from Padua to the Republic of Venice.
August 1382: Leopold III of Habsburg duke of Austria occupied Trieste.
Expansion during the rule of Charles I Tocco in the County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos.
January 1396: The duke Carlo Tocco married Francesca, daughter of the Duke of Athens Nerio I Acciaioli, which gave him a claim on Corinth and Megara. After Nerio's death, he seized these territories in 1395.
January 1401: Territorial evolution of the County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos.
Byzantine reconquest of the Egean Islands.
January 1404: Byzantine reconquest of the Egean Islands.
January 1404: The Achean Duchy of the Archipelago is acquired by Venice.
Were two wars waged by Venice for the control of Scutari (Albania).
12.1.First Scutari War
Was a war between Zeta and the Venetian Republic over Scutari and other former possessions of Zeta captured by Venice.
January 1406: The Venetians captured the three ports of Zeta: Bar, Ulcinj and Budva.
January 1406: The First Scutari War started in 1405 when Balša took advantage of the rebellion of the local population in the Shkodër region against Venice and captured all the area (including Drivast).
October 1409: The one-year peace agreement signed on October 26, 1409, was between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire. The agreement, known as the Treaty of Gallipoli, marked a temporary cessation of hostilities between the two powers with no territorial changes.
October 1409: On October 26, 1409, a one-year peace agreement was signed by the Principality of Zeta and the Republic of Venice with no territorial changes for either side. The borders reverted to those at the start of the war.
12.2.Second Scutari War
Was a war by the Republic of Venice against the Lordhip of Zeta and the Serbian Despotate over the control of Scutari (Albania).
January 1421: Drivast, a medieval fortress in modern-day Montenegro, was reclaimed by the Republic of Venice in 1420. This marked the end of the rule of the Balšić noble family in the region.
September 1421: Sveti Srdj and Drivast conquered by Serbian Despotate.
November 1421: In mid-November 1421 the Serbians took Bar (Antivari).
Were a series of raids by the Ottomans in the Friuli region during the 15th and 16th centuries, in the context of tensions between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire.
January 1416: Ottoman incursion in Friuli of 1415.
February 1416: Ottoman incursion in Friuli of 1415. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
January 1464: Ottoman incursion in Friuli of 1463.
February 1464: Ottoman incursion in Friuli of 1463. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
August 1469: Ottoman raid in Friuli between July and September 1469.
September 1469: Ottoman raid in Friuli between July and September 1469. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
September 1472: In 1472, probably between 21 and 24 September, there was an Ottoman raid in Friuli.
October 1472: In 1472, probably between 21 and 24 September, there was an Ottoman raid in Friuli. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
October 1477: Between October and November 1477 there was one of the most devastating Ottoman raids in Friuli.
November 1477: Between October and November 1477 there was one of the most devastating Ottoman raids in Friuli. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
June 1478: Between the spring and summer of 1478 there were raids by the Turks in Friuli.
July 1478: Between the spring and summer of 1478 there were raids by the Turks in Friuli. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
January 1480: Ottoman raid in Friuli in 1479.
February 1480: Ottoman raid in Friuli in 1479. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
September 1499: 28 September - 4 October 1499: probably the most devastating raid by soldiers of the Ottoman Empire in Friuli.
October 1499: 28 September - 4 October 1499: probably the most devastating raid by soldiers of the Ottoman Empire in Friuli. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
January 1504: Ottoman raid in Friuli of 1503.
February 1504: End of the Ottoman raid in Friuli of 1503.
Expansion during the rule of Francesco Foscari in the Republic of Venice.
September 1423: The city of Thessaloniki (Salonico/Salonicco), then under siege by the Ottomans, was ceded to Venice by the despot Andronicus Palaeologus, in the hope of saving it from the hands of the infidels. The flag of Venice was therefore hoisted on September 14, 1423.
January 1427: Casalmaggiore fell under the rule of the Republic of Venice. In 1426, a Superintendent was appointed.
January 1429: Bergamo finally became part of the Serenissima Republic of Venice on 6 May 1428, following the victory of the Count of Carmagnola in the battle of Maclodio.
January 1431: On 28 August 1430, after various vicissitudes, the town of Latisana officially passed under the control of the Republic of Venice.
January 1442: On February 26, 1441, Venice occupied Ravenna and Cervia.
April 1442: In 1442, the southern part of Zeta was attacked by the Venetians, led by Doge Francesco Foscari. The territory was eventually conquered and incorporated into the Republic of Venice, marking a significant expansion of Venetian influence in the region.
January 1443: Venetian colony of Drisht (Drivasto) in the periods 1393-1423 and 1442-1478.
January 1445: The fortress of Dagnum surrendered to the Venice Republic.
January 1445: The maximum extent of Venetian Albania was reached in 1444.
October 1447: With the death of Filippo Maria Visconti in Milan in 1447, Venice took advantage of this to occupy Lodi and Piacenza.
September 1449: Venice conquers Crema and the Cremasco.
January 1452: Venetian Aegina (Egina), 1451-1537.
January 1453: In the eventful 15th century the Ottomans conquered the Balkans. In order to protect his territory from the Turks, Duke Stjepan Vukčić Kosača handed the Duchy of Saint Sava to the Venetians in 1452.
Were a series of conflicts between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan and their respective allies, fought in four campaigns in a struggle for hegemony in Northern Italy.
15.1.First Lombard War
Was the first of a series of conflicts between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan over the hegemony in Northern Italy.
March 1426: On March 17, 1426, Brescia revolted against Filippo Maria Visconti and became loyal to the Republic of Venice.
15.2.Second Lombard War
Was the second of a series of conflicts between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan over the hegemony in Northern Italy.
June 1427: Previously a peace treaty was signed but it did not last very long. Under advice by the emperor Sigismund, Visconti refused to ratify it and the war broke out in May 1427. The Milanese were initially victorious, taking Casalmaggiore.
July 1427: The Venetian commander pushed him back and conquered Casalmaggiore.
April 1428: Cremona became part of the Venetian Mainland in 1426 with the peace of Ferrara.
15.3.Third Lombard War
Was the third of a series of conflicts between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan over the hegemony in Northern Italy.
January 1432: Valtellina had been invaded by the Serenissima in 1431.
November 1432: In November 1432 a Venetian army was crushed by Piccinino at the Battle of Delebio by a joint army of Milan and Valtellina.
15.4.Fourth Lombard War
Was the fourth of a series of conflicts between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan over the hegemony in Northern Italy.
November 1441: Peschiera del Garda conquered by Venice.
November 1441: By the terms of the treaty ending the Fourth Lombard War, Venice was able to keep the Adda River as the boundary between its mainland possessions and the Duchy of Milan. Venice also gained Riva di Lago from Milan, as well as Lonato, Valeggio sul Mincio, Asola.
Were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice
16.1.Siege of Thessalonica (1422-1430)
Saw the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Murad II capture the city of Thessalonica.
March 1430: Ottoman capture of Thessalonica.
16.2.Ottoman-Venetian War (1463-1479)
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and the ottoman Empire. Several Venetian territories were captured and annexed by the Ottomans.
April 1463: The governor of the Morea, Isa-Beg Ishaković, took the Venetian-held town of Argos by treason.
August 1463: In early August, the Venetians retook Argos.
January 1464: Preveza (Prevesa) was a Venetian colony from 1401 to 1463. In 1463, it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The Venetians regained control from 1684 to 1699 and again from 1717 to 1797.
January 1464: While of all Venetian territories in the Morea, Nauplia persisted longest in her possession, and was surrendered to the Ottomans in 1540 after the conclusion of the Third Ottoman-Venetian War.
April 1464: The Ottoman army razed the Hexamilion, and advanced into the Morea. Argos fell.
May 1466: In April 1466, Vettore Cappello, the most vociferous proponent of the war, replaced Loredan as Captain General of the Sea. Under his leadership, the Venetian war effort was reinvigorated: the fleet took the northern Aegean islands of Imbros, Thasos and Samothrace.
January 1469: After the death of the Albanian national hero Scanderbeg, the Republic of Venice seized the strategic city of Croia (Kruja) in 1468.
January 1469: The Venetian commander Vettor Capello conquered Methone, Imbros, Thassos, Samothrace.
January 1469: In 1468, Athens was conquered by the Republic of Venice under the leadership of the Venetian general Bartolomeo Contarini. The city remained under Venetian control for a brief period before being captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1458.
January 1470: In 1469, Athens was conquered by the Ottoman Empire, ending its brief period as part of the Venetian colonial Empire.
January 1471: Pteleos was a Venetian colony from 1322 to 1470. In 1470, the territory was conquered by the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of Mehmed the Conqueror, marking the end of Venetian rule in the region.
January 1471: Negroponte was taken by the Turks.
October 1478: Croia fell into Muslim hands.
January 1479: The Venetian-controlled territory of Lezhë (Alessio) was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1478.
January 1479: Venetian colony of Drisht (Drivasto) in the periods 1393-1423 and 1442-1478.
January 1479: Lemnos reverted to Ottoman control in accordance with the 1479 Treaty of Constantinople.
January 1480: Lefkada Island (Santa Maura) was a Venetian colony from 1362 to 1479, 1502 to 1503, and 1684 to 1797. In 1479, the territory was taken over by the Ottoman Empire. The Venetians were a powerful maritime republic based in Venice, Italy, known for their trade and military strength in the Mediterranean.
16.2.1.Treaty of Constantinople (1479)
Was a treaty between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire.
April 1479: Shkodër succumbed to the Ottomans in 1479.
16.3.Ottoman-Venetian War (1499-1503)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice for control of the lands that were contested between the two parties in the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and the Adriatic Sea.
January 1500: Nafpaktos (Lepanto) is occupied by the Ottomans.
September 1500: Ottoman conquest of Modone.
September 1500: Tinos and Mykonos conquered by Ottoman Empire.
December 1500: Siege of the Castle of Saint George or Siege of Cephalonia
January 1501: Cephalonia and Ithaca were conquered by the Venetians in December 1500.
October 1501: Santa Maura conquered by the Venetians.
January 1502: The city of Lezhë was again under the control of the Republic of Venice.
January 1502: In 1501 the Ottomans led by Feriz Beg captured Durazzo in Venetian Albania.
May 1503: The Ottomans abandoned Naples of Románia, Navarino, Malvasia, Kefalonia and Zakynthos.
January 1504: End of the Venetian rule of Lefkada Island (Santa Maura).
January 1507: In 1506, Lezhë (Alessio) was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
16.4.Ottoman-Venetian War (1537-1540)
Was one of the Ottoman-Venetian wars which took place during the 16th century.
January 1538: Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent attacked the Venetian colonies, conquering Corfu, Clissa, Syra, Stampalia, Patmos, Naxos, Andros.
January 1538: In 1537 the Duchy of the Archipelago became a tributary of the Ottoman Empire.
January 1538: Venetian Aegina (Egina), 1451-1537.
September 1538: In the summer of 1538 the Ottomans turned their attention to the remaining Venetian possessions in the Aegean capturing the islands of Andros, Naxos, Paros, and Santorini, as well as taking the last two Venetian settlements on the Peloponnese Monemvasia and Navplion.
October 1538: Cefalonia conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1539: Venice agreed to cede Morea to the Ottomans.
January 1539: Northern Sporades conquered by the Ottomans.
January 1539: Venetian Karpathos Island (Scarpanto) and Kasos Island (Caso), 1306-1538.
January 1539: The Venetians loose the Sporades to the Ottomans.
16.5.Ottoman-Venetian War (1570-1573)
Was a war of the Ottoman Empire against the Republic of Venice and the Holy League.
January 1572: Venetian Ulcinj (Dulcigno), 1405-1571.
January 1572: Venetian Bar (Antivari), 1443-1571.
16.5.1.Ottoman conquest of Cyprus
Was an Ottoman military campaign that resulted in the annexion of Cyprus, a Venetian possession at the time.
July 1570: The Ottomans landed unopposed at Salines, near Larnaca on the island's southern shore.
September 1570: The Siege of Nicosia in 1570 was part of the Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573). The Ottoman forces, led by Lala Mustafa Pasha, besieged the city of Nicosia, which was then under Venetian control. The siege lasted for seven weeks, resulting in the fall of the city to the Ottoman Empire on September 9.
September 1570: The fortress of Kyrenia surrendered without resistance to the Ottoman Empire.
16.6.Cretan War (1645-1669)
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and her allies (among them the Knights of Malta, the Papal States and France) against the Ottoman Empire and the Barbary States.
January 1646: Ottoman occupation of Crete.
January 1646: During the Cretan War (1645-1669), Cres Island was briefly occupied by the Ottoman Empire. The war was fought between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire over control of the island of Crete. The Ottoman occupation of Cres lasted until the end of the war in 1669.
January 1647: Ottoman occupation of Novigrad.
January 1648: Venice reconquers Tenin (Knin) from the Ottomans.
January 1649: Knin (Tenin) is conquered by the Ottomans.
July 1656: The Venetians seize Tenedos.
August 1656: Lemnos conquered by Republic of Venice.
August 1657: The Ottoman fleet proceeded to recover Lemnos.
November 1657: Tenedos conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1670: During the Cretan War (1645-1669), Cres Island was briefly occupied by the Ottoman Empire. However, in 1669, the territory was transferred to the Republic of Venice, which ruled over Cres Island and the neighboring Lošinj Islands until 1797.
January 1670: End of the Ottoman occupation of Krk Island and Pag Island.
16.6.1.Ottoman invasion of Crete
Was the Ottoman invasion and occupation of Crete, a Venetian possession at the time.
June 1645: The Ottomans, led by Sultan Ibrahim, landed on the coast 15 miles west of Canea in 1645. The local militia, led by Venetian commander Francesco Morosini, retreated as the Ottomans began their military occupation of the territory.
August 1645: The Ottoman army advanced to the city of Canea itself, which fell.
October 1646: The venetian attempt to break the Ottoman blockade of Rettimo led to the fall of the city in 1646.
June 1647: Gazi Hüseyin Pasha, the local commander, conquered the eastern half of Crete, except for the fortress of Siteia.
April 1648: By the beginning of 1648, all of Crete, except Candia and a few strongholds like the island of Gramvousa, was in Ottoman hands.
January 1654: In 1653, the Ottomans took the island fortress of Selino in Suda Bay.
September 1669: Siege of Candia.
16.6.2.War in Dalmatia
Was the Dalmatian theatre of the Cretan War (1645-1669).
July 1646: The supposedly impregnable fortress of Novigrad surrendered.
January 1647: The Ottomans launched a large-scale attack in 1646, and made some significant gains, including the capture of the islands of Krk, Pag and Cres.
January 1648: Venetian commander Leonardo Foscolo seized several forts and retook Novigrad, temporarily captured the fortress of Knin and took Klis.
16.6.3.Cretan War (1645-1669) Peace Treaty
Was the peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice that ended the Cretan War (1645-1669). Venice aknowledged the loss of Crete. At the same time the borders of the Venetian possession in Dalmatia were officially established with the Nani Line, and Venice had some territorial gains in Dalmatia.
October 1671: The Nani line (later called the Purchase Vecchio) was the border line established in Dalmatia on October 30 1671 between the Venetian and Ottoman possessions, following the War of Candia.
January 1672: In 1671, the territory of Nani Line was acquired by the Republic of Venice. This expansion in Dalmatia was part of Venice's efforts to strengthen its control in the region, following the end of the war.
16.7.Ottoman-Venetian War (1714-1718)
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire.
16.7.1.Ottoman conquest of the Venetians possessions in Greece
Was the Ottoman invasion of Venetian-held Peloponnese.
June 1715: The Ottoman army crossed the Isthmus of Corinth and entered the Morea. The citadel of Acrocorinth, which controlled the passage to the peninsula, surrendered after a brief siege.
July 1715: The Ottoman Fleet, numbering 80 warships under Canum Hoca, captured the last Venetian possessions in the Aegean, the islands of Tinos and Aigina.
July 1715: After only nine days of siege, the Ottomans exploded a mine under the bastions of Palamidi and successfully stormed the fort.
September 1715: Gathered their remaining forces at Methoni (Modon). However, being denied effective support from the sea by Delfin's reluctance to endanger his fleet by engaging the Ottoman navy, the fort capitulated.
September 1715: The Ottomans then advanced to the southwest, where the forts of Navarino and Koroni were abandoned by the Venetians.
January 1716: Venice conquered Kythira Island (Cerigo) and Antikythera Island (Cerigotto).
January 1716: Poros, along with Methana, Troezen, and Epidaurus, was part of the Venetian Colony from 1484 to 1715. In 1715, the territory was taken over by the Ottoman Empire. This marked the end of Venetian control in the region.
16.8.Ottoman-Venetian War (1714-18)
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire between 1714 and 1718. It was the last conflict between the two powers, and ended with an Ottoman victory and the loss of Venice's major possession in the Greek peninsula, the Peloponnese (Morea).
July 1718: The Mocenigo line (later called the Acqui Nuovissimo) was the border line established in Dalmatia in 1721 between the Venetian and Ottoman possessions, following the Pace of Passarowitz of 21 July 1718.
July 1718: The Mocenigo line (later called the Acqui Nuovissimo) was the border line established in Dalmatia in 1721 between the Venetian and Ottoman possessions, following the Peace of Passarowitz of 21 July 1718.
Expansion during the rule of Murad II in the Ottoman Sultanate.
January 1432: In 1431, the Sanjak of Albania was created out of areas in present-day western Albania.
Was a war between the Albanian League of Lezhë and the Republic of Venice.
January 1448: In December 1447 after leaving a protective force of three to four thousand men under Vrana Konti to guard the frontier in the event of an Ottoman incursion, Skanderbeg turned towards Dagnum with a force of 14,000 men. Initially offering the garrison at Dagnum the opportunity to surrender, he promptly besieged the fortress upon rejection.
September 1448: Balsha falls to the Venetians.
Wars during the rule of Mehmed II in the Ottoman Sultanate.
January 1456: The Venetian Bozcaada Island (Tenedo) was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1461: Venetian Spetses (Velvina or Spezia) is conquered by the Ottomans.
January 1463: In 1462, Gökçeada Island (Imbro) was taken over by the Ottoman Empire.
19.1.Fall of Constantinople
Was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. The city was captured on 29 May 1453 after a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April. The conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire marked the effective end of the last remains of the Roman Empire.
November 1453: After the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Northern Sporades (Skiathos, Skopelos, and Alonissos) became part of the Republic of Venice.
January 1454: After the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, the Greek islands of Skyros, Skiathos and Skopolos granted themselves to Venice.
January 1454: After the fall of Constantinople in 1453 the Byzantine forces in Imbros left the island.
Was a war between the Signoria (Lordship) of Ferrara and an alliance of Italian states that included The Republic of Venice and the Papal States.
June 1482: Siege of Ficarolo, which capitulated on 29 June, by Venetian forces.
July 1482: In 1482, the Republic of Venice, led by Doge Agostino Barbarigo, launched an attack from Ravenna, a city under their control, towards Argenta. The Venetian forces successfully captured Argenta from the southeast during this military campaign.
November 1482: The Venetians, led by Doge Agostino Barbarigo and General Roberto Sanseverino, launched a military campaign against Ferrara, ruled by Duke Ercole I d'Este. The siege ended in December 1482 with Ferrara surrendering to Venice.
November 1482: Under pressure from the Duke of Milan Lodovico il Moro who feared that the Serenissima could become too powerful and therefore dangerous for the Duchy of Milan, the Pope decided to put an end to the War of Ferrara on his part and on November 28 1482 stipulated a truce, which was followed by peace on December 12.
June 1484: In May 1484, the Venetian fleet conquered the city of Gallipoli in Puglia in the Kingdom of Naples.
20.1.Peace of Bagnolo
Was a treaty that ended the War of Ferrara. Ferrara lost all its territories north ot the Po river to Venice.
August 1484: With the peace of Bagnolo, Venice kept almost all the conquered possessions. Ercole I d'Este regained Ariano, Corbola, Adria, Melara, Castelnuovo and Ficarolo, but lost all the other territories north of the Po.
Were a series of conflicts covering the period between 1494 to 1559, fought mostly in the Italian peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and the Mediterranean Sea. The primary belligerents were the Valois kings of France, and their Habsburg opponents in the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.
21.1.Italian War of 1499-1504
Was the second of the so-called Italian Wars. The first phase of the war was fought for control of the Duchy of Milan by an alliance of Louis XII of France and the Republic of Venice against Ludovico Sforza, the second between Louis of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon for possession of the Kingdom of Naples.
21.1.1.Borgia's War in Romagna
Were a series of military campaigns by Cesare Borgia, the son of the Pope, in central Italy.
January 1504: In 1503, with the death of his father Pope Alexander VI, the short-lived reign of Cesare Borgia collapsed. Immediately afterwards, the families of Romagna who had been overthrown by Cesare Borgia offered to submit to the Republic of Venice on condition that they would regain their dominions over their respective cities. The Venetian Senate accepted and the Serenissima took possession of Rimini, Faenza and other places.
21.2.War of the League of Cambrai
Was one of the so-called Italian wars.
May 1509: In 1509, Rovereto was a Venetian colony governed by a Podestà. However, after the Battle of Agnadello in the same year, the territory was ceded to the Habsburg Domains.
21.2.1.First Phase - The league of Cambrai
Was the first phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
21.2.1.1.French invasion of Venice (War of the League of Cambrai)
Was a French invasion of the Republic of Venice during the War of the League of Cambrai.
May 1509: Louis had crossed the Adda River at Cassano d'Adda.
May 1509: Julius II, who in the meantime issued an interdict against Venice, excommunicating every citizen of the Republic, invaded Romagna and took Ravenna.
May 1509: Louis, with the remainder of the French army, reached Agnadello.
May 1509: Bergamos ubmits to the Holy Roman Empire.
May 1509: Brescia barred the doors to the retreating Venetians, surrendering without any significant resistance on May 24 to the French together with Cremona and Crema.
June 1509: The Venetian troops, led by Bartolomeo d'Alviano, were pursued by the French and Imperial forces, led by Louis XII of France and Maximilian I, resulting in the surrender of Padua to the Holy League on 5 June 1509.
June 1509: In short, the forces of the league occupied all of the mainland, reaching as far as the edge of the lagoon, at the gates of Mestre, where Pitigliano had barricaded itself.
June 1509: Alfonso I d'Este. The latter, after having joined the League and having been previously appointed Gonfaloniere of the Church on 19 April, annexed Polesine to his territories.
January 1510: In the south of the Italian peninsula, Ferdinand II of Aragon reconquered the ports of Puglia.
21.2.1.2.Venetian Counterattack (War of the League of Cambrai)
Was the Venetian counterattack against the invasion of its territories by Louis XII of France.
May 1509: The French army was sufficient to expel the Venetians from Vicenza by May.
July 1509: Venetian control was re-established in Padua.
November 1509: In 1509, these territories were reconquered by the Republic of Venice under the leadership of Doge Leonardo Loredan and Captain-General Bartolomeo d'Alviano: the cities of Bassano, Feltre, Belluno, Cividale, Castel Nuovo, Monselice, Montagnana, and the Polesine region were brought back under Venetian control.
November 1509: In 1509, these territories were reconquered by the Republic of Venice under the leadership of Doge Leonardo Loredan and Captain-General Bartolomeo d'Alviano. The cities of Bassano, Feltre, Belluno, Cividale, Castel Nuovo, Monselice, Montagnana, and the Polesine region were brought back under Venetian control.
November 1509: The Venetian troops defeated the imperial forces, regaining control of Vicenza, Este, Feltre and Belluno.
January 1510: Venice conquers Rimini.
January 1510: Venice kept the city of Pordenone only for two years since in 1509 it lost it again.
January 1510: The city of Adria was conquered by Venice after 1509.
21.2.2.Second Phase - Alliance between Venice and the Papal States
Was the second phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
February 1510: Romagna and Marche (the parts controlled by Venice) are ceded to the Papal States.
January 1511: Lucio Malvezzi, captain of the army of the Serenissima, retook Marostica and Bassano, entering Vicenza and arriving as far as Verona.
21.2.3.Third Phase - The Holy League
Was the third phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
June 1511: Venice retook Cremona, and again received the submission of Bergamo.
September 1511: Siege of Treviso.
December 1511: Siege of Treviso.
September 1512: Brescia surrendered to the viceroy of Naples and the Venetians.
October 1512: Forces of the Republic of Venice conquer Crema.
21.2.4.Fourth Phase - Alliance between Venice and France
Was the fourth phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
September 1513: While the Spaniards were unable to conquer Padua thanks to the determined Venetian resistance, they penetrated deep into Venetian territory and towards the end of September they were in sight of Venice.
October 1513: Venetian captain Alviano's army, having been reinforced by hundreds of volunteers from the Venetian nobility, pursued the Spanish led by Cardona and confronted him outside Vicenza on 7 October.
September 1515: The morning of 14 September 1515 resulted in a strategically decisive victory for King Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice, allowing them to retake all of the Duchy of Milan from the Swiss forces.
21.3.War of the League of Cognac
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars. It was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V —primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Spain— and the League of Cognac, an alliance including the Kingdom of France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Florence.
January 1530: The remaining Venetian possessions in Apulia went to Charles of Naples.
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire.
February 1508: Maximilian of Habsburg decided to move his troops and, having reached Dobbiaco, descended back to Cadore, after brief sieges he conquered the unguarded Venetian fortresses: the Botestagno castle and the Pieve di Cadore castle, settling in Comelico.
March 1508: On the banks of the Rusecco torrent (or Rio Secco) the imperial troops were surrounded and then annihilated by the forces of Venice.
June 1508: Venetian occupation of Pordenone.
June 1508: Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian accepts the humiliating peace conditions imposed by Venice, and the latter annexed the territories it had occupued. The armistice was signed on 6 June 1508 and went down in history with the name of peace Santa Maria di Grazia.
July 1508: Venice occupied Gorizia and Trieste, then of Pisino, Fiume and Postumia. All that remained for Maximilian of Habsburg was to accept the humiliating peace conditions imposed by Venice. The armistice was signed on 6 June 1508 and went down in history with the name of peace Santa Maria di Grazia.
Conquests and wars with Ottoman involvement during the rule of Suleiman I.
January 1523: Venetian Syros (Siro), 1207-1522.
Expansion during the rule of Selim II in the Ottoman Empire.
January 1567: Hydra (Idra), 1204-1566 Venetian Colony.
August 1571: Famagusta fell to the Ottomans in August 1571 after a siege that lasted nearly a year.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
25.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
25.1.1.Peace of Westphalia
Were a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War. Catholics and Protestants were redefined as equal in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire. There were major territorial adjustments. In particular, France, Sweden and Brandenburg had major territorial gains, and several religious territories of the Holy Roman Empire were secularized.
January 1649: Fortress of Klis (Clissa) returned in venetian hands.
Were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Domains. The conflicts started with the partition of Hungary between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs after the Battle of Mohács (1526).
26.1.Great Turkish War
Was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League consisting of the Holy Roman Empire, Poland-Lithuania, Venice, Russia, and Habsburg Hungary.
January 1692: Ottoman conquest of Vlorë (Valona) and Kaninë Castle (Canina).
January 1698: The Venetians loose control of Amfissa (Salona) the Ottomans.
March 1701: The Grimani line (later known as the New Purchase) was the border line established in Dalmatia in February 1701 between the Venetian and Ottoman possessions, following the Peace of Carlowitz of 26 January 1699.
26.1.1.Morean War
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice, part of the Great Turkish War. Venice succesfully invaded and occupied the Peloponnese.
August 1684: Lefkada (Santa Maura) was conquered by Venice after a brief siege of 16 days, on 6 August 1684.
October 1684: In September 1684, at the early part of the Morean War, the Venetians, aided by Greek irregulars, crossed from the island of Lefkada (Santa Maura) and captured Preveza as well as Vonitsa.
October 1684: Acarniana fell under venetian rule.
August 1685: In 1685, the Venetian army, led by General Francesco Morosini, laid siege to the former Venetian fort of Koroni in Greece. The castle, defended by the Ottoman Empire, surrendered after 49 days, leading to the territory of Koroni being transferred to the Republic of Venice.
June 1686: The fortress of Navarino surrendered in 1686 to the Republic of Venice.
July 1686: Methoni was taken by Venice after an effective bombardment destroyed the fort's walls.
September 1686: Nafplion was forced to surrender on September 3, 1686, during the Morean War, led by the Venetian general Francesco Morosini. The city was then taken over by the Republic of Venice.
July 1687: In 1687, during the Morean War, the Venetians, led by Francesco Morosini, successfully captured the citadel of Patras and the forts of Rion, Antirrion, and Nafpaktos (Lepanto) from the Ottoman Empire.
August 1687: Corinth was occupied by Venice.
August 1687: Mystra, a fortified town in the Peloponnese region of Greece, surrendered to the Republic of Venice in 1687.
September 1687: Taking Eleusis, Athens was also briefly conquered, whose Acropolis was besieged by the Venetians from September 23 to 29.
January 1688: Gerolamo Cornaro, provveditore general in Dalmatia on behalf of the Republic of Venice, bent the Turkish resistance after a tough siege.
January 1688: Venetian occupation of Amfissa (Salona) from 1687.
January 1688: Venice controlled Argos from 1687 to 1715.
January 1689: Venetians conquered Risan and Knin.
January 1691: The Peloponnese was under complete Venetian control, and only the fort of Monemvasia in the southeast continued to resist, holding out until 1690.
January 1691: Venetian colonies in Vlorë (Valona) and Kaninë Castle (Canina) from 1690.
26.1.2.Treaty of Karlowitz
Was a treaty that concluded the Great Turkish War and the Morean War. The Ottoman Empire suffered major territorial losses.
January 1699: The Treaty of Karlowitz confirmed the Venetian possession of Kephalonia, and the Morea with the island of Aigina, which became organized as the "Kingdom of the Morea".
January 1699: The peace of Carlowitz sanctioned the victory of the Holy League and the cession of the Kingdom of Morea to the Venetians.
January 1700: At the end of the war in 1699 Preveza was handed back to Ottoman rule.
Was a war between the Habsburg Domains and the Ottoman Empire.
October 1715: The remaining Venetian strongholds, including the last remaining outposts on Crete (Spinalonga and Souda), likewise capitulated in exchange for safe departure. Within a hundred days, the entire Peloponnese had been re-taken by the Ottomans.
January 1718: The only permanent Venetian success was the capture of the fortresses of Preveza and Arta in 1717.
27.1.Treaty of Passarowitz
Was the treaty that ended the Austro-Turkish War (1716-1718).
July 1718: Venice retained only the Ionian Islands, with Ottoman-occupied Kythera added to them.
July 1718: In Dalmatia, the Venetians made some small advances, taking the areas of Imotski and Vrgorac in the hinterland.
July 1718: In 1714 the Republic was forced to confront the Ottomans again as they attempted to penetrate the Adriatic. The war caught the Serenissima politically and militarily unprepared: soon the Morea and the last Aegean colonies fell. [...] The peace of Passarowitz, in 1718, forced Venice to recognize the loss of the Morea.
July 1718: Parga was Venetian since the Peace of Passarowitz of 1718.
January 1719: Venice regained Kythira Island (Cerigo) and Antikythera Island (Cerigotto).
January 1722: In 1721, the Dalmatian border was definitively stabilized with the definition of the so-called Mocenigo line. This agreement was reached between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire, with the line being named after Alvise Mocenigo, the Venetian ambassador who negotiated the treaty.
Was a major European conflict sparked by a Polish civil war over the succession to Augustus II of Poland.
28.1.French Invasion of northern Italy
Was the French invasion of northern Italy during the War of the Polish Succession.
September 1734: Following their defeat at Guastalla at the hands of the French, which resulted in heavy casualties, the Austrians retreated to the Oglio River. They maintained this position for the remainder of the year.
January 1735: The French army entered winter quarters in December 1734, leaving the North Bank of the Po River.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
29.1.War of the First Coalition
Were a series of wars between the Kingdom of France (later the French Republic) and several European Monarchies. The French Revolution had deteriorated the relations of France with the other European countries, that tried several times to invade France in order to crash the revolutionary government.
March 1797: The Republic of Crema was created in March 1797 following the occupation of the city of Crema (Italy) by French troops.
May 1797: Before the French Revolutionary Wars, the Ionian Islands had been part of the Republic of Venice. When the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio dissolved the Republic of Venice, they were annexed to the French Republic.
October 1797: Following the Treaty of Campo Formio, where Napoleon Bonaparte decreed the final dissolution of the Venetian Republic, Preveza - like other Venetian possessions in Greece and Albania - was ceded to Revolutionary France.
29.1.1.Italian theatre (War of the first coalition)
Was the Italian theatre of the War of the First Coalition.
September 1796: In September, Napoleon Bonaparte marched north against Trento in Tyrol. Bonaparte overran the holding force at the Battle of Rovereto.
September 1796: French victory at the Battle of Bassano on 8 September 1796.
November 1796: The Austrians were victorious over the French at Bassano.
November 1796: Napoleon defeated the Venetians led by Alvinczi in the Battle of Arcole southeast of Verona.
January 1797: In 1797, during the Napoleonic Wars, French troops under Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the Venetian state up to the Adige River. The Austrians controlled Vicenza, Cadore, and Friuli as part of the ongoing conflict in the region.
February 1797: French troops advanced directly toward Austria over the Julian Alps. General Barthélemy Joubert invaded Tyrol.
29.1.2.Treaty of Campo Formio
Was a treaty between France and Austria that ended the War of the First Coalition.
October 1797: The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI). The treaty transferred the Austrian Netherlands to France. The territories of Venice were partitioned, most were acquired by Austria. Austria recognized the Cisalpine Republic and the newly created Ligurian Republic. Extension of the borders of France up to the Rhine, the Nette, and the Roer.
Was a revolutionary wave in Europe that started in France. The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, as envisioned by romantic nationalism.
30.1.Revolution in Venice
Was a revolt against Austrian rule in Venice during the 1848 Revolutions.
March 1848: The Republic of San Marco was a state established in Venice on 22 March 1848 following the insurrection of the city.
March 1848: Between 24 and 29 March Treviso, Padua, Belluno, Rovigo, Udine and Vicenza joined the Republic.
30.2.First Italian War of Independence
Was the first of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence. It was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire but it did not led to any territorial modification.
30.2.1.Venetian Front
Was the Venetian front of the First Italian War of Independence.
April 1848: The bulk of the Austrian forces attacked Udine which on the 22nd, after an artillery bombardment, surrendered.
May 1848: On May 5, the Austrians entered Belluno.
May 1848: In 1848, during the First Italian War of Independence, the brigade led by Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi went beyond the Piave River to Feltre, a town in the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. This action was part of the movement to unify Italy and break away from Austrian control.
May 1848: Battle of Cornuda.
June 1848: Battle of Monte Berico.
July 1848: Venice is the only city in Lombardo-Veneto to still remain in the hands of the insurgents.
October 1848: In Osoppo, in Friuli, following the armistice, about 350 patriots barricaded themselves in the village fortress, under the leadership of Leonardo Andervolti , surrendering to the Austrians on October 13, 1848.
August 1849: Siege of Venice (1849).
30.2.2.Papal State Front
Was the front in the Papal States of the First Italian War of Independence.
April 1848: Durando was a general in the army of the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert. Pius IX was the Pope of the Papal States. The military occupation of Treviso by the Papal States in 1848 was part of the Italian Wars of Independence.
January 999: In 998 Zadar swore allegiance to Doge Pietro Orseolo II and became a vassal of the Republic of Venice.
January 999: Split was raided by the Narentines (a South Slavic confederation) […] Therefore, the city offered its allegiance to Venice and in 998 the Venetian Doge Pietro II Orseolo, led a large naval expedition which defeated the Narentines.
January 1001: In 1000 the island of Rab, together with the many other islands and cities of Dalmatia, submitted to the Republic of Venice.
January 1001: The Narentines were finally defeated in a Venetian crackdown at the turn of the 10th century and disappeared from sources by the 11th century.
January 1002: The Venetians conquered the Island of Veglia (modern-day Krk in Croatia) for the first time in 1001.
January 1020: In 1019 the Byzantine Empire restored direct control over Dalmatia.
January 1031: Ragusa (modern-day Dubrovnik) was annexed by the Kingdom of Croatia.
January 1045: Occupation of Grado by the Aquileian patriarch Poppone.
January 1046: When Poppone of Aquileia died in 1045, Venetian Doge Contarini sent the fleet to retake the city of Grado.
January 1076: In 1075, Venice expelled the Normans and secured the cities of Split, Trogir, Zadar, Biograd, and Nin for itself.
January 1076: During the reign of Peter Krešimir IV the Croatian rulers regained their power in Dalmatia.
January 1108: In 1107 the city of Traù (today Trogir in Croatia) was conquered by King Coloman of Hungary.
January 1117: After Hungarian king Coloman's death in 1116, the Venetian Doge Ordelafo Faliero returned from Outremer and retook all the Dalmatian cities, and also, for the first time, the Croatian cities of the coast such as Biograd and Šibenik.
January 1118: In 1117 Split again acknowledged Hungarian rule.
January 1119: The new Venetian Doge, Domenico Michiel, quickly defeated the Hungarians again and restored Venetian authority in Split by 1118.
January 1126: Biograd (at the time called Zaravecia/Zaravecchia after 1204) was againa Venetian colony from 1125.
January 1127: Zaravecia/Zaravecchia (today Biograd) is occupied by Hungarian forces.
January 1134: Sebenego/Sebenico (today Šibenik) was a Venetian colony from 1133.
January 1142: Hungarian King Géza II, having conquered Bosnian lands, marched to Split and Trogir.
January 1146: Pula (Pola) and Izola (Isola) were Venetian Colonies from 1145.
September 1187: An agreement was signed which left Ragusa independent, but subjected it to Serbian power.
January 1201: The spontaneous dedication of most of western and southern Istria to the Republic of Venice began in the 12th century and could be considered practically concluded around the middle of the 14th century.
January 1205: Since 1204, Sudak has effectively become a Venetian colony.
January 1205: After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Hydra (Idra) became a Venetian colony.
January 1206: Durrës (Durazo/Durazzo) was a Venetian colony in the periods 1205-1213 and 1392-1501.
January 1206: Crete was initially allotted to Boniface of Montferrat, but, unable to enforce his control over the island, he soon sold his rights to Venice. Venetian troops first occupied the island in 1205, but it took until 1212 for it to be secured.
January 1206: Venetian Dubrovnik refers to the periods when the Republic of Venice controlled the city of Dubrovnik (also known as Ragusa) from 1000 to 1030 and again from 1205 to 1358. During these times, Dubrovnik was under Venetian rule and influenced by Venetian culture and politics.
January 1208: Venetian colony in Santorini from 1207.
January 1208: The Island of Tinos (Tino) was acquired by Venice in 1207.
January 1208: In 1207, Kythnos and Sifnos became part of the Venetian Duchy of the Archipelago. The Venetians controlled these islands until 1617, when they were taken over by the Ottoman Empire. This period marked a significant influence of Venetian culture and architecture in the region.
January 1208: The Duchy of the Archipelago was created in 1207 by the Venetian nobleman Marco Sanudo, a participant in the Fourth Crusade and nephew of the former Doge Enrico Dandolo, who had led the Venetian fleet to Constantinople. This was an independent venture, without the consent of the Latin emperor Henry of Flanders.
January 1208: Venetian Kerkyra Island (Corfù) and Paxi Island (Passo), 1207-1214 and 1386-1797.
January 1208: Modon (Methoni) and Coron (Koroni) were occupied by the Republic of Venice in 1207.
January 1208: Corfu was captured by Venice from its Genoese ruler.
January 1208: In 1207, the Venetian Republic gained control of the Sporades islands, including Skiathos, Skopelos, Alonnisos, and Skyros.
January 1211: The Naxiotes continued to resist the Venetians, however, and established a base inland, around the fortress of Apalyros/Apalire. The latter fell to Sanudo after a five or six weeks' siege, despite the assistance rendered to the Greeks by the Genoese, Venice's main competitors.
January 1211: Gramvousa Island (Grabusa) was a Venetian Colony from 1210.
January 1212: The Venetians acquire Euboea Island (Negroponte) in 1211.
January 1214: Durrës (Durazo/Durazzo) was a Venetian colony in the periods 1205-1213 and 1392-1501.
January 1215: Corfu island was retaken by the Despotate of Epirus.
January 1215: Venetian Kerkyra Island (Corfù) and Paxi Island (Passo), 1207-1214 and 1386-1797.
January 1221: Spetses (Velvina or Spezia) was a Venetian colony from 1220.
January 1227: Epirote armies conquered Thrace in 1225-26, appearing before Constantinople itself. The Latin Empire was saved for a time by the threat posed to Theodore by the Bulgarian tsar Ivan II Asen, and a truce was concluded in 1228.
February 1227: Epirote armies conquered Thrace in 1225-26, appearing before Constantinople itself. The Latin Empire was saved for a time by the threat posed to Theodore by the Bulgarian tsar Ivan II Asen, and a truce was concluded in 1228.
January 1228: The Rum Seljuqs captured and fortified the city of Sudak in Crimea.
January 1231: From 1230 to 1232, the city of Ragusa was subject to the sovereignty of the Despotate of Epirus.
January 1233: During the period from 1230 to 1232, the city of Epirus was under the rule of the Despotate of Epirus, led by the ruler Theodore Komnenos Doukas. In 1232, the territory was taken over by the Republic of Venice.
January 1236: Venetian Tekirdağ (Rodosto) and Gelibolu Peninsula (Gallipoli), 1204-1235.
January 1239: Kythira Island (Cerigo) and Antikythera Island (Cerigotto) fell under Venetian domination.
January 1251: Venetian Tanais (Tana), 13C-1332.
January 1260: Ezzelino III da Romano took control of Mestre.
January 1268: Poreč (Parenzo) was a Venetian Colony from 1267.
January 1269: Brač Island (Braza/Brazza) is a Venetian Colony.
January 1279: The Venetians conquer Motovun (Montona d'Istria).
January 1284: During the 13th and 14th centuries, Trieste, a city in present-day Italy, became a maritime trade rival to the Republic of Venice. The Republic of Venice briefly occupied Trieste from 1283 to 1287 in an attempt to control its lucrative trade routes.
January 1289: End of the occupation of Trieste by Venice.
January 1292: Pula (Pola) was a Venetian colony in the periods 1145-1291 and 1331-1797.
January 1300: The territory of Porto Viro was divided between the Republic of Venice and the Este family of Ferrara.
January 1302: Venetian colony in Santorini from 1301.
January 1307: Venetian Karpathos Island (Scarpanto) and Kasos Island (Caso), 1306-1538.
January 1323: Venetian colony in Šibenik (Sebenego/Sebenico).
January 1323: In 1322, the territory of Pteleos became a Venetian colony under the Republic of Venice. The Venetians were known for their maritime power and extensive trade network, making Pteleos an important strategic outpost in the region. The Venetian rule lasted until 1470, shaping the cultural and economic landscape of the area during that time.
January 1327: The Bosnians occupied Makarska (Macarsca).
January 1329: Nin (Nona)was a Venetian colon in the periods 1328-1358 and 1409-1797.
January 1332: Pula (Pola) was a Venetian colony from 1145 to 1291 and again from 1331 to 1797. The Republic of Venice gained control of the territory, establishing it as an important strategic and economic center in the Adriatic Sea.
January 1332: Hvar Island (Łexina/Lesina) becomes a Venetian Colony.
January 1333: Venetian Tanais (Tana), 13C-1332.
November 1334: On 4 November 1334, thirty-four communities on the Lake Garda coast and part of Val Sabbia gathered in the Riperia Lacus Gardae Brixiensis, a sort of federation with Maderno as the capital and a podestà at the head. To remain independent from both Brescia and Verona, the federation gave itself to the Republic of Venice, which sent a Provveditore to Riperia.
December 1338: On 2 December 1338, Venice conquered Treviso.
January 1351: Stefan Dušan entered Dalmatia to protect her sister's domains of Klis and Skradin.
January 1351: The area of Salò was objectively far from the metropolitan territory of Venice, and in 1350 it fell into the hands of the Visconti.
January 1356: Samothrace conquered by Republic of Genoa.
January 1356: Djuras Ilijic surrendered Skradin to the Venetians some time after Dusan's death.
February 1358: Venetian Dubrovnik refers to the periods when the city-state of Dubrovnik was under the control of the Republic of Venice. The Republic of Ragusa, also known as Ragusa, was a maritime republic centered in the city of Dubrovnik. In 1358, the territory of Dubrovnik was transferred to the Republic of Ragusa from Hungary.
January 1363: In 1362, Lefkada Island (Santa Maura) became a Venetian colony, remaining under Venetian control until 1479. The Republic of Venice, a powerful maritime empire, ruled over the island during this period. The Venetians regained control of Lefkada from 1502-1503 and again from 1684-1797.
January 1366: In 1317 the third of Caristo was occupied by the Catalan Company of Alfonso Fadrique, vicar general of the Duke of Athens, and then purchased by Venice in 1365.
August 1368: The Venetian State declared war against Trieste in July 1368 and by November had occupied the city.
January 1373: Venice intended to keep the city of Trieste and began rebuilding its defenses, but was forced to leave in 1372.
January 1378: Venetian colony in Bozcaada Island (Tenedo) from 1377.
January 1378: In 1377, Gökçeada Island (Imbro) became a Venetian colony.
January 1381: On January 25, 1381, Venice sent 24 galleys to occupy Trieste, forcing it to join the Happy Union.
January 1384: The Terziere di Clissura (one third of the Island of Negroponte - today Eubea) was acquired by Venice.
January 1387: The island of Corfu remained under Angevin rule until 1386, when Venice reimposed its control.
January 1387: Venetian colony in Lezhë (Alessio) from 1386.
January 1387: While in the Adriatic Venice took advantage of the dynastic conflict between Mary of Hungary and Charles III of Naples taking back Corfu.
January 1387: Butrint (Butrinto) was a Venetian Colony from 1386.
January 1389: Argos, Kiveri and Thermisi were seized by the Despot Theodore I Palaiologos.
January 1389: The city of Nauplia was captured by Venice in 1388.
January 1389: Treviso returned definitively to the Republic of Venice, following its fortunes and wishes for the next four centuries.
January 1389: Lordship of Argos and Nauplia is besieged by the Republic of Venice.
January 1390: The Republic of Venice conquers the Lordship of Argos and Nauplia.
January 1391: Following the capture of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, Tinos was one of several islands ruled by private Venetian citizens and belonged to Andrea Ghisi, whose heirs held it until 1390 when the last member of the family branch bequeathed both Tinos and Mykonos to Venice.
January 1391: In 1390 upon the death of its lords the Republic of Venice took direct control of the entire island of Negroponte (Eubea) through a podestà settled in Clissura.
January 1393: In 1392 the Durazzo fell under the Republic of Venice.
January 1394: In 1393, the territory of Drisht (Drivasto) was acquired by the Republic of Venice.
June 1394: Argos, Kiveri and Thermisi remained in Theodore of Morea's hands until 11 June 1394, when he ceded them to Venice.
January 1395: The Republic of Venice acquired Athens in 1394 from the heirs of Nerio I Acciaioli.
January 1397: Territorial evolution of the County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos.
January 1397: The city of Shkodër (Scutari) came under the control of the Republic of Venice.
January 1397: In 1396, due to a favorable political situation, Koja Zaharija captured the castle of Dagnum.
January 1401: Bozcaada Island (Tenedo) was under Venetian control again from ca. 1400.
January 1401: Brescello was a Venetian colony from 1400 to 1427.
January 1401: Legnago falls under the control of Venice.
January 1402: Preveza (Prevesa) was a Venetian colony from 1401 to 1463, 1684 to 1699, and 1717 to 1797. The Republic of Venice, a powerful maritime empire, controlled the territory during these periods, using it as a strategic outpost in the Mediterranean.
January 1403: From 1395 to 1402 the Venetians briefly controlled the Duchy of Athens.
April 1404: In 1404, the Milanese regent Caterina Visconti asked Doge Steno of the Republic of Venice for help, offering to sell the cities of Vicenza. As a result, on April 24, the territory of Vicenza was dedicated to the Republic of Venice.
May 1404: Venice conquers Belluno.
June 1404: Venice conquers Feltre.
January 1405: Venice conquers Bassano del Grappa.
February 1405: On February 20, 1404 according to the Venetian calendar (1405 according to the current one) the Federation of the Seven Municipalities made a spontaneous act of dedication to the Republic of Venice.
June 1405: Venice conquers Verona.
January 1406: Venetian Ulcinj (Dulcigno), 1405-1571.
January 1408: Lepanto (Naupaktos) was sold to Venice in 1407 by its Albanian ruler, Paul Spata.
January 1409: In 1408-13 and 1417-19 Patras was held in lease by the Republic of Venice.
January 1410: In 1409 king Ladislaus I sold Zadar and Nin to the Venetians.
January 1410: The fortress of Novigrad was part of Republic of Venice from 1409.
January 1410: Following the war of the Hungarian dynastic succession at the end of the 14th and beginning of the 15th century and the consequent conflict for the crown between Sigismund of Luxembourg and Ladislaus of Naples, the latter sold his rights over Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice in 1409 for the sum of 100,000 ducats. This led to the formation of Venetian Dalmatia.
January 1414: Patras is acquired by the Principality of Achaea.
January 1417: The Republic of Venice extended its dominion as far as the Lagarina Valley, maintaining it for almost a century.
January 1418: Pylos (Navarino) was a Venetian colony from 1417.
January 1418: In 1408-13 and 1417-19 Patras was held in lease by the Republic of Venice.
July 1419: The Venetian troops, led by the condottiero Niccolò Piccinino, gradually pushed back the imperial forces of the Holy Roman Empire. On July 13, 1419, the Venetians successfully occupied Cividale, a strategic town in the region of Friuli, solidifying their control over the territory.
January 1420: Patras is acquired by the Despotate of Morea.
June 1420: Udine fell to Venetian forces.
August 1420: In 1420, a peace treaty between the Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire solidified the de facto control over the territory.
January 1421: In 1405 the Veronese citizens submitted to Venice.
January 1421: During the 20-year Hungarian civil war between King Sigismund and the Capetian House of Anjou of the Kingdom of Naples, the losing contender, Ladislaus of Naples, sold his disputed rights on Dalmatia to the Venetian Republic for 100,000 ducats. Acting on the pretext, the Republic took over Split by the year 1420.
January 1421: During the 20-year Hungarian civil war between King Sigismund and the Capetian House of Anjou of the Kingdom of Naples, the losing contender, Ladislaus of Naples, sold his disputed rights on Dalmatia to the Venetian Republic for 100,000 ducats. Acting on the pretext, the Republic took over in the city by the year 1420.
January 1421: Between 1420 and 1536, Pazin, a town in present-day Croatia, was under the control of the Republic of Venice.
January 1421: Venice acquired control of Dalmatia in 1420 (with the exception of the Republic of Ragusa) which remained under Venetian rule for a period of 377 years.
January 1421: In 1420, the city of Kotor, a major trading port in the Adriatic Sea, recognized Venetian rule. This decision was made after negotiations between the Venetian Republic and local leaders, including the Doge of Venice, Tommaso Mocenigo, and the Bishop of Kotor, Andrija.
January 1421: In 1420, the city of Kotor, a major trading port in the Adriatic Sea, recognized Venetian rule.
January 1421: The city of Cattaro, shortly before the fall of Moravian Serbia, fearing being annexed to the Ottoman Empire, submitted to the Republic of Venice.
January 1421: In 1420, Rovereto became a Venetian colony after being annexed by the Republic of Venice. The territory was governed by a Podestà, Provveditore, and Castellano appointed by Venice until 1509.
January 1428: Brescello is conquered by the Duchy of Milan.
January 1439: Casalmaggiore fell under the rule of the Duchy of Milan in 1438.
March 1444: The League of Lezhë, a military and diplomatic alliance of Albanian feudal lords, was established in the city of Lezhë on 2 March 1444.
January 1445: The Duchy of Saint Sava conquered the city of Bar, with the fortress (now Old Bar) in Lower Zeta.
January 1445: Duchy of Stephen Vukcic Kosaca annexed Upper Zeta.
September 1448: After the defeat of Caravaggio, Venice ceded Lodi to the Milanese.
January 1457: The Principality of Zeta (Crnojevići) was formed after the withdrawal of the Serbian despotate from the area between 1451 and 1456. The Crnojevići family, led by Stefan I Crnojević, gained control of the territory and established their own principality.
January 1460: Territorial change based on available maps.
May 1460: Monemvasia, a Byzantine outpost, was left unconquered by the Ottomans in 1460. It then accepted Venetian rule, becoming part of the Republic of Venice.
January 1461: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1465: In 1464, during the First Ottoman-Venetian War,the Venetians seized Lemnos and other former Gattilusi possessions.
January 1469: After the death of the Albanian national hero Scanderbeg, the Republic of Venice seized the strategic city of Croia (Kruja) in 1468.
December 1478: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1480: Originally part of the Palatine county and the Orsini-ruled Despotate of Epirus, Zakynthos fell to Venice in 1479.
January 1483: The two cities of Risano and Castelnuovo in Montenegro were ceded to the Ottoman Turks in 1482.
January 1483: Castelnuovo was conquered by the Turks in 1482.
January 1483: During the events of the Salt War, the Venetians definitively entered Rovigo in 1482, and apart from the interlude of the League of Cambrai (1508-1511) they maintained its dominion for about three centuries.
January 1485: Monopoli, a town in southern Italy, was under Venetian control from 1484 to 1509 and again from 1528 to 1530. The Republic of Venice, a powerful maritime state, gained control of Monopoli during these periods as part of its expansion in the Mediterranean region.
January 1485: In 1484, Gallipoli (Apulia) came under Venetian control after being captured from the Kingdom of Naples.
January 1485: Poros, along with Methana, Troezen, and Epidaurus, became a Venetian colony in 1484. The Republic of Venice gained control of these territories in the Peloponnese region of Greece, maintaining control until 1715.
February 1489: In 1489 the widow of James II of Lusignan and last queen, the Venetian Caterina Cornaro, was forced to abdicate and cede the island to the Republic of Venice. The Sultan of Egypt himself took note of it, accepting the fait accompli.
January 1491: The city of Trani, Apulia, is conquered by Venice.
January 1491: However, the following year Bayezid II defeated the Venetian fleet at Sapienza and at Zonchio, conquering Modone and the main fortresses of the Morea.
January 1496: Polignano, a town in southern Italy, was under Venetian control in 1495-1509 and again in 1528-1530. The Republic of Venice, a powerful maritime state, ruled over various territories in Italy during this time period.
January 1497: In 1496, Otranto came under the control of the Republic of Venice. The Governor and Castellano at that time oversaw the territory. Later, from 1528 to 1530, a Superintendent was appointed to manage the region.
January 1497: In 1496, Brindisi came under the control of the Republic of Venice.
January 1498: Mola, a town in Italy, was under Venetian control from 1497.
January 1500: In 1499, Cremona came under the control of the Republic of Venice for a decade.
January 1515: In 1514, Bartolomeo d'Alviano definitively brought Pordenone back under the control of the Venice.
January 1517: Montenegro was independent from 1516, when Vladika Vavila was elected as ruler of Montenegro by its clans, and it became a theocratic state.
January 1520: The Trento Prince-Bishopric acquired Castelbarco and Rovereto.
January 1529: Monopoli, a strategic port city in southern Italy, was under Venetian control from 1528.
January 1529: In 1528, Brindisi came under the control of the Republic of Venice. This marked a period of Venetian rule in the region, following their conquest of Brindisi in 1496. The Venetians held control until 1509, when the territory was lost to the Kingdom of Naples.
January 1529: In 1528, the territory of Otranto was under the rule of the Republic of Venice. The Superintendent during this time was Pietro Loredan, a prominent Venetian nobleman who held various political positions within the Republic.
January 1529: Mola, a town in Italy, was again under Venetian control from 1528.
January 1529: Polignano was a territory in Italy that was under Venetian control during two periods: from 1495 to 1509 and again from 1528 to 1530. The Republic of Venice was a powerful maritime republic in the Mediterranean during this time.
January 1537: Pazin was acquired by the Habsburgs.
January 1580: Independence of the Duchy of the Archipelago.
January 1618: In 1617, Kythnos (Citno) and Sifnos (Sifanto) were taken over by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1722: In 1721, the Dalmatian border was definitively stabilized with the definition of the so-called Mocenigo line, named after Alvise Mocenigo, the Venetian governor of Dalmatia at the time. This agreement was reached between the Venetian Republic and the Ottoman Empire.
January 1771: Venice conquers Ceneda.
Disestablishment
August 1849: Siege of Venice (1849).
Selected Sources
Articles secrets et convention additionelle du traité de Campo Formio. Retrieved on March, 24th 2024 on https://books.google.de/books?id=SStJAAAAcAAJ&dq=Trait%C3%A9%20de%20paix%20de%20Campo%20Formio&hl=de&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Trait%C3%A9%20de%20paix%20de%20Campo%20Formio&f=false
Cimarosti, M. (2021). 6.3 GLI INCURSORI DEL SULTANO IN FRIULI 1472-1499: IL NEMICO ALLE PORTE. "La Percezione Veneziana Dello Stato Ottomano Dalla Presa Di Costantinopoli Al Dopo Lepanto".
Delta del Po - Storia, retrieved November, 11th, 2020 on https://web.archive.org/web/20140505001813/http://www.atuttascuola.it/contributi/scienze/delta_del_po6.htm
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), p. 48
Frieden von Campoformio. Retrieved on March, 24th 2014 on https://books.google.de/books?id=UbGMtENHaBIC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false
Giorgiutti, M. Le incursioni turche in Friuli nel secolo XV. RegioneStoria. Retrieved on 30 March 2024 on https://www.regionestoriafvg.eu/tematiche/tema/474/Le-incursioni-turche-in-Friuli-nel-secolo-XV
Lajos G. (2011): Hungary in the Carpathian Basin, Budapest (Hungary), p. 18
Lazzarin, R. (22 november 2020): INCURSIONI TURCHE. Mercurio. https://mer-curio.com/2020/11/22/incursioni-turche/
Leyser, K. (1982): Medieval Germany and its neighbours, 900-1250, London (UK), p. 50
Makkai, L. (1990): The Hungarians' prehistory, their conquest of Hungary and their raids to the west to 955, in: A History of Hungary, Bloomington (USA) p. 8-14
Osswald, B. (2011): L'Epire du treizième au quinzième siècle: autonomie et hétérogénéité d'une région balkanique, Toulouse (France), p. 263
Osswald, B. (2011): L'Epire du treizième au quinzième siècle: autonomie et hétérogénéité d'une région balkanique, Toulouse (France), pp. 223-234
Preti, V. (1997) Martin Mistère e i segreti del Po (CD-ROM), Leonardo Studio, Italy, animation of the evolution of Po delta
Reuter, T. (1995): The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge (UK), p. 543
Reuter, T. (1995): The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge University Press, p. 543
Sugar, P. F. / Hanák, P. (1994): A History of Hungary, Bloomington (USA), p. 13
Timothy R. (1995) The New Cambridge Medieval History Volume 3, c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge (UK), p. 543
Zachariadou, E. (1988): Marginalia on the History of Epirus and Albania (1380-1418), Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Vol. 78, pp. 195-210
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