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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Emirate of Sicily
County of Sicily
Kingdom of Sicily
Kingdom of Sicily (Kingdom of Aragon)
Kingdom of Sicily (Spain)
Kingdom of Sicily (Savoy)
Kingdom of Sicily (Austria)
Kingdom of Sicily (Kingdom of Naples)
Kingdom of Sicily (1848)
Establishment
January 949: After 948 Sicily became an autonomous emirate under the Kalbids.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was the invasion of the Byzantine-held island of Sicily by the Aghlabid emirate of Ifriqiya.
May 965: Rometta was last Byzantine city of Sicily to fall in arab hands.
Were two periods of the Emirate of Sicily where the island was divided in several Taifas (Muslim principalities).
2.1.First Sicilian Taifas Period
The Emirate of Siciliy split into four Taifas (Muslim principalities).
January 1054: The Emirate of Siciliy splits into four states.
January 1066: In 1065, the Emirate of Palermo and Emirate of Agrigento were unified.
2.2.Second Sicilian Taifas Period
The Emirate of Siciliy split into two Taifas (Muslim principalities).
January 1069: The Emirate of Siciliy splits into 2 states: the Emirate of Syracuse and Catania and the Emirate of Palermo and Agrigento.
January 1072: The Christian conquest of Catania ends the emirate of Catania.
January 1072: Christian conquest of Catania ends the emirate of Catania.
Were a series of wars between the Byzantines and the Normans in southern italy and the Balkan Peninsula.
3.1.Norman conquest of southern Italy
Were a series of military campaigns by Norman forces that slowly conquered southern Italy from the Bizyntine Empire and from local Lombard rulers.
3.1.1.Norman conquest of Sicily
Was the Norman conquest of Sicily, at the time under Muslim rule.
June 1061: The Normans marched through Frazzanò and the Pianura di Maniace (Plain of Maniakes), encountering resistance to their assault of Centuripe. Paternò fell quickly.
November 1061: Roger I of Sicily captured Troina.
January 1062: In 1061 Messina was the first Norman conquest on the island of Sicily.
January 1072: Fall of Palermo to the Normans.
January 1078: In 1077 Roger besieged Trapani, one of the two remaining Saracen strongholds in the west of the island of Sicily. His son, Jordan, led a sortie which surprised guards of the garrison's livestock. With its food supply cut off, the city soon surrendered.
January 1080: In 1079 Taormina was besieged by the Normans.
April 1086: In 1086, Syracuse fell to the Normans.
March 1091: In February 1091 the Norman conquest of Sicily was completed with the taking of Noto.
January 1124: The Pleagian islands were annexed to the Kingdom of Sicily.
January 1128: The conquest of Malta by the Normans was completed in 1127.
3.1.2.Norman conquest of the Duchy of Amalfi
The Duchy of Amalfi is conquered by the Normans.
January 1131: Amalfi revolted against the Kingdom of Sicily in 1130.
January 1132: The Duchy of Amalfi was subdued by the Normans in 1131.
3.1.3.Norman Conquest of Naples
The Duchy of Naples is conquered by the Normans.
October 1137: On 30 October 1137, the last Duke of Naples died in the king's service at the Battle of Rignano. The defeat at Rignano enabled the Norman conquest of Naples, since Sergius died without heir and the Neapolitan nobility could not reach a succession agreement.
3.2.Second Norman invasion of the Balkans
Was an invasion launched by the Normans of south Italy in Byzantine territories in the Balkans.
January 1148: In 1147 the Byzantine empire under Manuel I Comnenus was faced with war by Roger II of Sicily, whose fleet had captured the Byzantine island of Corfu.
January 1150: In 1149, Byzantine emperor Manuel recovered Corfu.
3.3.Manuel I's invasion of Italy
Was a military campaign by Byzantine Emperor Manuel I in southern Italy, at the time controlled by the Norman Kingdom of Sicily.
January 1156: In 1155 the byzantine emperor Manuel sent a fleet to Italy which managed to recover Ancona and then all of Apulia.
June 1156: William of Sicily and his army landed on the peninsula and destroyed the Greek fleet (4 ships) and army at Brindisi on May 28, 1156 and recovered Bari.
January 1159: In 1158 Manuel I Komnenos signed a peace treaty with William I which led to the withdrawal of Byzantine troops from Italy.
3.4.Third Norman invasion of the Balkans
Was an invasion launched by the Normans of south Italy in Byzantine territories in the Balkans.
August 1185: Sack of Thessalonica by Sicilian forces.
October 1185: At the end of the summer the great Norman fleet had to return to Sicily, leaving the territories conquered in Greece during 1185.
January 1186: Byzantine Emperor Andronicos Komnenos allowed the Normans to occupy southern Epirus and northern Greece without resistance.
January 1187: A reinforced Byzantine field army under Alexios Branas decisively defeated the Normans at the Battle of Demetritzes. Following this battle Thessalonica was speedily recovered and the Normans were pushed back to Italy.
The King of Sicily Roger II conquered large amounts of territories in North Africa in a series of military campaigns.
January 1136: Roger II of Sicily expanded his domains by taking Djerba in 1135.
January 1147: Several of the minor emirs in the vicinity of Tripoli sought Sicilian overlordship after the fall of Tunis.
January 1147: In 1146 the Normans besieged and took Tunis.
June 1148: The Sicilians reached Mahdia on 22 June.
July 1148: The city of Sousse, ruled by al-Hasan's son ‘Ali, surrendered to the Sicilians without a fight.
July 1148: On 12 July Sfax fell to Norman-Sicilian forces after a short resistance.
January 1149: Tunis under the Siculo-Norman Kingdom.
January 1149: Between 1146 and 1148 the Normans of Sicily conquered all the coastal towns of ifriquiya.
January 1153: In 1152, a fleet under Philip of Mahdia was sent to conquer Bône.
Were the conquests of Abd al-Mu'min, founder of the Moroccan Almohad Caliphate.
5.1.Almohad conquest of Norman Africa
Was the invasion of Norman Africa by the Almohads, which put an end to the presence of the Normans in the region.
January 1159: In 1158, the Almohad Caliphate conquered all of Norman Africa except for Mahdia.
August 1159: Mahdia was under Almohad siege from late in the summer of 1159.
February 1160: In January 1160 the last Sicilian stronghold in Africa, Mahdia, was breached by the Almohads and ʿAbd al-Muʾmin gave its remaining Christians and Jews the option of Islam or death.
A major medieval battle fought on 26 February 1266, near Benevento in present-day Southern Italy, between the forces of Charles I of Anjou and those of King Manfred of Sicily. Manfred's defeat and death resulted in Charles' conquest of the Kingdom of Sicily, effectively ending the rule of the Hohenstaufen dynasty.
February 1266: A major medieval battle was fought on 26 February 1266, near Benevento in present-day Southern Italy, between the forces of Charles I of Anjou and those of King Manfred of Sicily. Manfred's defeat and death resulted in Charles' conquest of the Kingdom of Sicily, effectively ending the rule of the Hohenstaufen dynasty.
Was a rebellion on the island of Sicily that broke out at Easter 1282 against the rule of the French-born king Charles I of Anjou, leading to the expulsion fo his troops from the island.
April 1282: After the Sicilian Vespers, Sicily was governed by the Aragonese dynasty as an independent state while southern Italy became the kingdom of Naples.
Was a war initiated by Spain to recover territories lost after the War of the Spanish Succession.
July 1718: The Spanish took Palermo on 7 July.
August 1718: In 1718, the Spanish military occupied the entire territory of Sicily, with the exception of Messina. This action was carried out under the orders of King Philip V of Spain, who sought to assert control over the island and expand Spanish influence in the region.
October 1718: The city of Messina was besieged by Spanish forces until September, when it was taken.
8.1.Treaty of The Hague
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Quadruple Alliance. Spain left all the territories occupied during the war.
February 1720: Philip V of Spain was forced to relinquish all territory captured during the War of the Quadruple Alliance.
February 1720: With the Treaty of The Hague the War of the Quadruple Alliance ended with the status quo ante bellum.
May 1720: After a treaty that exchanged Sardinia with Sicily between Savoy and Austria, in the Hague Treaty Spain decided to leave Sicily. [...] He agreed to negotiate the evacuation of his troops only in the following months, signing the relevant articles on May 6, 1720.
Was a major European conflict sparked by a Polish civil war over the succession to Augustus II of Poland.
9.1.Spanish invasion of Southern Italy
Was the French invasion of southern Italy during the War of the Polish Succession.
August 1734: At the end of August 1734 Neapolitan troops under Montemar landed in Sicily. The capital, Palermo, quickly opened its gates.
October 1734: Trapani conquered by naples.
October 1734: The citadel of Messina is conquered by Neapolitan forces.
October 1734: Syracuse resisted longer but was conquered by Neapolitan forces.
November 1734: Capua is besieged by the Kingdom of Sicily (Kingdom of Naples).
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
10.1.War of the Second Coalition
Was the second war that saw revolutionary France against most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.
January 1799: In 1799, Napoleon conquered Naples, forcing King Ferdinand and the court to flee to Sicily, where Ferdinand established a separate state on the island.
June 1799: The Parthenopean Republic existed from 21 January to 13 June 1799, collapsing when Ferdinand returned to restore monarchial authority. Sicily reverted to a dependency of Naples.
10.2.War of the Third Coalition
Was a European conflict spanning the years 1805 to 1806. During the war, France and its client states under Napoleon I opposed an alliance, the Third Coalition, made up of the United Kingdom, the Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire, Naples, Sicily, and Sweden. Prussia remained neutral during the war.
10.2.1.French invasion of Naples
In 1806 the French army invaded the Kingdom of Naples, which was soon conquered. The Bourbon King of Naples, Ferdinand IV fled to Sicily.
March 1806: The Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples (formally the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies) was a state founded by Napoleon Bonaparte in December 1805, when French troops occupied the Bourbon Kingdom of Naples.
10.3.War of the Seventh Coalition (The Hundred Days)
Napoleon escaped the exile he had been forced after the War of the Sixth Coalition and reorganized the French army. He was defeated by a coalition that included Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia and sent into permanent exile on the island of Saint Helena.
10.3.1.Neapolitan War
Was a conflict between the Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples and the Austrian Empire during the War of the Seventh Coalition. Naples, which was still ruled by the Napoleonic general Joachim Murat, decided to side with Napoleon. The Austrian won the war and reinstated Ferdinand IV as King of Naples and Sicily.
May 1815: Murat's joint campaign was definitively wrecked on 4 May 1815, after the Austrians defeated him in the battle of Tolentino: finally, with the Treaty of Casalanza, signed at Capua on 20 May 1815 by the Austrian and Murat generals, the kingdom of Naples thus returned to the crown Bourbon, with King Ferdinand who returned to Naples on 7 June.
Was a revolutionary wave in Europe that started in France. The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, as envisioned by romantic nationalism.
11.1.Sicilian revolution of 1848
Was an insurrection in Sicily against the House of Bourbon that led to the creation of an independent albeit short-lived Kingdom of Sicily.
11.1.1.Secession of Sicily (1848)
During the 1848 Revolutions, Sicily seceeded from the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. .
March 1848: The Kingdom of Sicily was a state established in Sicily from 25 March 1848 to 15 May 1849 after gaining independence from the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies during the revolution of January 1848.
11.1.2.Borbonic reconquest of Sicily
Was the Bourbonic reconquest of Sicily, that had seceeded after a revolt in 1848.
October 1848: Siege of Messina.
April 1849: After fierce fighting, Catania was occupied by the forces of King Ferdinand II.
April 1849: On the 9th of September 1849, Syracuse surrendered to the royalists forces.
May 1849: On April 26, a naval squad appeared before Palermo, with an injunction to surrender and, on May 5, the advance of the Neapolitans reached Bagheria.
May 1849: Filangieri took possession of Palermo. When Palermo fell, the whole island fell.
August 1091: Norman invasion of Malta.
January 1123: Malta experienced a Muslim uprising.
January 1128: William II, Duke of Apulia, had no legitimate heirs and upon his death the entire Norman South was inherited by his cousin, Roger, who was Count of Sicily.
December 1130: On September 27, 1130, a bull from the antipope Anacletus II made Roger of Sicily King of of the Island. Roger's coronation took place in Palermo on December 25, 1130.
January 1141: In 1140, after several decades of penetration and consolidation of the Norman presence in the region, Pescara was definitively conquered together with the rest of Abruzzo by the Norman king Roger II, being annexed to the nascent Kingdom of Sicily.
January 1141: The Duchy of Gaeta is annexed to the kingdom of Sicily in 1140.
January 1141: The Kingdom of Sicily occupied the settlement of Djidjelli.
January 1144: Norman conquest of the County of Marsi.
April 1155: Bari surrendered to the Byzantines, and in Andria William's Sicilian army was decimated.
November 1155: On September 29, 1155, the Pope joined the Byzantines in the war, and set out with his army: in a very short time, the Byzantines and the Pope conquered all of Puglia and Campania.
November 1156: William of Sicily reorganized his army, and with only one battle lost for the Byzantines, all the territories lost to the Byzantines and to the Papal States were reconquered.
January 1157: In 1059 the County of Aversa was conquered by the Normans. In 1156 it was then definitively absorbed by the Kingdom of Sicily.
July 1185: A Norman expedition, under the command of Tancredi, landed in Durazzo in June 1185.
January 1195: Personal union of the Kingdom of Sicily with the Holy Roman Empire.
January 1255: With the death of Conrad IV of Germany, the Personal Union of the Kingdom of Sicily and the Holy Roman Empire ended.
November 1257: While Michael was successfully operating in the east, Epirus was suddenly attacked from the west. At the end of 1257, Manfred of Sicily occupied the Ionian Islands in a coup,.
July 1258: Sicialian forces landed on the Albanian coast and took the cities of Aulona, Durazzo and Berat.
January 1260: Manfred of Sicily launched an invasion into Albania. His forces, led by Philip Chinard, captured Durrës, Berat, Vlorë, Spinarizza and their surroundings and the southern coastline of Albania from Vlorë to Butrint.
January 1285: In 1284, the Aragonese ruler Frederick III, who had recently taken control of Sicily, invaded Djerba and maintained control of the territory until 1333. This marked a period of Aragonese dominance in the region.
January 1334: In 1284, Frederick III of Aragon, who was the ruler of Sicily, invaded Djerba and held control of the territory until 1333. This marked a period of Aragonese dominance in the region before the territory was eventually taken over by the Hafsid Kingdom.
January 1390: Djerba was retaken for Sicily by Manfredi Chiaramonte, who became lord of the island, and also seized the Kerkennah Islands.
January 1393: The Sicilian garrison abandoned Kerkennah Islands and Djerba in 1392.
January 1410: Sicily was ruled as an independent kingdom by relatives or cadet branch of the house of Aragon until 1409 and thence as part of the Crown of Aragon.
January 1479: Personal Union of Aragon and Castile.
January 1517: King Charles I, known as Emperor Charles V, in 1516 united all the kingdoms on the Iberian peninsula, save the Kingdoms of Portugal and the Algarve. At the same time his territories also encompassed the Habsburg domains in central Europe and in the Low Countries.
January 1531: Malta was ruled by the Order of Saint John as a vassal state of the Kingdom of Sicily from 1530.
January 1556: Charles V, who was King of Spain and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, left the Spanish Empire to his son Philip and the Austrian Lands to his brother Ferdinand I.
April 1713: From 1713 until 1720, the Kingdom of Sicily was ruled briefly by the House of Savoy, which had received it by the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht.
December 1816: The Kingdom of Sicily was formed in 1816 when King Ferdinand IV of Naples merged the Kingdom of Sicily with the Kingdom of Naples, creating the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Ferdinand IV became King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies.
Disestablishment
April 1849: After fierce fighting, Catania was occupied by the forces of King Ferdinand II.
April 1849: On the 9th of September 1849, Syracuse surrendered to the royalists forces.
May 1849: On April 26, a naval squad appeared before Palermo, with an injunction to surrender and, on May 5, the advance of the Neapolitans reached Bagheria.
May 1849: Filangieri took possession of Palermo. When Palermo fell, the whole island fell.
sicily
