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Was a Swedish possession that included Latvia and parts of Lithuania and Estonia.
Establishment
September 1629: The truce of Altmark in 1629 allowed Sweden, under the rule of King Gustavus Adolphus, to retain control of Livonia, including Riga.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden.
1.1.Truce of Altmark
Was the treaty that ended the Polish-Swedish War (1626-1629).
A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
2.1.Second Northern War
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden (along with their respective allies) over the hegemony in the Baltic Sea.
September 1656: In August 1656, Tsar Alexis of Russia's army, led by Prince Yakov Cherkassky, captured the Livonian town of Koknese during the Russo-Swedish War.
October 1656: Besieged Dorpat surrendered to Tsar Alexis of Russia.
December 1658: The Treaty of Valiesar was a treaty between Russia and Sweden, which concluded the Russo-Swedish theater of the Second Northern War. It was signed in the estate of Valiesar near Narva on 20 December 1658. Russia was allowed to keep the conquered Livonian territories for three years (Kokenhusen, Dorpat, Marienborg, Syrensk, Yama, Dinaburg, Rēzekne and a few others).
2.1.1.Russo-Swedish War (1656-1658)
Was fought by Russia and Sweden as a theater of the Second Northern War.
August 1656: In July 1656, during the Second Northern War, a reserve force of the Russian army led by Tsar Alexei I struck across Swedish Ingria and overran the key Baltic fortresses of Nöteborg and Nyen.
December 1658: On 20 December Ordin-Nashchokin negotiated with Sweden the Treaty of Valiesar, whereby Russia was allowed to keep the conquered territories in present-day Latvia and Estonia — Koknese, Aluksne, Dorpat, Nyslott — for three years.
January 1662: As the Russian tsar could not allow himself to be involved into a new conflict against powerful Sweden, he had to sign Treaty of Kardis, which obliged Russia to yield its Livonian and Ingrian conquests to Sweden, confirming the provisions of the Treaty of Stolbovo.
2.2.Great Northern War
Was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
2.2.1.Phase 1: Swedish Dominance
Was the first phase of the Great Northern War, characterized by Swedish victories.
2.2.1.1.Livonian-Estonian Frontier of the Great Northern War
Was the Livonian-Estonian theatre of war in the first phase of the Great Northern War.
February 1700: Siege of Riga by Polish forces (1700).
March 1700: The Saxons took neighboring Dünamünde (March 13-15, 1700) and renamed it Augustusburg during th occupation.
October 1700: Polish forces besieged the castle of Kokenhausen from autumn 1700 and conquered it on October 17, 1700.
July 1701: Battle of the Dvina: the Saxons were repulsed by the Swedish army led by King Charles XII.
January 1702: On December 30, 1701, Russian forces defeated the Swedish Livonian army in the Battle of Erastfer.
January 1702: After the victorious Russians had plundered Erastfer and nearby regions, they withdrew again as they feared an attack by Swedish forces.
July 1702: Battle at Hummelshof.
August 1702: Since the remaining Swedish forces were too weak to oppose the Russians in open battle, Wolmar and Marienburg as well as the rural areas of Livonia fell into Russian hands in August.
December 1702: The Russian army retreated to Pskov without occupying the territory conquered in Livonia.
June 1704: In early June 1704, Dorpat (Tartu) was surrounded by Russian forces.
July 1704: On July 14, 1704, the city of Tartu fell into Russian hands.
2.2.2.Phase 2: Sweden Defending itself
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
2.2.2.1.Russian Offensive in the East
Was a Russian military campaign against the territories occupied by Sweden in eastern Europe and the Baltic during the Great Northern War.
July 1710: Siege of Riga (1709).
July 1710: Siege of Pernau.
August 1710: Siege of Pernau.
August 1710: Reval (today Tallinn) is besieged and taken by the Tsardom of Russia, along with Livonia and Estonia as all the Swedish forts had been conquered.
2.2.3.Peace Treaties of the Great Northern War
Were the peace treaties that ended the Great Northern War.
2.2.3.1.Peace of Nystad
Was a treaty that ended the Great Northern War between the Tsardom of Russia and the Swedish Empire.
September 1721: In the Nystad Peace Treaty (1721), Sweden ceded the areas of Ingria, Livonia, Estonia, the islands of Ösel and Dagö, and South Karelia to Russia.
Disestablishment
September 1721: In the Nystad Peace Treaty (1721), Sweden ceded the areas of Ingria, Livonia, Estonia, the islands of Ösel and Dagö, and South Karelia to Russia.
Selected Sources
Bradford, J.C. (2004): International Encyclopedia of Military History, Routledge, p. 554
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 177
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 195
Rambaud, A. (1890): Recueil des instructions données aux ambassadeurs et ministres de France depuis les traités de Westphalie jusqu'à la Révolution française, Ancienne Librairie Germer Baillière et Cie., p. 232.
Swedish Livonia
